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Summary: Burkholderia cepacia complex isolates were detected from four patients who were admitted to the heart centre of southern Switzerland, between April and June 2019. An outbreak investigation was conducted. The three available patient samples were whole genome sequenced, showing that they all are Burkholderia cepacia species, and that two are identical. Isolates grown from sealed packages of disinfectant-free wash gloves used for personal hygiene were also genomically identical. The wash gloves appear to be the origin of the outbreak, contamination of which most likely occurred at the manufacturing site.

Crossover rates and localization are not homogeneous throughout the genomes. Along the chromosomes of almost all species, domains with high crossover rates alternate with domains where crossover rates are significantly lower than the genome-wide average. The distribution of crossovers along chromosomes constitutes the recombination landscape of a given species and can be analyzed at broadscale using immunostaining of the MLH1 protein, a component of mature recombination nodules found on synaptonemal complexes during pachytene. We scored the MLH1 foci in oocytes of the chicken and the guinea fowl and compared their frequencies in the largest bivalents. The average autosomal number of foci is 62 in the chicken and 44 in the guinea fowl. The lower number in the guinea fowl responds to the occurrence of fewer crossovers in the six largest bivalents, where most MLH1 foci occur within one-fifth of the chromosome length with high polarization towards opposite ends. The skewed distribution of foci in the guinea fowl contrast with the more uniform distribution of numerous foci in the chicken, especially in the four largest bivalents. The crossover distribution observed in the guinea fowl is unusual among Galloanserae and also differs from other, more distantly related birds. We discussed the current evidence showing that the shift towards crossover localization, as observed in the guinea fowl, was not a unique event but also occurred at different moments of bird evolution. A comparative analysis of genome-wide average recombination rates in birds shows variations within narrower limits compared to mammals and the absence of a phylogenetic trend.

The aim of this paper is to analyse, model, and solve the rescheduling problem in dynamic permutation flow shop environments while considering several criteria to optimize. Searching optimal solutions in multiobjective optimization problems may be difficult as these objectives are expressing different concepts and are not directly comparable. Thus, it is not possible to reduce the problem to a single-objective optimization, and a set of efficient (nondominated) solutions, a so-called Pareto front, must be found. Moreover, in manufacturing environments, disruptive changes usually emerge in scheduling problems, such as machine breakdowns or the arrival of new jobs, causing a need for fast schedule adaptation. In this paper, a mathematical model for this type of problem is proposed and a restarted iterated Pareto greedy (RIPG) metaheuristic is used to find the optimal Pareto front. To demonstrate the appropriateness of this approach, the algorithm is applied to a benchmark specifically designed in this study, considering three objective functions (makespan, total weighted tardiness, and steadiness) and three classes of disruptions (appearance of new jobs, machine faults, and changes in operational times). Experimental studies indicate the proposed approach can effectively solve rescheduling tasks in a multiobjective environment.

Background. Female adolescents are considered a risk group for cardiometabolic disease due to their lifestyle (LS). Objective. To evaluate the association between LS classes and body composition groups with cardiometabolic disease risk factors and pro- and anti-inflammatory biomarkers in female adolescents. Methods. This cross-sectional study was carried out with female adolescents aged 14 to 19 years, from Viçosa-MG, Brazil. Latent class analysis assessed LS classes. Kinanthropometric measurements were taken together with the body fat percentage (BF%), being analyzed by the Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) equipment. Blood pressure and biochemical parameters were analyzed in the Health Division of the Federal University of Viçosa. The pro- and anti-inflammatory biomarkers were analyzed using Luminex technology. Associations with biomarkers were estimated by multiple linear regression. Results. 405 female adolescents were evaluated. The majority, 82.57%, 72.90%, and 65.31%, were classified as inactive by the number of steps, with high screen and cell phone time, respectively. Furthermore, 41.55% did meet the minimum of 60 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and 54.69% had high values of BF% (DEXA). The “Sedentary & Inactive LS” class together with the high levels of weight and BF% were associated with increased levels of blood pressure, lipid profile, and uric acid. It was also found that “Inactive & Sedentary LS”, high BF%, insulin resistance, and ultra-sensitive C-reactive protein were associated with the concentrations of proinflammatory biomarkers of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, and leptin. Conclusion. We concluded that female adolescents with overweight/obese and high BF% presented higher values of anthropometric indicators, levels of blood pressure, concentration of uric acid and hs-CRP, and lower concentration of HDL. Inactive and Sedentary lifestyle of these girls, along with excess body fat, insulin resistance, and higher concentrations of hs-CRP were associated with the higher concentration proinflammatory markers.

