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A simple, fast and sensitive spectrophotometric method for the determination of cefaclor in pharmaceutical raw and dosage forms based on reaction with ninhydrin is developed, optimized and validated. The purple color (Ruhemenn's purple) that resulted from the reaction was stabilized and measured at 560 nm. Beer's law is obeyed in the concentration range of 4-80 µg mL-1 with molar absorptivity of 1.42 × 10(5) L mole-1 cm-1. All variables including the reagent concentration, heating time, reaction temperature, color stability period, and cefaclor/ninhydrin ratio were studied in order to optimize the reaction conditions. No interference was observed from common pharmaceutical adjuvant. The developed method is easy to use, accurate and highly cost-effective for routine studies relative to HPLC and other techniques.

The phenomena following the transformation of the fungusCochliobolus lunatus by plasmid-encoded HmB resistance were investigated. All of the 16 tested transformants had markedly altered morphology. Unlike the untransformed fungus, the transformants produced both conidia and arthrospores, did not excrete slime, lost their purple color, and had an altered progesterone-bioconverting pathway.

We have found that some iron(III) compounds with tripodal-like ligands react with t-butyl hydroperoxide to yield a purple species, whose spectroscopic properties are very similar to those observed for the purple lipoxygenase. Based on these facts the origin of the purple color in the native enzyme was discussed.

The dot-immunobinding assay (DIBA) was adapted for detection of citrus tristeza virus (CTV) and compared with DAS-ELISA and DAS-indirect ELISA. DIBA was easy to perform and as sensitive as either ELISA procedure for CTV diagnosis. The entire test could be performed in 2–3 h using polyclonal antibodies, with minimal laboratory equipment. Three different polyclonal antibodies gave a strong positive reaction with 12 selected CTV isolates; however, each serum had to be cross-absorbed with sap from healthy plants before use. The broad spectrum 3DF1 monoclonal antibody reacted with most of the CTV isolates. The MCA-13 strain-specific monoclonal antibody was specific for most severe CTV isolates. As blocking agents, 3% bovine serum albumin (BSA), 3% gelatin, 0.5% non-fat dry milk or 5% Triton X-100 gave an adequate white background on the nitrocellulose membranes and permitted discrimination between infected and healthy samples. However, 3% gelatin gave the best contrast between green for the healthy samples, and purple color for infected samples.

Turnip (Brassica campestris, L. var. rapifera) roots were stored unwaxed and waxed with a water-miscible, carnauba-based wax in vented plastic bags or in cardboard produce boxes for 6 weeks. Packaging turnips in plastic bags reduced weight loss during storage more effectively than waxing or storing in boxes. The purple color of the turnips faded regardless of package used; waxing temporarily darkened and intensified the purple color. The white or cream portion of the roots was not affected by waxing but became light tan when roots were stored in boxes. The chroma of the white portion increased during storage regardless of package or wax treatment. These results indicate that the external purple color of the turnip root was unstable during storage and this color loss was independent of weight loss.

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T18:47:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S0100-29452008000200043.pdf: 215645 bytes, checksum: 2be65eb64c6eb9d67a0ace7f08f18175 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T18:47:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S0100-29452008000200043.pdf: 215645 bytes, checksum: 2be65eb64c6eb9d67a0ace7f08f18175 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-06-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T17:57:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0100-29452008000200043.pdf: 215645 bytes, checksum: 2be65eb64c6eb9d67a0ace7f08f18175 (MD5) S0100-29452008000200043.pdf.txt: 23920 bytes, checksum: 0f6cda42c594a3abc162c8deecbdde24 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-06-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T13:13:11Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S0100-29452008000200043.pdf: 215645 bytes, checksum: 2be65eb64c6eb9d67a0ace7f08f18175 (MD5) S0100-29452008000200043.pdf.txt: 23920 bytes, checksum: 0f6cda42c594a3abc162c8deecbdde24 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T13:13:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0100-29452008000200043.pdf: 215645 bytes, checksum: 2be65eb64c6eb9d67a0ace7f08f18175 (MD5) S0100-29452008000200043.pdf.txt: 23920 bytes, checksum: 0f6cda42c594a3abc162c8deecbdde24 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-06-01 O trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de descrever morfologicamente os frutos, sementes e plântulas de castanheira. Foi feita a biometria dos frutos e das sementes e sua caracterização quanto à forma, por meio de mensurações com paquímetro e observações realizadas em estereomicroscópio com câmara clara. Os frutos de castanheira são carnosos, indeiscentes, do tipo nucóide, glabros, de coloração verde a vinácea, projeção das nervuras carpelares externamente evidentes, com epicarpo delgado, mesocarpo carnoso e esponjoso de coloração vinácea, com feixes vasculares conspícuos em corte transversal. Geralmente, cada fruto contém apenas uma semente. As sementes são exalbuminosas, de formas alongadas e cilíndricas, recobertas por endocarpo rígido de coloração marrom; possuem cerca de 2,5cm, 0,7cm e 0,7cm, de comprimento, largura e espessura, respectivamente. A germinação das sementes de castanheira é epígea, e a plantula é fanerocotiledonar. The work was carried out with the objective of describing morphologically the fruits, seeds and seedlings of chestnut tree. It was made the biometry of the fruits and seeds with a digital pachymeter and its characterization in relation to the shape, in stereomicroscope with clear chamber. It can be evidenced that the chestnut tree fruits are fleshly, indehiscent, nucoid, glabrous, from green to purple coloration, with evident projection of the carpel ribbings, with a fleshly and spongy epicarp and mesocarp, of purple color, with conspicuous vascular bundle in transversal cut. Generally, it has a seed per fruit. The seeds are unalbuminous, of prolongated and cylindrical shape and recovered with a rigid endocarp of brown coloration. The seeds possess about 2,5; 0,7 and 0,7 cm, of length, width and thickness, respectively. The germination of the seeds of chestnut tree is epigeal and the seedling is fanerocotyledonary. Universidade de Franca Universidade Estadual Paulista Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias Depto. de Produção Vegetal UNESP FCAV Depto. de Biologia Aplicada à Agropecuária Universidade Estadual Paulista Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias Depto. de Produção Vegetal UNESP FCAV Depto. de Biologia Aplicada à Agropecuária

