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Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) is a major cause of foodborne diseases in humans being frequently related to the consumption of poultry products. Therefore, guaranteeing early immunity to chicks is an important tool to prevent the colonization and infection by this pathogen. The present study evaluated the effectiveness of a candidate recombinant vaccine against SE. Thirty female and five male broiler breeders that were ten weeks-old were divided into 3 groups: unvaccinated (UV), vaccinated with recombinant vaccine candidate (VAC) and vaccinated with commercial bacterin (BAC). Samples of serum and embryonated egg were collected at seven and twelve weeks after the booster dose to quantify the transfer rate of IgY to egg yolks and offspring. Subsequently, forty day-old offspring were divided into two groups (UV and VAC) and challenged on the following day with 107 CFU/chick of SE. Samples of serum, intestine, liver, and cecal content were harvested. Throughout the experiment period, significantly higher levels of IgY were observed in the egg yolk and also in the serum of broiler breeders and offspring of the VAC group in comparison to the UV group. In addition, increased transfer rates of IgY were observed in the VAC group when compared to the BAC group. Furthermore, higher villus-crypt ratios were found out in duodenum, jejunum and ileum at four days post-infection in the offspring from the VAC group. A high challenge dose of SE (107 CFU per chick) was used and despite the stronger humoral immune response provoked by the candidate vaccine, there were no statistical differences in the recovery of viable SE cells from the offspring cecal contents. Therefore, the effect of vaccination to improve intestinal quality may affect the development of the chickens and consequently increase the resistance to lower SE challenge doses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spiromesifen (Oberon® 240 SC; concentrated solution; Bayer CropScience, Germany) a pesticide derived from spirocyclic tetronic acids, acts mainly though blocking lipid biosynthesis via acetyl-CoA carboxylase. However, its mode of action requires further analyses. This study aims to evaluate the sublethal effects of spiromesifen on the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. The treatment was carried out by topical application on newly moulted pupae using two concentrations (LD10 = 21.45 and LD25 = 39.53 μg a.i./pupa). Our results showed that the developmental duration of larvae and pupae were not significantly affected by treatment. However, spiromesifen caused delayed effects on flies that survived from treated pupae. Spiromesifen was found to decrease significantly both the morphometric measurements and the protein contents of ovaries. The protein pattern of ovaries showed a reduction in the number of protein bands affecting the progeny via vitellogenesis. Finally, compared to controls, spiromesifen decreased significantly the amounts of some cuticular hydrocarbons in treated female and male adults. Consequently, in response to the changes in cuticular hydrocarbons, their sexual behaviour was also affected. Our study brings new insights about the multiple effects and physiological consequences of disturbing lipid metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Self-fertilization (also termed selfing) is a mode of reproduction that occurs in hermaphrodites and has evolved several times in various plant and animal species. A transition from outbreeding to selfing in hermaphroditic flowers is typically associated with changes in flower morphology and functionality. This study aimed to identify genetic effects of selfing in the F2 progeny of F1 hybrid developed by crossing Lilium lancifolium with the Asiatic Lilium hybrid 'Dreamland.' Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR) techniques were used to detect genetic variations in plants produced by selfing. The FISH results showed that F1 hybrid were similar to the female parent (L. lancifolium) regarding the 45S loci, but F2 individuals showed variation in the number and location of the respective loci. In F2 progeny, F2-2, F2-3, F2-4, F2-5, and F2-8 hybrids expressed two strong and one weak 5S signal on chromosome 3, whereas F2-7 and F2-9 individuals expressed one strong and two weak signals. Only two strong 5S signals were detected in an F2-1 plant. The ISSR results showed a maximum similarity value of 0.6269 between the female parent and the F2-2 hybrid. Regarding similarity to the male parent, a maximum value of 0.6119 was found in the F2-1 and F2-2 hybrids. The highest genetic distance from L. lancifolium and the Asiatic Lilium hybrid 'Dreamland' was observed in the F2-4 progeny (0.6352 and 0.7547, respectively). Phylogenetic