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The emergence of the Islamic sect, Boko Haram, and its transformation into a terrorist organisation has dominated recent discourse in the fields of political science and security studies, both within and without the socio-politico enclave known as Nigeria. Much of the discussion has centred on the extra-judicial execution of its founder, Mohammed Yusuf, which purportedly intensified the radicalisation of the group, and whether or not the sect receives operational and/or financial support from foreign terrorist associations. The interest of others has been to forecast the possibility of the internationalisation of the group's activities. This paper aligns with those whose interest is to identify and proffer ways of resolving factors that predisposed the Nigerian state to the levels of violence perpetrated by Boko Haram, with a view to averting much greater crises in the future. It adopts some historicism in demonstrating that the responsibility for the deepening insecurity in the country resides in...

Far from being a curiosity, Islamic banking and finance products have come of age as a force to be reckoned with in the international financial market, breaking new ground and making giant strides by the day. This growth and geographical expansion has given rise to several challenges which can no longer be ignored but must be addressed by academics and scholars, professionals and practitioners in the industry, technocrats in government circles, standards boards and allied organisations, and Shariah experts and other jurist consultants. Some of these challenges pose a significant threat to the further growth and development of the industry, if left unaddressed. This paper attempts to look into such issues and to proffer solutions to them in order to ensure the even and healthy growth and development of the industry.

This paper reviews the operations of the oil downstream sector in Ghana by appraising the industry report for 2016. It identifies some challenges of the sector and proffer solutions to ameliorate them. Among the recommendations include the payment of BDC debt by government and OMCs to create enough fiscal space to enhance their operations.

This chapter is an exploration of some contemporary poetic versions of /Xam (Bushman) testimony, as recorded in the 1870s and now gathered in the Bleek-Lloyd Archive. The focus is on Alan James’ volume of versions, The First Bushman’s Path (2001), particularly the representation of animal-human relations in the testimonies of one major informant, //Kabbo. I suggest that animal representations have been ill-served by extant scholarly literature, and argue for a conjunction of ecocritical, postcolonial, and animal studies perspectives. In addition, I proffer a contemporary version of ‘animism’ as a lens through which to valorise such poetic versions of human-animal relations, both as a way of transcending binarist archaisms still somewhat embedded in anthropology and literary studies, and of rethinking the human/animal divide.

This essay surveys the surprisingly large amount of law-related American popular culture that is comedic. Comedies in general are narratives in which the characters’ dilemmas will work themselves out, and readers and viewers of comedies know in advance that no great disaster will interfere with their enjoyment of a comedic work. Comedies featuring portrayals of amusing lawyers and/or accounts of hilarious trials are common in inexpensive literary works, Hollywood films, and television series, although these media have different imperatives and proffer various types of comedy. Overall, lawyer and courtroom comedies are intended to entertain and distract, but some lawyers and courtroom comedies also appreciate the public’s resentment of the legal profession and the courts and intentionally satirize these important and much-valorized legal institutions.

A SELECTIVE STUDY OF THE SCULPTURE OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN NATIONAL MUSEUM OF MILITARY HISTORYThe following article assumes the character of a photographic essay. Through the medium of a highly selective study of the sculpture displayed at the South African National Museum of Military History, Johannesburg, it is intended to illustrate one aspect of the rich artistic resources displayed at this Museum. The critical aesthetic evaluation of the sculptured pieces related to this study are totally excluded from the writer's terms of reference. (He is, in any event, totally unqualified to proffer aesthetic judgements). Nevertheless, the writer has felt at liberty to project his individual, subjective response to the pieces discussed.

Article manuscripts are rarely accepted before being improved by their authors in response to editor recommendations. Therefore, authors who succeed in publishing their research in prestigious entrepreneurship journals must master the art of responding to critiques and critics while maintaining the integrity of their submissions. This article presents the results of a survey of editors to give authors authoritative guidelines for revising the presentation of their research so that their findings are more fully developed, accurately conveyed, and ultimately publishable. In a survey of 18 editors and associate editors of six top academic journals with missions to advance entrepreneurship, the editors identify major problems that authors face and proffer possible solutions.