Research on "PERFORMA" or Paper Test Kits Formalin is as an alternative to improve the quality of food selection. It is aiming to get a paper test kit that can detect formaldehyde contented in foodstuffs practically, fast, easy, and inexpensive. The method used in this study is an experimental method which is part of a quantitative method that aims to manipulate and control variables. The data collection is based on the research and the observation of the color change on the paper test kit is generated from Schiff reagent test, in which the paper test kit will give a purple color response when tested on foodstuffs containing formalin. Based on the analysis of variety of data, it is obtained and expressed as mean ± standard deviation with confidence interval in this study are stated at α 5%. Thus, this research paper expects that formalin test kit can be easily applied and used by the community at large. Keywords: foodstuff, formalin, paper test kits, reagents Schiff

Why is “change” so very difficult? The change in our global climate has created fear because of the predicted consequences to the planet. The change mandated by the Affordable Care Act in the United States has led to uncertainty for physical therapists who ponder their roles in the revised health care system. Some clinicians worry that the introduction of robotics or virtual reality will make them obsolete. Some educators who have honed the craft of storytelling are fearful of flipping the classroom into an environment for discussion or debate. Here in Philadelphia, the azaleas, peonies, lettuce, and radishes brought glorious color and tasty spring treats; as summer approaches, the roses are in bud, the blueberries are beginning to turn that spectacular deep purple color, the corn is almost knee high, and the tomatoes and green beans are adorned with flowers. No season is superior—each season ushers in something new and fresh and exciting—and something uncertain. So it is with journals. It is the job of the editor in chief to periodically change the mix of the Editorial Board. As I say goodbye to some of our current Editorial Board members, I am grateful to each of them for all that they have done to improve the number …

A simple and sensitive assay is described that can detect trace amounts of whey cream in sweet cream and in butter made from that cream. The method is based on the detection of sialic acid and involves a color reaction between Ehrlich’s reagent and sialic acid. The procedure is faster than other methods for detection of whey. The method could be termed semiquantitative because of the seasonal variability of sialic acid in cow’s milk. However, with a calibration curve, the method is quantitative and can easily detect as little as 1% whey cream in sweet cream and in the resulting butter. With 1% whey cream in sweet cream, the purple color indicating the presence of sialic acid is visible to the naked eye.

with impedance (HRIM) at the 5 minute time-point. The IBH protocol starts with the patient ingesting 200ml of saline andmonitoring the patient for 5minutes once the swallow challenge is complete. The height of the bolus retained after a swallow can be visualized using the impedance topography color plot highlighted by the purple color. The impedance range for the impedance topography plot is determined by the nadir impedance value that is calculated as a mean value of the first 3 swallows at the distal esophagus 3cm above the EGJ. The impedance range is set at the nadir impedance (0.35kOhms) plus 1000kOhms to highlight an interface between liquid and mucosa/air. The yellow circles represent measurements of the IBH at 30 second intervals. The timed barium esophagram (TBE) image at 1 and 5 minutes are shown in the same patient to highlight the correlation between TBE and IBH.

