Search

Die größte umweltpolitische Herausforderung des 21. Jahrhunderts ist der Klimawandel. Industrien müssen Ihre Produktion und den Rohstoffeinsatz an die klimatischen Veränderungen sukzessive anpassen. Die Zellstoff- und Papierindustrie hat aufgrund ihres primären Rohstoff Holz und der wasser- sowie energieintensiven Produktion eine erhöhte Anfälligkeit auf die veränderte Wetterlage. Die vorliegende Masterarbeit beschäftigt sich nun mit den Anpassungsmodalitäten dieser Industrie am Beispiel von Österreich. Schwer-punkte sind auf die Gebiete der Energie, des Rohstoffs Holz und des Wassers gesetzt. Die behandelten Punkte werden mit Einbezug des klimapolitischen Ziels der Emissionsreduzierung betrachtet. Eine Schlüsselrolle spielen die kaskadische Holznutzung, C02 Emissionsreduzierung und ein geschlossener Wasserkreislauf. Da diese Arbeite den empirischen Forschungsansatz verfolgt, werden nach einer umfassenden Literaturrecherche, welche Daten und Fakten aus der vorliegenden Literatur ableitet, mittels Experteninterviews, die Daten interpretiert und verglichen. Aufgrund der Validierung der Resultate mittels Experteninterview wurde ersichtlich, dass die Daten aus der Literatur mit der gelebten Wahrheit übereinstimmen. Alle Befragten waren sich über die Probleme und Herausforderungen im Umgang mit Energie, Holz und Wasser einig.*****The greatest environmental challenge of the 21st century is climate change. Industries have to gradually adapt their production and the use of raw materials to the climatic chang-es. Due to its primary raw material wood and the water and energy-intensive production, the pulp and paper industry has an increased susceptibility to the changed weather condi-tions. This master's thesis now deals with the adaptation modalities of this industry using the example of Austria. The focus is on the areas of energy, the raw material wood and water. The points dealt with are considered with the inclusion of the climate policy goal of reducing emissions. The c

One of the most important oil derivatives in our time, which all the world seeks to obtain and produce a lot is lubricating oils, which are used for several important purposes and the most important is to keep the thermal engines from damage or collapse due to the phenomenon of friction of the moving parts mechanically at a high temperatures and pressure is relatively high as well as the wear phenomenon This research effort focuses on a comparative study of five types of mix crude Libyan oils (El-Feel Field, Al Wafa Field, Amina Field, Brega Field and Al-Sedra Field) for produced the lubricated oil experimentally . Test carried out on the production the lubrication oil by measuring the physical properties include: normal boiling point, pour point, specific gravity (Sp. gr.), standard density (API), dynamic viscosity , kinematics viscosity , Acentric factor and Watson factor (K or K ). It’s found from the practical results of the production the lubricating oil from crude oil for atmospheric distillation of crude oil practically depends on measurement two physical properties very accurately Watson factor first and then the API. The results from the tests showed that, mix crude oil of Amena, El-Sedra and El-Feel fields suitable than others for production the lubricated oil at atmospheric and then use the vacuum distillation columns. Other results observation, that’s two others types are impossible to produce the lubricated oil. Also, the results observed that’s the useful mole percentage of lubricated oil cutoff has range very small from 2 to 17 % for these types of Libyan crude oils, this percentage will be increase when use vacuum distillation with added some additives materials. In addition, practical results have been found that not all the cutoff produced from atmospheric distillation within the range of temperatures between 370 and 550 oC are lubricating oils, but other compounds are oil derivatives suitable for different fuel depending on the chemical structure of these extracts. The final conclusion of this work is that any crude oil with a light Arabic class (has a relative density API less than 38 and a K lower than 12.1) is suitable for the production of lubricated oils from the crude oil.

