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Introduction Although erectile dysfunction (ED) involves an interaction between physiological and psychological pathways, the psychosocial aspects of ED have received considerably less attention so far. Aim To review the available evidence on the psychosocial aspects of ED in order to develop a position statement and clinical practice recommendations on behalf of the European Society of Sexual Medicine (ESSM). Method A comprehensive, narrative review of the literature was performed. Main outcome measures Specific statements and recommendations according to the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine 2011 Levels of Evidence criteria were provided. Results A multidisciplinary treatment, in which medical treatment is combined with a psychological approach, is preferred over unimodal treatment. There is increasing evidence that psychological treatments of ED can improve medical treatments, the patient's adherence to treatment, and the quality of the sexual relationship. The main components of psychological treatment of ED involve cognitive and behavioral techniques aimed at reducing anxiety, challenging dysfunctional beliefs, increasing sexual stimulation, disrupting sexual avoidance, and increasing intimacy and communication skills in a relational context. When applicable and possible, it is strongly recommended to include the partner in the assessment and treatment of ED and to actively work on interpartner agreement and shared decision-making regarding possible treatment options. To ensure a better integration of the biopsychosocial model into clinical practice, developing concrete treatment protocols and training programs are desirable. Conclusion Because the psychosocial approach to ED has been underexposed so far, this position statement provides valuable information for clinicians treating ED. Psychological interventions on ED are based on existing theoretical models that are grounded in empirical evidence. However, the quality of available studies is low, which calls for further research. The sexual medicine field would benefit from pursuing more diversity, inclusivity, and integration when setting up treatments and evaluating their effect.

A partir de l’étude ethnopsychiatrique de dispositifs thérapeutiques propres à la culture occidentale et destinés à des personnes en situation de deuil difficile, nous proposons une analyse des modalités de transformation des relations entre vivants et morts. A l’aide d’entretiens de recherches menés avec des professionnels du monde médical et paramédical belge et français et avec des usagers de leurs dispositifs thérapeutiques, nous démontrons que le deuil peut être lu comme une transformation des relations entre vivants et morts constituée de deux processus conjoints. Le premier se présente comme une purification émotionnelle du lien affectif unissant le vivant et son proche décédé et va de pair avec l’instauration progressive du mort vers une forme idéale de lui-même. Le deuxième consiste à pérenniser dans le temps ce lien affectif purifié et idéal. Ce double mouvement fait appel à diverses visions typiquement occidentales des liens, des émotions et de la vie après la mort. Le concept d’Amour y est central et est mobilisé dans les dispositifs thérapeutiques par des récits, des actes, des symboles et des objets qui contribuent à la transformation des vivants, des morts et de leurs relations., Doctorat en Sciences psychologiques et de l'éducation, info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

The preponderance of western psychological concepts are often relied upon to conceptualise health-related phenomena. It is hardly surprising therefore that despite the availability of a number of interventions, studies have concluded that outcomes for minority cultural groups are not as good as for Caucasian people (western Europe and North America) in many high and middle income countries (HMIC). The evidence base of most psychosocial interventions is yet to be established in Low and Middle Income Countries (LMICs). There has been a propensity in some quarters to view low and middle income countries as passive beneficiaries of mental health knowledge, rather than as contributors or partners in knowledge production and development. A move towards a more equal bilateral relationship is called for, which should lead to better service provision. This Position Statement aims to highlight the current position and need for culturally adapted interventions. It is a global call for action to achieve a standardised mechanism to achieve parity of access and outcomes across all cultural groups regardless of country of residence.