[structure: see text] Optically active artificial host molecules 2-5 based on a phenolphthalein skeleton have been prepared for visual enantiomeric recognition of alanine derivatives 8 and 9. The receptor 3 discriminates (R)-8 and (R)-9 from (S)-8 and (S)-9, respectively, to develop a purple color.

Lead acetate [Pb(O{sub 2}CMe){sub 4}] was easily synthesized from a warm solution of Pb{sub 3}O{sub 4}, HO{sub 2}CMe and O(OCMe){sub 2} following literature preparations when the appropriate measures to minimize water contamination were followed. Furthermore, Pb(O{sub 2}CMe){sub 4} which has been decomposed (evidenced by the appearance of a purple color due to oxidation) can be regenerated using a similar preparatory route. Introduction of Pb(O{sub 2}CMe){sub 4} from the two routes outlined above into the IMO process for production of PZT thin films gave films with comparable ferroelectric properties to commercially available Pb(O{sub 2}CMe){sub 4} precursors. However, the freshly synthesized material yields PZT films with better properties compared to the recycled material.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: Adequate cleaning plays a critical and integral part in the efficacy of endoscope reprocessing. There are always questions regarding proper cleaning and the existence of organic residues on cleaned endoscopes. Visual inspection, which is the recommended method, is difficult because the test endoscopes are solid black in color and visually inspecting tiny lumens is virtually impossible. This paper reports a study that was performed to evaluate the effectiveness of endoscope cleaning in an automated endoscope reprocessor utilizing artificial soil and ninhydrin spray reagent, a chemical that stains proteins/amino acids. METHODS: The bodies and biopsy lumens of three types of flexible endoscopes were contaminated with artificial soils. Three separate artificial soils were made using a combination of adhesive substances and proteins including glycerol, serum, hog mucin, wheat flour, and egg. The endoscopes contaminated with artificial soil were allowed to dry at ambient temperature for 2 hours and then processed through a cleaning cycle with an enzymatic detergent in an automated endoscope reprocessor (AER). After the cleaning cycle, the endoscope surfaces were wiped and the biopsy lumens were brushed with sterile absorbent-towel pieces. The towel pieces were first inspected visually for evidence of organic soil followed by treatment with ninhydrin spray reagent to detect any residual protein /amino acids, as indicated by the presence of purple color. RESULTS: Tests showed that the AER's cleaning cycle with an enzymatic detergent removed the organic load from the biopsy lumens and surfaces of the flexible endoscopes tested. CONCLUSION: Using ninhydrin spray reagent to detect organic residues in flexible endoscopes was found to be an effective method to monitor endoscope cleaning.

Three variations of Arundina graminifolia flowers have been recognized, (1) group of big flower with reddish violetlip and purplelish white sepals and petals (2) group of small flower with white lip and white sepals and petals (3)similar to second variation but with purple color on the lip apex. In order to clarify the taxonomy status of thosethree variations, a leaf anatomical study had been carried out. Results of this study showed that there were somedifferences among them in trichome shape and number mesophyll layers. Big flower group of Arundina hastrichome club shape and thick mucous in the apex with mesophyll layer 9-11; for small flower group has white lip,trichome club shape, thick mucous and granulate in the apex, but only 2 mesophyl layers; whereas for other smallflower group with purple lip has trichome cup shape and 10-13 layers of mesophyll. Based on the differences inflower size and their color variation, and combined with leaf anatomical study, we suggested the three variationsof A. graminifolia should be in separated groups.

A new in vivo method of visual scoring of pigmentation in hairless hr/hr mice with a C3H/Tif background is described. The mice were placed under a bank of 6 Philips TL08 fluorescent ultraviolet A (UVA) tubes in a dark room, and the pigmentation of the skin was compared with a Kodak Gray Scale with 20 different shades from white to black. The radiation from the tubes changed both the color of the back of the mouse and the gray scale into purple hues. The purple color of the back of each mouse could then be classified as one of 20 shades on the gray scale. An experiment was conducted exposing 3 groups of 20 mice to different doses of UV radiation from Philips TL01 tubes. One group of 20 mice was not irradiated and served as control. The pigmentation of each mouse was scored by one investigator every 2-3 weeks. After a few weeks of exposure a clear distinction between the groups was seen. To evaluate the inter- and intrapersonal variation of the method, 30 mice with various degrees of pigmentation were scored independently and blindly by two investigators. This was done twice during the study with a few days' interval. No interpersonal difference was found, but one investigator scored differently the first and second time by only 0.5 points. The described method provides a reproducible in vivo method, with very good discrimination, for estimation of pigmentation in hairless mice.