Anodizing is commonly used for corrosion protection of aluminum and its alloys in the construction industry. The anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) coating has a high ability to prevent the development of extensive pitting corrosion in aluminum substrates, particularly in marine sites, as was observed during a 10-year atmospheric corrosion study carried out in several marine and industrial sites. However, this study also evidenced that this coating can be highly affected by the deposition of particulate material in industrial polluted environments, sometimes in unexpected ways. This study presents information on the atmospheric corrosion of anodized aluminum exposed at two different chemical industrial complexes: a fertilizer production plant and a pulp and paper mill. Visual assessment of surface changes, pitting depth and mass variation with exposure were determined to quantify the degradation suffered. Additionally, SEM/EDS analyses were carried out on the exposed surfaces. Based on the results obtained, the role played by the deposition of airborne particles present in the two environments with respect to the type and level of damage observed is discussed. Deposits of roasted pyrite ash and phosphates or of wood chips and lime particles enhanced pitting corrosion or caused dissolution of the AAO coating.

In this study, a two-stage biohythane production system was used to treat swine manure to solve the high Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) concentration and verify the total energy recovery between the two-stage and a traditional single-stage system. Experiments were carried out in single-stage methane production, two-stage biohythane production in long Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT), and short HRT. The COD removal efficiency and energy recovery were finally compared between single-stage (CH4 fermenter) and two-stage (H2+ CH4 fermenter) systems. The results showed that the methane production rate of 53.2 ± 2.7 mL/d.L, the COD removal efficiency of 29.6 ± 5.8%, and total energy recovery of 2.9 ± 0.1 kJ/L.d was obtained in the single-stage of methane production system with HRT 11.08 d, pH 7, and temperature 55 °C, respectively. In the two-stage of hydrogen and methane productions system, the hydrogen production rate of 1.8 ± 0.7 mL/d.L, the methane production rate of 65.7 ± 2.5 mL/d.L, the COD removal rate was 97.8 ± 1.7%, and the total energy recovery of 3.6 ± 0.1 kJ/L.d was obtained and stabilized when the sugary wastewater content gradually reduced to 0%. This study shows that the methane production rate increases 20%, COD removal efficiency increases to 97.8 ± 1.7%, and total energy recovery increases 30%. At the same time, the single-stage (CH4 fermenter) switched to a two-stage (H2+ CH4 fermenter) system. The two-stage anaerobic biohythane production system successfully treated the high organic swine manure and obtained a higher energy recovery against the traditional single-stage of the biomethane production system.

Torrefaction is a pretreatment method that converts biomass to a fuel-like substance that can replace coal for sustainable power generation. In this work, a thermodynamic-based process simulation model was developed to simulate the gasification of empty fruit bunch (EFB), with torrefaction as pretreatment, to determine the optimum conditions; equivalence ratio, reactor temperature, torrefaction medium concentration, steam-to-biomass (S/B) ratio and system configuration were studied to determine their influence on hydrogen concentration, higher heating value (HHV), syngas ratio and cold gas efficiency (CGE). The highest hydrogen yield was obtained at an S/B ratio of 1.3 at 800 °C, with a syngas ratio of 2.5 and a CGE of 84%. Concentration of torrefaction medium showed no effect on hydrogen concentration due to the simplicity of the model used, but work is in progress in this direction. Therefore, steam gasification is more suitable than air gasification in hydrogen production.

Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King) is one of the most valuable wood species found in the American Continent. This study is an evaluation of the production of particleboards using wood residues from the branches and trunk of a mahogany tree. It was designed to test the feasibility of production and the mechanical and physical characteristics of the finished particleboards, as well as to compare the results with similar studies and the requirements of normative documents. The particles were generated from the trunk and branches of a mahogany tree separately and mixed in different proportions to test their influence on the final product. They were bonded using 12% polyurethane resin from renewable resources and pressed under 90º C and 3.5 MPa for 10 minutes. The specimens were prepared and tested according to the guidelines established by the NBR 14810 regarding the static bending, internal bond, stiffness and thickness swelling (24h) tests. The results indicated that there is no significant correlation between the trunk-branches proportion and the Modulus of Elasticity/Rupture values. The production of the particleboards using the residues is feasible and the results of most of the tests fitted the normative requirements, which means that with the refinement of the production process it is possible to have a good product that fully complies with the technical standards. Resumo A madeira de mogno (Swietenia macrophylla King) é uma das mais valiosas encontradas no Continente Americano. Esse trabalho visou avaliar a produção de painéis de partículas de resíduos dos galhos e troncos dessa espécie. Foram avaliados a viabilidade de produção, as propriedades físicas e mecânicas e, além disso, foi realizada a comparação dos resultados com estudos similares e requisitos de normas. Os painéis foram fabricados a partir dos resíduos do tronco e dos galhos, de forma separada e misturados em diferentes proporções para testar sua influência no produto final. Foram aglomerados usando resina de poliuretano e prensados a 90°C e 3,5 MPa por 10 minutos. As amostras foram testadas para flexão estática, aderência interna, rigidez e inchamento (24 h), de acordo com as recomendações da NBR 14810. Os resultados indicaram que não houve correlação significativa entre a proporção tronco-galhos e os valores de módulo de elasticidade/ruptura. A produção dos painéis foi considerada viável e os resultados da maioria dos testes atenderam aos requisitos normativos.