El Proceso de Evaluación Psicológica constituye el método con el que esta disciplina de la Psicología garantiza su estatus de ciencia. La evaluación psicológica está presente, en mayor o menor medida, en toda actividad psicológica que se relacione con el estudio y análisis de una persona o grupo con el fin de establecer un diagnóstico, una orientación, una selección o una intervención psicológica. En este trabajo se describe un nuevo modelo de Proceso de Evaluación Psicológica que consideramos que puede ser de especial utilidad en el ámbito de las psicoterapias por su versatilidad y flexibilidad. La evaluación y el tratamiento psicológicos están íntimamente interconectados entre sí, aunque las distintas psicoterapias utilicen diferentes procedimientos para evaluar e intervenir. La nueva estructura del Proceso de Evaluación Psicológica que aquí se presenta se divide en dos bloques. El primero (fases 1 a 3) corresponde al “proceso evaluativo” en el que se analiza la naturaleza del problema, se establecen las hipótesis de evaluación, se realiza la formulación de caso y la propuesta de intervención. El segundo bloque (fases 4 y 5) corresponde al “proceso valorativo”, dirigido a la implementación y evaluación del tratamiento, en el que las hipótesis que se establecen están orientadas a la intervención psicológica. Consideramos necesario que los estudiantes y profesionales noveles aprendan las tareas imprescindibles para realizar una correcta evaluación psicológica, lo que permitirá junto con la práctica, experiencia y supervisión profesional, conseguir eficacia, eficiencia y efectividad en la aplicación de las psicoterapias, al garantizar la adecuada evaluación del problema y la valoración de su tratamiento. The Psychological Assessment Process establishes the method through which this psychological discipline guarantees its scientific status. Psychological assessment is present, to a greater or lesser degree, in all psychological activities related with the study and analysis of an individual or a group, with the aim of establishing a diagnosis, an orientation, a selection or a psychological intervention. In this work, a new model of Psychological Assessment Process is described, which we consider to be of special utility in the field of psychotherapy, due to its versatility and flexibility. The psychological assessment and treatment are closely interrelated with each other, although the different psychotherapies employ different procedures to evaluate and intervene. The new structure of the Psychological Evaluative Process presented in this paper in divided into two blocks. The first block (phases 1 to 3), correspond to the “assessment process”, in which the nature of the problem is analysed, the evaluative hypotheses are established, the formulation of the case is performed and the proposal of the intervention established. The second block (phases 4 and 5), correspond to the “valuation process” directed at the implementation and the evaluation of the treatment, in which the established hypotheses are oriented towards the psychological intervention. We deem it necessary that both students and new professionals learn the indispensable tasks to perform a correct psychological assessment, which together with practice, experience and professional supervision, would achieve efficiency and effectiveness in the application of psychotherapies, guaranteeing an adequate assessment of the problem and the valuation of its treatment.

El Proceso de Evaluación Psicológica constituye el método con el que esta disciplina de la Psicología garantiza su estatus de ciencia. La evaluación psicológica está presente, en mayor o menor medida, en toda actividad psicológica que se relacione con el estudio y análisis de una persona o grupo con el fin de establecer un diagnóstico, una orientación, una selección o una intervención psicológica. En este trabajo se describe un nuevo modelo de Proceso de Evaluación Psicológica que consideramos que puede ser de especial utilidad en el ámbito de las psicoterapias por su versatilidad y flexibilidad. La evaluación y el tratamiento psicológicos están íntimamente interconectados entre sí, aunque las distintas psicoterapias utilicen diferentes procedimientos para evaluar e intervenir. La nueva estructura del Proceso de Evaluación Psicológica que aquí se presenta se divide en dos bloques. El primero (fases 1 a 3) corresponde al “proceso evaluativo” en el que se analiza la naturaleza del problema, se establecen las hipótesis de evaluación, se realiza la formulación de caso y la propuesta de intervención. El segundo bloque (fases 4 y 5) corresponde al “proceso valorativo”, dirigido a la implementación y evaluación del tratamiento, en el que las hipótesis que se establecen están orientadas a la intervención psicológica. Consideramos necesario que los estudiantes y profesionales noveles aprendan las tareas imprescindibles para realizar una correcta evaluación psicológica, lo que permitirá junto con la práctica, experiencia y supervisión profesional, conseguir eficacia, eficiencia y efectividad en la aplicación de las psicoterapias, al garantizar la adecuada evaluación del problema y la valoración de su tratamiento. The Psychological Assessment Process establishes the method through which this psychological discipline guarantees its scientific status. Psychological assessment is present, to a greater or lesser degree, in all psychological activities related with the study and analysis of an individual or a group, with the aim of establishing a diagnosis, an orientation, a selection or a psychological intervention. In this work, a new model of Psychological Assessment Process is described, which we consider to be of special utility in the field of psychotherapy, due to its versatility and flexibility. The psychological assessment and treatment are closely interrelated with each other, although the different psychotherapies employ different procedures to evaluate and intervene. The new structure of the Psychological Evaluative Process presented in this paper in divided into two blocks. The first block (phases 1 to 3), correspond to the “assessment process”, in which the nature of the problem is analysed, the evaluative hypotheses are established, the formulation of the case is performed and the proposal of the intervention established. The second block (phases 4 and 5), correspond to the “valuation process” directed at the implementation and the evaluation of the treatment, in which the established hypotheses are oriented towards the psychological intervention. We deem it necessary that both students and new professionals learn the indispensable tasks to perform a correct psychological assessment, which together with practice, experience and professional supervision, would achieve efficiency and effectiveness in the application of psychotherapies, guaranteeing an adequate assessment of the problem and the valuation of its treatment.

Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo discutir a possibilidade de re-união entre as disciplinas de Psicologia e Teologia, considerando que outrora unidas juntamente com a Filosofia, a Psicologia moderna no afã de uma independência científica passou a ignorar suas raízes epistemológicas, o que impossibilitou o diálogo durante muito tempo. Contudo, através do ombros de Paul Tillich, conhecido como o “pensador de fronteiras”, buscou-se aqui trazer novamente à baila o diálogo e a discussão entre Psicologia e Teologia, considerando que este ato pode beneficiar ambos campos do saber, principalmente as ciências humanas de modo geral e consequentemente o próprio ser humano, pois entende-se que o ser humano é dotado tanto de suas capacidades psicológicas quanto de sua profundidade espiritual-transcendental e religiosa. Desta forma, se apresentará a vida e trajetória de formação do conhecimento de Tillich, a construção de sua ontologia e antropologia filosófico-teológica, por considerar que são fundamentais na construção de uma teoria psicológica. Além disso, se trabalhará os diálogos entre Tillich e os psicólogos com os quais teve contato através de entrevistas, obras, cartas, e principalmente do New York Psychology Group, a saber Carl Rogers, Erich Fromm e Rollo May, os quais se abordará as influências, as concordâncias e discordâncias entre estes e Paul Tillich, assim como apresentar a própria psicologia da saúde desenvolvida pelo teólogo alemão, com temas como ansiedade existencial e patológica, medo, angústia, desintegração; e também sobre psicologia da religião com temas como fé, amor, alienação existencial, demônico, êxtase espiritual, dentre outros. This research had to discuss the possibility of re-union between the disciplines of Psychology and Theology, considering that once united together with Philosophy, modern Psychology in the pursuit of scientific independence began to ignore its epistemological roots, which made dialogue impossible for a long time. However, by Paul Tillich's shoulders, known as the "border thinker", we sought here again bring to the fore the dialogue and discussion between psychology and theology, considering that this act can benefit both fields of knowledge, especially humanities generally and consequently the human being himself, for it is understood that the human being is endowed with both his psychological capacities and his spiritual-transcendental and religious depth. Thus, the life and trajectory of knowledge formation of Tillich will be presented, the construction of his ontology and philosophical-theological anthropology, considering that they are fundamental in the construction of a psychological theory. In addition, the dialogues between Tillich and the psychologists with whom he had contact through interviews, works, letters, and especially from the New York Psychology Group, namely Carl Rogers, Erich Fromm and Rollo May, will be worked out, which will address the influences , the concordances and disagreements between these and Paul Tillich, as well as presenting the very health psychology developed by the German theologian, with themes such as existential and pathological anxiety, fear, anguish, disintegration; and also about the psychology of religion with themes such as faith, love, existential alienation, demonic, spiritual ecstasy, among others. Dissertação (Mestrado)

BACKGROUND: Over the past two decades new and key randomized controlled trials have reported the efficacy, clinical and cost effectiveness of psychological and pharmacological treatments for adolescents with major depression. METHODS: The literature was searched through pubmed, psychinfo, scopus and web of science for randomized controlled trials of current major depression together with meta-analyses and systematic reviews of trials between 2000 and 2017. Those specific to the adolescent years (11-18 years) were taken as the primary source for this narrative review. Additional selected studies in adults were used to illustrate methodological issues. RESULTS: Manualized psychological therapies and the SSRI fluoxetine are more effective than active placebo in the treatment of major depressions. Mild to moderate illnesses attending community-based services are likely to benefit from psychological treatment alone. Moderately to severely ill patients attending clinic and hospital services are likely to benefit from monotherapies or combining psychological and pharmacological treatment. Antidepressants carry a small but significant side-effect risk including increased suicidality. Side effects from psychotherapies are somewhat lower but specific negative consequences remain less well characterized. There is some evidence that CBT-based approaches prevent onset of major depression episode in well adolescents at high-risk. Other psychological interventions have not been adequately studied. There has been only limited identification of treatment moderators and no clear understanding of therapeutic mechanisms. CONCLUSIONS: There is now a range of clinically effective treatments for depressed adolescents. Future research needs to reveal moderators of and mechanisms for individual differences to treatment response, determine psychotherapies of value for milder depressions, enhance our understanding of safety and side-effects for all treatments, and consider how to reduce and treat treatment-resistant cases.

Ce texte en trois parties présente un compte-rendu annoté de l’ouvrage de Witkowski et Zatonski (2015), Psychology Gone Wrong. The Dark Sides of Science and Therapy, qui n’est pas tendre à l’égard d’une certaine psychologie contemporaine. La première partie est centrée sur la présentation de quelques cas de fraude qui ont marqué son histoire. La deuxième partie aborde certaines pratiques condamnables de la psychothérapie, s’interroge sur son efficacité et examine quelques mythes à propos de la psychologie clinique. La troisième partie traite du problème du business de la psychologie clinique., This three-part article presents an annotated review of Witkowski and Zatonski (2015), Psychology Gone Wrong. The Dark Sides of Science and Therapy, a book hitting hard on a certain side of contemporary psychology. The first part focuses on the presentation of a few cases of fraud that have marked the history of psychology. The second part discusses some reprehensible practices of psychotherapy, its effectiveness and some myths about clinical psychology. The third part deals with the problem of the business of clinical psychology.