In 1957, the late Prof. Hayashi and I began to investigate the chemiluminescence mechanism of lophine (2,4,5-triphenylimidazole), which was the first discrete chemiluminescent organic compound, described by Radziszewski1 in 1877. Because the chemiluminescence intensity of lophine in KOH-ethanol solution with oxidants was not very strong, the chemiluminescence reaction was carried out in a dark room. When an aqueous solution of K3[Fe(CN)6] was added dropwise to the alkaline solution of lophine as an oxidant, a circle of light appeared on the surface of the reaction mixture encircling the area in which the oxidant solution was added, and by stirring the reaction mixture a yellowish light was emitted from the solution. When the chemiluminescence reaction was carried out in daylight, no chemiluminescence light emission was observed, and a purple-colored circle appeared on the surface of the solution encircling the area where the oxidant solution was added. Further stirring of the solution caused the color to disappear and the solution became yellow. We thought that the purple substance should be an intermediate in the chemiluminescent reaction of lophine, and wanted to isolate the purple-colored substance. In further studies to determine the origin of the quickly fading purple color, a significant amount of aqueous solution of K3[Fe(CN)6] was added to the reaction mixture. The color of the solution became purple, and a pale purple precipitate separated out.The precipitate was filtered out and repeatedly washed with water until the washing showed no reaction of Fe(CN) 6 4- ion.

Optical properties of clusters have been exploited already for more than one and a half millenia before clusters have been identified as special entities and cluster science been established as an own field of research. As a matter of fact, ancient technologists eagerly produced clusters in glass from empirical recipes (of course not knowning the microscopic structure and processes) because of their beautiful and splendid colors whose brilliance fascinated people. It is not surprising that in particular the purple color of Au and Cu clusters, having been difficult to produce and, hence, rare, were regarded as the emperors color. One of the probably unsurpassed treasures of the antiquity concerning color beauty is a Roman goblet of the fourth century, now to be seen in the British Museum in London, which shows the Greek saga of Lykurgos. Its fame is due to the shining colors generated by a composition of Ag and Au clusters [4.1].

The common and biogenetically important sesquiterpene guaiol yields a deep purple color when treated with electrophilic bromine reagents. This interesting color reaction was observed over fifty years ago, but the chemistry of this process has not been investigated. Herein, we present the chemistry of the guaiol color reaction.

In a clinical study, healthy subjects were given an antidote to a toxin that may be encountered by emergency physicians. Urine was collected for seven days following administration of the antidote. The drastic dark purple color of the urine on day 1, taken immediately after the antidote was given, is clearly of note.

New teaching methodologies have been developed to facilitate the learning of biochemistry concepts. A new approach to Biochemistry teaching has become more frequent, one that does not require reagents but use photos, videos, softwares etc. Experimental Biochemistry classes, i.e. covering characterization of amino acids and proteins, might be more productive with the use of complementary didactic material. Furthermore, if experiments cannot be implemented, classes may be well illustrated with complementary didactic material covering from the simplest to the most complex experiments. In order to aid Biochemistry classes without practical experiments, some tests and reactions were documented in our laboratory through digital photos, for instance: (1) the biuret reaction wherein the blue reagent turns violet in the presence of proteins and changes to pink when combined with short-chain polypeptides; (2) the ninhydrin test used in amino acid analysis of proteins: most of the amino acids are hydrolyzed and react with ninhydrin; when reacting with these free amines, a deep blue or purple color appears; (3) methods for detecting proteins wherein spectrophotometry is used, that deals with the relationship between absorbance, concentration and path length, which constitute the Beer-Lambert Law. A didactic material constituted by texts, schemes and illustrated by photos has been created for each class topic. This material can be used either as a teacher script or in a presentation form to illustrate classes without experimental activities. Financial Support: Pro-Reitoria Graduação-USP, CNPq.

The use of ortho- and para-phenylenediamine (OPD & PPD respectively) for the enhancement of fingerprints in blood has been investigated. Optimal pH conditions and H2O2 concentrations have been determined using UV/Vis spectroscopy. Both OPD and PPD are effective and less hazardous alternatives to the presently used 3,3'-diaminobenzidine (DAB) for the development of blood fingerprints, especially on porous surfaces. The orange color of OPD and the purple color of PPD offer alternative colors to the brown color of DAB and the light green color of ABTS for standing out against particular backgrounds. Both OPD and PPD can be used after ninhydrin treatment, but the reverse is not the case.

The synthesis of aspirin is a part of many undergraduate organic synthesis labs and is frequently used in qualitative organic analysis laboratory for the identification of salicylic acid. We have found that aspirin can be synthesized on microscale by a simple and efficient procedure that eliminates the heating step employed in literature procedures and gives a pure, ferric-negative product (no purple color with alcoholic ferric chloride solution).

