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13. Lanonia magalonii (Henderson, Ninh Khac Ban & Nguy���n Qu���c D���ng) Henderson & Bacon (2011: 893). Licuala magalonii Henderson, Ninh Khac Ban & Nguy���n Qu ���c D���ng (2008: 152). Type:��� VIETNAM. Da Nang City, Hoa Vang District, Ba Na-Nui Chua Nature Reserve, 20 April 2007, A. Henderson, Nguy���n Qu ���c D���ng, Nguyen Canh, & Le Van Bo 3304 (holotype HN!, isotype NY!). Stems 0.7(0.3���1.5) m long, 2.3(2.0���2.5) cm diameter, solitary or clustered. Leaves 9(6���12) per stem; ligules 7.0 cm long, soon disintegrating into fibers; sheaths and proximalmost part of petioles with scattered, brown scales; petioles 38.7(33.0���43.0) cm long, 0.5(0.3���0.6) cm wide at the apex; petiole thorns usually poorly developed, brown or black, more or less regularly arranged on proximalmost part of petiole; hastulas flat, rounded, not infolded; leaf blades 46.0(44.0���48.0) cm wide; costas 10.2(6.3���16.2) cm long, narrow, with a pulvinus at the apex abaxially, with the few segments free except the middle pair joined at their bases; segments 4(3���6) per leaf, not mottled, with minute, reddish-brown scales abaxially, with (on dried specimens) straight margins; middle segments 31.3(23.5���38.5) cm long, 13.5(11.0���17.0) cm wide at the apex; apices of middle segments with adaxial splits not much deeper than abaxial ones. Inflorescences length not recorded; prophylls 18.2(16.2���22.0) cm long; peduncles 33.5(26.0���47.0) cm long; rachis bracts flattened, splitting apically and laterally, usually densely brown tomentose; rachillae not filiform nor thick and ribbed, sparsely to moderately covered with short, mostly simple, brownish hairs; staminate rachises absent or 11.5 cm long; staminate partial inflorescences 1���2, branched to 2-3 orders; staminate rachillae 4(3���5), 10.0(9.5���11.0) cm long, 1.4(1.1���1.6) mm diameter; staminate flowers 3.0 mm long; sepals not pedicellate at the base, not densely hairy; petals rounded at the apex; stamens with alternately long and short filaments and small, almost square anthers; filaments not elongate; pistillodes undivided; pistillate rachises absent; pistillate partial inflorescences 1, branched to 2���3 orders; pistillate rachillae on proximalmost partial inflorescence 6(2���9), 6.1(5.0���7.2) cm long, 1.4(1.1���1.7) mm diameter; pistillate flowers length not recorded, with short styles; fruits 7.3 mm long, 7.4 mm diameter, globose, color not recorded, with rough, pebbled surfaces; seeds with a curved basal intrusion. Distribution and habitat:��� Central Vietnam in Thua Thien-Hue province in Bac Ma National Park, and Da Nang City in Ba Na-Nui Chua Nature Reserve, in montane rainforest at 1,193(800-1,363) m elevation (Fig. 14). Taxonomic notes:��� Specimens determined as preliminary species Lanonia magalonii share a unique combination of qualitative variable states and are therefore recognized as a phylogenetic species. Lanonia magalonii appears to be without obvious relatives. Hastulas are difficult to score; they are here scored as open and flat but some specimens appear almost infolded, perhaps by uneven pressing of the leaves. Subspecific variation:��� Lanonia magalonii occurs at higher elevations��� 1,100 m on Ba Na-Nui Chua and 800��� 1,363 m on Bach Ma���and the two mountains are separated from each other by a ca. 20 km lowland area. Specimens from the two mountains differ significantly from each other in two variables (petiole width, middle segment length) (t ���test, P, Published as part of Henderson, Andrew & D ���ng, Nguy ���n Qu ���c, 2022, A revision of Lanonia (Arecaceae, Coryphoideae, Livistoninae), pp. 209-245 in Phytotaxa 532 (3) on pages 232-234, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.532.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/5964614, {"references":["Henderson, A. & Bacon, C. (2011) Lanonia (Palmae), a new genus from Asia, with a revision of the species. Systematic Botany 36: 883 - 895. https: // doi. org / 10.1600 / 036364411 X 604903"]}