This research aims to evaluate the hydrogen production and removal ability of impurity (e.g. tar and NH3) generated from sewage and textile sludge co-gasification using lab-scale fluidized-bed gasifier with an integrated hot-gas cleaning system. The gasification temperature and equivalence ratio (ER) were controlled at 850 °C and 0.2, as well as the hot gas cleaning system operated at 250 °C with the combination of zeolite, calcined dolomite, and activated carbon. Experimental results indicated that the H2 and CO yield in co-gasification of the tested sludge ranged from 2.12 to 2.45 mol/kg and from 2.83 to 3.98 mol/kg, respectively. The overall energy content of produced gas ranged between 2.40 and 2.63 MJ/kg, and cold gas efficiency (CGE) was nearly 15%. The impurities of produced gas were effectively mitigated by the hot-gas cleaning system, which could remove approximately 90% of the heavy fraction tar, up to 77% of total tar, and about 35% of ammonia. In summary, the combination of the fluidized-bed gasifier and the hot-gas cleaning system had been well developed for purifying the syngas produced from the tested sludge, and it could be applied to other organic wastes in the future.

Palm oil mill effluent (POME), a wastewater from the most significant agricultural industry in Southeast Asia is produced in tremendous amounts that requires proper management to mitigate its negative environmental effects. The feasibility of treating POME in a closed dark fermentation (DF) system to replace the existing inefficient open ponding treatment has been thoroughly investigated. Theoretically, the maximum H2 yield obtained by DF process is 4 molH2/molglucose, however, it is not achievable due to the nature of POME. In this study, several enhancement methods for increasing H2 yield and DF process stability were discussed. An apprehension into the different pre-treatment methods on POME including physicochemical, chemical and biological and their effects on the characteristics of POME including pH, temperature, sugar content, solid content, viscosity, nutrients and by-product toxicity on the biohydrogen production and effluent quality were reviewed. Various bioreactor designs were used for biohydrogen from POME, the modifications applied on the system design to increase the stability and productivity of POME treatment have been examined. Moreover, higher biohydrogen productivity could be obtained with the addition of nanoparticle nutrients and introducing genetically modified H2-producing bacteria. Finally, further investigation in the future shall focus on the development of a more inclusive and efficient POME treatment via DF process that favours biohydrogen production, environmental benign and economically viable.

Straw is an abundant natural bioresource, especially in developing and agricultural countries. Bio-hydrogen production from this renewable biomass through biological methods is an active research area. Because of its distinctive characteristic of being rich in cellulose, straw has been extensively considered as a promising raw material for clean energy production. In this paper, the recent progress of bio-hydrogen production from straw was reviewed with the emphasis on the advances in pretreatment and hydrolysis technologies. The future development of straw-based biohydrogen production was also analyzed. Based on the physicochemical properties of straw biomass and mechanisms of bio-hydrogen fermentation, various pretreatment procedures have been developed to make the straw substrate more available for hydrogen-producing bacteria to realize large-scale bio-hydrogen production from straw. This review summarized the recent technologies of straw pretreatment and hydrolysis as well as elaborated on the bottlenecks in the field of straw biotransformation in great detail. Furthermore, based on the current technology status and potential, the challenges, prospects and future directions of the production methods were further proposed.