Il presente articolo si concentra sull’ambivalente rapporto dell’uomo con la tecnologia, da sempre caratterizzato da incertezze e scetticismi, ed esplora i punti di forza e le criticità legate all’innovazione digitale della scuola, soprattutto in funzione della ricaduta della tecnologia sulla qualità degli apprendimenti. Si tratta di una questione complessa che necessita di essere problematizzata e inquadrata entro una cornice di sistema ampia che riguarda l’adeguatezza del sistema scuola rispetto alle esigenze poste dalla società della conoscenza e dell’informazione. La riflessione proposta si focalizza sull’analisi delle condizioni, delle strategie e degli attori che possono contribuire a dipanarla; in particolare si ci concentra sul ruolo giocato dagli insegnanti e su alcuni possibili usi del mezzo tecnologico nella didattica delle Scienze Motorie e Sportive.

The construction of a positive and supportive environment for children's participation in sport is influenced by the role of adults, therefore by the support or pressure behavior of parents and the way in which they interact with coaches. The positivity of sport emerges precisely from the way in which adults carry out sports experience and lead it with specific educational intentions. This article focuses on the construct of parental involvement in youth sport and aims to highlight the factors that can promote an effective coaches-parents partnership and to analyze some parent education programs

Resumo: Introdução e objetivo: Estudos feitos com adultos têm demonstrado associação entre aumento da adiposidade corporal e hipertensão arterial, mas ainda são escassos estudos que avaliaram essa associação na infância. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a associação entre pressão arterial e indicadores de adiposidade corporal em crianças, controlada por variáveis de nascimento, sociodemográficas, de estilo de vida e dietéticas. Métodos: Estudo transversal com amostra de 399 crianças de quatro a sete anos. A variável dependente foi a pressão arterial, aferida de acordo com protocolo estabelecido pela VII Diretriz Brasileira de Hipertensão Arterial. As variáveis explicativas do estudo foram os índices relação cintura‐estatura (RCE) e índice de massa corporal (IMC). A regressão linear múltipla foi usada para avaliar a associação independente entre indicadores de adiposidade e pressão arterial, ajustada por variáveis de nascimento, sociodemográficas, estilo de vida e alimentação das crianças. Considerou‐se como significância estatística α = 5%. Resultados: O IMC/I e a RCE correlacionaram‐se positivamente com a pressão arterial sistólica e diastólica. Após as análises múltiplas, os maiores valores de IMC (modelo 1) e RCE (modelo 2) se associaram ao aumento da pressão arterial sistólica e diastólica. Conclusão: O aumento da adiposidade corporal, avaliada pelo IMC e pela RCE, associou‐se ao aumento da pressão arterial sistólica e diastólica entre as crianças avaliadas. Assim, sugere‐se o uso do IMC e da RCE na avaliação nutricional de crianças, para screening de alterações na pressão arterial e outros fatores de risco cardiometabólico nessa população. Abstract: Introduction and Objective: Studies in adults have shown an association between increased adiposity and hypertension, but few studies have analyzed this association in childhood. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between blood pressure (BP) and body adiposity indicators in children, controlling for the variables of birth conditions, sociodemographics, lifestyle and diet. Methods: In this cross‐sectional study of 399 children aged 4 to 7 years, the dependent variable was BP, measured according to the protocol established by the 7th Brazilian Guidelines on Hypertension. The explanatory variables of the study were waist‐to‐height ratio (WHtR) and body mass index (BMI). Multiple linear regression was used to assess the independent association between adiposity and BP indicators adjusted for the variables of birth conditions, sociodemographics, lifestyle and diet. Statistical significance was set as α=5%. Results: BMI for age and WHtR correlated positively with systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). After multivariate analysis, higher values of BMI (model 1) and WHtR (model 2) were associated with increased SBP and DBP. Conclusion: Increased body adiposity, as assessed by BMI and WHtR, was associated with increased SBP and DBP among the children studied. Thus, we suggest the use of BMI and WHtR in the nutritional assessment of children to detect changes in BP and other cardiometabolic risk factors in this population. Palavras‐chave: Pressão arterial, Adiposidade, Criança, Keywords: Blood pressure, Adiposity, Child