Background: Over the past 2 decades new and key randomised controlled trials have reported the efficacy, clinical and cost effectiveness of psychological and pharmacological treatments for adolescents with major depression. Methods The literature was searched through pubmed, psychinfo , scopus and web of science for randomised controlled trials of current major depression together with meta-analyses and systematic reviews of trials between 2000-2017. Those specific to the adolescent years (11-18 years) were taken as the primary source for this narrative review. Additional selected studies in adults were used to illustrate methodological issues. Results: Manualised psychological therapies and the SSRI fluoxetine are more effective than active placebo in the treatment of major depressions. Mild to moderate illnesses attending community-based services are likely to benefit from psychological treatment alone. Moderately to severely ill patients attending clinic and hospital services are likely to benefit from monotherapies or combining psychological and pharmacological treatment. Antidepressants carry a small but significant side-effect risk including increased suicidality. Side effects from psychotherapies are somewhat lower but specific negative consequences remain less well characterised. There is some evidence that CBT-based approaches prevent onset of major depression episode in well adolescents at high-risk. Other psychological interventions have not been adequately studied. There has been only limited identification of treatment moderators and no clear understanding of therapeutic mechanisms. Conclusions: There is now a range of clinically-effective treatments for depressed adolescents. Future research needs to reveal moderators of and mechanisms for individual differences to treatment response, determine psychotherapies of value for milder depressions, enhance our understanding of safety and side-effects for all treatments, and consider how to reduce and treat treatment-resistant cases.

El siguiente texto define de manera general la consultoría filosófica como una forma peculiar de práctica filosófica que se encuentra, en cuanto a su formato y el ideario actual, relacionada a las psicoterapias, lo cual genera inquietudes acerca de qué le es propio y qué la distingue de estos abordajes, sean éstos de orientación psicosocial o clínica. Durante el artículo, enmarcaremos a la consultoría filosófica dentro del modelo de prácticas filosóficas para posteriormente definir sus elementos constitutivos según diversos autores, así como lo peculiar y lo distinto en comparación con otros abordajes interpersonales no filosóficos. The following text defines in a general way the philosophical consultancy as a peculiar form of philosophical practice that is, in terms of its format and the current ideology, related to psychotherapies, which generates concerns about what is its own and what distinguishes it of these approaches, whether they are psychosocial or clinical. During the article, we will frame the philosophical consultancy within the model of philosophical practices to later define its constituent elements according to different authors, as well as the peculiar and the different compared to other non-philosophical interpersonal approaches.

Previous meta-analyses of psychotherapies for child and adolescent depression were limited because of the small number of trials with direct comparisons between two treatments. A network meta-analysis, a novel approach that integrates direct and indirect evidence from randomized controlled studies, was undertaken to investigate the comparative efficacy and acceptability of psychotherapies for depression in children and adolescents. Systematic searches resulted in 52 studies (total N=3805) of nine psychotherapies and four control conditions. We assessed the efficacy at post-treatment and at follow-up, as well as the acceptability (all-cause discontinuation) of psychotherapies and control conditions. At post-treatment, only interpersonal therapy (IPT) and cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) were significantly more effective than most control conditions (standardized mean differences, SMDs ranged from -0.47 to -0.96). Also, IPT and CBT were more beneficial than play therapy. Only psychodynamic therapy and play therapy were not significantly superior to waitlist. At follow-up, IPT and CBT were significantly more effective than most control conditions (SMDs ranged from -0.26 to -1.05), although only IPT retained this superiority at both short-term and long-term follow-up. In addition, IPT and CBT were more beneficial than problem-solving therapy. Waitlist was significantly inferior to other control conditions. With regard to acceptability, IPT and problem-solving therapy had significantly fewer all-cause discontinuations than cognitive therapy and CBT (ORs ranged from 0.06 to 0.33). These data suggest that IPT and CBT should be considered as the best available psychotherapies for depression in children and adolescents. However, several alternative psychotherapies are understudied in this age group. Waitlist may inflate the effect of psychotherapies, so that psychological placebo or treatment-as-usual may be preferable as a control condition in psychotherapy trials.