Some properties of the starches contained at culm and endosperm were compared between glutinous (cv. Saitamamochi, cv. S) and non-glutinous (cv. Norin No. 8, cv. N)rice plants of different polyploidy (haploid x to tetrapliod 4 x). The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. Alkali decomposition values of culm starches varied among polyploids, and they were greater than those of endosperm starches. The glutinous endosperm starches showed a stronger resistance to alkali. 2. Absorption curves of iodine-starch complexes of both culm and endosperm starches varied more or less between cv. N and cv. S and among polyploids. The peaks of absorption curve of culm starches were observed with blue color at 600 to 610 nm wave lengths, except cv. N-4 x which had a peak at a little shorter wavelength. The curves of endosperm starches of cv. N and cv. S had peaks at the shorter wavelengths than those of culm, being near 560 nm with purple color in the former and at 520 to 530 nm with purplish red color in the latter. 3. The absorption curves of iodine-starch complexes obtained from endosperms ripened at different air temperatures were almost similar, but the starch ripened at 35°/30°C (day/night) showed a stronger peak at a shorter wavelength than that at 25°/20°C. 4. X-ray diffraction patterns of endosperm and culm starches gave A type and B type patterns, respectively, and no clear difference was observed among polyploids and between cv. N and cv. S.

Examination of jewelry-quality siigilite shows that i t consists o f manganese-bearing sugilite and other minerals i n a polycrystalline aggregate. The material occurs in a large stratiform manganese orebody at the Wessels m ine near Kuruman, South Africa. Some 12 to 1.5 tons o f sugilite of varying quality lire estimated to occur at the mine. The attractive purple color is due to the presence of about 1-3 wt.% n~anganese oxide. The research reported here revealed that there are actually two types of gem materials that have heretofore been called sugilite: one that is predominantly manganoan sugilite with minor impurity minerals, and the other that is chalcedony mixed wi th (and colored by ) sugjlite.

The anthocyanin pigments are responsible for the red, blue, and purple color of most fruits and vegetables. This review covers the following aspects of anthocyanins: their chemical structure and the relation between chemical structure and color; the theories of their biogenesis and factors affecting their synthesis in plants; their distribution among fruits and vegetables; the chemical, physical, and biochemical factors affecting their degradation in fresh and processed food commodities; degradation schemes; ways and means for stabilizing these pigments in foods and methods for extracting, identifying, and quantifying their concentration in foods.

When bacteriorhodopsin is delipidated and purified in detergents, its purple chromophore can be reversibly titrated to a red one. The pKa of this equilibrium depends on the nature of the detergent in which bacteriorhodopsin is dispersed. In the absence of solvating amphiphiles, lipid-free detergent-free bacteriorhodopsin is red (λmax = 480 nm) at pH higher than 3.5.

The reagent 1-pentyl 4,6-dihydroxy-5-nitrosopyridine-3-carboxy-late has been used to photometrically determine osmium. Several interferences are eliminated by an extraction prior to the development of the purple color formed between PDHNPC and osmium. This method is highly sensitive for osmium, the molar absorptivity for the complex being 3.4 × 104 at 550 nm. The reaction ratio is 1∶1 reagent to osmium.

To date, no criteria exist for anticipating the response of a port wine stain to argon laser therapy. In an effort to determine such predictive factors, the preceding study was undertaken. Sixty-two patients, ages 7 to 66 years, with port wine stains were biopsied, had a small test area treated, and were evaluated after 4 months. A desirable result, defined by marked lightening of the lesion without scarring, occurred in 73 percent of the patients. Factors favoring a desirable result included age greater than 37 years, purple color, fraction of dermis occupied by vessels greater than 5 percent, mean vessel area greater than 2500 micrometers2, and percent of vessels containing erythrocytes greater than 15 percent. Furthermore, the degree of color change strongly correlated with these indices. Factors indicating an undesirable result included age less than 17 years, pink color, vascular area less than 2 percent, mean vessel area less than 1500 micrometers2, and percent of vessels containing erythrocytes less than 3 percent, Thus, if appropriate clinical and histological criteria are met port wine stains can successfully treated with argon laser therapy.

New specific methods have been developed for the detection of chromium(VI) and of vanadium(V), based on the formation of a purple color with primaquin in concentrated sulfuric acid solution. The identification limits and dilution limits have been determined to be 0.05μg, 1∶1 000 000 for chromium(VI) and 0.1μg, 1∶500 000 for vanadium(V) respectively.

The purple hemocyanin formed on addition of a large quantity of ethyleneglycol to Sepioteuthis lessoniana oxyhemocyanin was characterized on the basis of various spectroscopic data such as the absorption, CD, esr, and Raman spectra. The purple hemocyanin is considered to be in an equilibrium state between the faintly denaturated species (ca. 60%) that is directly related with the purple color and the intensely denaturated species (ca. 40%) containing esr-detectable copper(II). The esr spectra suggest that the copper(II) exists as a mononuclear complex, that contains four nitrogeneous ligands.