The trajectory toward tenure is complex and arduous, and it requires one to balance attention among diverse and competing demands. It is not surprising that many newly appointed assistant professors report struggling with this process. Borrowing from family and ecological systems theories, we proffer a framework that may help junior faculty members—defined in this article as tenure-earning assistant professors—learn about the tenure-earning process as they navigate through the university system and beyond. We also describe and clarify the many parts of the tenure-earning process, including the roles, responsibilities, and multiple contexts that must be considered concurrently by junior faculty members as they progress through the stages of their tenure-earning appointment in the academy.

In this article we proffer the metaphor of a ‘space of betweenness’ to explain women's limited access to leadership roles in Australian peak agricultural industry and regional governance boards. In reviewing the statistics around women's leadership roles in regional Australia, and women's own stories of their activities, we argue that despite women's contribution to their local communities through their diverse roles in paid work, it seems the triple jeopardy of their sex, their location and the nature of their businesses positions them in a ‘space of betweenness’, rendering them invisible and limiting their ability to access many formal leadership roles.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to address issues in grey literature (GL) management and to proffer solutions to the problems. The specific aims are: to identify the categories of grey materials stocked, and the method of acquisition; to examine the method of GL management and the degree of access in Illinois state libraries; and also to identify the challenges/solutions to the problems associated with GL management and access.Design/methodology/approachA survey was conducted in Illinois state, USA in 2010, using an online questionnaire posted to various listservs used by 118 academic libraries in Illinois, including those of the Consortia of Academic and Research Libraries in Illinois and the Illinois Association of College and Research Libraries. The online survey questionnaire was designed to identify the categories of grey materials stocked by libraries, the method of acquisition and organization, the degree of access and the challenges/solutions to the problems associated with GL management and access. Simple frequencies and percentage were used in data analyses.FindingsThe study identified various categories of grey stocked, including: theses and dissertations, faculty works, conference proceedings, research reports, in‐house publications of associations, government documents and translations. The study diagnosed various challenges in the organization and dissemination of GL, and solutions to the challenges in order to ensure optimal access and utilization of grey materials.Practical implicationsThe implication of this work is that institutional and subject repositories are needed in order to aggregate these useful resources into globally accessible databases, where the resources will be rediscovered through international catalogues such as online computer library center and major web search engines such as Google. The end result will showcase the value of these resources to the public for greater access and utilization.Originality/valueThe knowledge gained will help to more effectively manage and harness the current and factual contents of grey materials, for quality education, research and national advancement. The paper will be of benefit to libraries, librarians, educationists, researchers and decision makers globally.

This study examines how potential romantic partners in speed-dating encounters use gender to both proffer and formulate mate-preferences as a means of establishing affiliation. Drawing on a corpus of 36 speed-dating interactions, a sequential discursive psychological approach was used to analyze how gendered mate-preferences were initially elicited and formulated, as well as the interactional effects of mate-preferences that were designed to appear complicit versus resistant to gender conventionality. The findings reveal that both mate-preference solicitations and formulations were categorically gendered and were treated as incipient or expected, suggesting that gendering mate-preferences is a normative action in first encounters by potential romantic partners. Further, mate-preferences that were marked as conventional rarely promoted an environment of mutual affiliation, whereas mate-preferences that were formulated as resistant to gender-conventionality did tend to function as a preliminary for affective affiliation. The study reveals that the gendering of mate-preferences is a responsive social practice with an interactional design that has relational consequences for the ways potential romantic partners create connection.

In this thesis we draw fuzzy mathematic methods into the diagnosis of failures of WP-jet engine ability, bring forward setting up the fuzzy membership grade method which was based on the weight statistical, found the fuzzy diagnostic model, resolve to several malfunctions, how nicety to find cause failure really reason, and proffer scientific and feasible method to the airplane failure diagnosis service.