11. Lanonia honheoensis Henderson & Nguy ���n Qu���c D���ng sp. nov. Type:��� VIETNAM. Khanh Hoa province, Ninh Hoa district, Tien Du commune, Hon Heo mountain, 12.450N 109.233E, 334 m, 6 July 2010, A. Henderson & Bui Van Thanh 3672 (holotype HN!, isotype NY!). Fig. 12. Stems 1.0 m long, 3.0 cm diameter, clustered. Leaves 8; ligules 5.0 cm long, soon disintegrating into fibers; sheaths and proximalmost part of petioles with scattered, brown scales; petioles 50.0 cm long, 0.7 cm wide at the apex; petiole thorns usually poorly developed, brown or black, more or less regularly arranged on proximalmost part of petiole; hastulas flat, rounded, not infolded; leaf blades 58.0 cm wide; costas 8.0 cm long, narrow, with a pulvinus at the apex abaxially, with the numerous segments free to the base except the middle pair joined at their bases; segments 15 per leaf, not mottled, with minute, reddish-brown scales abaxially, with (on dried specimens) straight margins; middle segments 37.5 cm long, 8.7 cm wide at the apex; apices of middle segments with adaxial splits much deeper than abaxial ones. Inflorescences 110.0 cm long; prophylls and peduncles length not recorded; rachis bracts flattened, splitting apically and laterally, almost woody and scarcely tomentose; rachillae not filiform nor thick and ribbed, sparsely to moderately covered with short, mostly simple, brownish hairs; staminate rachises length not recorded; staminate partial inflorescences 4, branched to 4 orders; staminate rachillae 58, 10.0 cm long, 0.6 mm diameter; staminate flowers not recorded; pistillate rachises absent; pistillate partial inflorescences 1, branched to 3 orders; pistillate rachillae on proximalmost partial inflorescence 12, length and diameter not recorded; pistillate flowers length and styles not recorded; fruits size not recorded, globose, color not recorded, with smooth surfaces; seeds not recorded. Distribution and habitat:���Southern Vietnam in Khanh Hoa province on Hon Heo in dry forest on limestone soils at 334 m elevation (Fig. 10). Taxonomic notes:��� Two specimens formerly included in Lanonia poilanei (see notes under that species) differ by their middle segments with the apices with adaxial splits much deeper than abaxial ones (versus not much deeper), and are here recognized as a separate species, L. honheoensis. Quantitatively the two species differ in the considerably longer inflorescences of L. honheoensis; 110.0 cm long versus 70.0 cm long., Published as part of Henderson, Andrew & D ���ng, Nguy ���n Qu ���c, 2022, A revision of Lanonia (Arecaceae, Coryphoideae, Livistoninae), pp. 209-245 in Phytotaxa 532 (3) on pages 230-232, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.532.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/5964614

Key to the species of Lanonia 1. Ligules papery, not disintegrating into fibers; sheaths and proximalmost part of petioles with dense, flat, black scales; petiole thorns usually stout, reddish-brown or dark brown, some bifid or often some in pairs, on proximalmost part of petiole...............2. - Ligules soon disintegrating into fibers; sheaths and proximalmost part of petioles with scattered, brown scales, or without scales; petiole thorns usually poorly developed, brown or black, more or less regularly arranged on proximalmost part of petiole, rarely stout reddish-brown or dark brown, some bifid or in pairs...............................................................................................................6. 2. Costas continuous to apex of leaf, without an abaxial pulvinus; segments 5; rachillae densely covered with erect, branched, translucent hairs; southern Vietnam in Kon Tum, Kon Plong district......................................................................... L. manglaensis - Costas not continuous to apex of leaf, with an abaxial pulvinus at the apex; segments 6-20; rachillae sparsely to moderately covered with short, mostly simple, brownish hairs...........................................................................................................................3. 3. Hastulas raised, triangular, infolded; rachis bracts flattened, splitting apically and laterally, usually densely brown tomentose; southern Vietnam in Khanh Hoa, Hon Ba Nature Reserve........................................................................................... L. honbaensis - Hastulas flat, rounded, not infolded; rachis bracts narrowly tubular, splitting apically, not or sparsely tomentose.........................4. 