A method of spectrophotometric analysis for ruthenium, using the reagent 1-pentyl 4,6-dihydroxy-5-nitrosopyridine-3-carboxylate, has been developed. Several interferences are removed by extraction prior to the developemnt of the purple color formed between PDNHPC and ruthenium. The molar absorptivity of the PDHNPC-ruthenium complex is 4.2×104 at 535 nm. The complex forms at a 3∶1 ligand-metal ratio. This procedure provides the most sensitive colorimetric method for the determination of ruthenium.

A spectrophotometric method for determining ascorbic acid based on the redox reaction between a copper (II)-2,2′-biquinoline solution and ascorbic acid was developed. The purple color of the copper (I)-2,2′-biquinoline complex formed in a buffered acetone-water solution was measured at 540 nm. Minerals, sugars, and other vitamins do not interfere when present in quantities usually found in pharmaceutical preparations. Ferrous interference was eliminated by treating the sample solution with the cation-exchange resin Dowex 50W-X12. Several single component and multivitamin formulations were satisfactorily analyzed by this method. Its high sensitivity permits measurements of quantities of ascorbic acid to 3.4 μg/ml of sample solution. The procedure is simple, rapid, and suitable for routine control.

Origin of the purple color of chromium-containing SnO2(Cr-SnO2) was studied mainly by ESCA, ESR and diffuse reflectance spectroscopies. It was found that when the Cr2O3 content in Cr-SnO2 was higher than 1.5wt%, the color of Cr-SnO2 is not purple but green due to the presence of Cr3+ in the aggregate state. ESCA and ESR analyses of the chemical state of chromium in Cr-SnO2 revealed that Cr6+, Cr5+ and Cr3+ are minor species when the Cr2O3 content in Cr-SnO2 was about 0.2wt%. Addition of Al3+ or Sb5+ to Cr-SnO2 gave rise to absorption bands at about 450 and 600nm or 470 and 650nm respectively, indicating that Cr5+ and Cr3+ in Cr-SnO2 are not responsible for the purple color (570nm). Consequently, the broad absorption band at 570nm was considered to be produced by Cr4+.

Summary Experiments were conducted to determine whether certified coal-tar dye solutions could be used to color diluted semen in order to reduce errors in its handling. Red, green, brown, and purple color preparations were tested, under laboratory and field conditions. Spermatozoa in diluted semen colored at the rate of one drop of the basic red, green, brown, and purple dye solutions for each 10 ml. of diluter maintained their motility as well as those in the uncolored controls. In a field study, when the same dyes were used at a lower concentration, no significant differences in fertility were found between the colored and uncolored semen samples. This investigation involved 2,995 inseminations and an average of 59.9 cows were inseminated per semen sample. The results obtained demonstrate that the coal-tar color preparations described can be safely used as a practical means of coloring diluted bull semen.

A spectrophotometric determination of osmium has been developed, based on the purple color (absorption maximum at 515 mμ) formed by reaction of osmium with quinisatin oxime in buffered solution of dimethyl formamide and methanol. The absorbances are reproducible, and the system conforms to Beer's law. The method compares favorably in sensitivity with existing methods for osmium. The optimum concentration range (for 1 cm optical path) is about 2 to 10 p.p.m. of osmium. Although the maximum color develops slowly, it is stable for 7 days or longer. Several elements, notably iron, cobalt, and ruthenium, interfere, so that separation, is necessary. A reaction ratio of 1:2 for osmium and quinisatin oxime was clearly indicated; some evidence was also obtained for the presence of higher complexes.

THE coal tar dye industry of Europe is but 88 years of age. That of the United States is eight or ten years younger. How many of us who are active in this field know much about the worries and woes experienced by the pioneers of this industry? Of course, we have been told that in 1856 Perkin, while seeking to synthesize quinine, obtained a product soluble in alcohol with a purple color. He found that this solution would dye silk and wool. The fact that his new product gave a shade not obtainable from any one natural product and its ease of application led to its immediate use in the textile industry. Perkin was granted a British patent aftersome difficulty because he was a minor. But the reign of Perkin's mauve was cut short by the discovery of better dyes—fuchsine, benzaldehyde green, methyl violet, rosaniline blues—which followed quite soon. It was in the attempts ...