Microbial fuel cells (MFC) provide a breakthrough development for wastewater treatment combined with electricity production. Though, MFC applications are restricted in laboratory scale level. Present study an effort has been made to employ the electroplating industrial wastewater as feedstock in dual chambered anaerobic microbial fuel cell for organic content removal as well as energy production. The ultimate goal of this research is to analyze the effect of organic load (OL) on removal of organic matter and power production. The maximum removal efficiency of total, soluble oxygen demands (TCOD, SCOD) and total suspended solids (TSS) of about 87%, 79% and 72% respectively was obtained at the OL of 1.5 gCOD/L. The maximum power and current density of about 260 mW/m2 (6.2 W/m3) and 364 mA/m2 was also recorded at a same OL of 1.5 gCOD/L. From the above findings proposed that utilization of high strength organic wastewater in MFC could pave the way to handle the problem of electroplating industries as well as minimize a small portion of energy demand.

Microbial fuel cell (MFC) is an emerging technology which has been immensely investigated for wastewater treatment along with electricity generation. In the present study, the treatment efficiency of MFC was investigated for hydrocarbon containing wastewater by optimizing various parameters of MFC. Mediator-less MFC (1·2 l) was constructed, and its performance was compared with mediated MFC with Escherichia coli as a biocatalyst. MFC with electrode having biofilm proved to be better compared with MFC inoculated with suspended cells. Analysis of increasing surface area of electrode by increasing their numbers indicated increase in COD reduction from 55 to 75%. Catholyte volume was optimized to be 750 ml. Sodium benzoate (0·721 g l–1) and actual common effluent treatment plant (CETP) wastewater as anolyte produced 0·8 and 0·6 V voltage and 89 and 50% COD reduction, respectively, when a novel consortium of four bacterial strains were used. Twenty MFC systems with the developed consortium when electrically connected in series-parallel connection were able to generate 2·3 V and 0·5 mA current. This is the first report demonstrating the application of CETP wastewater in the MFC system, which shows potential of the system towards degradation of complex organic components present in industrial wastewater.

Hydrogen is a renewable gas, efficient to produce energy that makes it a suitable alternative and effective solution for a carbon-free environment. Unlike other fossil fuels, combustion of hydrogen does not produce toxic compounds, such as greenhouse gases, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, etc., resulting in less environmental pollution. Agro-industrial residues contain several lignocelluloses that favor the growth of microorganisms to produce valuable products such as hydrogen. Of the diverse techniques in hydrogen production, bioconversion proves to be an efficient method in permuting agro-industrial residues into hydrogen. This review provides detailed information on the bioconversion processes and factors involved in hydrogen production from agro-industrial residues including different fermentation processes such as dark fermentation and photo-fermentation, and fuel cell systems such as microbial electrolysis cell and microbial fuel cell. Different pretreatment techniques to enhance the availability of lignocellulose for hydrogen production have been elaborated in this review. Various factors including pH, temperature and nutrient composition of feed, affecting the production efficiency and purity of the products during fermentation have been discussed.

The main purpose of this study is to analyse the effects of oxy hydrogen (HHO) along with the Moringa oleifera biodiesel blend on engine performance, combustion and emission characteristics. HHO gases were generated using the typical electrolysis process using the potassium hydroxide solution. The experiments were performed under various engine loads of 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% in a constant speed engine. Biodiesel from the M. oleifera was prepared by the transesterification process. Further, the procured biodiesel blends mixed with neat diesel at the concentration of 20% (B20) and 40% (B40). In addition to above, the HHO gas flow rate to the engine chamber maintained at the flow rate of 0.5 L-1. The use of the 20% and 40% blends with HHO reported less BTE compared to the neat diesel. However, B20 reported marginal rise in the BTE due to the addition of the HHO gas. On the other hand, addition of HHO gas to the blends significantly dropped the brake specific fuel consumption. With regard to the emissions, addition of the biodiesel blends reduced the concentration of the CO, HC, and CO2. Nevertheless, no reduction reported in the formation of the NO. However, adding the HHO to the biodiesel reduced the average NOx by 6%, which is a substantial effect. Overall, HHO enriching biodiesel blends are the potential replacement for the existing fossil fuels for its superior fuel properties compared to the conventional diesel.