The purpose of this research is to closely interrogate and validate Samriddhii as a social enterprise which has its very origin in Bihar, India. The intent and meaning behind this effort is to create enough room and openings to enable the beggared and destitute sections of rural sectors by creating the golden opportunities of self-employment which could enrich and improve their life style and lead them to a sustainable level of livelihood. This case study, which is a typical illustration and instance of social entrepreneurship at work, tenders a tinge of proffer to countless people globally by providing a true help by holding their hands irrespective of nationalities, cultures or other discriminatory elements. In the first place, this brain child of Kaushlendra Kumar has swept the shores of Bihar like a tsunami and became instrumental in changing the lives of small time landless farmers and vendors, who were all hitherto been living a life full of struggle. It provided an effective connectivity for them to the mainstream market.

Writing is an indispensable means of passing information across. It is an undisputed fact that man differs from the lower animals basically because man reasons and needs information to survive. The imaginative literature, in addition to the information about a society it passes across, has many other vital roles it plays such as helping man to understand himself, helping to ease tension among others. However, in Nigeria, this all-important means of communication seems not to be given the attention it so deserves. Nigeria writers, especially the young ones face a lot of challenges hence the need for this research which aims to chronicle the plights of the average Nigeria writers and then proffer the way forward. Keywords: Nigerian writer, literature, society, European, publishing, communication, story

This article examines whether financial structure influences economic growth. Recent empirical studies examine this issue by utilizing panel and cross-section approaches. We use time series data and methods, along with the dynamic heterogeneous panel approach in a sample of six low and middle income countries. We find that cross country data cannot be pooled and that financial structure significantly affects real per capita output. We also find that panel estimates, in most cases, do not correspond to country specific estimates, and hence may proffer incorrect inferences for several countries of the panel.

Everybody eats. Period. Some of us prefer hamburgers. Some like veggies. But what we eat is only the beginning. Increasingly, interest in where our foods are grown and processed has emerged. As numerous grass roots organizations proffer information on local foods, it becomes critical for research-based youth programs to also encourage study on this topic. This article introduces a new curriculum that aims to help students learn about what we eat, where it comes from, and how it impacts the environment. The main goal is to help participants understand the concept of local food systems, how they operate, and how students and their families can be involved in creating positive changes. It targets students in grade school thru high school. By stimulating their interest at an early age, we can encourage their participation in the local food systems movement. The curriculum is available as a self-study guide at no cost. Email: raison.1@osu.edu.

California has become the unfortunate poster child of dysfunctionality in American criminal justice, with most of its prison system under federal court control. From 2006–2008, the Stanford Criminal Justice Center undertook an innovative series of Executive Sessions to help diagnose California's problems and proffer solutions. Participants included a range of high-level state officials, judges, policymakers, and agency heads, as well as academic experts, and this article synthesizes the consensus observations of this group. The main symptom of California's problems is the endless recycling of offenders through parole revocations back into and out of prison, but the sources of the problem lie in a poorly coordinated political economy of incarceration. The system is plagued by regulatory mismatches, failure to collect needed data on offenders and transmit it efficiently within the system, and irrational externalities and disincentives that thwart the goal of sound cost-benefit analysis. However unusual, California offers useful lessons for the whole nation, especially the value of seeing the relationship between the macro governmental structure and the micro level of daily administrative practice. The key lesson is that retooling the system from the ground level up can help instill some faith in and momentum for reform.

Team research enables the collection of multiple, sometimes conflicting, stories of migration, family, and belonging. Using common qualitative methods within a team research context can stretch these research techniques in productive and instructive ways and proffer new insight and meaning.Therefore, the authors suggest that team research offers an important avenue for both extending qualitative methods and expanding interpretative lenses. To illustrate these points, the authors draw upon their study of the settlement and migration patterns of East African Shia Ismaili Muslims in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, and discuss their experiences with focus group effects, the simultaneous household interview strategy, and postinterview dialogues. The article highlights how these three techniques and effects enacted in the team research context helped the authors explicitly locate contradictions, ambiguities, and paradoxes within the narratives of first- and second-generation Ismailis.

