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The authors report 2 cases of prostatic tuberculosis. The patients are 59 and 62-years-old respectively. They presented obstructive and irritative symptoms of the lower urinary tract. The prostatic finding and PSA were abnormals. The prostatic biopsy was negative. The diagnosis of prostatic tuberculosis was made by histologic analysis after transuretral resection of prostate. The treatment is based on chemotherapy anti-tuberculosis.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Active surveillance (AS) is a popular method to minimize the morbidity associated with overtreatment of prostate cancer. The rate of patients who progress by grade/volume is reported as 9-35%. We examine factors from the 2nd biopsy, whilst on AS, that may predict pathological progression and need for subsequent therapy. METHODS: We identified patients from our prospectively maintained, single academic institution, database with PSA 20, Gleason sum (GS) 6, stage T1c, 3 cores positive for cancer, 50% of single core involved, age 75y years and had a repeat biopsy within 48 months after the initial biopsy (n 312). Logistical regression was performed on available data (n 278) to identify predictors of pathological progression, which was defined as GS 7, 3 positive cores and 50% tumor involvement of any single core. RESULTS: Of the 278 patients included, 48 patients had pathological progression on 2nd biopsy and 264 did not. For both groups, median number of biopsy cores taken at 2nd biopsy was the same (n 15). Predictors of pathological progression found were PSA velocity (for every 1 unit increase, OR 1.12 (1.03-1.21), p 0.01), total number of cores taken at first biopsy 10 (OR 2.78 (1.2-6.67), p 0.02), and time between 1st and 2nd biopsies (for every 1 month increase, OR 1.05 (1.02-1.08), p 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: We have identified predictors of progression for patients on AS. Patients who had 10 cores on initial biopsy should have confirmatory biopsy to avoid under-sampling. Delay in 2nd biopsy should be avoided and rapid PSAV should trigger early re-biopsy.

We present a case of a 64-year-old man who was diagnosed with Gleason 3 + 4 = 7 adenocarcinoma of the prostate following transrectal ultrasound guided prostatic biopsy for elevated PSA. Staging Magnetic Resonance scan revealed a well defined lesion between right prostatic lobe and the rectum. Signal changes were atypical for haematoma in follow up scans. We discuss diagnostic process and the impact of multidisciplinary approach. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4021/wjnu52w

Objetivos: La expresión del gen DD3PCA3 (PCA3) es específica del cáncer de próstata. El porcentaje de biopsias que se pueden ahorrar con este biomarcador es de 35-67%. Nuestro objetivo es analizar los resultados en uso rutinario y establecer en qué subgrupo de pacientes es más rentable según el número de biopsias previas. Material y métodos: Analizamos a 474 pacientes, biopsiados previamente (grupo A, n=337) o no (grupo B, n=134) en los que se solicitó el PCA3. Subdividimos el grupo A en A1 (una biopsia previa, n=182) y A2 (>1 biopsia previa, n=155). La recomendación de biopsiar o no se tomó de forma independiente por cada uno de los urólogos del Servicio junto con el antígeno prostático específico (PSA) y tacto rectal. Resultados: La mediana de edad fue 65 años (rango 38-84). La tasa informativa del PCA3 score fue del 99,6% y su mediana 29 (rango 1-3245). El porcentaje de ahorro de biopsias fue 49%. Las áreas bajo la curva ROC para PSA y PCA3 fueron de 0,532(p=0,417) y 0,672(p4 y PCA3>35 fueron 87 y 85%, la especificidad 12 y 33%, el valor predictivo positivo (VPP) 34 y 39% y el valor predictivo negativo (VPN) 63 y 81%. Tomado el valor de PCA3 como variable contínua, a mayor PCA3 obtenemos mayor porcentaje de biopsias positivas (p 4 and PCA3> 35 were 87% vs. 85%, with specificities of 12% vs. 33%, PPV 34% vs. 39% and NPV 63% vs. 81%, respectively. The PCA3 score showed direct correlation with the percentage of positive biopsies (P