The present quasi-experimental research investigated the growth ability and removal efficiency of Hydrilla verticillata in freshwater from Nong Han Lake (NHL), domestic wastewater from constructed wetlands (CW) and wastewater from university canteen wastewater (UCW) in Sakon Nakhon, a north-east province in Thailand. The growth rate was measured by evaluating the fresh mass of H. verticillata and comparing the removal efficiency of the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and phosphate at the hydraulic retention time on days 7, 14, 21 and 28. The efficiency of BOD removal of H. verticillata in UCW, NHL and CW was 26, 80 and 84%, respectively, whereas the COD removal efficiency was 25, 72 and 63%, respectively, and that of phosphate was 6, 44 and 87%, respectively. No difference was found in growth rates between H. verticillata from NHL and CW. Further, CW provided a good growth rate of H. verticillata, and the domestic wastewater discharges could provide a rapid growth of H. verticillata. Finally, H. verticillata might be used in aquatic ecosystems.

Everyday, tons of food wastes are thrown to the environment constantly by people in the cities, which contain many beneficial substances. One of these beneficial wastes of unknown value is eggshells. Although the eggshells are considered negligible and not valuable material, however, the many researches that dealt with this substance proved its high potential to turn into many useful substances such as a catalyst in biodiesel preparation or as a media for adsorption of heavy metals and dyes or soil fertilizer and others. The current study highlighted the benefit possibility of white chicken eggshells (WCES) from another side, considering it as a raw material for preparing acetone one of the most important industrial solvents. The results obtained showed that this worthless raw material has a high effectiveness for acetone production by containing 94.519% by weight of calcium carbonate. The process of converting WCES to acetone was carried out in two steps, the first one were producing calcium acetate by treating it with glacial acetic acid in a batch mode reaction unit at room temperature and agitation speed, acid % excess and contact time of 200 rpm, 20% and 2 h respectively. Whereas, the next step involved conducting the process of thermal decomposition of the prepared calcium acetate at 380 °C to produce acetone in a stainless steel reactor. The results of testing the samples by the gas chromatography (GC) showed that the maximum yield of acetone is 96.395%. With these experimental results, this study presents a new idea in food waste management as one of the solid waste types by utilizing it in a useful manner to produce important materials in an economical, beneficial and environmentally friendly way, reaching to the concept of zero residue level (ZRL).

In this study, indigo-dyed denim fabric was decolorized by washing and printing with separate and simultaneous applications of laccase enzyme, sodium hydrosulfite, and cellulase enzyme. In this regard, the surface reflectance and color coordinates of the discolored fabrics were analyzed, and SEM photographs of the treated fabrics were prepared to analyze their surfaces. Finally, the effects of the discoloration process and materials on various parameters of the treated samples were investigated, including moisture content, creaserecovery angle, air permeability, and abrasion resistance. The color experiments showed that the discoloration mechanism with the combined use of laccase enzyme, sodium hydrosulfite, and cellulose enzyme had a significant effect on the improvement of the lightness (L*) of the samples, as the lightness of the treated samples was improved by 101.18 percent and 55.79 percent in both printing and washing, respectively. Furthermore, examination of specimen color coordinates revealed that the hue of the treated samples was changed to blue and green, and the purity of color (C*) was improved. The increased moisture content and air permeability of the treated specimens suggested that the comfort of the jeans clothing provided by these treatment methods had improved. As a result, it should be noted that the mediating action of sodium hydrosulfite was significantly influential for discoloration of denim with the laccase enzyme.

A large amount of eggplant straw (ES) is incinerated after harvesting of eggplant every year, which aggravates environmental pollution and waste of resources. Converting ES into methane through anaerobic digestion (AD) technology may be a potential treatment method, considering the low environmental impact and high energy recovery. Firstly, this study explored the effects of organic loading (OL) and feed to inoculum ratio (F/I ratio) on the AD of ES by response surface methodology (RSM). In order to achieve higher AD efficiency, various pretreatments (acid, alkali, alkaline hydrogen peroxide (AHP), microwave and ultrasound) were introduced and comprehensively assessed with regard to methane production performance, organic matter destruction and kinetic parameters. Results showed that OL had a more significant impact on AD process compared to F/I ratio and methane production was enhanced remarkably when the OL and F/I ratio were 35.0 g VS/L and 3.0, respectively. XRD, FTIR, and SEM analyses of pretreated ES showed that alkali and AHP pretreatments performed better in delignification. Under optimal conditions, the ES pretreated with 1.5% AHP (adjusted by KOH) performed the maximum methane production of 262.2 mL/g VS with a Bd of 95.0%, which increased by 334.1% than untreated ES. This paper not only provides the theoretical data about methane production performance of ES but also gives practical guidance for efficient utilization of similar vegetable straw biowastes, which is also promising for large-scale industrial applications in the future.