relationships showed that the F2 progeny were closer to the male parent than to the female parent. Self-fertilization showed effects on variation among the F2 progeny, and effects on the genome were confirmed using FISH and ISSR analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study has been to compare the effect of sodium selenite (SS) or hydroxy-selenometionine (OH-SeMet) on the performance of broiler breeders and their progeny. A total of 216 broiler breeders (AP95 Aviagen; 55-65 weeks old) were assigned to two treatments: a diet supplemented with 0.3 mg Se Se/kg as SS or a diet supplemented with 0.2 mg Se Se/kg as OH-SeMet. A total of 520 mixed progeny chicks were used for a growth trial (41 d), in a completely randomised 2 × 2 factoria design: 2 sources of Se for the breeder diets and two sources of Se for the progeny diets – SS at 0.3 mg Se Se/kg and OH-SeMet at 0.2 mg Se Se/kg. OH-SeMet increased the egg production, the Se content in the egg, eggshell strength and hatchability (p <.05), compared to SS. The high Se deposition in the hatching eggs benefitted the progeny, as reflected by the better feed conversion ratio (p <.05). No significant changes were observed in the feed intake or weight gain, or the interactions between the maternal diets and progeny diets. Overall, supplementation with OH-SeMet at 0.2 mg Se Se/kg has proved to be an effective approach to help maintain the productive and reproductive performances of ageing breeder flocks and to enhance the performance of their progeny. Replacement of dietary sodium selenite with hydroxy-selenomethionine in the broiler breeder diet increased Se accumulation in the eggs and improved egg production, the Se content in the eggs, eggshell strength and hatchability. The increased Se deposition in the hatching eggs benefitted the progeny, as reflected by the better feed conversion ratio. Supplementation with OH-SeMet at 0.2 mg Se/kg proved to be an effective approach to help maintain the productive and reproductive performances of ageing breeder flocks and to enhance the performance of their progeny. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of genetic merit of the national Irish maternal index and genotype (i.e. beef vs. beef x dairy [BDX]) of beef cows and subsequent performance of their progeny. With the exception that high genetic merit cows produced 0.57 kg more milk and tended to have 0.04 of a lower body condition score (BCS), no significant differences were observed between cows of diverse genetic merit. Differences between contrasting cow genotype were apparent. Beef cows were 50 kg heavier and had a BCS 0.27 greater than BDX cows. The BDX cows produced 1.67 kg more milk and had a greater 24-d submission rate than beef cows. Calves generated from BDX cows were 19 kg heavier at weaning and were worth €51 more than progeny generated from beef cows. Beef cow progeny, however, had 0.77 of a greater conformation score at slaughter than BDX. While differences were observed across cows of different replacement strategies, results from the current study showed that genetic selection for national maternal index had no effect on the overall performance of suckler cows in a pasture-based spring-calving system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high radon concentrations measured in the indoor air of groundwater facilities and the prevalence of the problem have been known for several years. Unlike in other workplaces, in groundwater plants, radon is released into the air from the water treatment processes. During the measurements of this study, the average radon concentrations varied from 500 to 8800 Bq m -3 . In addition, the indoor air of the treatment plants is filtered and there are no significant internal aerosol sources. However, only a few published studies on groundwater plants have investigated the properties of the radon progeny aerosol, such as the equilibrium factor ( F ) or the size distribution of the aerosol, which are important for assessing the dose received by workers. Moreover, the International Commission on Radiological Protection has not provided generic aerosol parameter values for dose assessment in groundwater treatment facilities. In this study, radon and radon progeny measurements were carried out at three groundwater plants. The results indicate surprisingly high unattached fractions ( f p = 0.27-0.58), suggesting a low aerosol concentration in indoor air. The corresponding F values were 0.09-0.42, well below those measured in previous studies. Based on a comparison of the effective dose rate calculations, either the determination of the f p or, with certain limitations, the measurement of radon is recommended. Dose rate calculation based on the potential alpha energy concentration alone proved unreliable., (Creative Commons Attribution license.)