4. Segments (on dried specimens) with straight margins; rachillae not filiform; southern Vietnam in Khanh Hoa............. L. montana - Segments (on dried specimens) with ruffled margins, rarely straight; rachillae filiform..................................................................5. 5. Segments (on dried specimens) with ruffled margins; ligules 32.9(29.5���40.0) cm long; middle segments 31.0(24.5���37.5) cm long; southern Vietnam in Khanh Hoa, Hon Ba Nature Reserve............................................................................................. L. tenuisecta - Segments (on dried specimens) with straight or ruffled margins; ligules 10.4(8.0���13.0) cm long; middle segments 20.0(16.2���24.0) cm long; southern Vietnam in Dak Lac, Khanh Hoa, and Ninh Thuan......................................................................... L. hexasepala 6. Sheaths and proximalmost part of petioles without scales; leaf segments without minute, reddish-brown scales abaxially; central Vietnam in Quang Ngai, Ba To District........................................................................................................................... L. batoensis - Sheaths and proximalmost part of petioles with scattered, brown scales; leaf segments with minute, reddish-brown scales abaxially............................................................................................................................................................................................7. 7. Leaf segments mottled; rachillae thick and ribbed; pistillate rachillae 2.8(1.8-3.4) mm diameter...................................................8. - Leaf segments not mottled; rachillae not thick and ribbed; pistillate rachillae 1.4(0.4-2.5) mm diameter.......................................9. 8. Costas 5.8(3.5���8.0) cm long, triangular, with the numerous segments free almost to the base; rachis bracts not tattering, usually densely brown tomentose; central Vietnam in Da Nang City, Ba Na-Nui Chua Nature Reserve........................................ L. acaulis - Costas 14.1(8.5���24.0) cm long, narrow, with the numerous segments free to the base except the middle pair joined at their bases; rachis bracts strongly ribbed and tattering along the ribs; southern China in Guangxi and Yunnan and northern Vietnam in Bac Kan, Ha Giang, Lao Cai, Nghe An, Phu Tho, Quang Ninh, Thanh Hoa, Tuyen Quang, and Vinh Phuc................................ L. dasyantha 9. Segments (on dried specimens) with ruffled margins; rachillae filiform; southern Vietnam in Gia Lai and Kon Tum............................................................................................................................................................................................................ L. kontumensis - Segments (on dried specimens) with straight margins; rachillae not filiform.................................................................................10. 10. Costas narrow, with a pulvinus at the apex abaxially, with the numerous segments free to the base except the middle pair joined at their bases; rachis bracts flattened, splitting apically and laterally, almost woody and scarcely tomentose...................................11. - Costas triangular, with a pulvinus at the apex abaxially, with the numerous (rarely few) segments free to the base, or costas narrow, with a pulvinus at the apex abaxially, with the few segments free except central pair joined at their bases; rachis bracts tubular, splitting apically and laterally, becoming fibrous at the apex, covered with scattered, reddish-brown hairs, or rarely rachis bracts flattened, splitting apically and laterally, usually densely brown tomentose..................................................................................13. 11. Hastulas raised, triangular, infolded; southern Vietnam in Ninh Thuan, Nui Chua National Park............................. L. nuichuaensis - Hastulas flat, rounded, not infolded................................................................................................................................................12. 