Thermo-chemical conversion of biomass is a promising technological alternative for producing renewable fuel and reducing waste disposal. This simulation study includes the first attempt to perform co-gasification of algae-plastic waste for H2-enriched gaseous fuel production. An Aspen Plus-based simulation model was developed to evaluate the influence of gasifier temperature and equivalence ratio on the syngas composition, heating value, and carbon conversion efficiency. Simulation results indicated that the rise in gasifier temperature favoured the H2 and CO formation, and further, plastic loading enhanced H2 production to a greater extent. It was observed that the product (H2 and CO) yield decreased significantly with the rise of the equivalence ratio. At the same time, CO2 formation increased due to more carbon conversion after enhancing O2 content in the gasifier. It was also noticed that the synergy of biomass and plastic waste significantly enhanced H2 content and improved heating value, leading to a produced energy-efficient gaseous product. It is inferred that H2-enriched feedstock acts as an H2 donor to the H2 deficient biomass. Based on the findings, consistency in the simulation results was observed compared with the previous literature. Hence, a mixture of biomass and plastic waste favours obtaining an energy-efficient renewable fuel that could be utilized for different applications.

Ethanol and palm oil biodiesel blended with diesel fuel have the potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, such as carbon dioxide (CO2), and can gradually decrease dependence on fossil fuels. However, the combustion products from these fuels, such as oxides of nitrogen (NOx), total hydrocarbons (THC) and particulate matter (PM), require to be examined and any beneficial or detrimental effect to the environment needs to be assessed. This study investigates the hydrocarbon selective catalyst reduction (HC-SCR) activities by the effect of combustion using renewable fuels (biodiesel-ethanol-diesel) blends and the effect of hydrogen addition to the catalyst, with the various diesel engine operating conditions. Lower values rate of heat released were recorded as the ethanol fraction increases, resulting in trade-off where, lower NOx was produced while greater concentration of carbon monoxide (CO) and THC was measured in the exhaust. Consequently, increasing the THC/NOx promoting the NOx reduction activity (up to 43%). Additionally, the HC-SCR performance was greatly heightened when hydrogen was added into the catalyst and able to improve the NOx reduction activity up to 73%. The experiment demonstrated plausible alternatives to improve the HC-SCR performance through the aids from fuel blends and hydrogen addition.

Graphical abstract, Introduction Face masks are regarded as effective Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the dominant polypropylene (PP)-based masks are devoid of antiviral/antibacterial activities and create enormous environmental burdens after disposal. Objectives Here we report a facile and potentially scalable method to fabricate biodegradable, breathable, and biocidal cellulose nonwovens (BCNWs) to address both environmental and hygienic problems of commercially available face masks. Methods TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nonwovens are rendered antiviral/antibacterial via covalent bonding with disinfecting polyhexamethylene guanidine or neomycin sulfate through carbodiimide coupling chemistry. Results The obtained results showed that the BCNWs have virucidal rate of >99.14%, bactericidal efficiency of >99.51%, no leaching-out effect, and excellent air permeability of >1111.5 mm s−1. More importantly, the as-prepared BCNWs can inactivate SARS-CoV-2 instantly. Conclusions This strategy provides a new platform for the green fabrication of multifunctional cellulose nonwovens as scalable bio-protective layers with superior performance for various PPE in fighting COVID-19 or future pandemics. Additionally, replacing the non-biodegradable non-antimicrobial PP-based masks with the cellulose-based masks can reduce the plastic wastes and lower the greenhouse gas production from the incineration of disposed masks.