Manjak samopouzdanja, samopodcjenjivanje, osjećaj bespomoćnosti, negativna slika o sebi su samo neki od nepoželjnih osjećaja i mišljenja koja mogu otežati naše svakodnevno funkcioniranje. Kako bismo se oduprjeli tim silama u životu svake osobe prisutno je osnaživanje kojeg mogu pružiti obitelj, zajednica ili društvo. Kao takvo osnaživanje je prisutno i u pojedinim psihoterapijskim modalitetima poput terapije Alfreda Adlera, Kognitivno-bihevioralne terapije, Realitetne terapije, Geštalt terapije i Feminističke terapije. U svakom od ovih terapijskih modaliteta osnaživanje je prisutno u različitim oblicima, od osnovnih savjetovališnih tehnika do osnovnih tehnika koje su karakteristične za pojedinu terapiju. Uspješnost svakog terapeutskog procesa leži u odnosu koji nastaje između terapeuta i klijenta, a jedan od preduvjeta za dobar odnos je i osnaživanje. Kako u terapijskom odnosu tako i u socijalnom radu u odnosu socijalnog radnika i korisnika napredak nije moguć bez osnaživanja. Pojedini oblici osnaživanja koji se primjenjuju u psihoterapijskom radu u radu socijalnih radnika su primjenjivi u procesu savjetovanja no s obzirom na uvjete rada pojedinih socijalnih radnika osnaživanje korisnika se često zanemaruje što rezultira nezadovoljstvom korisnika. Upravo zbog toga potrebno je utvrditi koji su koncepti i teorijske tehnike primjereni za korištenje u neposrednoj praksi socijalnog rada u svrhu osnaživanja korisnika. Osim potrebe za osnaživanjem korisnika naglašava se i potreba za osnaživanjem socijalnih radnika kako bi jedni i drugi mogli djelovati na individualnoj i društvenoj razini., Lack of self-confidence, low self-esteem, feelings of helplessness, negative images of self are just some of the unwanted feelings and opinions that can make our everyday functioning more difficult. In order to resist these forces in each person's life there is empowerment that can be provided by the family, community or society. Such empowerment is also present in some psychotherapeutic modalities such as Alfred Adler's therapy, Cognitive-Behavioral therapies, Reality therapy, Gestalt therapy and Feminist therapy. In each of these therapeutic modalities, empowerment is present in various forms, from basic counseling techniques to basic techniques that are characteristic for individual therapy. The success of each therapeutic process lies in the relationship between the therapist and the client, and one of preconditions for a good relationship is empowerment. As in therapeutic relationship in social work in relation of social worker and the user progress is impossible without empowerment. Some forms of empowerment that are applied in psychotherapeutic work in the work of social workers are effective in the counseling process, but given the conditions of work of particular social workers, the empowerment of users is often neglected resulting in user dissatisfaction. That is why it is necessary to identify which concepts and theoretical techniques are appropriate for use in practice of social work for the purpose of empowering the users. In addition to the need to empower the users, there is also a need to strengthen social workers so they both can act on an individual and social level.

Cette recherche qualitative souhaite contribuer à une meilleure compréhension du phénomène du coming out récent, à partir des situations de filles et de femmes, lesbiennes, bisexuelles, autres, sans étiquette. Nous avons utilisé la Méthodologie de la Théorisation Enracinée, selon la Grounded Theory. De manière inductive, deux analyses ont été réalisées à partir des mêmes données, des vécus de ces personnes. L’une est structurelle, il s’agit de l’analyse de genre et l’autre est relationnelle, il s’agit de l’analyse systémique. La première a offert des théorisations sur l’hétérosexisme et l’hétéronormativité, reliés en système de l’hétérosexualité, obligatoire et exclusive. La seconde apporte une modélisation précisée des processus de rejet/acceptation parentaux aporétiques. Par la triangulation de ces deux analyses et de leurs résultats, une théorisation des processus même d’hétérosexualisation, structurels et relationnels, a pu être développée. Enfin, les résultats de la triangulation nous ont permis de proposer une approche critique du concept de la fluidité sexuelle, qui est utilisé de manière contemporaine, comme modèle usuel de compréhension des vécus de ces filles et de ces femmes. Pour finir, nous avons approfondi et recadré le concept même de triangulation en recherche qualitative. Notre recherche a présenté une circularité récurrente, tout au long du processus et une démarche réflexive intense. Cette dissertation doctorale en témoigne et se clôture par les principales contributions de notre étude, dans le champ de la recherche, ainsi que des recommandations en termes d’interventions psychologiques et thérapeutiques., Doctorat en Sciences psychologiques et de l'éducation, info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Accounts of 19 psychological therapies were analyzed to extract their goals and activities, collated from first- and second-hand accounts and DVDs. Stripped of the theories and all jargon, the diverse-looking therapy systems converged, and the goals and activities could be analyzed into five functional groups: forming a relationship with someone who is a stranger; solving smaller life conflicts in ways which can be done within a clinical setting; the therapist acting as an audience to train new behaviors; sampling the clients’ discourses about their life conflicts; and the therapist acting as an audience to shape these discourses to change the broader life events. These functions were placed in the historical and sociological contexts of therapies arising in the late 1800s, when major life changes began for people in western modernity due to the increases in stranger or contractual social relationships from capitalism and neo-liberalism. For example, much of the therapy process is determined by the (neo-liberal) clinical environment, such as the therapist usually staying within the clinic and engaging clients only for a short time, and dealing with someone who is only in a contractual relationship to the therapist. It was also suggested that these features have probably led to the current emphasis on shaping verbal behaviors (cognitive therapies) through the therapistas-audience. A comparison to the activities within social work showed that there was a large overlap but social work did more outside the contractual relationships and engaged with the clients’ worlds much more.