12. Middle segments 37.5 cm long, 8.7 cm wide at the apex; apices of middle segments with adaxial splits much deeper than abaxial ones; southern Vietnam in Khanh Hoa, Hon Heo........................................................................................................ L. honheoensis - Middle segments 48.3(33.5���57.5) cm long, 6.3(4.5���7.5) cm wide at the apex; apices of middle segments with adaxial splits not much deeper than abaxial ones;.southern Vietnam in Khanh Hoa..................................................................................... L. poilanei 13. Petiole thorns usually stout, reddish-brown or dark brown, some bifid or often some in pairs, on proximalmost part of petiole; hastulas flat, rounded, not infolded; southern Vietnam in Gia Lai................................................................................. L. gialaiensis - Petiole thorns usually poorly developed, brown or black, more or less regularly arranged on proximalmost part of petiole; hastulas raised, triangular, infolded...............................................................................................................................................................14. 14. Costas 3.0(1.6���4.5) cm long, triangular, with a pulvinus at the apex abaxially, with the numerous segments free almost to the base; segments 19(13���29) per leaf...........................................................................................................................................................15. - Costas 10.6(6.0-9.8) cm long, narrow, with a pulvinus at the apex abaxially, with the few segments free except the middle pair joined at their bases; segments 7(6-9) per leaf................................................................................................................................16. 15. Rachillae densely covered with wooly, much branched, reddish-brown hairs; fruits white, whitish, or dull yellow; central Laos in Bolikhamsay and central Vietnam in Ha Tinh, Quang Binh, Quang Nam, Quang Tri, Thua Thien-Hue, and Da Nang City........................................................................................................................................................................................................ L. centralis - Rachillae sparsely to moderately covered with short, mostly simple, brownish hairs; fruits red; China, Hainan ��� L. hainanensis 16. Fruits ellipsoid, orange, with uneven, ridged surfaces; southern Vietnam in Khanh Hoa.............................................. L. verrucosa - Fruits globose, red, pink, or red to black, with smooth surfaces.....................................................................................................17. 17. Hastulas flat, rounded, not infolded; central Vietnam in Thua Thien-Hue in Bac Ma National Park and Da Nang City in Ba Na-Nui Chua Nature Reserve....................................................................................................................................................... L. magalonii - Hastulas raised, triangular, infolded................................................................................................................................................18. 18. Rachis bracts tubular, splitting apically and laterally, becoming fibrous at the apex, covered with scattered, reddish-brown hairs; northern Vietnam in Hoa Binh, Ninh Binh, Phu To, and Son La.................................................................................... L. calciphila - Rachis bracts flattened, splitting apically and laterally, usually densely brown tomentose; Indonesia, Java, Ujung Kulon National Park...................................................................................................................................................................................... L. gracilis, Published as part of Henderson, Andrew & D ���ng, Nguy ���n Qu ���c, 2022, A revision of Lanonia (Arecaceae, Coryphoideae, Livistoninae), pp. 209-245 in Phytotaxa 532 (3) on pages 220-221, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.532.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/5964614