It is often said that Levinas offers no positive political principles or ideals, stressing rather that an ethics of singularity can only enter the political sphere in the form of critique. There is much to be said for this position—which tends to make Levinas a liberal by default—both from a political and a phenomenological perspective. I argue, however, that having built up a solid and salutary wariness of positive politics, Levinas occasionally allows himself to proffer radical political proposals.

Amid the threat of nuclear war and seemingly endless regional conflicts, peacekeeping has become an overriding concern of the UN. In the process, its activities have emerged as the most visible role associated with the world organisation. The UN is however, much more than a peacekeeper and forum for conflict resolution. Often without attracting attention, the UN and its family of agencies are engaged in a vast array of work that touches every aspect of people's lives and the world. The focus of this paper is on the UN system of protection of human rights. The achievements of the UN notwithstanding, there remain certain loopholes which must be filled especially with respect to its enforcement mechanisms. An attempt has been made in this paper to identify those loopholes and proffer recommendations, which, in the light of certain ‘die-hard’ human rights violations, are imperative.

Two U.S.-based geographers use the most recent data to explain the complexity of China's provincial de jure and de facto population statistics and their relationship to computed inequality indices of per capita GDP. After reviewing the literature, the paper focuses on trends in regional inequality in China during the 1990s, and contends that the consensus view about the increase of inequality during the late 1990s is based on erroneous interpretation and faulty application of de jure provincial population series, which has resulted in significant overstatement of interprovincial inequality in 2000. The analysis presented in this paper shows that, after a significant rise in the first half of the 1990s, China's regional economic disparities began to level off in the second half of the 1990s and have persisted at about the same level since then. The authors proffer explanations for the stability in regional inequality since 1995, especially stressing the role of long-distance migration. Journal of Economic ...

This Paper will first summarize Karsjens v. Jesson, providing an overview of the arguments and the district court’s findings of fact. Then, this Paper will detail the arguments on appeal for Karsjens. Next, this Paper will provide a background of MSOP and outline the statutory and regulatory process that underlies the law suit in Karsjens. Fourth, this Paper will explore applicable law on habeas process in civil commitment hearings and the proper relief available under § 1983 actions. Fifth, this Paper will proffer the appropriate resolution to these two issues by analyzing the relevant case law and predicting the actions of the Eighth Circuit on appeal. This paper finds that the district court’s order of release under § 1983 will be affirmed on appeal and that the additional habeas procedures will be similarly upheld. This paper concludes with a few thoughts on what future relief looks like for this class of litigant and what actions can be taken to secure a change in the conditions of confinement for these plaintiffs.

Attacks by pirates and the smuggling of contraband and humans via shipping containers by transnational criminal organizations can be detected, deterred, delayed, or denied through proven mitigation strategies. In this chapter, we briefly review the behaviors and activities, which may indicate targeting by criminal or terrorist entities and then provide a detailed discussion of Ship Antipiracy Security Measures for High-Risk Areas, to include security equipment, systems, and procedures to be deployed as the pirates approach the ship. The structural and equipment requirements for a Citadel and hostage survival recommendations also are discussed. Additionally, we proffer step-by-step instructions, procedures, and technical equipment options to conduct inspections of cargo containers for hidden compartments and modifications by narcotics and human smugglers.

Most discussions on the Lord's Supper in 1 Corinthians have focused on individual behaviour rather than on the worshipping community as a whole. The result has been an emphasis on qualifications for participation and the need for self-examination by individual participants. But as this article tries to demonstrate, the main problem that Paul addresses in the passage is that of individualistic tendencies which have been manifested in various ways among the Corinthian community. As such, this article seeks to proffer an interpretation that seeks to recast the passage in its broader, corporate context by drawing on insights from particular aspects of African culture.

This article, drawing on an extensive collection of peace agreements dating from 1990 until the present day, analyzes peace agreement provisions for civil society involvement and considers the extent to which peace agreements proffer new models of participatory democracy. We begin with some background and a short overview of political theory on participatory democracy, identifying key dilemmas. The body of the article sets out a comprehensive analysis of peace agreement provisions for civil society, indicating how peace agreements negotiate the dilemmas identified in theory. We then evaluate this negotiation in the context of post-agreement implementation difficulties. In conclusion, we discuss the implications for future research.