The alignment of physicians' interests with those of their hospital has garnered considerable interest in recent years, in part because of their central role in health care expenditure and patient outcomes. However, the systematic study of physician–hospital alignment is currently impeded by a lack of construct clarity. This is evidenced by research that conflates the actions intended to create alignment with alignment itself. It is also evidenced by a variety of different definitions, conceptualizations, and measures in the literature, most of which are confounded with constructs that are something other than alignment (e.g., commitment, trust). Critical Theoretical Analysis: We draw on agency theory and person–organization fit to define physician–hospital alignment as a physician's perception that their financial incentives, goals, and values and those of their hospital are mutually supporting and reinforcing rather than in conflict with one another. Advance: To better understand the nature of the construct and to help guide future research, we present an integrative framework grounded in physicians' perceptions. Practice Implication: Our definition and framework set the stage for improved construct validation and more systematic study and management of physician–hospital alignment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Desde el año 2000 en Uruguay se realiza obligatoriamente un test de tamizaje para la infección por el Virus Linfotrópico de células T humanas (HTLV) en todos los donantes de sangre. En este trabajo nos propusimos determinar la prevalencia de infección por este virus en donantes de banco de sangre, analizar los métodos de estudio y los protocolos de manejo clínico utilizados. Se obtuvieron los datos de diferentes Bancos de Sangre nacionales disponibles en los "Informes de actividad de los servicios de hemoterapia del Uruguay" realizados por el Servicio Nacional de Sangre entre los años 2012 y 2014. Se realizaron entrevistas basadas en formularios con referentes académicos del Servicio de Hemoterapia, del Departamento de Patología Clínica y de la Cátedra de Enfermedades Infecciosas del Hospital de Clínicas. Del total de 297.371 datos analizados, determinamos una prevalencia total de infección por HTLV en donantes de sangre de 0,13% en dicho período, con diferencias significativas entre subsectores del sistema de salud y regiones geográficas del Uruguay. Las entrevistas realizadas a referentes técnicos indican que no se realizan métodos confirmatorios ni existen protocolos para el seguimiento clínico de los individuos seropositivos en nuestro país. Del análisis se desprende que la seropositividad para este virus y el manejo en donantes de sangre durante el período 2012-2014 en Uruguay muestra un número importante de individuos infectados, inexistencia de métodos confirmatorios y ausencia de protocolos de manejo clínico para estos pacientes.

Abstract Subsequent bloodstream infections (sBSI) occur with a delay after removal of the intravascular catheter (IVC) whose tip revealed microbial growth. Here we describe the epidemiology of sBSI in the intensive care setting. Serratia marcescens, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and yeast were the pathogens most frequently associated with sBSI. In contrast, Enterococci were rarely found in sBSI.

The formative nature of self-narration defines a fundamental support for the development of reflexive competencies useful for the critical observation of a sense of self and experience (Bruner, 1990; Demetrio, 1996; Formenti, 1998). Narrative is inserted among the reflective devices used to a greater extent in the context of guidance interventions focused on subjectivity in order to construct a life plan (Reid & West, 2011). This article focuses on the description of a university guidance path based on the use of self-narration during work transition. The aim is to identify effective educational-guidance processes and tools that might lead to a definition of transferable and implementable practices. Dalla formazione universitaria all’inserimento lavorativo. L’uso della narrazione in percorsi di orientamento formativo La natura formativa della auto-narrazione definisce un significativo viatico per lo sviluppo di competenze riflessive utili all’osservazione critica del senso di sé e dell’esperienza (Bruner, 1990; Demetrio, 1996; Formenti, 1998). La narrazione si inserisce per questo tra i possibili dispositivi riflessivi maggiormente efficaci nell’ambito di interventi orientativi incentrati sulla soggettività per la costruzione del progetto di vita (Reid & West, 2011). Il presente lavoro si focalizza sulla descrizione di un percorso di orientamento universitario incentrato sull’uso della narrazione autobiografica nella fase di transizione al lavoro. La finalità è quella di individuare processi e strumenti educativo-orientativi efficaci che possano condurre alla definizione di pratiche trasferibili ed implementabili.

O presente trabalho visa apresentar a experiência das ações do projeto de extensão “Quintal Solidário: Feira de Economia Solidária e Agricultura Familiar”. O Quintal Solidário foi criado por meio da parceria entre a Seção Sindical dos Docentes da Universidade Federal de Viçosa e o programa de extensão Incubadora Tecnológica de Cooperativas Populares da Universidade Federal de Viçosa. Seu principal objetivo é valorizar e promover a agroecologia por intermédio da economia solidária e agricultura familiar para integração entre produtores(as) e consumidores(as), fortalecendo relações solidárias, o consumo consciente, produção sustentável e a segurança alimentar e nutricional. Os principais resultados alcançados são a constituição de um mercado ou espaço de comercialização diferenciado, a geração de renda, assessoria técnica e formação, interação social, articulação entre o ensino, pesquisa e extensão e o fortalecimento do comércio justo e consumo solidário.