14. Lanonia manglaensis (Henderson, Ninh Khac Ban & Nguy���n Qu���c D���ng) Henderson & Nguy���n Qu���c D���ng (2017: 165). Licuala manglaensis Henderson, Ninh Khac Ban & Nguy���n Qu ���c D���ng (2008: 153). Type:��� VIETNAM. Kon Tum, Kon Plong Distr., Hieu Commune, Mang La Forest Enterprise, 14��39���N 108��25���E, 1,100���1,200 m, 16 April 2000, L . Averyanov et al. VH 5201 (holotype HN!, isotype MO!). Stems 1.8(1.5���2.5) m long, 1.7(1.4���2.0) cm diameter, solitary. Leaves 16(16-17); ligules 6.4(5.5���7.0) cm long, papery, not disintegrating into fibers; sheaths and proximalmost part of petioles with dense, flat, black scales; petioles 34.0(28.0���40.0) cm long, 0.3(0.2���0.3) cm wide at the apex; petiole thorns usually stout, reddish-brown or dark brown, some bifid or often some in pairs, on proximalmost part of petiole; hastulas flat, rounded, not infolded; leaf blades 23.5(22.0���25.0) cm wide; costas 16.4(14.0���18.5) cm long, continuous to apex of leaf, without an abaxial pulvinus; segments 5 per leaf, not mottled, with minute, reddish-brown scales abaxially, with (on dried specimens) straight margins; middle segments 16.4(14.0���18.5) cm long, 3.7(2.5���4.7) cm wide at the apex; apices of middle segments with adaxial splits much deeper than abaxial ones. Inflorescences 56.7(40.0���80.0) cm long; prophylls 11.5 cm long; peduncles 59.5 cm long; rachis bracts narrowly tubular, splitting apically, not or sparsely tomentose; rachillae filiform, densely covered with erect, branched, translucent hairs; staminate rachises absent; staminate partial inflorescences 1, branched to 3 orders; staminate rachillae 11(8���13), 7.9(7.5���8.8) cm long, 0.6(0.4���0.7) mm diameter; staminate flowers 1.8(1.7���2.0) mm long; sepals not pedicellate at the base, densely hairy; petals rounded at the apex; stamens with alternately long and short filaments and small, almost square anthers; filaments not elongate; pistillodes undivided; pistillate rachises absent; pistillate partial inflorescences 1, branched to 2���3 orders; pistillate rachillae on proximalmost partial inflorescence 6(5���7), 6.8(4.8���8.8) cm long, 1.0(0.9���1.0) mm diameter; pistillate flowers 1.8(1.2���2.3) mm long, with short styles; fruits not recorded; seeds not recorded. Distribution and habitat:��� Southern Vietnam in Kon Tum province, known only from a small area in Kon Plong district, in montane rainforest at 1,198(1,140 ���1,468) m elevation (Fig. 14). Taxonomic notes:��� Specimens determined as preliminary species Lanonia manglaensis share a unique combination of qualitative variable states and are therefore recognized as a phylogenetic species. Lanonia manglaensis is notable for its middle segments joined along their entire length into a single segment (hence the middle segment width given above represents half the total middle segment width). Although other species occasionally have individuals with completely joined middle segments, in L. manglaensis they are consistently joined and there is no abaxial pulvinus at the apex of the costa, as in other species. All seven specimens examined have five segments per leaf. Lanonia manglaensis has papery ligules, sheaths and petioles with flat, black scales, petioles with stout, reddishbrown thorns, rounded hastulas, and apices of the middle segments with adaxial splits much deeper than the abaxial ones. In these it resembles L. hexasepala and related species. It also shares with L. hexasepala noticeably dark brown stems., Published as part of Henderson, Andrew & D ���ng, Nguy ���n Qu ���c, 2022, A revision of Lanonia (Arecaceae, Coryphoideae, Livistoninae), pp. 209-245 in Phytotaxa 532 (3) on page 235, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.532.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/5964614