This paper presents a qualitative assessment of the participatory water management strategies implemented at the community level in rural Mali through a water supply project — The West Africa Water Initiative (WAWI) — coordinated by World Vision International, a non-governmental and humanitarian organization. Data for the study were generated through a combination of primary and secondary sources in three villages. Results of the study indicate that while community-based rural water supply is a positive step in responding to the needs of rural Malians, the installation of boreholes with hand pumps informed merely by consultative participatory approaches and limited extension involvement will not necessarily proffer sustainable rural water supply in the region. A “platform” approach to rural water supply management that can mobilize the assets and insights of different social actors to influence decision making at all stages, including the design and choice-of-technology stages, in water supply interventions is instead advocated.

Charlotte Brontë’s Villette is notable for its engagement with epistolarity. In particular, its ending finally resolves issues that the author has wrestled with throughout her fictional work and in some real-world correspondence. By bringing the reader’s attention to the ontology of letters, Villette is able to foreground the primacy of writing, and to proffer it as a potential bridge\ud between souls, as well as showing how the physical world is transcended by means of this ontology.

The aim of this paper is to examine the social and economic impact of cooperative societies in Nigeria and to investigate into their origin, history, formation and development. Also to be examined is their impact in our rural communities, especially in the grass root, urban and national development. It has been argued that commercial financial institutions such as banks and insurance companies could play greater roles in the advancement of rural development than the cooperative societies. This is so because of the enormous contribution of these financial houses to the rapid, social and economic development of the people, and urbanization. The paper further reviews the various obstacles and challenges confronting the effective performance of cooperative societies in Nigeria, and proffer ways of forestalling these problems. The paper is of the view that as many as these societies may be in form, formation and groups, with their various tags, aims and objectives, government should aid and encourage these organizations to enable them stand and perform effectively since they are all contributive factors in the economic development and growth of Nigeria.

Margalida and Colomer (1) proffer a “mistake index” based on corrections published by scientific journals to gauge peer review quality. This is an interesting idea but has numerous theoretical and practical problems.

In less than a decade, the number of graduate schools of interpretation and translation in Korea has skyrocketed from one to a dozen. This is a reflection of the increasing interest in practical studies across the board, but in interpretation, in particular.At such a juncture, it would be helpful to compare the entire process from entrance exams to curricula and finally the graduation exams to see whether the programs are the same or different and ultimately to proffer a “model” program that suits the current situation in Korea.Four graduate schools were chosen for this study: Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, the oldest graduate school of its kind in Korea, Ewha Womans University, Seoul University of Foreign Studies and Sunmoon University, as a local representative., En l’espace d’une décennie, le nombre d’écoles de traduction et d’interprétation a augmenté de façon fulgurante en Corée ; on compte actuellement douze écoles de traduction au programme de maîtrise. Ceci traduit l’intérêt croissant pour les études pratiques et en particulier pour l’interprétation.Dans ce contexte, il serait utile de comparer et d’analyser le système de sélection (l’examen d’entrée), les cursus proposés (la composition des cours) et l’examen de sortie de ces écoles pour en trouver les points communs et les éléments de différence afin de proposer le cursus le plus adapté à la Corée.Dans cette étude, nous avons retenu quatre écoles de traduction : l’école rattachée à l’Université Hankuk des études étrangères, l’école la plus ancienne en la matière en Corée ; l’école de l’Université féminine d’Ewha ; celle de l’Université de Séoul des études étrangères ; et enfin, celle de l’Université Sunmoon représentative de la province., 최근 10년 사이 한국의 통역번역전문 교육 기관의 수는 13곳으로 증가했다. 이는 실용적 학문 전반, 그리고 특히 통역과 번역에 대한 관심이 증가하고 있음을 보여준다. 이러한 시점에서 각 대학원의 입학 시험, 교과 과정, 졸업 시험 등 제반 과정의 공통점과 차이점을 비교해 보고 통역번역 교육에 적합한 모델을 제시하는 것은 의미 있는 작업일 것이다.본 연구는 가장 오랜 역사를 지닌 한국외국어대학교 통역번역대학원, 그리고 이화여자대학교 통역번역대학원, 서울외국어대학원대학교 통역번역대학원, 선문대학교 통역번역대학원 등 4개교를 표본으로 하여 시행되었다.