Key points: Maternal shift work increases the risk of pregnancy complications, although its effects on progeny health after birth are not clear.We evaluated the impact of a simulated shift work protocol for one‐third, two‐thirds or all of pregnancy on the metabolic health of sheep progeny.Simulated shift work had no effect on growth, body size, body composition or glucose tolerance in pre‐pubertal or young adult progeny.Glucose‐stimulated insulin secretion was reduced in adult female progeny and insulin sensitivity was increased in adult female singleton progeny.The results of the present study do not support the hypothesis that maternal shift work exposure impairs metabolic health of progeny in altricial species. Disrupted maternal circadian rhythms, such as those experienced during shift work, are associated with impaired progeny metabolism in rodents. The effects of disrupted maternal circadian rhythms on progeny metabolism have not been assessed in altricial, non‐litter bearing species. We therefore assessed postnatal growth from birth to adulthood, as well as body composition, glucose tolerance, insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity, in pre‐pubertal and young adult progeny of sheep exposed to control conditions (CON: 10 males, 10 females) or to a simulated shift work (SSW) protocol for the first one‐third (SSW0‐7: 11 males, 9 females), the first two‐thirds (SSW0‐14: 8 males, 11 females) or all (SSW0‐21: 8 males, 13 females) of pregnancy. Progeny growth did not differ between maternal treatments. In pre‐pubertal progeny (12–14 weeks of age), adiposity, glucose tolerance and insulin secretion during an i.v. glucose tolerance test and insulin sensitivity did not differ between maternal treatments. Similarly, in young adult progeny (12–14 months of age), food intake, adiposity and glucose tolerance did not differ between maternal treatments. At this age, however, insulin secretion in response to a glucose bolus was 30% lower in female progeny in the combined SSW groups compared to control females (P = 0.031), and insulin sensitivity of SSW0‐21 singleton females was 236% compared to that of CON singleton female progeny (P = 0.025). At least in this model, maternal SSW does not impair progeny metabolic health, with some evidence of greater insulin action in female young adult progeny. Key points: Maternal shift work increases the risk of pregnancy complications, although its effects on progeny health after birth are not clear.We evaluated the impact of a simulated shift work protocol for one‐third, two‐thirds or all of pregnancy on the metabolic health of sheep progeny.Simulated shift work had no effect on growth, body size, body composition or glucose tolerance in pre‐pubertal or young adult progeny.Glucose‐stimulated insulin secretion was reduced in adult female progeny and insulin sensitivity was increased in adult female singleton progeny.The results of the present study do not support the hypothesis that maternal shift work exposure impairs metabolic health of progeny in altricial species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to verify the impact of adding vinasse as an acidifier in sows diet during the lactating period and its effect on litter. A total of 14 agroceres females were used from the first day of lactation until weaning. The vinasse was obtained in a mill near the experimental facility and was stored in sterilized barrels. Animals were distributed in a completely randomized experimental design into two treatments: control liquid diet and liquid diet with the inclusion of vinasse in each feed supply of the day. The diets were supplied four times a day, containing a mixture of ½ L of vinasse and ½ L of water. Feed leftovers were weighted daily. Feed intake was used to evaluate sows’ performance. The piglets were weighted every week after birth until weaning in order to obtain weight gain. Vinasse inclusion showed an increase (p < 0.05) in feed intake of lactating sows, improving diet palatability. Inclusion of acidifier in the diet did not show (p > 0.05) difference in weight gain of piglets. Vinasse consumption by sows did not influence litter performance. The inclusion of vinasse in the diet of lactating sows is beneficial because increases feed consumption.

Radon (Rn), thoron (Tn), and thoron progeny (TnP) were measured in seven inhabited areas of the uranium and thorium bearing region of Lolodorf, located in southwestern Cameroon. Then the equilibrium factor (FTn) between thoron and its progeny was determined in order to show the importance of direct progeny measurements for correct estimation of effective dose due to radon, thoron and their progenies. A total of 220 RADUET detectors were used to measure indoor radon and thoron and 130 TnP monitors for thoron progeny indoors. The arithmetic and geometric mean concentrations of Rn, Tn, and TnP were 103 and 89 Bq m−3, 173, and 118 Bq m−3, 10.7, and 7.4 Bq m−3, respectively. Total effective dose determined from radon, thoron, and their progenies was estimated at 4.2 ± 0.5 mSv y−1. Thoron equilibrium factor varied according to seasons, the type of dwelling, building materials and localities. Thoron (Tn and TnP) contribution to effective dose ranged between 3 and 80% with the average value of 53%. Total effective dose estimated from the world average equilibrium factor of 0.02 given by UNSCEAR was 2.7 ± 0.2 mSv y−1. The effective dose due to thoron varied greatly according to the different values taken by FTn and was different from that determined directly using TnP concentrations. Thus, effective dose due to thoron determined from the equilibrium factor is unreliable. Therefore, the risk of public exposure due to thoron (Tn and TnP) may therefore be higher than that of radon (Rn and RnP) in many parts of the world if FTn is no longer used in estimating total effective dose. This is not in contradiction with the UNSCEAR conclusions. It is therefore important to directly measure the radon and thoron progeny for a correct estimate of effective dose.

The lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabricius, 1792) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) is a primary pest of stored wheat. Many authors studied its development on this cereal. The wheat is commonly stored together with other grain, especially barley, rye, oats and triticale. The objectives of this study are to assess the feeding preferences for the small grains (wheat, barley, rye, oat and triticale) and to evaluate their susceptibility/resistance to progeny production of R. dominica. The mean survival rate of R. dominica adults, progeny emergence and amounts of insect-damaged grains and dockage in various small grain species were determined. Also, influence of R. dominica feeding on chemical properties (moisture protein and ash contents in grains) was found out. The influence of the grain species on the development of R. dominica was significant. The highest mortality of parents and the lowest progeny counts in oats, while triticale is very suitable for development of R. dominica, much more then wheat, as a primary host. The biggest amount of damage kernals and dust were found in triticale. The contents of moisture, protein and ash in the grain has been changed due to feeding of R. dominica.