Objectives We hypothesized the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) “grey zone” in Chinese men was higher than the traditional value (4.0–10.0 ng/ml) since incidence of prostate cancer (CaP) in Chinese men was relative low. We then assessed the efficiencies of transition zone PSA density (TZPSAD) in the diagnosis of CaP in Chinese men with a PSA of both 4.0–10.0 and 10.1–20.0 ng/ml. Materials and methods Men had a prostatic biopsy for detecting CaP from November 1999 to August 2009 were retrospectively retrieved from our computer center. Those had a document of transrectal ultrasound transition zone measurement with a PSA of 4.0–20.0 ng/ml were included. Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to analyze the efficiencies of PSA and TZPSAD in the diagnosis of CaP. Results A total of 189 men were included in the study. Of these men, 78 and 111 had a PSA of 4.0–10.0 and 10.1–20.0 ng/ml, respectively. The rate of CaP in men with a PSA of 4.0–10.0 ng/ml was not statistically significantly different compared with those with a PSA of 10.1–20.0 ng/ml (20.5% vs. 21.6%, P = 0.854). The areas under the ROC curve (AUCs) in diagnosis of CaP for PSA and TZPSAD were 0.569 and 0.702 in men with a PSA of 4.0–10.0 ng/ml and 0.463 and 0.730 in men with a PSA of 10.1–20.0 ng/ml, respectively. The best cut-off of TZPSAD in predicting CaP in men with a PSA of 4.0–10.0 ng/ml was 0.370 ng/ml/ml, the sensitivity of which equaled 68.8%, specificity 72.6%. The best cut-off of TZPSAD in predicting CaP in men with a PSA of 10.1–20.0 ng/ml was 0.500 ng/ml/ml. Its sensitivity equaled 70.8%, specificity 70.1%. Conclusions Using TZPSAD can improve the efficiency of PSA in diagnosis of CaP and decreases the unnecessary prostatic biopsy in men with a PSA of both 4.0–10.0 and 10.1–20.0 ng/ml in Chinese men.

Introducción y objetivos: En las últimas décadas se han descrito variedades de adenocarcinoma prostático que por su arquitectura y su aspecto citológico semejan lesiones benignas. Estas neoplasias incluyen al carcinoma xantomatoso (espumoso) y al carcinoma pseudohiperplásico. Recientemente hemos estudiado cinco carcinomas que mostraron una combinación citoarquitectónica de ambas neoplasias y fueron confundidas con proliferaciones glandulares benignas. Métodos: De un total de 280 biopsias con carcinoma prostático se seleccionaron cinco casos (1,8%) de carcinoma pseudohiperplásico que mostraron cambios xantomatosos. Cuatro de ellos fueron diagnosticados originalmente como hiperplasia glandular prostática. Resultados: La edad de los pacientes varió de 54 a 78 años (promedio: 64 años). El antígeno prostático estuvo elevado en todos, y en el examen digital rectal se encontraron alteraciones en cuatro. Las neoplasias mostraron atipia mínima y estuvieron constituidas por glándulas de mediano y gran tamaño que se disponían en nidos semejantes a nódulos hiperplásicos. Las glándulas mostraron proyecciones papilares, plegamientos y ondulaciones. La mayoría de los núcleos fueron basales, pequeños e hipercromáticos, y sólo ocasionalmente se observó nucleomegalia. Varios criterios útiles en el diagnóstico de carcinoma acinar, incluyendo infiltración perineural, mitosis, cristaloides, secreciones azules y neoplasia intraepitelial prostática, estuvieron ausentes. Conclusiones: Los carcinomas prostáticos con patrón pseudohiperplásico y cambios xantomatosos semejan glándulas hiperplásicas. Su reconocimiento oportuno es crucial para evitar retardo en el tratamiento. Introduction and objectives: Varieties of prostatic adenocarcinoma whose architectural and cytological appearance mimicked benign lesions have been reported in recent decades. Such neoplasms include xanthomatous (foamy) carcinoma and pseudohyperplastic carcinoma. We recently studied five carcinomas showing a cytoarchitectural combination of both neoplasms which were confused with benign glandular proliferations. Methods: Five cases (1.8%) of pseudohyperplastic carcinoma showing xanthomatous changes were selected from a total of 280 biopsies showing prostate carcinoma. Glandular prostatic hyperplasia was originally diagnosed in four of such cases. Results: Patient age ranged from 54 and 78 years (mean, 64 years). All patients had high prostate-specific antigen levels, and digital rectal examination showed abnormalities in four of them. Neoplasms showed minimal atypia and consisted of mid- to large-sized glands arranged in nests resembling hyperplastic nodules. Glands showed papillary projections, infoldings, and undulations. Most nuclei were basal, small and hyperchromatic, and nucleomegaly was only seen in two biopsies in isolated histological fields. Several useful criteria for diagnosis of acinar carcinoma, such as perineural infiltration, mitosis, crystalloids, blue secretions, and prostatic intraepithelial neoplasm, were absent. Conclusions: Prostatic carcinoma with a pseudohyperplastic pattern and xanthomatous changes mimics hyperplastic glands. Timely detection is critical to avoid treatment delay.