The paper presents the results of a study of parameters used for determining the amount of organic pollutants in wastewater flowing into a collective wastewater treatment plant with a population equivalent of about 120 000 PE. The plant constituted part of a sewage system. Assays were performed for biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (CODCr), permanganete index (CODMn) and total organic carbon (TOC). In addition, the pH of wastewater and its alkalinity were determined. Sampling of incoming wastewater and measurement of physicochemical parameters were performed once a week, in the spring. A total of 44 samples of wastewater were collected. The correlations between the individual parameters and the correlations between the ratios of these parameters were determined. It was found that it was possible to estimate, with suffi cient accuracy, the values of selected parameters for determining the concentrations of organic compounds in municipal wastewater, knowing the values of other parameters in this group. Moreover, it was shown that, knowing the relationship between the analyzed parameters, one can find multiple regression equations for a given type of wastewater, which allow one to calculate the remaining relationships with a good fit, i.e. a determination factor R2greater than 0.6

During the years of implementation of the first Soviet five-year plans, great attention was paid to the pulp and paper industry. In the forest industry structure, this component was characterised by a weak level of development. The bet was made on the creation of medium and large pulp and paper industries. In the Urals, where there were large reserves of forest resources and rivers, they built several plants. The largest centre of the pulp and paper industry in the Urals and in the eastern regions of the USSR was formed. The purpose of this article is to study the location, design, and launch of production of the Solikamsk Sulphite Pulp Mill. In the mid-1930s, it was decided to build an enterprise. The project involved innovative technological solutions for the pulp and paper industry. The launch of the plant was postponed several times, the project was altered, and the construction was entrusted from the People’s Commissariat of Forest Industry of the USSR to the People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs of the USSR. In 1940, the Solikamsk Sulphite Pulp Mill became an independent enterprise, but its construction continued.In March 1941, three months before the outbreak of the Great Patriotic War, the company began the production of pulp. The production was only possible within a simplified scheme due to the absence or malfunction of equipment. The performance of the enterprise was set in insignificant volumes. With the outbreak of war, party-state bodies and economic departments continued the construction of the Solikamsk Sulphite Pulp Mill and providing additional equipment. The company’s development was boosted by the evacuation of several industries, the start of the sulphite waste liquor alcohol plant and the construction of a defense plant nearby. This allowed the plant to develop cooperative ties and master new types of products., В годы реализации первых советских пятилетних планов было уделено большое внимание целлюлозно-бумажной отрасли. В структуре лесопромышленного комплекса этот компонент отличался слабым уровнем развития. Ставка была сделана на создание средних и крупных целлюлозно-бумажных производств. В Предуралье, где имелись крупные запасы лесных ресурсов и реки, было возведено несколько комбинатов. Сформировался крупнейший на Урале и в восточных районах СССР центр целлюлозно-бумажной отрасли. Целью статьи является изучение размещения, проектирования и начала работы Соликамского сульфитно-целлюлозного комбината. В середине 1930-х гг. было принято решение о строительстве предприятия. Его проект предполагал инновационные для целлюлозно-бумажной отрасли технологические решения. Сроки пуска комбината несколько раз переносились, проект перерабатывался, строительство было передано от Наркомлеса СССР в ведение НКВД СССР. В 1940 г. Соликамский сульфитно-целлюлозный комбинат выделился в самостоятельное предприятие, однако его сооружение продолжалось.В марте 1941 г., за три месяца до начала Великой Отечественной войны, предприятие начало выработку целлюлозы. Пуск комбината стал возможен только по упрощенной схеме — из-за отсутствия или неисправностей части оборудования. Производительность предприятия была установлена в незначительных объемах. К тому же не хватало рабочей силы, поскольку оплата труда почти не отличалась от других целлюлозно-бумажных предприятий Предуралья. С началом войны партийно-государственные органы и хозяйственные ведомства продолжили сооружение и дооснащение Соликамского сульфитно-целлюлозного комбината. Положительно сказались на развитии предприятия эвакуация ряда производств, начало работы сульфитно-спиртового завода и строительство поблизости оборонного завода. Это позволило комбинату развить кооперационные связи, освоить новые виды продукции.