5. Lanonia dasyantha (Burret) Henderson & Bacon (2011: 890). Licuala dasyantha Burret (1941: 334). Type:��� CHINA. Guangxi, Lungtschou, 10 July 1939, S. Ko 55448 (the holotype at B was destroyed). Neotype (designated here):��� CHINA. Guangxi, Longchuan County, Daqing Shan, 800 m, May 28, 1991, Yuzong Wei 201491 (neotype IBK n.v., IBK image!). Stems 0.9(0.3���1.5) m long, 6.0(2.1���10.0) cm diameter, solitary or clustered. Leaves 15 per stem; ligules 10.0(5.0��� 15.0) cm long, soon disintegrating into fibers; sheaths and proximalmost part of petioles with scattered, brown scales; petioles 105.6(50.0���200.0) cm long, 0.5(0.2���0.8) cm wide at the apex; petiole thorns usually poorly developed, brown or black, more or less regularly arranged on proximalmost part of petiole; hastulas raised, triangular, infolded; leaf blades 84.2(20.0���107.0) cm wide; costas 14.1(8.5���24.0) cm long, narrow, with a pulvinus at the apex abaxially, with the numerous segments free to the base except the middle pair joined at their bases; segments 8(5���12) per leaf, mottled, with minute, reddish-brown scales abaxially, with (on dried specimens) straight margins; middle segments 37.0(16.5��� 54.5) cm long, 9.3(5.0���14.0) cm wide at the apex; apices of middle segments with adaxial splits not much deeper than abaxial ones. Inflorescences 39.1(23.5���60.0) cm long; prophylls 4.3(3.5-5.0) cm long; peduncles 16.7(15.0���18.3) cm long; rachis bracts flattened, strongly ribbed, splitting apically and laterally and tattering along the ribs; rachillae thick and ribbed, densely covered with much branched, brownish-white hairs; staminate rachises not recorded; staminate partial inflorescences 1���3, branched to 2 orders; staminate rachillae 3(3���4), 14.4(11.0���18.2) cm long, 1.4(0.8���1.9) mm diameter; staminate flowers 3.5 mm long; sepals not pedicellate at the base, densely hairy; petals with a narrowed apex, solid internally; stamens with alternately long and short filaments and small, almost square anthers; filaments not elongate; pistillodes undivided; pistillate rachises absent; pistillate partial inflorescences 1, branched to 1���2 orders; pistillate rachillae on proximalmost partial inflorescence 2(1���4), 19.1(8.5���30.5) cm long, 3.0(1.8���3.4) mm diameter; pistillate flowers 4.5 mm long, with elongate styles; fruits 9.9(7.9���13.6) mm long, 7.6(5.8���9.5) mm diameter, ellipsoid, red, reddish, or bright red, with uneven, ridged surfaces; seeds with a curved basal intrusion. Distribution and habitat:��� Southern China in Guangxi and Yunnan provinces and northern Vietnam in Bac Kan, Ha Giang, Lao Cai, Nghe An, Phu Tho, Quang Ninh, Thanh Hoa, Tuyen Quang, and Vinh Phuc provinces in lowland rainforest, usually on limestone soils, at 528(100���1,150) m elevation (Fig. 9). Taxonomic notes:��� Specimens determined as preliminary species Lanonia dasyantha share a unique combination of qualitative variable states and are therefore recognized as a phylogenetic species. The holotype at B was destroyed and an isotype, supposedly at SYS, has not been found (Lixiu Guo, pers. comm.). Therefore a neotype is designated. Lanonia dasyantha has noticeably shorter prophylls than other species, and pistillate flowers are closely spaced along the rachillae and consequently the fruits are closely packed on the infructescence. The precise localities of several specimens, especially older ones from northeast Vietnam and Yunnan in China are not known. One specimen (Tsang 29436) appears to be mixed and is here excluded. Lanonia dasyantha appears similar to L. acaulis and L. verrucosa, sharing with those species ellipsoid fruits with uneven, ridged surfaces. Subspecific variation:��� Lanonia dasyantha occurs to the northwest and northeast of the Red River in Vietnam (Fig. 9). Specimens from the two areas differ significantly from each other in two variables (petiole length, number of segments) (t ���test, P Atha 84, Harder 4141) from the same locality in Lang Son province in Vietnam appear noticeably smaller than others and have thinner rachillae. Rachillae of these specimens are scored as thick and ribbed, even though they are thinner. There are too few data on rachillae thickness (and other inflorescence variables) to test for differences., Published as part of Henderson, Andrew & D ���ng, Nguy ���n Qu ���c, 2022, A revision of Lanonia (Arecaceae, Coryphoideae, Livistoninae), pp. 209-245 in Phytotaxa 532 (3) on page 225, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.532.3.2, http://zenodo.org/record/5964614, {"references":["Henderson, A. & Bacon, C. (2011) Lanonia (Palmae), a new genus from Asia, with a revision of the species. Systematic Botany 36: 883 - 895. https: // doi. org / 10.1600 / 036364411 X 604903","Burret, M. (1941) Beitrage zur palmengattung Licuala Wurmb. Notizblatt des Botanischen Gartens und Museums zu Berlin-Dahlem 15: 327 - 336. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3995068"]}