Los polimorfismos Q279R, P574R y -1562 C/T en el gen de la MMP-9 se han relacionado con el riesgo de padecer cáncer y con la agresividad tumoral de varios tipos de cánceres. Hasta ahora no existen estudios en la literatura que analicen la asociación de los polimorfismos Q279R, P574R y -1562 C/T de la MMP-9 con el cáncer prostático. Objetivos: Determinar las diferencias de presencia de los polimorfismos en el gen de la MMP-9 (Q279R, P574R y -1562 C/T) en función del resultado de la biopsia prostática, de las cifras del PSA y el grado histológico Gleason. Métodos: Se trata de una cohorte de base hospitalaria que incluye 100 pacientes con sospecha de carcinoma prostático, sometidos a biopsia prostática, a los que se determinaron los polimorfismos de la MMP-9 (Q279R, P574R y -1562 C/T) mediante la técnica de PCR-RFLP. Resultados: No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la presencia de los polimorfismos Q279R, P574R y -1562 C/T de la MMP-9, en función del resultado de la biopsia prostática (p = 0,264, p = 0,406, p = 0,860, respectivamente), ni en función del grado Gleason (p = 0,373, p = 0,367, p = 0,476). Al comparar los distintos genotipos de los polimorfismos Q279R y P574R de la MMP-9 en función del resultado de la biopsia prostática, haciendo subgrupos según las cifras del PSA, tampoco se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p = 0,332 y p = 0,393, respectivamente). Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas al comparar los distintos genotipos del polimorfismo -1562 C/T de la MMP-9, en pacientes con biopsia positiva para tumor maligno respecto a biopsia negativa para tumor maligno en el subgrupo de pacientes de PSA > 10 ng/ml (p = 0,049). El análisis conjunto de los tres polimorfismos de la MMP-9, mediante un estudio de regresión logística, no reveló diferencias estadísticamente significativas en cuanto al riesgo a desarrollar cáncer prostático basado en la presencia de los polimorfismos Q279R, P574R y -1562 C/T de la MMP-9 (p = 0,424). Conclusión: Los polimorfismos Q279R, P574R y -1562 C/T de la MMP-9, no se asocian con la agresividad del carcinoma prostático, ni tampoco se asocian con el riesgo de padecer cáncer prostático. Polymorphisms Q279R, P574R and -1562 C/T of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) gene have been linked with the risk of cancer and with tumoral aggressiveness in various types of cancer. So far there are no studies in the literature analysing the link between polymorphisms Q279R, P574R and -1562 C/T of MMP-9 and prostate cancer. Objectives: To establish the presence of the MMP-9's gene polymorphisms (Q279R, P574R and -1562 C/ T) in relation to results of prostate biopsy, PSA values and Gleason score. Methods: Hospital cohort of 100 patients with suspected prostate cancer, subjected to prostate biopsy, in whom the MMP-9 polymorphisms (Q279R, P574R and -1562 C/T) were analysed using the PCR-RLFP technique. Results: No statistically significant differences were found in the presence of the Q279R, P574R and -1562 C/T polymorphisms in terms of prostate biopsy results (p = 0.264, p = 0.406, p = 0.860, respectively), or Gleason score (p = 0.373, p = 0.367, p = 0.476). Comparing the genotypes of the Q279R, P574R and -1562 C/T polymorphisms resulting from prostate biopsy, , using subgroups according to PSA values, no statistically significant differences were found either (p = 0.332 y p = 0.393, respectively). However, statistically significant differences were found when comparing the genotypes of the -1562 C/T polymorphism of the MMP-9 in patients showing positive biopsy for malignant tumour in comparison to a negative biopsy for a malignant tumour in the subgroup of patients with PSA > 10 ng/ ml (p=0.049). The joint analysis of the three MMP-9 polymorphisms, using logistical regression study did not reveal any statistically significant differences as far as the risk of developing prostate cancer is concerned based on the presence of the Q279R, P574R and -1562 C/T polymorphisms. Conclusion: The Q279R, P574R and -1562 C/T polymorphisms are not linked with the aggressiveness in prostate cancer, neither they are linked to the risk of suffering prostate cancer.