The breeding and genetic assessment of winter durum wheat hybrids on gluten quality The improvement of grain quality is one of the principle directions in winter durum wheat breeding, as the present automated pasta producers need raw material with qualitative and strong gluten. The breeding process will be successful if the estimation of qualitative traits is known at the early stages. It would be an important criterion of selection while sorting out the breeding material and it would reduce the amount of work at the further stages of breeding. In our study for that purpose we have used a method of SDS-sedimentation, which is widely applied for the breeding work with spring and winter soft wheat. Thus the main purpose of the researches was to study variability and heritability of gluten quality in the hybrid populations F2-F4 of winter durum wheat by SDS-test. It has been done to determine the generation and the possibility to use it as a criterion of selection on quality and as a criterion on selection of parental pairs for hybridization. There have been studied 14 hybrid populations obtained by the crossing of varieties with contrast and similar SDS-indexes. They are the variety ‘Kurant’ with super-strong gluten (SDS of 40 ml and more), the variety ‘Terra’ with strong gluten (SDS of 35-39 ml), the varieties ‘Zolotko’ and ‘Aksinit’ with average gluten (SDS of 30-34 ml), the varieties ‘Kremona’ and ‘Gelios’ with weak gluten (SDS of less than 30 ml). The study of winter durum wheat sown in a green-manured fallow land was carried out in the FSDSI ARC ‘Donskoy’s laboratory in 2012-2014. It has been established that according to the amount of SDS-sedimentation the hybrids took an intermediate position among the parental forms with a shift to the best parent. The most hybrids had average indexes of the trait in the limits of parental variability. The SDS-sedimentation is a slightly variable trait. The coefficient of the variability was about 5-10%. It has been shown that genotypically controlled variability of SDS-sedimentation (H2) in the generation F2 was about zero, F3 and F4 hybrids possessed larger and more stable SDS-sedimentation in dependence on hybrid combinations, therefore it’s better to start selection of qualitative genotypes with F3. The degree and, especially, the frequency of transgressions in the generations of major winter durum wheat hybrids are small or absent in relation to parental forms with a higher value. However, it becomes possible to select qualitative progenies at the level of the average sedimentation value of the best parent or with the sedimentation value of more than 35 mm. We should exclude the use of two low-qualitative varieties or average varieties with low-quality in winter durum wheat hybridization on high quality.

This study evaluated the interaction effect of maternal and progeny vitamin regimens on the performance of ducklings. At 38 weeks of age, 780 female and 156 male duck breeders were fed either regular or high vitamin premix diet (maternal high premix had higher levels of all vitamins except K3 than maternal regular premix) for 16 weeks. Ducklings hatched from eggs laid at the end of the duck breeder trial were kept separate according to maternal treatment and were fed 2 levels of vitamin premix (NRC and high, progeny high premix had higher levels of all vitamins except biotin than progeny NRC premix) for 35 days. Body weight (P

Residual efficacy of the insecticide deltamethrin, an EC formulation containing 25 g/L AI + 225 g/L PBO (piperonyl butoxide synergist), against lab populations of Sitophilus oryzae, Rhyzopertha dominica, Tribolium castaneum and Sitotroga cerealella was investigated in the laboratory by applying product water solutions (0.25 mg AI/kg) to wheat grain (at 25±1°C and 60±5% r.h.). Adult mortality on 0, 7, 14 and 30 days old deposits was estimated after 2, 7 and 14 days of exposure to treated wheat grain and additional 7 days of recovery. Progeny reduction (PR, %) was also assessed. After 2 days of exposure to deposits of all ages, deltamethrin caused only 0-10% mortality of coleopterans (up to 37% after the recovery period) and 23-30% of S. cerealella, while mortality before and after recovery from 14 days of exposure was 95-50% for S. oryzae, 97-100% for R. dominica, 99-100% for T. castaneum and 100% for S. cerealella. Progeny production of S. oryzae was highest after parents contacted with 14 days old deposit of deltamethrin (PR, 76%), and lowest after contact with fresh deposit (PR, 95%), while R. dominica and T. castaneum had no progeny on any deltamethrin deposit age in wheat (PR, 100%), and S. cerealella had only a very low progeny (PR, 99%). The results showed that the synergised deltamethrin, applied at 0.25 mg/kg in wheat grain, is a highly effective insecticide for stored-product insect control, while a higher dose is required for successful residual control of S. oryzae.