Trueperella pyogenes (T. pyogenes) can cause a variety of infections in animals and lead to economic loss in animal husbandry. TatD DNases are considered to be potential virulence factors in Plasmodium falciparum and Streptococcus pneumoniae. However, the function of TatD DNases in T. pyogenes is still unclear. Therefore, the aim of this study was to illustrate the function of TatD DNases of T. pyogenes (TpTatDs) and investigate whether luteolin is able to inhibit DNase function. The findings of our study are anticipated to be crucial to treating infections caused by T. pyogenes. Bioinformatic analysis has been used for the prediction of crucial functional residues of TpTatDs. The function of TpTatDs was investigated in the presence of divalent cations by hydrolyzing DNA with recombinant TatD proteins. Luteolin is a candidate nuclease inhibitor evaluated in our study. The interactions between luteolin and TpTatDs were tested using molecular docking analysis and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) assays. The inhibitory effect of luteolin on TpTatDs was analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis. Two genes in the genome of T. pyogenes are suspected to encode TatD DNases. According to the length of their nucleotide sequences, they were named tatD960 and tatD825. Both of the TpTatDs, which are magnesium-dependent, were able to hydrolyze linear DNA and plasmids. In this study, we found through molecular docking analysis and SPR assays that luteolin can stably bind with TpTatDs. The gel assay revealed that luteolin can inhibit the DNase activity of TpTatDs. Our results indicated that TatD DNases from T. pyogenes are Mg2+-dependent DNases and exhibit DNA endonuclease activity. Moreover, luteolin reduced their DNA hydrolysis ability by decreasing the binding between TpTatDs and DNA.

Genome-wide association studies have reported 56 independently associated colorectal cancer (CRC) risk variants, most of which are non-coding and believed to exert their effects by modulating gene expression. The computational method PrediXcan uses cis-regulatory variant predictors to impute expression and perform gene-level association tests in GWAS without directly measured transcriptomes. In this study, we used reference datasets from colon (n = 169) and whole blood (n = 922) transcriptomes to test CRC association with genetically determined expression levels in a genome-wide analysis of 12,186 cases and 14,718 controls. Three novel associations were discovered from colon transverse models at FDR ≤ 0.2 and further evaluated in an independent replication including 32,825 cases and 39,933 controls. After adjusting for multiple comparisons, we found statistically significant associations using colon transcriptome models with TRIM4 (discovery P = 2.2 × 10− 4, replication P = 0.01), and PYGL (discovery P = 2.3 × 10− 4, replication P = 6.7 × 10− 4). Interestingly, both genes encode proteins that influence redox homeostasis and are related to cellular metabolic reprogramming in tumors, implicating a novel CRC pathway linked to cell growth and proliferation. Defining CRC risk regions as one megabase up- and downstream of one of the 56 independent risk variants, we defined 44 non-overlapping CRC-risk regions. Among these risk regions, we identified genes associated with CRC (P < 0.05) in 34/44 CRC-risk regions. Importantly, CRC association was found for two genes in the previously reported 2q25 locus, CXCR1 and CXCR2, which are potential cancer therapeutic targets. These findings provide strong candidate genes to prioritize for subsequent laboratory follow-up of GWAS loci. This study is the first to implement PrediXcan in a large colorectal cancer study and findings highlight the utility of integrating transcriptome data in GWAS for discovery of, and biological insight into, risk loci. © 2019, The Author(s).

Every author has erroneously been assigned to the affiliation “62”. The affiliation 62 belongs to the author Graham Casey. © 2019, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.