Objetivos: La biopsia prostática transrectal ecodirigida continúa siendo la técnica fundamental en el diagnóstico del cáncer de próstata. A pesar de ser una exploración relativamente bien tolerada, en muchas ocasiones resulta un procedimiento incómodo y doloroso, sobre todo en aquellos casos en los que se amplía el número de cilindros tomados. Presentamos un estudio prospectivo randomizado que compara la tolerancia a la biopsia con el uso de analgesia endovenosa y gel intra-rectal con y sin anestesia prostática intracapsular. Métodos: Entre junio 2006 y diciembre 2007 hemos incluido un total de 80 procedimientos. En todos los pacientes se administró un analgésico endovenoso y se aplicaron 12,5 gr de gel con 250 mgr de hidrocloruro de lidocaína intra-rectal. En todos se realizó sistemáticamente la toma de 10 cilindros, previa inyección intracapsular de 8 mL de lidocaína al 2% en el grupo aleatorizado. Para ello se entregó un cuestionario con tres medidas de escala analógica visual del dolor inmediatamente tras el procedimento, y otro treinta minutos después, así como una encuesta de satisfacción. Resultados: La edad media de nuestros pacientes fue de 68 años (rango 48-73) en el grupo que no recibió anestesia y de 69 años (rango 50-75) en el que sí la recibió. El PSA medio fue 7'1 ng/mL (rango 4'8 - 9'8) en el primer grupo y 7'3 ng/mL (rango 4'5 - 9'7) en el segundo. La media de dolor en la escala analógica visual en los pacientes sin anestesia intracapsular fue de 8,3 (2-9) en la primera encuesta y 2 (0-4) en la segunda, frente a 4 (0-8) y 1,33 (0-2) del grupo que sí la recibió. Al comparar ambos grupos encontramos diferencias estadísticamente significativas sólo en la valoración inmediata a la biopsia (p

No Abstract.Nigerian Journal of Surgical Sciences Vol. 18 (1) 2008: pp. 36-40

Foamy gland carcinoma is an uncommon variant of prostatic carcinoma. Foamy microcarcinoma of the prostate has not been studied in detail in needle biopsy. We describe here useful criteria for the diagnosis of foamy gland microcarcinoma of the prostate in needle biopsy. We reviewed 6 cases of foamy gland microcarcinoma. All tumors measured less than 1 mm and involved less than 5% of the biopsied tissue. A range of 4 to 40 foamy neoplastic glands were found in the 6 tumors. The original diagnosis of foamy gland microcarcinoma was made in 3 cases. They were composed of 21 to 40 glands lined by cuboidal to columnar cells with abundant foamy cytoplasm and small picnotic nuclei. Infiltrating and nodular patterns were readily identified, and absence of basal cells was shown by cytokeratin stains. The remaining 3 cases were designated as atypical foamy glands and consisted of similar but fewer glands (4-20). The diagnosis of foamy gland microcarcinoma was not made because of lack of nucleomegaly and prominent nucleoli and because an infiltrating pattern was less apparent. Subsequent biopsies confirm the diagnosis of microcarcinoma. The number of glands lined by voluminous foamy cells with hyperchromatic nuclei, an infiltrating pattern, and the absence of basal cells with high-molecular-weight cytokeratin were the most useful features in the diagnosis of foamy microcarcinoma. The presence of few atypical foamy glands in needle biopsy requires detailed analysis because they may represent foamy gland microcarcinoma.

El cáncer de próstata supone en el momento actual, uno de los capítulos de actuación urológica mas importante. El paciente biopsiado con resultado negativo para tumor, supone un serio "problema" para el urólogo en cuanto a la toma de decisiones, para su seguimiento ante la falta de datos concluyentes en el algoritmo de seguimiento. La espectrospia asociada a RMN parece abrir una ventana diagnóstica al valorar los cambios metabólicos prostáticos. La realización de biopsia prostática mediante acceso transperineal, con sistema estabilizador y templete permite la punción selectiva de los voxels sospechosos en el estudio espectroscópico, simulando un cubo de Rubick.

La biopsia transrectal es uno de los procedimientos mas frecuentes en la práctica urológica. Usualmente las biopsias transrectales se han practicado sin administrarse anestesia, ante la consideración de una buena tolerancia. Sin embargo no es infrecuente encontrarnos ante pacientes con un nivel del dolor alto e incluso efectos adversos atribuibles al mismo. Objetivo: Se evalúa en el presente trabajo si la anestesia local transrectal puede disminuir significativamente la percepción del dolor por el paciente. Métodos Se incluyen en el siguiente estudio 131 pacientes consecutivos y sometidos a biopsia transrectal. Efectuándose la randomización 76 pacientes fueron biopsiados con anestesia y 55 representan el grupo control. Casos y controles no difieren en edad ni volumen prostático. La anestesia se efectuó administrándose 10 cc del anestésico mepivacaína al 1%, 5 cc en cada lado en el ángulo entre la próstata y las vesículas seminales. Se empleó una escala analógica y visual del dolor que se suministró al paciente una vez acabado el procedimiento. Resultados: En el grupo de pacientes anestesiados la media de valoración del dolor fue de 2,41 con una mediana de 2 y en el grupo control se obtuvo una media de 4,02 con una mediana de 4. Se realizó test de comparación de medias (t de Student), obteniéndose entre los grupos una diferencia estadísticamente significativa de 1,61 (

Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de cáncer de próstata incidental tras biopsia prostática transrectal ecodirigida y posterior adenomectomía prostática suprapúbica, y compararlo con la prevalencia de un grupo similar de pacientes que no fueron biopsiados previamente a la cirugía. Evaluar el tratamiento, la evolución y las progresiones de la enfermedad tumoral en los pacientes con cáncer de próstata incidental. Métodos:Estudio retrospectivo de 549 adenomectomías suprapúbicas realizadas entre 1996-2001 (6 años), comparando el grupo de pacientes biopsiados previamente a la adenomectomía con el grupo no biopsiado. Resultados: 291 (53%) pacientes no fueron biopsiados previamente a la adenomectomía. 258 (47%) fueron biopsiados. 25 cánceres de próstata incidentales detectados, 19 (76%) en el grupo de los no biopsiados y 6 (24%) en el de los biopsiados. 88% pT1a y 12% pT1b. Gleason medio 4,5 (3-7). No fueron tratados el 84% de los pacientes (21) ("esperar y ver"); bloqueo hormonal 8% (2); finasteride 8% (2). Progresaron 3 pacientes (12%), todos del grupo de los no tratados. Media de seguimiento de 48,1 meses (22-96). No se detectó ningún caso de mortalidad cáncer de próstata específico. Conclusiones: La prevalencia global de cáncer de próstata incidental en nuestra serie en pacientes a los que se les realizo adenomectomía prostática suprapúbica fue del 4,55%. La prevalencia fue mayor en el grupo de pacientes no biopsiados previamente a la adenomectomía (3,46%) que en el grupo de los biopsiados (1,09%). La progresión tumoral fue del 12% y la supervivencia cáncer de próstata específica del 100% tras una media de seguimiento de 48,1 meses (22-92). La biopsia prostática previa a la adenomectomía en pacientes con tacto rectal sospechoso o PSA elevado disminuye la prevalencia de cáncer prostático incidental. El seguimiento expectante activo puede ser una actitud valida en determinados casos. Objectives: To establish the prevalence of incidental prostate cancer after transrectal ultrasound guided prostatic biopsy and subsequent suprapubic prostatic adenomectomy and to compare it with a similar group of patients who did not underwent biopsy before surgery. To evaluate treatment, outcomes, and disease progression in patients with incidental prostate cancer. Methods: Retrospective study of 549 suprapubicadenomectomy performed between 1996-2001 (6 yr.), comparing the group of patients with biopsies before surgery vs. the group of patients without biopsies. Results: 291 (53%) patients did not undergo biopsy before adenomectomy. 258 (47%) underwent biopsies. 25 incidental prostate cancers were detected, 19 (76%) in the group of no biopsy and 6 (24%) in the biopsy group. 88% pT1a and 12%pT1b. Mean Gleason score 4.5 (3-7). 84% of the patients did not receive treatment (21) ("wait and see"); 8% (2) androgen blockade; 8% (2) finasteride (2). Three patients (12%) in the group of no biopsy had disease progression. Mean follow-up was 48.1 months (22-96). No case of cancer-specific mortality was detected. Conclusions: Global prevalence of incidental prostate cancer in our series of patients undergoing suprapubic prostatic adenomectomy was 4.55%. Prevalence was higher in the group of patients without previous biopsy (3.46%) than in the biopsy group (1.09%). Tumorprogression was 12% and cancer specific survival 100% after a mean follow-up of 48.1 months (22-92).Previous prostatic biopsy in patients with suspicionsdigital rectal examination or elevated PSA diminishes the prevalence of incidental prostate cancer. Watchful waiting may be a valid option in some cases.

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) can be a rare initial manifestation of adenocarcinoma of the prostate. We present a case in which DIC was the symptom leading to the suspicion of a prostatic tumour. The performance of a prostate biopsy in this situation exacerbated the initial coagulation disorder. This case highlights the risks of prostate biopsy in patients with a suspicion of advanced adenocarcinoma of the prostate. The difficulty of treating DIC in this clinical situation is also discussed.