The absorption spectra of visual purple solutions extracted by various means were measured with a sensitive photoelectric spectrophotometer and compared with the classical visual purple absorption spectrum. Hardening the retinas in alum before extraction yielded visual purple solutions of much higher light transmission in the blue and violet, probably because of the removal of light-dispersing substances. Re-extraction indicated that visual purple is more soluble in the extractive than are the other colored retinal components. However, the concentration of the extractive did not affect the color purity of the extraction but did influence the keeping power. This suggests a chemical combination between the extractive and visual purple. The pH of the extractive affected the color purity of the resulting solution. Over the pH range from 5.5 to 10.0, the visual purple color purity was greatest at the low pH. Temperature during extraction was also effective, the color purity being greater the higher the temperature, up to 40°C. Drying and subsequent re-dissolving of visual purple solutions extracted with digitalin freed the solution of some protein impurities and increased its keeping power. Dialysis against distilled water seemed to precipitate visual purple from solution irreversibly. None of the treatments described improved the symmetry of the unbleached visual purple absorption spectrum sufficiently for it to resemble the classical absorption spectrum. Therefore it is very likely that the classical absorption spectrum is that of the light-sensitive group only and that the absorption spectra of our purest unbleached visual purple solutions represent the molecule as a whole.

SummaryIt has been shown that deoxyhexoses and hexals react with the Dische diphenylamine reagent in a characteristic manner. No other structures except sialic acid and related compounds have been found to react in the same fashion. A deoxyhexose structure for sialic acid has been proposed by Gottschalk. The color given by sialic acid when heated with the reagent is therefore accounted for by the presence of the deoxyhexose. Since sialic acid is considered to be a common constituent of the glycoproteins (mucoproterns), the color given by these substances and serum when heated with the Dische reagent appears to be due to the deoxyhexose present in sialic acid.

There exist certain groups of bacteria which possess a peculiar purple color. This color ranges from a pale bluish pink to a deep crimson, almost like Ruthenium red. The bacteria concerned may be grouped according to their physiological behavior into four distinct classes:The almost algal Chromatium, the pediococcoid Thiopedia, Spirillae, Bacillae, and Cocci all possess the pigment purple color.There is therefore no a priori evidence for the identity of the pigments.Classes I and II, the true Rhodobacteria, seem to have identical pigments (Molisch). One of them is red, probably a carotinoid, bacterio-erythrin, the other is green, soluble in absolute alcohol and is called bacteriochlorin∗. The combination of both pigments is called bacteriopurpurin. Bacteriochlorin has a marked narrow absorption-band with an axis near the sodium lines D.Bacterio-erythrin is characterized by two distinct absorption bands in the green and bluegreen.An absolute alcohol extract of Thiopolycoccus yielded a green solution with a b...

It was ascertained that the species from which Grimm alfalfa presumably originated, viz.; Medicago sativa and M. falcata, may freely exchange genetic material without evidence of a sterility barrier. Consequently a polyhaploid obtained of Grimm may be considered as comparable to natural diploids.The polyhaploid showed some impaired morphological and physiological characters and pronounced meiotic abnormalities. The single genome (x = 8) of the polyhaploid was found to be almost non-functional. Inheritance of purple color indicated a potential autotetraploid mode of transmission of characters.The polyhaploid was raised back to the tetraploid chromosome level by chromosome doubling and compared to its original and to Grimm. The somatically chromosome-doubled counterpart was found to be a close replica of the original polyhaploid. An assumption that an accumulation of detrimental recessive genes may remain latent at the tetraploid level, and may be expressed upon later reduction to half of the genic variability as in the polyhaploid and its somatically chromosome-doubled derivative, is advanced to explain the observed phenomena.Phylogenetic, breeding, and culture-historical aspects of the results are discussed.

A new method for colorimetric determination of Δ 4 -3-ketosteroids with p-nitrophenylhydrazine was studied and the standard procedure for the concentration of 10 μg–50 μg of steroid samples was established. The principle of this method is based on the observation that the hydrazone formed with p-nitrophenylhydrazine produces astable reddish purple color which has an absorption maximum at 540 mμ in an alkaline solution of dimethylformami de. The present method is specific forΔ 4 -3-ketosteroids and gives a maximum absorption in longer wave-length regions with a markedly higher intensity than the other methods.

Chymochromic pigments in twenty-five color forms of common portulaca dividing into eleven color groups and their F1 hybrids were studied by paper-chromatographic and spectrophotometric experiments.Ten pigments of betacyanins (Bc1 to Bc5) and betaxanthins (Bx1 to Bx5) were chromatographically separated in various color forms of garden portulaca. Most of the flower colors were estimated by qualitative and quantitative differences of chymochromic pigments.In general, the purple components, Bc3 and Bc4, predominantly appeared in most of F1 hybrids, while the yellow components, Bx1 and Bx2, did not appear in F1 hybrids. Therefore, betacyanin were, in general, dominant over betaxanthin.On the other hand, the higher content of betacyanin in purple color form is dominant to the lower content of betacyanin in pink form, and the higher content of betaxanthin in yellow orange form is recessive to the lower content of betaxanthin in pink form in F1 hybrids. In some F1 hybrids, however, the pigment content is nearly intermediate between the contents of both parents. White color form containing neither betacyanin nor betaxanthin is recessive to all the colored forms examined.