Psychological interventions, which have been designed to change human interactions with themselves and the environment, have a long history. Currently, more than 500 schools exist in the field of psychotherapeutic interventions (Roth & Fonagy, 2005). Design, innovation, introduction, and intervention method of each school are based on some theoretical frameworks and experimental evidence. This empirical evidence might be derived from the personal experiences of one therapist or a group of therapists, through scientific experimental trial(s), or organized networks of evidence–based empirical knowledge (Walker, 1957). Perhaps the “behavioral interventions” based on the rules of classical and operant conditioning are the best example for this type of “evidence–based” interventions with a background of well–established empirical studies. Owning to the complexity of the human brain and its cognitive processes as well as the influences of environmental factors such as family, language, and culture, the community of psychotherapists have neglected “behavioral interventions” as the dominant stream despite their well–structured scientific methodologies (Donohue & Fryling, 2007). However, interventions based on the individual experiences of elite therapists (such as analytical psychological interventions) have gained more attention in the community (Fonagy, 2003). The emergence of cognitive–behavioral intervention and its emphasize on values, perceptions, and thoughts was an innovation in the field of psychotherapy to address the complexities of human cognition. It was also a response to inductive reasoning of conventional behavioral therapy (Wilson & Clarck, 1999). Behavioral interventions might be considered as the first wave of evidence–based psychotherapy, versus cognitive–behavioral interventions which was the second wave. Incomplete definition of “cognition” in the second wave created the ground for emerging a new branch of psychotherapy that further studied and refined different concepts such as insight or language (Kovescses & Radden, 2009; Hatfield, 2009; MacKay, 1987). Practically, acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) is the most popular school among followers of this new movement (Zettle, 2005). The authors of this article do not consider a third wave in the context of this group of psychotherapies and believe that this new group can be regarded as the continuation of the second wave. Over recent years, development of the cognitive sciences and utilization of new technologies such as brain mapping and stimulation, has empowered psychologists to acquire vast amount of knowledge about the brain and its functions. Cognition is no more considered a separate determinant of human behavior in accompany with personality, affection, language, and values. Now, cogrtition includes all data being processed and produced in the human brain. It also comprises the development of data outside the human brain and its processing in the human body and environment (Stufflebeam & Rosen, 2007). Although the methods of brain mapping are still in their initial stages of development, many believe that the revolutionary role of brain mapping on decoding the science of psychology likens the effect of using microscope in biology or telescope in astronomy (Myers & De Wall, 2015). The authors of this editorial believe that further research in cognitive neuroscience with emphasis on its multidisciplinary nature with anthropology and linguistics can set the basis for a new generation of scientific–based psychotherapies that is neither narrow–banded like behavioral therapy nor affected by the weak points of cognitive–behavioral therapies. Perhaps this third generation can be called “neurocognitive psychotherapy”. The ability to enter the “black box” of human mind and introduction of “science of change”, will provide a new generation of psychotherapies with the ten following features

Este artigo descreve a contribuição da metodologia Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo (DSC) para a pesquisa social, a partir dos resultados obtidos na tese do autor. O objetivo foi o de conhecer a representação social da criatividade no contexto das práticas psicoterápicas no âmbito público, social e privado, principalmente no estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. O DSC é uma metodologia para realizar pesquisas sociais de enfoque qualiquantitativo que mantém forte articulação com a vertente sóciohistórica em que também se situa a Teoria das Representações Sociais (TRS). Articulada ao referencial teórico da tese, constituiu ferramenta processual e analítica para compreender como os profissionais constroem o conhecimento sobre a criatividade aplicada às psicoterapias. A representação social que foi resgatada por meio do DSC permitiu compartilhar e dar visibilidade à contribuição que a criatividade tem para o processo, para o cliente e para o terapeuta., This article describes the contribution of the Discourse of Collective Subject (DCS) methodology for Social Research by means of he results obtained in the thesis of the author. The objective was to know the social representation of creativity in the context of psychotherapeutic practice in public, social and private sectors, especially in state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The DCS methodology carries out quantitative and qualitative social research, maintaining strong links with the socio-historical aspects that is also located in the Theory of Social Representations (TSR). Articulated to the theoretical framework of the thesis, this work constituted a procedural and nalytical tool to understand how professionals build awareness of creativity applied to psychotherapy. The social representation that has been redeemed through the DCS made it possible to share and give visibility to the contribution that creativity has for the process, for the client and for the therapist.