Estudio prospectivo, randomizado, doble ciego y controlado con placebo evaluando la efectividad de la infiltración periprostática de lidocaína en disminuir el dolor de la biopsia por punción. En un período de trece meses, 115 pacientes fueron randomizados para recibir 10 ml de lidocaína al 1% (n=60) o suero fisiológico (n=55). Evaluando el dolor mediante escala visual análoga (0-10), el primer grupo refirió dolor promedio de 3,83 y el segundo de 6,87, siendo esta diferencia significativa (p

This article contains histological review of prostate biopsies techniques from the digitally guided prostate biopsies to modern extended-core prostate biopsy protocols. The technique of transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) guided biopsy of the prostate has evolved considerably since the original description by K. K. Hodge and colleagues. A better understanding of the zonal anatomy of the prostate coupled with 3-D mapping of tumors in early stage prostate cancer has led to more laterally-directed biopsies and an increase in the number of cores obtained in a single setting. Most investigators recommend sampling between 10 and 12 areas, with particular focus on the lateral segments of the gland. Data gained from systematic extended-core biopsy protocols offer the hope of providing both diagnostic and prognostic information and may help urologists and patients make better informed decisions when facing with the diagnosis of prostate cancer. The first TRUS-guided sextant biopsy in Lithuania was performed at the Department of Urology, Institute Oncology of Vilnius University in 2000. Today the techniques used for TRUS-guided biopsies have evolved and now a protocol as a standard for an initial biopsy recommends obtaining 10 to 12 cores extended to lateral pattern.

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Resumen Objetivo Valorar el rendimiento diagnostico de la segunda biopsia prostatica (BP). Pacientes y metodos Un total de 116 varones con BP previa de benignidad fueron sometidos a 2 o mas BP por sextantes guiadas con ultrasonidos (US). Los criterios de inclusion fueron: BP previa sospechosa (PIN), PSA elevado, TR o US sospechoso. Resultados El tiempo medio transcurrido entre la primera y siguiente biopsia fue de 13 ± 11 meses. Se obtuvieron 35 malignas y 4 premalignas en las segundas biopsias realizadas, lo que da un rendimiento diagnostico global del 33,6%. Cuando estratificamos por valor de PSA, obtenemos que con PSA 4 ng/ml el rendimiento fue de 23%, para PSA 4-10 ng/ml el rendimiento fue de 32% y para PSA >10 ng/ml, de 34,6%. Conclusion La repeticion de la biopsia seriada de prostata en pacientes de riesgo, mejora el rendimiento diagnostico y elimina los falsos negativos de carcinoma. prostatico.

OBJETIVO: Valorar el rendimiento diagnóstico de la segunda biopsia prostática (BP). PACIENTES Y MÉTODOS: Un total de 116 varones con BP previa de benignidad fueron sometidos a 2 o más BP por sextantes guiadas con ultrasonidos (US). Los criterios de inclusión fueron: BP previa sospechosa (PIN), PSA elevado, TR o US sospechoso.RESULTADOS: El tiempo medio transcurrido entre la primera y siguiente biopsia fue de 13 ± 11 meses. Se obtuvieron 35 malignas y 4 premalignas en las segundas biopsias realizadas, lo que da un rendimiento diagnóstico global del 33,6%. Cuando estratificamos por valor de PSA, obtenemos que con PSA 10 ng/ml, de 34,6%. CONCLUSIÓN: La repetición de la biopsia seriada de próstata en pacientes de riesgo, mejora el rendimiento diagnóstico y elimina los falsos negativos de carcinoma. prostático. OBJETIVE: To value the diagnostic yield of the second prostate biopsy (BP). PATIENTS AND METHODS: To 116 males with BP previous to kindliness surrendered to 2 or more BP for sextants guided with ultrasounds (US). The criteria of inclusion were: BP previous suspicious (PIN), high PSA, TR or suspicious US. RESULTS: The average time passed between the first and following biopsy was 13 ± 11 months. 35 malignant and 4 premalignant ones were obtained in the second realized biopsies, which gives a diagnostic global yield of 33.6%. When we stratify for value of PSA, we obtain that with PSA 10 ng/ml of 34,6%. CONCLUSION: The repetition of the serial biopsy of prostate in patients of risk, improves the diagnostic yield and eliminates the false negatives of prostate carcinoma.

Die vorliegende Dissertation beschreibt die Inzidenz der Prostatischen Intraepithelialen Neoplasie (PIN) in konsekutiven Prostatastanzbiopsien-Bei Patienten mit PCa-Nachweis in Folgebiopsien wurde untersucht, ob eine Beziehung der Lokalisation der PIN zur Lokalisation des PCa besteht. Bezüglich der Lokalisation stellten wir fest, dass bei 62,5 % in der gleichen Lokalisation und bei 100 % in angrenzenden Lokalisationen ein PCa bei vorangegangener Diagnose einer PIN low grade und bei 83 % in der gleichen Lokalisation und ebenfalls bei 100 % in angrenzenden Lokalisationen ein PCa bei vorangegangener Diagnose einer PIN high grade vorzufinden war. Die Diagnose einer PIN high grade rechtfertigt unabhängig vom PSA und digitalen Palpationsbefund der Prostata die Durchführung von Folgebiopsien. Bei einer PIN low grade sind der PSA/Prostatavolumen-Quotient und das Vorhandensein hypodenser Areale im TRUS Vorhersageparameter für das Vorliegen eines PCa.