The paper attempted to identify and proffer possible solutions to the various problems facing developing nations as regards implementation of policies. Apart from discussing the general overview of...

PurposeBefore China's opening and reform policy transformed foreign trade, personal relationships characterised mainly domestic trade. Burgeoning international supply chains (ISC) require efficient document transfers to accompany large cargo shipments, but China's users of bills of lading (BOLs) increasingly experience delays or fraud. The purpose of this study is to investigate the potential for an internet‐based, third‐party (IBTP) internet service provider (ISP) offering electronic (e)BOLs and shipping documentation services.Design/methodology/approachAn exploratory attitude survey of BOL users compared trader, middlemen and shipping group perceptions’ of current problems and potential for eBOLS.FindingsAccuracy, security and speed subsumed cost considerations for BOL users. Major concerns were delays, typing errors and excessive paperwork. EBOLs proffer speedier documentation, better management information and savings on postage. Concerns for secure data with legal integrity signify mistrust, favouring electronic data interchange (EDI).Research implicationsThis work studied BOL users in Shanghai. Future comparisons of how trust develops as other ISCs adopt eBOLS should identify groups with particular interests and potential industrial partners, evaluate user‐costs, savings and ability to surmount existing problems.Practical implicationsMore traders trusted eBOLS but extensive training is required through state support or partnerships with internet‐based, third‐party internet service providers (IBTPIS) to establish infrastructure, knowledge, confidence and trust amongst potential local users. EBOL data is considered insecure. Its legal status must be clarified.Originality/valueThis paper alerts participants in China's ISCs that trust suffuses trade. It quantifies user valuations of electronic systems that accelerate shipping documentation processes and advocates training of shipper and middlemen groups to dispel mistrust.

Through analysis of the relative power and capacity of particular groups to physically contour, carefully orchestrate, and proffer meanings about the regeneration of downtown cityspaces, we offer a critical interrogation of two poignant exemplars of cities that have responded to the spatial logic of accumulation through the creation of sport-anchored tourist bubbles. Through questioning these lascivious representations of urban life, we offer a suggestive conclusion that calls for a meaningful and productive critical sport tourism that is: anchored within the cross-currents of contemporary social analysis; operates as an element of the cultural terrain within a wider cultural politics; and that, necessarily, is interdisciplinary, addresses the most pressing social problems, and produces an oppositional and progressive politics.

Domestic housing stock within the UK is increasingly owner-occupied and these owners are responsible for maintenance and upkeep of their property investments. However, this "domestic sector" of the construction industry is characterized by many problems including: a thriving illegal supply-market (the "black market"); numerous rogue firms ("cowboy builders"); problems in selecting a reputable builder; and resulting from these problems (et al.), an existing housing stock that falls short of optimal levels of maintenance standards. Some initiatives have been implemented to try and reverse these problems, such as the introduction of the "Quality Mark" scheme by the UK government in 2001/2002. Nonetheless, the rogue trader continues to thrive within the UK construction sector. To address the habitual problems caused by cowboy traders, the authors proffer a more holistic approach that will address the demand-side of the sector (e.g. client education), in addition to the supply-side (e.g. builder regulation). The paper provides qualitative analysis that identifies criteria to be considered when selecting a domestic builder. This information is then used to help design an holistic model for procurement and further research within the domestic sector.

Under the banner of New Urbanism, the marketing of community is inherently exclusionary. These developments, produced with mandated aesthetics, proffer a vernacular image of community for the social relations and personal identification of place. This commodification is socially corrosive. Design guidelines, costs, contracts, legal prohibitions, marketing, and surveillance all establish the exclusive criteria of residency, but cannot substitute for social interaction and self-definition. Community is an arena of participation that evolves through discourse, a constituent missing within the philosophy and constructed developments of New Urbanism.