Behavioral and cognitive-behavioral psychotherapies utilizing exposure are considered the gold standard in anxiety disorder treatments. Despite their success, relapse remains problematic, especially over long-term follow up periods. Basic researchers traditionally conceptualize the mechanism of exposure as Pavlovian extinction, but this may overlook the important role of operant processes in the treatment and relapse of anxiety. Resurgence, in which a previously extinguished behavior returns following the extinction of another behavior that has replaced it, is a promising model of operant relapse. Nonhuman research on resurgence has shown that, while higher rates of alternative reinforcement result in faster and more comprehensive extinction of target behavior, they also result in greater resurgence. This somewhat paradoxical finding could have important implications for clinicians treating anxiety, as higher rates of alternative reinforcement may have the unintended side effect of producing greater relapse of avoidance if access to positive reinforcement later becomes unavailable. The current study took a translational approach to investigating the effects of rich and lean rates of alternative reinforcement on extinction and magnitude of resurgence in typically developing humans using a computerized task. Three groups (Rich, n = 18; Lean, n = 18; Control, n = 10) underwent acquisition of a target response. Target responding was then placed on extinction while varying rates of reinforcement for an alternative behavior were delivered. Resurgence was assessed under extinction conditions for all groups. Results indicated that the rich rate of alternative reinforcement facilitated extinction while the lean rate ultimately had a detrimental effect on extinction. Within groups, Rich and Lean experienced significant resurgence, while Control did not. Effect sizes were large. Between groups, Rich resurged more than Lean and Control. Effect sizes were again large. There was no significant difference in resurgence between Lean and Control. Implications for the treatment of anxiety disorders and future research directions are discussed.

Discutem-se as perspectivas futuras das psicoterapias a partir de “previsões” levantadas por trabalhos publicados em 1987, 1999 e revisitados em 2014. Indica-se que a principal evolução das técnicas psicoterápicas, nestes últimos 30 anos, foi sua maturidade científica em termos de um consistente corpo de pesquisas atestando sua eficácia e efetividade em diversos quadros psiquiátricos. Apesar desse cenário mais favorável, discutem-se algumas das razões de por que as psicoterapias parecem ainda estar na defensiva em relação ao uso de psicofármacos e outras intervenções não psicológicas, e se conclui sugerindo a criação de uma entidade nacional e independente de psicoterapeutas, que possa normatizar e fiscalizar mais adequadamente suas funções, treinamento, educação contínua e políticas públicas adequadas. Psychotherapies future perspectives are discussed, considering earlier “predicitions” from papers published in 1987, 1999, and a 2014 presentation. It is emphasized the main evolution of psychotherapeutics techniques in the last 30 years, namely their scientific maturity, obtained through a consistent body of evidences of their efficacy and effectiveness in diverse psychiatric pathologies. But in spite of this more favourable scenario, it seems that the psychotherapies remain in a defensive position vis a vis psychopharmacologic and other non-psychological interventions. One of the paper conclusions is a suggestion to join efforts to build a National (Brazilian) and Independent Psychotherapy Association, to provide norms, rules, training, and accreditation, as well as public policies, for the profession of Psychotherapist.

Esta revisão sistemática da literatura permitirá perceber a Realidade Virtual como um sistema avançado a partir da interação humano-computador, em que os seus utilizadores estão imersos num ambiente virtual interativo e ecologicamente válido. Embora ainda pouco utilizada para fins terapêuticos na área da psicologia, esta ferramenta pode ser importante para os clínicos, ao permitir a realização de técnicas de tratamento que anteriormente seriam demasiado dispendiosas ou mesmo impossíveis de realizar numa terapia tradicional. Como principal objetivo pretende-se conhecer a utilização da Realidade Virtual na intervenção psicoterapêutica, utilizando para esse fim artigos científicos e livros, com limitação temporal (a partir de 2010 até aos dias de hoje), bem como as seguintes palavras-chave: Realidade Virtual, intervenção psicoterapêutica, saúde mental, esquizofrenia, stress. Esperamos vir a concluir que a utilização da Realidade Virtual na psicoterapia, especificamente com a esquizofrenia e o stress/ansiedade, é, maioritariamente, benéfica., This systematic literature review will realize the virtual reality as an advanced system from the human-computer interaction in which their users are immersed in an interactive and ecologically valid virtual environment. Although little used for therapeutic purposes in psychology, this tool may be important for clinicians to allow for treatment techniques which previously would have been too expensive or even impossible to accomplish a traditional therapy. The main objective is intended to meet the use of Virtual Reality in psychotherapeutic intervention, using for this purpose scientific articles and books, with time limit (from 2010 to the present day), and the following keywords: Virtual Reality, psychotherapeutic intervention, mental health, schizophrenia, stress. We hope to conclude that the use of virtual reality in psychotherapy, specifically with schizophrenia and stress / anxiety, is mostly beneficial., Orientação : Ângela Leite