The study included the progeny of three boar-sires breeds (SL-Swedish Landrace; LW-Large White and P-Pietrain). A total of 201 progeny of both sexes (93 female and 108 male castrated animals), originating from 16 boar-sires, were tested. The study included the progeny of 10 SL boar-sires (sires nuRWer: 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9, 15, 16, 17 and 18), progeny of 3 LW sires (sires nuRWer: 4, 5 and 6) and 3 P boar-sires (sires nuRWer 14, 19 and 20), born in four seasons (winter, spring, summer and autumn). Studies have shown that, with an mean weight of a warm carcass side of 81.20 kg, the highest mean values for ham weight (RW; 10.456 kg), mass of intermuscular fatty tissue (RINT; 0.477 kg), ham bone (RB; 0.837 kg) and muscle tissue RMT, 7,939 kg) have progeny of the sires of Pietrain breed (P) compared to SL and LW sires. In comparison to animals sired by SL and LW boars, the progeny of P sires had less skin and subcutaneous fat tissue (RSFT) by 30 and 549 grams. Studies have shown that we have progeny of sires 7 and 9 of SL breed which have the lowest LSMean values for the yield of skin and subcutaneous fat tissue (869 and 876 g), which is below the mean for breed by 364 and 357 g. In addition, when it comes to intermuscular fatty tissue, the lowest established value was recorded in the progeny of sire no. 8 of SL breed (182 g), which is by 220 g less than the general mean and by 132 g below the mean of the sire breed. The animals originating from sires n. 19 and 20 showed the highest weight of muscle tissue (RMT) (8.489 and 8.118 kg) in the ham, which is by 2.853 and 2.482 kg more meat compared to the progeny of sire no. 5 of LW breed. The total weight of the ham and the ham muscle yield were influenced by (P

The effects of chronic dietary Roundup (RU) exposure on rooster sperm parameters, fertility, and offspring are unknown. We investigated the effects of chronic RU dietary exposure (46.8 mg kg−1 day−1 glyphosate) for 5 weeks in 32-week-old roosters (n = 5 RU-exposed and n = 5 control (CT)). Although the concentrations of glyphosate and its main metabolite AMPA (aminomethylphosphonic acid) increased in blood plasma and seminal fluid during exposure, no significant differences in testis weight and sperm concentrations were observed between RU and CT roosters. However, sperm motility was significantly reduced, associated with decreased calcium and ATP concentrations in RU spermatozoa. Plasma testosterone and oestradiol concentrations increased in RU roosters. These negative effects ceased 14 days after RU removal from the diet. Epigenetic analysis showed a global DNA hypomethylation in RU roosters. After artificial insemination of hens (n = 40) with sperm from CT or RU roosters, eggs were collected and artificially incubated. Embryo viability did not differ, but chicks from RU roosters (n = 118) had a higher food consumption, body weight and subcutaneous adipose tissue content. Chronic dietary RU exposure in roosters reduces sperm motility and increases plasma testosterone levels, growth performance, and fattening in offspring.

Copyright of Anadolu Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of Ondokuz Mayis Universitesi, Ziraat Fakultesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae is one of the most devastating primary pests of stored grains. Adults feed mainly on endosperm, while larvae feed on germ, resulting in reduced germination and nutritional value of kernels. The influence of a commodity condition on the food preferences of S. oryzae has been well documented, but the influence of previous feeding experience ("natal habitat preference induction" -- NHPI theory) has not yet been confirmed. This research aims to test the NHPI theory, to study the behavioural responses of S. oryzae virgin males and females to different grains (maize, wheat and barley) depending on rearing substrate and feeding history and to test host, feeding and oviposition preference. In a "Choice test", the host preference was determined based on the adult distribution on specific grains, feeding preferences based on grain damage (%) and grain loss (%), and ovipositional preference based on the progeny production. The results indicate that host, feeding and ovipositional preference of S. oryzae was not dependent on the previous feeding experience. Maize was the most preferential grain, regardless on the rearing substrate, for both male and female weevils. Grain damage, weight loss and progeny production were higher on maize, regardless on the rearing history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Apricot is a type of fruit with high consumer demand because it is evaluated as table and dried. Different eco-geographic groups have varieties with superior characteristics. This situation is very important in terms of creating wide variations in breeding studies. In the current research, pomological and biochemical properties of 45 apricot hybrids obtained from the parental combination of Hacihaliloglu X Ivonne Liverani were analyzed and identified. Variation was determined related to investigated characteristics among apricot genotypes. The data were evaluated by PCA (Principal Component Analysis) and CA (Clustering Analysis) upon determining the correlation between properties. 