Background and Aims. Overweight is ever more prevalent in the pediatric population, and this cardiometabolic factor can be associated with inflammatory markers, gut microbiota composition, and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations. The aim of this study is to evaluate to what extent the abundance of gut microbiota phyla, SCFA concentrations, and inflammatory markers are associated with elevated body fat percentage (BF%), overweight, and obesity in female adolescents. Methods. An experimental and comparative study was conducted with 96 girls 14 to 19 years old. They were divided into 3 groups: G1—eutrophic (EUT) and adequate BF%; G2—EUT and high BF%; and G3—overweight (OW) or obese (OB) and high BF%. Waist circumference (WC), waist to height ratio (WtHR), and neck circumference (NC) were analyzed as indicators of central visceral adiposity. The BF% was evaluated by DEXA equipment. A food frequency questionnaire was used to evaluate the main types of food consumed in a week. The abundance of the Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Proteobacteria phyla was measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), and the SFCA concentrations (acetic, butyric, and propionic) were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The inflammatory markers leptin, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) were assessed. Results. Female adolescents in groups G2 and G3 had greater central visceral adiposity and leptin concentration than those in group G1. No association was found between gut microbiota phyla abundance and SFCA concentrations in any of the groups. WC and frequency of consumption of oily and fatty foods were associated with Firmicutes abundance and SFCA concentrations. Girls with high WC also had the greatest leptin (p

Abstract Aim:To evaluate and compare household food security situations in the rural area of a Brazilian city by three different methods: Availability of food energy at home, nutritional status and Perception of food insecurity. Methods: Cross-sectional study of 79 families living in 19 rural communities in a small city in Minas Gerais, Brazil, including a total of 272 residents. Families were selected by drawing lots, respecting the proportionality of families per community. The inclusion criteria included living in rural areas, inhabiting a selected household, and using food products available for consumption, by purchase and production. During family visits, nutritional status was analyzed by anthropometry, the perception of food insecurity by Food Insecurity Scale (EBIA) and availability of food energy at household for 30 days. Results: Of the 79 families of family farmers, 12.7% were considered to be unsafe for availability of food energy at household, 24.0% due to the presence of low weight at the household and 49.5% by EBIA. There was a low correlation among the methods, with differences between them (Kendall W 0.162 p

During meiosis, the number of crossovers vary in correlation to the length of prophase chromosome axes at the synaptonemal complex stage. It has been proposed that the regular spacing of the DNA loops, along with the close relationship of the recombination complexes and the meiotic axes are at the basis of this covariation. Here, we use a cytogenomic approach to investigate the relationship between the synaptonemal complex length and the DNA content in chicken oocytes during the pachytene stage of the first meiotic prophase. The synaptonemal complex to DNA ratios of specific chromosomes and chromosome segments were compared against the recombination rates obtained by MLH1 focus mapping. The present results show variations in the DNA packing ratios of macro- and microbivalents and also between regions within the same bivalent. Chromosome or chromosome regions with higher crossover rates form comparatively longer synaptonemal complexes than expected based on their DNA content. These observations are compatible with the formation of higher number of shorter DNA loops along meiotic axes in regions with higher recombination levels.

Abstract Objective: Identify and analyze variables associated with shorter duration of breastfeeding in preterm infants. Methods: Retrospective cohort of premature infants followed up at secondary referral service in the period of 2010-2015. Inclusion: first appointment in the first month of corrected age and have undergone three or more consultations. Exclusion: diseases that impaired oral feeding. Outcome: duration of breastfeeding. A total of 103 preterm infants were evaluated, accounting for 28.8% of the preterm infants born in the municipality in that period, with a power of study of 80%. Descriptive analysis, t-test, chi-square test, Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox regression were used. p-values

Resumo Objetivos: comparar duas curvas de crescimento, Lubchenco e Fenton e Kim, na detecção de recém-nascidos (RN) pequenos para idade gestacional (PIG) segundo sexo. Métodos: estudo transversal de dados de RN, de 01/01/2010 a 31/12/2012 Definiu-se PIG o peso ao nascer (PN) inferior ao percentil 10 para idade gestacional (IG) segundo as curvas Lubchenco e Fenton & Kim. Mensurou-se a concordância entre as curvas pelo Método de Kappa para o diagnóstico de PIG segundo sexo e IG. Construíram-se curvas dos percentis 10 de PN e referenciais, por sexo, utilizando função polinomial de terceiro grau. Para comparar e medir associações entre as variáveis sexo, IG e PIG foram utilizados o teste do qui-quadrado de Pearson e regressão logística bivariada, respectivamente. Significância: p