We performed a prospective randomised double-blind study to evaluate the efficacy of Entonox (nitrous oxide) as an analgesic for trans-rectal ultrasound (TRUS) and prostate biopsy. A total of 50 patients breathed either Entonox or air during sextant prostatic biopsies all of which were performed by the same surgeon. The degree of pain experienced was recorded on a 100 mm visual analogue pain scale. A total of 17 further patients were excluded from the study because they wished to drive home after TRUS. Most patients breathing air experienced moderate pain (median pain score 34), whereas those breathing Entonox experienced minimal pain (median pain score 11). Two patients who used Entonox and one breathing air experienced severe pain. We conclude that patients undergoing prostate biopsy without analgesia experience moderate pain and this can be reduced significantly by using Entonox.

We report the first case of infective endocarditis secondary to transrectal prostatic biopsy, occurring 2 weeks later in a patient with no obvious risk factors. Enterococcus faecalis was isolated in blood and urine cultures. This case suggests that infective endocarditis can be associated with transrectal procedures.

To the best of our knowledge, we report the first known case of a large intraprostatic hematoma with active bleeding following transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy.

O estudo teve como objetivo a determinação da prevalência do adenocarcinoma prostático em uma amostra de voluntários entre 40 e 80 anos de idade de uma região nordestina. Os voluntários foram recrutados da comunidade e submetidos ao toque retal e à dosagem do PSA total. Compareceram 499 homens para essa avaliação inicial. Aqueles com PSA maior que 2ng/ml e/ou toque retal suspeito tiveram a biópsia indicada. De 135 homens com indicação de biópsia, 120 compareceram para o exame. A biópsia guiada por ultra-som consistiu da retirada de 10 fragmentos (5/lobo). O adenocarcinoma prostático foi encontrado em 24 voluntários, o que corresponde a 5,1% dos casos. Essa prevalência parece mais elevada que a observada em voluntários da região sudeste do país. A diferença pode ser conseqüência de fatores genéticos ou ambientais, mas não se pode descartar outros fatores como variações metodológicas. The objective of the study was to assess the prevalence of the prostate adenocarcinoma in volunteers, between 40 and 80 years of age, from a northeastern region of Brazil. All volunteers were submitted to a digital rectal examination and total PSA blood level determination. A total of 499 men were evaluated. Prostatic biopsy guided by transrectal ultrasound (5 cores/ lobe) was indicated to those with PSA higher than 2ng/ml and/or prostatic changes on the DRE. Biopsies were carried out in 120 of 135 men that filled those criteria. Prostate adenocarcinoma was found in 24 volunteers corresponding to 5.1% of the sample. Such prevalence seems higher than that reported for men living in the southeastern area of the country. Differences might be a consequence of racial or environmental factors, but it is not possible to rule out other factors such as a methodological bias.

Combining the use of a longitudinal real-time transrectal ultrasound scanner (Bruel & Kjaer 8537 7 MHz Sector Scan), an attachable puncture guide (Bruel & Kjaer UA 0875) and the Biopty-Cut apparatus (Radioplast), one can now easily perform all prostatic biopsies with ultrasonic guidance. We evaluated this method in 75 patients and found it to be a most elegant and accurate method for the histological diagnosis of prostate cancer.

Objectives To determine the acceptability by patients of ultrasound-guided prostatic biopsy without anaesthesia. Patients and methods From January 1995 to January 1996, 81 patients in our department undergoing transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy were asked to assess the tolerability of the procedure using an immediate post-operative questionnaire including a 10 cm linear visual analogue scale (VAS). Results The mean VAS score was 3 (standard error 0.24) and 16% of the patients had a VAS score of ≥5. Responses to the questionnaire showed that 6% of patients judged that the procedure should have been performed under general anaesthesia, while 19% would not agree to undergo it again without some form of anaesthesia. Conclusions Even when anaesthesia-free, transrectal ultrasound-guided prostatic biopsy was felt to be only mildly uncomfortable by most patients, but 19% judged that it should be accompanied by some form of anaesthesia. Consequently, local anaesthetic techniques to enhance tolerance to this type of intervention without sacrificing the advantages of the current out-patient setting should be reassessed.