10 PCA were obtained, and they defined 78.12% of the population with 27 characteristics. The highest correlation was stated between fruit weight and width. Hybrids were with small sized, orange color, free and sweet kernel. The organoleptic properties of most hybrids are at acceptable levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Preeclampsia (PE) is now recognised as a cardiovascular risk factor for women. Emerging evidence suggests that children exposed to PE in utero may also be at increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in later life. Individuals exposed to PE in utero have higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure and higher body mass index (BMI) compared to those not exposed to PE in utero. The aim of this review is to discuss the potential mechanisms driving the relationship between PE and offspring CVD. Exposure to an adverse intrauterine environment as a consequence of the pathophysiological changes that occur during a pregnancy complicated by PE is proposed as one mechanism that programs the fetus for future CVD risk. Consistent with this hypothesis, animal models of PE where progeny have been studied demonstrate causality for programming of offspring cardiovascular health by the preeclamptic environment. Shared alleles between mother and offspring, and shared lifestyle factors between mother and offspring provide alternate pathways explaining associations between PE and offspring CVD risk. In addition, adverse lifestyle habits can also act as second hits for those programmed for increased CVD risk. PE and CVD are both multifactorial diseases and, hence, identifying the relative contribution of PE to offspring risk for CVD is a very complex task. However, considering the emerging strong association between PE and CVD, those exposed to PE in utero may benefit from targeted primary CVD preventive strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Human dendritic cells originate from self-renewing hematopoietic stem cells following sequential differentiation steps. • Dendritic cell core programs and subset identity are dictated by ontogeny and imprinted in the bone marrow. • DCs populate all lymphohematopoietic and several barrier tissues. • The tissue microenvironment fine-tunes DC phenotype and function. Dendritic cells (DCs) orchestrate adaptive immune responses. In healthy individuals, DCs are drivers and fine-tuners of T cell responses directed against invading pathogens or cancer cells. In parallel, DCs control autoreactive T cells, thereby maintaining T cell tolerance. Under various disease conditions, a disruption of this delicate balance can lead to chronic infections, tumor evasion, or autoimmunity. While great efforts have been made to unravel the origin and development of this powerful cell type in mice, only little is known about the ontogeny of human DCs. Here, we summarize the current understanding of the developmental path of DCs from hematopoietic stem cells to fully functional DCs in their local tissue environment and provide a template for the identification of DCs across various tissues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Breeding for new macadamia cultivars with high nut yield is expensive in terms of time, labour and cost. Most trees set nuts after four to five years, and candidate varieties for breeding are evaluated for at least eight years for various traits. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) are promising methods to reduce evaluation and selection cycles by identifying genetic markers linked with key traits, potentially enabling early selection through marker-assisted selection. This study used 295 progeny from 32 full-sib families and 29 parents (18 phenotyped) which were planted across four sites, with each tree genotyped for 4113 SNPs. ASReml-R was used to perform association analyses with linear mixed models including a genomic relationship matrix to account for population structure. Traits investigated were: nut weight (NW), kernel weight (KW), kernel recovery (KR), percentage of whole kernels (WK), tree trunk circumference (TC), percentage of racemes that survived from flowering through to nut set, and number of nuts per raceme. Results: Seven SNPs were significantly associated with NW (at a genome-wide false discovery rate of < 0.05), and four with WK. Multiple regression, as well as mapping of markers to genome assembly scaffolds suggested that some SNPs were detecting the same QTL. There were 44 significant SNPs identified for TC although multiple regression suggested detection of 16 separate QTLs. Conclusions: These findings have important implications for macadamia breeding, and highlight the difficulties of heterozygous populations with rapid LD decay. By coupling validated marker-trait associations detected through GWAS with MAS, genetic gain could be increased by reducing the selection time for economically important nut characteristics. Genomic selection may be a more appropriate method to predict complex traits like tree size and yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary inorganic and/or organic based trace mineral premix in full or half doses in broiler breeders' diet on hatchability, fertility, post hatch performance, and carcass parameters of broiler progeny. A total of 220 Ross-308, 36 wkold broiler breeders were divided into 4 dietary treatments (100% inorganic, 50% organic + 50% inorganic, 50% organic, and 100% organic trace mineral premix) with 5 replicates of 10 females and 1 male in each pen having similar body weight and egg production. The results of this experiment showed that inclusion of trace minerals source type in broiler breeders' diet did not have a significant effect on hatching egg characteristic. The results, however, showed that diets containing full (100%) or half (50%) doses of organic and/or inorganic minerals in broiler breeder hens' diet have a significant effect on fertility