There are many methods of preparing and staining skin scrapings for the examination for the presence of fungi. Probably the most widely used method is the simple KOH method suggested by C.W. Dodge. This method, however, requires a high degree of skill and often misreading is experienced. In order to elevate the problems evolved I have developed a new method which utilized, KOH, CuSO4.5H2O and Eosin Y, with the following results. The body of the fungi appears as purple-pink to purple in color, while tissue appears pink in color. The reaction is a biochemical reaction. As the tissue is dissolved the CuSO4 in converted to Cu(OH)2 which in turn reacts with sugars or organic exalic acid in the body of the fungi, the end point being complex salt, which shows as a blue color, however this reaction is very weak and because of this Eosin Y is added to enhance the reaction resulting in the purple color, which is very easy to observe microscopicly. Microscopicly the observer is able to discern different color reactions in the various structures of the fungi. For example : the spore stains a deeper color than the mycelium, also one can observe spore formation in the mycelium. I have studied this method in twelve different cases of mycotic infections, using the KOH method and the culture method along with my new technique. In all cases using the new method proved to be 100% accurate while the KOH method was only 50% accurate. This method then is simple, less time consuming with a higher degree of accuracy, than the old KOH method and can very easily be utilized clinically for the identification of mycotic infections.

A new method has been developed for the determination of trace quantities of formaldehyde and appears to be superior to existing methods. The procedure is based on a modification of Schiff’s test for aldehydes. A mixture of dichlorosulfitomercurate II complex and acid bleached pararosaniline hydrochloride is used as the reagent. In the presence of formaldehyde, a purple color is produced. The method is highly sensitive to formaldehyde and acetaldehyde, simple and does not require concentrated acids. When applied to air pollution studies, the method is virtually free of interferences from higher aldehydes. The paper describes the application of this method to spot sampling of the atmosphere and to continuous atmospheric analysis.

Hog bile salts when mixed with sulfuric acid and benzaldehyde give a purple color, but this test is unsuitable for the detection of hog bile in mixtures with ox or sheep bile salts, which produce a brown color obscuring the purple color. A quantitative separation of hog bile from sheep or ox bile is described. The principle involved depends upon the action of hydrochloric acid which precipitates hog bile from solution in the form of a gummy mass, whereas with ox or sheep bile only slight precipitates are formed under the conditions of the test described.

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the proton pump, attempts to construct a self-consistent picture of its mode of action, and assesses recent experimental findings in terms of its function. It discusses that purple-patched bacteria belong to the family of extreme halophiles, Halobacteria, and usually grows aerobically in concentrated brine. The development of the purple color, for which illumination is necessary, occurs only when the bacteria are grown essentially in the absence of air. The most thoroughly studied halophilic purple bacterium is halobacterium halobium. A detailed discussion of the modus Vivendi and culture of these bacteria has been discussed. The bacteria owe their purple hue to the presence of a rhodopsinlike membrane protein, bacteriorhodopsin (bR). This protein constitutes the light-driven proton pump.

2-Oxazolidones (Ia→f) were not effective against rat ascites hepatoma AH13 or mouse lymphoid leukemia, L1210. However, among 3-nitroso-2-oxazolidones (IIa→f), compounds IIa, IIb, IIc and IId were active against AH13, and compounds IIa, IIb and IIf were active against L1210. Cyclic N-nitrosocarbamates and N-nitrosoureas showed greater antitumor effects than the corresponding acyclic N-nitroso compounds. Since the reaction of compounds IIa→f with 4-(p-nitrobenzyl) pyridine gave a purple color, their antitumor mechanism presumably involves alkylation ; but there was no correlation between the antitumor activities and the color intensities.

The extremely high incidence of salicylate intoxication makes it desirable to have a screening test available. Such a procedure should be simple and rapid enough to be used routinely on all admission and emergency cases since salicylate intoxication may not be suspected. This report describes studies with a stick test used on urine and serum. Test results agree well with quantitative measurements. Specimens tested included urine and serum from dogs and human beings after experimental administration of aspirin as well as samples from cases of salicylate intoxication or high therapeutic salicylate levels. The test strip develops an immediate brownish purple color with as little as 20 mg. per cent free salicylate. Data are presented to show that reliable results are obtained with the test even by inexperienced individuals.