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the correlation between the number of leukocytes and cardiovascular risks associated with birth characteristics, nutritional status and biochemical tests. Methods: Cross-sectional study developed with 475 adolescents, born between 1992 and 2001, in the municipality of Viçosa (MG). Maternal medical records were analyzed in the hospital units, and the following was recorded: birth weight and length, head circumference, chest circumference, Apgar score, gestational age. In adolescents, body mass index, skinfold thickness, body composition, blood count, biochemical tests and clinical variables were also assessed. The statistical analyses was carried out using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0 and Data Analysis and Statistical Software (STATA) with Kruskal–Wallis, Mann–Whitney, chi-square or Fisher's exact tests and Linear Regression. Significance level was set at α

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar a prevalência e os fatores associados à anemia ferropriva e hipovitaminose A em menores de um ano. Métodos Estudo transversal com amostra de 93 crianças. Foram consideradas anêmicas crianças com hemoglobina < 11 g/dL. O ponto de corte utilizado para a classificação de valores baixos de vitamina A foi < 0,70 mMol/L, e para caracterizar deficiência < 0,35 mMol/L. As análises estatísticas foram processadas no software Stata 10.0. As variáveis estão apresentadas em frequência simples, a associação entre os fatores analisados e as deficiências de ferro e vitamina A foi realizada por meio do teste do qui-quadrado de Pearson. Para a comparação de médias de hemoglobina e vitamina A, utilizaram-se os testes t de Student para variáveis paramétricas e o de Mann-Whitney para as não paramétricas. Resultados A prevalência, de anemia e de hipovitaminose A, foi de 29,03% e de 19,10%, respectivamente. Encontraram-se ainda, valores baixos de vitamina A em 90,32% das crianças. Baixa idade e baixa escolaridade materna associaram-se com a presença de anemia ferropriva. Valores baixos de vitamina A foram significativos em mães não brancas. As prevalências de inadequação do consumo de ferro e vitamina A foram de 23,66% e 22,58%, respectivamente. Conclusão Evidencia-se elevada prevalência dessas enfermidades, ressaltando-se a importância da adoção de medidas preventivas.

The lower lip-splitting incision associated with different types of mandibulotomy, in order to obtain wide access to total or subtotal glossectomy, is described. In those cases, high rates of functional and aesthetic deficit and postoperative morbidity (more in cases of patients in which adjuvant radiotherapy has been performed) are described. We present our experience in the treatment of patients undergoing total or subtotal glossectomy and contemporary reconstruction with flaps, and without lip-splitting incision and mandibulotomy. Materials and Methods: Data about patients affected by malignant tumors requiring total or subtotal (posterior third of the tongue) resection that were treated at our department from January 2004 to December 2014 were retrospectively reviewed. Data evaluated included: T and N stage, resection margins, operation time, and post-operative complications, such as fistula and flap necrosis. Results: 41 patients were identified. In two cases microscopic infiltration of one margin was found (R1); in one case a close margin was identified. In 26 cases reconstruction was performed using free flaps, and in the remaining cases a pectoralis major flap was used. In three cases postoperative complications were observed. Discussion and conclusions: In theory, lip-splitting and mandible discontinuity could allow for increased access and tumor visualization, and could facilitate flap positioning. Nevertheless, in our experience, it is not necessary in the case of total or subtotal glossectomy.

A insegurança alimentar e nutricional é multifacetada, apresentando diversos indicadores para esta situação, como os socioeconômicos, de estado nutricional e de percepção quanto ao acesso aos alimentos. Objetivou avaliar a insegurança alimentar e nutricional de famílias rurais, segundo indicadores socioeconômicos, nutricionais e de percepção. Para tal avaliação, utilizou-se indicadores sociais, econômicos, antropométricos, de consumo alimentar e de percepção, segundo Escala Brasileira de Insegurança Alimentar (EBIA). Das famílias avaliadas, 49,4% estavam em insegurança alimentar, pela EBIA. Presença de menor de 18 anos, renda per capita, água tratada, número de moradores e de filhos e recebimento de Bolsa Família associaram-se a (in) segurança alimentar. A pontuação da EBIA correlacionou-se positivamente com número de moradores, filhos e adolescentes e negativamente com renda total e per capita. O estado nutricional não associou-se à (in) segurança alimentar, pela EBIA, embora a maioria das famílias apresentasse algum integrante com distrofia nutricional. Não houve associação entre consumo alimentar da família e insegurança alimentar, embora todas as famílias apresentassem consumo inadequado de energia e cálcio, e a maioria para sódio, zinco, fibra, ferro, lipídios e carboidratos. Assim, a segurança alimentar e nutricional deve ser avaliada em nível familiar, por diferentes indicadores, visando à avaliação complementar de suas diferentes vertentes.