rate (P<0.05). The results also showed that growth performance of offspring was, however, not affected by the trace mineral sources or level used in the maternal diets at the end, while carcass weight and carcass yield were significantly affected. It may be concluded that replacing inorganic based trace mineral premix with half or full dose of organic based trace mineral premix in the broiler breeder hens' diet could improve hatching performance, growth and carcass performances of their progenies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Forest Research is the property of Forest Research Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: The present trial was conducted to determine the influence of different dietary fatty acid (omega-3 and omega-6) sources on reproductive performance of female broiler breeders and growth performance and carcass traits of their progeny. Methods: Two hundred and twenty, 25 weeks old Ross-308 male (20) and female (200) broiler breeders were used in the experiment for the period of 6 weeks. All birds were randomly divided into four dietary treatments (containing 2% soybean oil, 2% sunflower oil, 2% flaxseed oil, and 2% fish oil) each with five replicates of one male and ten females. Throughout this experiment hatching performance of broiler breeders, progeny growth performance and carcass parameters were recorded. Results: The results showed that the inclusion of different fatty acid sources in female broiler breeders diet had no significant effects (p>0.05) on number of fertile eggs, post-hatch mortality, and fertility rate. The soybean oil supplemented group had significantly (p<0.05) higher late embryonic mortality compared to other three treatments. Conclusion: It was concluded that inclusion of 2% of different sources of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids (especially 2% flax seed oil) in broiler breeders' diet can reduce late embryonic mortality. The other reproductive characteristics of parents and growth and carcass characteristics of progeny remained unaltered by dietary sources of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We studied the effects of GABA derivatives on anxious and compulsive behavior of progeny of rats with experimental preeclampsia provoked by replacement of drinking water for 1.8% NaCl solution from the first day of pregnancy to delivery. In comparison with progeny of health rats, the offspring of dams with complicated pregnancy demonstrated high level of anxiety and the development of obsessive-compulsive disorder both at the early (40 and 70 days) and late (6 and 12 months) stages of ontogeny. GABA derivatives succicard, salifen, and phenibut reduced symptoms of experimental preeclampsia in offspring of various age by decreasing the level of anxiety and reducing compulsive behavior. The efficacy of the examined derivatives was similar to that of the reference drug Pantogam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted to evaluate the insecticidal activity of three diatomaceous earth (DE) products, SilicoSec (Biofa GmbH, Munsingen, Germany), Protect-It (Hedley Technologies Inc., Canada), and Mamaghan. The silica aerogel was mixed to enhance the efficacy of Mamaghan DE with 10, 15, and 20% rates. The DE products were applied at treatment rates of 100, 200, and 400 ppm against adults of Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val. (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) and Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae). In the second experiment, 0.1 and 0.5% deltamethrin was added to Mamaghan DE–10% silica aerogel to enhance the activity of the DE. Adult mortality was recorded 2, 5, 7, 10, and 14 d after exposure. Parental adults were removed after 14-d exposure time and progeny developed was evaluated after 65 d. Mamaghan–15 and 20% silica aerogel caused the highest mortality (>97%) against T. confusum after 10 d of exposure at the highest dose of 400 ppm which exceeded to 100% mortality after 14 d. However, the toxicity of Mamaghan DE against R. dominica was lower than that of the two commercial formulations at all dose rates. The presence of 0.1% deltamethrin increased the insecticidal activity of Mamaghan DE and significantly suppressed progeny production of both species. Even at the lowest dose of Mamaghan–10% + 0.1% deltamethrin, progeny production of both species was very low (four or less individuals per vial). However, no progeny was recorded in Mamaghan–10% + 0.5% deltamethrin. Thus, adding low rates of silica aerogel and deltamethrin considerably enhanced the efficacy of Mamaghan DE in controlling T. confusum and R. dominica. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conflicting responses have been found for the period of conservation of passion fruit seeds. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the response of the seeds of passion fruit progenies to a 24-month storage period. The sour passion fruit progenies from the third cycle of Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro - UENF intrapopulation recurrent selection program were grown in Itaocara- RJ and the progenies seeds were evaluated for: germination potential, germination first count, accelerated aging, first count of accelerated aging test, seedling and radicle size and germination speed index. The germination and vigor of the seeds of the full-sib progenies were assessed by analysis of variance and factorial arrangement with 3 progenies and 7 periods of storage and the averages were compared by Tukey test at 5% probability. Progenies 1 and 2 responded better to germination (92% for both progeny) and vigor test of accelerated aging (92% for both progeny), rootlet size (6.4 and 5.8 cm, respectively) and germination speed index (2.91 and 2.85, respectively) during storage. Variations were observed during the storage period in mean of progenies for germination (81-93%) and vigor for all traits, except accelerated aging (84-91%). At eight months of storage, the seeds presented increased vigor; at 16 months, they showed reduced vigor. The passion fruit seeds of the progenies under analysis can be stored for up to 24 months with high and uniform germination rate and no loss in vigor. The seeds from the passion fruit breeding program showed increases in the variables of germination and vigor during the selection process for fruit production variables, proving the efficiency of the breeding program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, it was investigated that repellency and insecticidal efficacy of trans-anethole of botanical origin on major stored product on pests species, namely Sitophilus granarius (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), Sitophilus oryzae (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae) and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae). Repellency effect was evaluated by choice test in petri dishes, while the mortality effect was examined by exposure to wheat treated at different concentrations, such as 1, 2, 3, 4, and 8 μL trans anethole. In efficacy tests, after 72 hours exposure, the highest adult mortality was found on T. castaneum with a 60% mortality, while other test species showed no significant mortality. On the other hand, repellency tests revealed varying degree of repellency depending on the application dose of trans-anethole. It was determined that S. granarius belongs to repellent class III, while all of the other species fall under repellent class IV. F1 progeny decreased as trans-anethole concentration increased, and in this context 8 μL of trans-anethole is proved to be the optimal concentration causing maximum decrease in progeny production. Among the insect species tested, T. confusum was found to be the most sensitive to transanethole with 100% decrease in F1 progeny production. Our results indicate that trans-anethole can be used as a potential repellent for the control of major stored grain pests. Additionally, trans-anethole, by its contact efficacy, might be considered as a grain protectant against S. granarius, S. oryzae, T. confusum and T. castaneum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spices have long been an important component in the preparation of food, and some have medicinal properties as well. Stegobium paniceum, the drugstore beetle, has been detected in spices but no detailed information is available on its infestation in certain locally-available spices. Objective of this study was to find out the degree of infestation by S. paniceum in ten different spices. Twenty adults of S. paniceum were introduced into a vial containing a particular spice, maintained for two weeks and shifted out. These were maintained under ambient environmental conditions and the progeny adults emerged in each medium was counted at two week intervals for three months. The progeny produced varied with the food medium; the highest progeny was recorded in coriander whereas the lowest progeny was recorded in cinnamon, clove, dill seeds, cardamom, chilli, pepper corn and turmeric powder. This study reveals that S. paniceum infests a wide array of spices at different levels. This information is important for taking necessary steps to protect the spices from the infestation of S. paniceum.

[Display omitted] • InertPMS, DiaHerb, DEBBM, and DEA were the most effective DEs. • InertPMS killed all T. castaneum parental individuals at 125 ppm after 3 days. • InertPMS, DiaHerb, DEBBM, and DEA suppressed progeny at 125 ppm. • DiaFil 610 was the least effective DE for adult mortality and progeny. The utilization of diatomaceous earths (DEs) has been considered as a potential alternative to traditional insecticides for controlling grain storage insect pests. In this study, 19 different commercial DEs obtained from various regions of the world were evaluated for their effectiveness to manage Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), in vitro. Two different series of bioassays were carried out, with the first screening all 19 DEs and the second evaluating the eight most effective ones at different doses and exposure intervals for mortality assessment and progeny production. Four enhanced DEs, namely InertPMS, DEA, DiaHerb, and DEBBM were highly effective compared to other DEs tested. InertPMS exhibited complete adult mortality at 50 mg/kg, followed by DEA at 75 mg/kg, DiaHerb at 100 mg/kg, and DEBBM at 125 mg/kg, while GrainGuard exhibited 94.52 % at 125 mg/kg, 14 days post-exposure. Protect-It, SilicoSec, and DiaFil 610 were less effective at 400 mg/kg, causing 87.3 %, 84.4 %, and 79.2 % mortality after 14 days, respectively. The offspring was suppressed in wheat treated with InertPMS at 75 mg/kg, while DEA, DiaHerb, and DEBBM revealed no progeny emergence at 125 mg/kg. GrainGuard, Protect-It, SilicoSec, and DiaFil 610 were not successful at progeny suspension after 62 days. These findings suggest that the use of specific DEs at low doses could be a viable option to mitigate the use of conventional insecticides and diminish the residues of insecticides on stored grains, making them the most feasible components for integrated pest management (IPM) in stored grain systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]