In Sovereignty in Cyberspace: Lex Lata Vel Non?, Michael Schmitt and Liis Vihul argue that territorial sovereignty is a primary rule of international law that limits cyber activities. They recognize, however, that not all cyber effects constitute violations of territorial sovereignty, and like Rule 4 in the Tallinn Manual 2.0 and its commentary, they acknowledge a distinct lack of consensus among the Tallinn participants on the critical question of applicable thresholds. Problematically, they do not identify the necessary state practice and opinio juris that would be required to establish either the primary rule that they proffer or the existence and contours of the exception they would recognize.

After nearly 20 years of central European management the fishing industry is deep in crisis, a point emphasised by Scottish demersal fishermen during a study that investigated the breadth of their knowledge and its potential application to fisheries management. In the interviews fishermen were asked to proffer an alternative management system to the much-maligned total allowable catches. Fishermen were found to favour an effort control system (days at sea) and abolition of quotas. Many of the problems emphasised by the fishermen were found to mirror those highlighted by the European Commission in their reform of the Common Fisheries Policy. A ‘days at sea’ management scheme was seen by the fishermen to address many of these issues. However, if implemented a ‘days at sea’ scheme would bring additional conditions, unfavoured and unconsidered by the fishermen. The findings presented in this paper demonstrate that there is an urgent need to conduct further research in this field of investigation and that lessons can be learnt from other effort management schemes practised around the world.

The authors address the complex issue of how to improve urban schools. Policy makers have endeavored to use a variety of solutions to help address the problems confronting America's urban schools. The authors outline some of the panaceas and then proffer 14 strategies that urban educators can consider as they seek to deal with the unique problems confronting the young people they educate. Some of the authors' recommendations require little or no cost, whereas others would entail funding obligations. All of the solutions are ones that have considerable research support and offer significant opportunity for success.

Codes of ethics are prevalent in major corporations around the world. They are seen as the first tangible commitment to being ethical. This paper examines codes of ethics and tries to establish what they are, how they are developed and their net utility. We then proffer the idea of codes as the first part of a five-stage process that leads to an overall corporate commitment to being ethical in one's business dealings.

Johannes Hempel is not available to tell us the way he understood the “last truth.” But this tantalizing phrase challenges readers of Job to further analysis of the book. Is the “last truth” the person of Job himself or is it buried in the book? The transmission of the book may be tangled, but it is up to the reader to weigh all the angles and proffer a personal response. The present article is one attempt, but submitted with a nagging doubt: Is “last” the appropriate word to use about divine truth?

Projections of a substantial nursing workforce imbalance in the coming decade have galvanized policymakers, providers, private foundations, nurses, and others to proffer aggressive and sustainable strategies to ameliorate the looming shortage. The solutions are largely ones that seek to increase supply. Analysis of the 1992-2000 National Sample Surveys of Registered Nurses shows that increasing losses from the active workforce, stagnant wages, and low levels of job satisfaction pose major impediments to bolstering supply. Strategies focused on working conditions and retention should occupy a central position in any nursing workforce revitalization plan.

Urban leisure venues proffer spatial carriers for citizens’ leisure activities and their functions rely heavily on the spatial configuration, which have largely been ignored. The increasing needs for healthy leisure life and the availability of geospatial open data provide a rising opportunity to fill this gap. To examine the spatial distribution of leisure venues and explore its underlying dominating factors, we adopt geospatial analysis techniques—point pattern analysis and cluster analysis with multi-sources geospatial data in Wuhan, Central China. Results conclude interesting spatial discrepancy based on a three-level clustered pattern of 86520 leisure venues. We find that (1) most clusters are in urban center along the Yangtze River with all 1st-level clusters and plentiful 2nd-level and 3rd-level clusters; (2) There are just sporadic clusters in suburban areas—no 1st-level, merely one 2nd-level and some few 3rd-level ones. Moreover, we demonstrate three underlying dominating factors (i.e., the policy, population and economy) and identify that (1) No systematic (spatial-relevant) leisure policy framework is formed; (2) Population density and commercial centers have positive correlation with the distribution of leisure venues. This study contributes to spatial-relevant leisure policy-making for facilitating healthy leisure life, optimizing leisure space, guiding people-oriented urbanization transition and promoting urban competence.