Les psychothérapies structurées sont des traitements des troubles dépressifs ou anxieux recommandés par les guides de bonne pratique internationaux, dont l’efficacité et l’impact positif sur la santé et les coûts, ont été largement démontrés. Toutefois en France, malgré le lourd fardeau économique que ces troubles représentent, les psychothérapies effectuées avec un psychothérapeute non-médecin ne sont pas remboursées.L’étude vise à évaluer les coûts et bénéfices qu’un programme de prise en charge partiel des psychothérapies permettrait pour les Français souffrant de troubles dépressifs ou anxieux.Les données sont issues d’une enquête transversale portant sur 20 777 adultes en population générale. L’évaluation économique s’est inspirée de la méthodologie du programme anglais Improving Access for Psychological Therapies adaptée à la France. Le coût de la séance a été estimé à 41 EUR, le taux de remboursement à 60 % ; les coûts annuels induits par les troubles dépressifs à 4 702 EUR, par les troubles anxieux à 1 500 EUR ; et le taux de rémission attribuable aux psychothérapies à 30 % +/-10 %.Résultats Pour le suivi moyen de 12,1 séances, le coût du suivi psychothérapeutique annuel s’élèverait à 308 millions EUR pour le régime obligatoire, pour traiter 2,3 % de la population. Le ratio coût-bénéfice de la psychothérapie s’élèverait, pour les troubles dépressifs à 1,95 EUR (1,30-2,60) et pour les troubles anxieux à 1,14 EUR (0,76-1,52).Financer les psychothérapies s’avère être un investissement rentable à court et long terme, d’autant plus que l’impact sur la rémission des troubles somatiques n’a pas été évalué. Le nombre de psychothérapeutes nécessaires s’avère suffisant pour cette prise en charge., Objectives Depressive or anxious disorders are a major source of social and economic burden. Many international good practice guidelines recommend structured psychotherapy for treating depressive or anxious disorders. The positive impact of psychotherapy on health, quality of life, productivity, and on the direct and indirect costs has been widely demonstrated. Nevertheless, the psychotherapies provided in private practice with a non-medical psychotherapist are not reimbursed to patients by French health cover systems.This article aims (1) to assess the cost and benefit of providing a funding program for psychotherapies for the community for French adults suffering from severe or recurrent depressive or anxious disorders, and (2) to estimate the number of psychotherapists that this program would be needed.Methods Data are based on the Enquête Indicateurs de santé mentale dans quatre régions françaises: a cross-sectional survey of a representative sample of 20,777 adults in the general population conducted in 2005. The questionnaires were administered by a telephone interview with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview – short form. A financial evaluation of covering the cost of psychotherapies was performed using the methodology of the British program Improving Access for Psychological Therapies adapted to the French context. The annual cost generated by depressive disorders was estimated at EUR4,702, cost generated by anxiety disorders at EUR1,500. The remission rate attributable to psychotherapies was assessed to be 30% ±10%. The number of sessions to be covered was defined according to clinical guidelines of the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. The cost of a session was estimated at EUR41, the reimbursement rate by the compulsory health insurance system at 60%.Results The yearly cost for the cover of psychotherapeutic care – for 12.1 sessions on average was M EUR 514 (M EUR 308 for the compulsory systems) to treat 1,033M individuals in France, or 2.3% of the population. In terms of the cost-benefit ratio, EUR1 invested in psychotherapeutic treatment could, save from EUR1.14 (0.76-1.52) to EUR1.95 (1.30-2.60) for anxious or depressive disorders respectively.France has the 14,300 professionals qualified to provide the psychotherapies required to treat this population.Conclusion A funding program for psychotherapies proves to be a cost-efficient investment for the community from the short term, for both direct (health costs) and indirect (productivity, quality of life) costs, that is further that the positive impact and costs of psychotherapy on somatic disorders were not taken into account.With a view to providing appropriate care for patients, inter-professional collaboration among GPs and mental health professionals, and between clinical psychiatrists and psychologists, appears essential. These recommendations should be defined in national good practice guidelines.