5022 Background: With the widespread use of PSA testing for prostate cancer screening in population, more prostate biopsy are being performed and seem set to increase in number. The safety of this diagnostic procedure needs to be ascertained. Only one study evaluated the mortality following prostate biopsy (Gallina et al, Int J Cancer 2008;123:647-52) and reported an increase of 2 deaths per 1,000 biopsies. Our objective was to re-evaluate the risk of death following prostate biopsy in a large, well-conducted randomised trial – the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovary (PLCO) Study. Methods: We extracted data from the PLCO study on all men participating in the study with a follow-up until 31/12/2009. All biopsies performed since randomisation were included. Cause of death was defined by ICD9 classification. Results: Among 12,300 prostate biopsies, 36 deaths occurred within120 days: 17/8390 in the intervention arm and 19/3910 in the control group. Only 17 deaths had neoplasm listed as the underlying cause of death. Thirty-two deaths out of 9,124 (0.35%) occurred in the positive biopsy group compared to 4 out of 3,176 (0.13%) in the negative biopsy group. In this latest group, this represents 1.3 deaths per 1,000 biopsies. Deaths occurred in all age groups from 55-69 to 70-74, and there was no difference identified in age between study arms (p=0.45) nor between those with a prostate cancer diagnosis and those not (p=0.73). Conclusions: The mortality rate at 120 days following prostate biopsy of 1.3 deaths per 1,000 biopsies, in a population free of cancer, is a serious concern for the computation of benefit risk associated with PSA testing. This figure is in line with the risk reported by Gallina et al (2008) and is now based on a properly monitored population. This prostatic biopsy mortality would occur earlier than any benefit from a screening program and could reverse any potential gain from screening such as recorded in ERSPC study.

For patients with prostate specific antigen (PSA) values of 4-10 ng/mL, some urologists perform prostatic biopsies depending upon the findings of digital rectal examination (DRE) and transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS), and others perform biopsies on most of these men regardless of the findings of DRE and TRUS. The purpose of this study was to examine whether the information given by the measurement of the ratio of free to total (F/T) PSA can alter decision-making on prostatic biopsy.One hundred and two (102) men with PSA values between 4 and 10 ng/mL, were included in this study. All men were examined with DRE and TRUS; a F/T PSA ratio was also measured, and six prostatic biopsies were taken from each patient.In 102 men who were biopsied, 22 (21.5%) prostatic carcinomas were identified. Among these 22 cancer patients, 13 had abnormal findings in DRE and/or TRUS and would have been biopsied and diagnosed anyway. If we use only the F/T PSA ratio (cut-off value 0.20) to decide whom to biopsy, we would have diagnosed 16/22 cancers; the difference between these two procedures was not statistically significant (P = 0.17). If we decide to biopsy those patients who have abnormal findings in DRE and/or TRUS and those who have a F/T PSA ratio0.20, we would diagnose 20/22 cancers (P = 0.05) and at the same time, reduce the unnecessary biopsies from 80 to 41 (48%). With a PSA value between 4 and 10 ng/mL and no findings in DRE and TRUS and at the same time with a F/T PSA ratioor = 0.20, we would have to perform biopsies in 20.5 men to find one cancer. On the other hand, in patients with suspicious findings in DRE and/or TRUS and a F/T PSA ratio0.20, in every two men that we biopsy we would find one cancer.We believe that among patients with PSA values between 4 and 10 ng/mL after performing DRE and TRUS, the additional information of F/T PSA ratio can help since it increases the number of cancers detected and reduces the number of unnecessary biopsies.

Although John Hunter described prostatic inflammation in his treatise on venereal diseases in 1786, the first accurate description of prostatitis is attributed to Verdier in 1838 (von Lackum 1933). Later, Thompson (1861) classified the prostatitides as acute and chronic, but the inability to attribute infection and inflammation to the prostate on clinical grounds alone necessitated a further way of making a diagnosis. Several authors (von Sehlen 1893; Krotoszyner and Spencer 1894) described a three-glass test, collecting first void and mid-stream urine along with prostatic fluid, and submitting the specimens to microscopy and culture. However, the possible contamination of prostatic fluid by urethral organisms or infected urine hindered interpretation of the observations. The localisation technique was refined by Stamey et al. (1965; Fig. 1) who added a step in which a specimen of urine was collected after prostatic massage. A classification of the prostatitides was then constructed (Drach et al. 1978), allowing sub-groups of patients to be defined (Table 1). Although this localisation technique has limitations, as a dry expressate may result in the contribution from the prostate being underestimated, it does take into account the role played by urethral and bladder inflammatory cells and organisms. Thus, in any study of prostatitis, it remains a mandatory investigation, albeit time and labour intensive, as well as unpleasant for patient and clinician alike. However, more perfunctory methods of diagnosis are unacceptable and preclude comparison of data.