The field of the teaching profession represents a field of work where the implicit dimensions of both the self and the context are key factors in concrete work. Such implicit dimensions do also influence and affect tacitly the representation of the professional role and the context. Moreover they direct the action in terms of ratings, choices, behaviors. The work describes a training and research experience, according to a narrative approach, which involved teachers of upper secondary school. The aim was to identify, on the one hand, the critical aspects that require an implementation of vocational training in critical and relational sense and, on the other hand, to highlight the validity of critical-reflexive pathways in the teachers’ training. L’influenza del sapere personale nella professione docente L’ambito della professione docente costituisce un terreno di lavoro nel quale le dimensioni implicite di sé e del contesto costituiscono elementi determinanti nel prefigurare il fare lavorativo concreto, nonché forme di influenza che sagomano tacitamente le rappresentazioni del ruolo e del contesto professionale e che dirigono l’agire in termini di valutazioni, scelte, comportamenti. Il contributo riporta una esperienza di formazione e ricerca, secondo un approccio narrativo, che ha coinvolto docenti della scuola secondaria di secondo grado, finalizzata a cogliere, da un lato, le dimensioni problematiche che richiedono una implementazione della formazione professionale in senso critico e relazionale e, dall’altro, a partire da tali dimensioni, quello di evidenziare la validità di percorsi formativi critico-riflessivi nell’ambito della formazione professionale dei docenti.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a associação da imagem corporal com o nível de atividade física, composição corporal e o comportamento sedentário de adolescentes do sexo feminino. Métodos: Estudo transversal e exploratório com 120 adolescentes do sexo feminino, de 14 a 19 anos, de Viçosa, MG. A imagem corporal foi avaliada por uma Escala de Silhuetas e pelo Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ). O peso, a estatura e o perímetro da cintura foram aferidos, avaliando-se a relação cintura estatura e o percentual de gordura corporal. O nível de atividade física (NAF) foi avaliado pelo Recordatório de Atividade Física de 24h (R24h) e o comportamento sedentário, pelo tempo em frente à tela de uma TV, jogando videogame, ao computador e usando tablets e, separadamente, o tempo de tela ao celular. Resultados: A média de idade foi 16,5±1,5 anos, sendo a maioria das participantes eutróficas (77,6%), sedentárias/baixo NAF (84,2%), com tempo de tela (85,2%) e tempo de celular (58,7%) elevados. A insatisfação corporal manifestou-se em 40,6% pelo BSQ e em 45,8% pela Escala de Silhuetas. A distorção corporal manifestou-se em 52,9% das participantes. As medidas de composição corporal, juntamente com o tempo ao celular e o NAF, mostraram associação com a insatisfação corporal, sendo as adolescentes mais ativas as mais insatisfeitas. Conclusões: O estudo mostrou que as adolescentes com maior tempo ao celular tinham maior insatisfação corporal, assim como as fisicamente mais ativas. Todas as medidas de avaliação da composição corporal mostraram-se associadas ao nível de insatisfação, principalmente o índice de massa corporal, perímetro da cintura e relação cintura-estatura.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To analyze the implementation of the Brazilian National School Feeding Program as a food and nutritional security policy in public schools. METHODS This a cross-sectional study, with a quantitative and qualitative approach, carried out with 268 schoolchildren aged eight to nine years from the public school system of Viçosa, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, in 2015. Interviews were carried out using semi-structured questionnaires with the children, parents, cooks, nutritionists, trainer of the Technical Assistance and Rural Extension Company, and president of the School Feeding Council. In order to analyze the implementation of the National School Feeding Program in Viçosa, we evaluated the direct weighing of the food served in the schools using mechanical balances with a capacity of up to 10 kg and the perception of the social players involved in the implementation of the National School Feeding Program. The children were questioned about the acceptance of and adherence to the food offered, in addition to the habit of bringing food from home. Parents reported knowledge about the School Feeding Program and Council. The qualitative analysis consisted of content analysis and quantitative analysis using the chi-square test, Fisher’s exact test, and Mann-Whitney test. We adopted the statistical significance of 5% for quantitative analysis. RESULTS Children reported low adherence to the school feeding program and most of them used to bring food from home. Irregularities were identified in the implementation of the National School Feeding Program, such as: inadequate number of nutritionists, suspension of Council meetings, inadequate infrastructure in the areas of preparation and distribution of meals, lack of training of cooks, lack of nutritional adequacy of the food offered, and lack of actions on food and nutritional education. The Program complied with the recommendations for purchasing food from family farms. CONCLUSIONS The National School Feeding Program presented many irregularities in Viçosa. It is important to monitor the problems identified for better reformulation and planning of the Program, in order to guarantee the food and nutritional security of the children served.