The most significant ingredient of life is health. No wonder the oft–spoken slogan: “Health is wealth”, has remained evergreen in our memory. This is why inasmuch as life is the greatest gift of God to man, the provision of health care facilities is needed in superfluity in order that life may be sustained on earth. Unfortunately, in Nigeria today, the provision of health care facilities seems to be at low ebb as many Nigerian are vulnerably exposed to the danger of death. This situation gives the ugly impression that the political office holders appear to be paying lip service to their dauntless statements that health care facilities would be made available at every nook and cranny of the polity. Worried by this perplexing situation, the paper attempts to investigate the decays in the Nigeria’s health system and seeks to proffer ways which the populace can enjoy a healthier and longer life. DOI: 10.5901/ajis.2014.v3n6p501

Mmino wa setso has been interpreted from different angles. Most notably, these schools of thought are interpretative, but with a considerable amount of misrepresentation. As such the efforts of bringing this and similar genres to the centre of scholarship are undermined. Drawing from interviews, observations and discussions with practitioners of the genre, this article attempts to proffer a descriptive analysis of mmino wa setso. Whereas the presentation is in scholarly prose, the wish is to remain honest to the initial intentions and ideations of the practitioners. Cognisant of the discrepencies that still need to be addressed, this paper is an attempt at a type of African musicology, which seeks to capture the essence of the abstractions of the practitioners. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n20p2211

Future joint special operations task forces (JSOTFs) are not likely to exist merely as an adjunct to conventional units, but instead may be the supported force for major portions of a Geographic Combatant Commander s (GCC) theater campaign plan. Additionally, a myriad of geostrategic constraints may dictate this force operate from vessels serving as afloat forward staging bases (AFSBs). While the individual concept(s) of special operations focused campaigns and that of seabasing are not new, combining these two is a marked departure from previous maritime actions. This paper will discuss some of the operational level advantages and challenges of this novel construct and will proffer suggestions regarding how current doctrine might be adapted to address them.

Zero-tolerance policies have proliferated throughout American school districts in the past ten years. This case is focused on a special needs student who unintentionally violates the district’s zero-tolerance policy for weapons at school. Designed to proffer students an opportunity to discuss the development of policy, legal and instructional implications of zero-tolerance as well as workable solutions to a complicated problem, the case study has several other dimensions including the IDEA, instructional best practice, ethics and school public relations.

The traditional models of economic development are being challenged and the role of stakeholders is being reprioritised, resulting in an increased emphasis on the SMME sector. A practical strategy is needed in South Africa for reducing input costs and promoting the implementation and sustainability of a technology transfer initiative aimed at enhancing the competitiveness of the small/micro manufacturing enterprises. However, there is insufficient knowledge to inform this process. The aim of this paper is to understand the constraints to manufacturing competitiveness and to proffer a model for inter‐firm linkages appropriate to the South African context.

Communication research conducted on European American families may or may not generalize to non-European American families. Our purpose in this article is to present a theoretical model derived from cross-cultural research that can be applied to studying the ways ethnicity influences family communication. We argue that the strength of cultural and ethnic identities and the content of ethnic and cultural identities are important factors that influence how family communication varies within and across ethnic groups. Based on our theoretical arguments, we proffer predictions for future research.

The authors offer a reading of the Civil Rights Memorial (Maya Lin, Montgomery, Alabama, 1989) as a set of rhetorical performances that reproduce the tactical dimensions of Civil Rights Movement protests of the 1950s and 1960s. Their reading attempts to counter the reading ofAbramson who claims for the Memorial a conservative political stance. Specifically, they argue that, while the Memorial reproduces the tactics of the Civil Rights Movement, it argues for a break with the past in its visual proffer of a politics of difference and a critique of whiteness.

John Maynard Keynes. By Paul Davidson (Hampshire, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007), xiv + 222 pp. £55.00 cloth. Books on economic theory often proffer ideologies and interests—individual, class, natio...