A Agroecologia é uma ciência que dialoga com diferentes áreas de conhecimentos via metodologias participativas. Em contexto de troca de saberes surgiu o “Café com Agroecologia”, promovido pelo Programa de Pós-graduação em Agroecologia da Universidade Federal de Viçosa, com encontros mensais, agregam estudantes do ensino fundamental e médio, graduação e pós-graduação, professores, técnicos, produtores rurais e demais interessados pela Agroecologia. O encontro normalmente é iniciado pela fala do facilitador/palestrante sobre o tema a ser discutido. Em seguida, são promovidos posicionamentos e questionamentos que, comumente são direcionados ao facilitador. O espaço é aberto à troca, preparo e degustação de alimentos e bebidas diversas, visando valorizar a socioagrobiodiversidade e a confraternização entre os participantes. O artigo visa propor reflexões sobre a popularização da Agroecologia, divulgar, compreender e compartilhar o funcionamento das vivências ocorridas nos encontros.

Resumo Avaliou-se o uso de medicamentos potencialmente inadequados entre idosos de Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brasil, de acordo com os critérios de Beers 2012 e STOPP, bem como os fatores associados a esse uso. Estudo transversal com 621 idosos não institucionalizados, abordados por entrevista domiciliar. As variáveis explicativas foram sexo, idade, escolaridade, percepção da saúde, restrição de atividades nos últimos 15 dias, capacidade funcional, história de internação hospitalar, número de doenças autorreferidas e polifarmácia. Realizou-se análise de regressão de Poisson multivariada. Observou-se alta prevalência de uso de medicamentos potencialmente inadequados, 43,8% (IC95%: 37,8%-47,8%) e 44,8% (IC95%: 40,9%-48,8%), segundo os critérios de Beers 2012 e STOPP respectivamente. Sexo feminino e polifarmácia se mantiveram independentemente associados ao uso de medicamentos potencialmente inadequados, de acordo com os critérios de Beers. Para o critério STOPP, as variáveis independentemente associadas ao uso de medicamentos potencialmente inadequados foram sexo feminino, percepção de saúde regular e polifarmácia. Esforços são necessários para se qualificar a prática da polifarmácia entre idosos.

Resumo O estudo teve como objetivo verificar os fatores associados às velocidades de ganho de peso (VGP) e de comprimento (VGC) de lactentes nos primeiros quatro a seis meses de vida. Estudo transversal, com análise de dados secundários, no qual foram obtidas informações em prontuários de atendimento de 371 lactentes acompanhados por um Programa de Apoio à Lactação. Foram calculadas as VGP e VGC em lactentes do nascimento aos quatro a seis meses de vida. Foram investigados os fatores associados às VGP e VGC por meio de regressão linear múltipla. Verificou-se que os lactentes do sexo feminino e os que não estavam em aleitamento materno exclusivo ou predominante apresentaram menor VGP aos quatro a seis meses. Os lactentes cujas mães não viviam com companheiro, os filhos de mães que trabalhavam fora do lar e as que realizaram menos de seis consultas no pré-natal apresentaram menor VGC. Lactentes com maior comprimento ao nascer também apresentaram menor VGC aos quatro a seis meses. Os resultados deste estudo evidenciam a diversidade de fatores que podem estar associados às VGP e VGC nos primeiros meses de vida, como a prática do aleitamento materno, a atenção pré-natal e as variáveis socioeconômicas. A identificação precoce dos fatores relacionados ao crescimento de lactentes pode direcionar ações para promoção do adequado desenvolvimento nessa fase.

ResumoObjetivo:Avaliar a prevalência de deficiência de vitamina D e os fatores associados em mulheres e recém-nascidos no período pós-parto.Métodos:Estudo de delineamento transversal; avaliou-se a deficiência/insuficiência de vitamina D em 226 mulheres e seus recém-nascidos no município de Viçosa (MG), entre dezembro de 2011 e novembro de 2012. Coletaram-se 5mL de sangue do cordão umbilical e sangue venoso materno a fim de avaliar os parâmetros bioquímicos: vitamina D, fosfatase alcalina, cálcio, fósforo e paratormônio. Usou-se regressão de Poisson e adotou-se a Razão de Prevalência (95% IC), a fim de se avaliar a deficiência de vitamina D e fatores associados. Fez-se a análise de regressão linear múltipla para identificar os fatores associados à deficiência de 25(OH)D dos recém-nascidos e das mulheres do estudo. O critério para inclusão das variáveis na regressão linear múltipla foi a relação com a variável dependente na análise de regressão linear simples, considerando p

OBJECTIVE: To perform a review of studies of food consumption and nutritional adaptation in Brazilian infants pointing the main findings and limitations of these studies. DATA SOURCE: The articles were selected from Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (Lilacs) (Latin-American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences), Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO) and Science Direct in Portuguese and in English. The descriptors were: ''food consumption'', ''nutritional requirements'', ''infant nutrition'' and ''child''. The articles selected were read by two evaluators that decided upon their inclusion. The following were excluded: studies about children with pathologies; studies that approached only food practices or those adaptation of the food groups or the food offert; and studies that did not utilize the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI). DATA SYNTHESIS: Were selected 16 studies published between 2003 and 2013. In the evaluation of the energy consumption, four studies presented energetic consumption above the individual necessities. The prevalence of micronutrients inadequacy ranged from 0.4% to 65% for iron, from 20% to 59.5% for vitamin A, from 20% to 99.4% for zinc, from 12.6% to 48.9% for calcium and from 9.6% 96.6% for vitamin C. CONCLUSIONS: The food consumption of Brazilian infants is characterized by high frequencies of inadequacy of micronutrients consumption, mainly iron, vitamin A and zinc. These inadequacies do not exist only as deficiencies, but also as excesses, as noted for energetic consumption.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) and the hypertriglyceridemic waist phenotype (HW) in a representative adolescent sample; as well as to establish which anthropometric indicator better identifies MS and HW, according to gender and adolescent age. METHODS: This cross sectional study had the participation of 800 adolescents (414 girls) from 10-19 years old. Anthropometric indicators (body mass index, waist perimeter, waist/stature ratio, waist/hip ratio, and central/peripheral skinfolds) were determined by standard protocols. For diagnosis of MS, the criteria proposed by de Ferranti et al. (2004) were used. HW was defined by the simultaneous presence of increased waist perimeter (>75th percentile for age and sex) and high triglycerides (>100 mg/dL). The ability of anthropometric indicators was evaluated by Receiver Operating Characteristic curve. RESULTS: The prevalence of MS was identical to HW (6.4%), without differences between genders and the adolescence phases. The waist perimeter showed higher area under the curve for the diagnosis of MS, except for boys with 17-19 years old, for whom the waist/stature ratio exhibited better performance. For diagnosing HW, waist perimeter also showed higher area under the curve, except for boys in initial and final phases, in which the waist/stature ratio obtained larger area under the curve. The central/peripheral skinfolds had the lowest area under the curve for the presence of both MS and HW phenotype. CONCLUSIONS: The waist perimeter and the waist/stature showed a better performance to identify MS and HW in both genders and in all three phases of adolescence.

This study addresses the importance of using the knowledge of planning and budgeting in any entity or institution, regardless of the purpose to be achieved. This content applied in the case study, demonstrating the results of the correct application of the budget methodology. In the subject matter made it clear that administer any institution blindly, ie without any administrative procedure without criteria leaves the institution the sort of chance. To avoid the mismatch in the planning run one must make use of a reserve for contingencies, so if there is a higher value expenditure will remain within an acceptable level.

Embryonic stem cells hold great promise for various diseases because of their unlimited capacity for self-renewal and ability to differentiate into any cell type in the body. However, despite over 3 decades of research, there have been no reports on the safety and potential efficacy of pluripotent stem cell progeny in Asian patients with any disease. Here, we report the safety and tolerability of subretinal transplantation of human embryonic-stem-cell (hESC)-derived retinal pigment epithelium in four Asian patients: two with dry age-related macular degeneration and two with Stargardt macular dystrophy. They were followed for 1 year. There was no evidence of adverse proliferation, tumorigenicity, ectopic tissue formation, or other serious safety issues related to the transplanted cells. Visual acuity improved 9–19 letters in three patients and remained stable (+1 letter) in one patient. The results confirmed that hESC-derived cells could serve as a potentially safe new source for regenerative medicine.

OBJECTIVE : To verify the correlation between body fat location measurements with the body mass index (BMI), body fat percentage (BF%) and height, according to the nutritional status in female adolescents. METHODS : A controlled cross-sectional study was carried out with 113 adolescents (G1: 38 with normal weight, but with high body fat level, G2: 40 with normal weight and G3: 35 overweight) from public schools in Viçosa-MG, Brazil. The following measures were assessed: weight, height, waist circumference (WC), umbilical circumference (UC), hip circumference (HC), thigh circumference, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), waist-to-thigh ratio (WTR), conicity index (CI), sagittal abdominal diameter (SAD), coronal diameter (CD), central (CS) and peripheral skinfolds (PS). The BF% was assessed by tetrapolar electric bioimpedance. RESULTS : The increase in central fat, represented by WC, UC, WHtR, SAD, CD and CS, and the increase in peripheral fat indicated by HC and thigh circumference were proportional to the increase in BMI and BF%. WC and especially the UC showed the strongest correlations with adiposity. Weak correlation between WHR, WTR, CI and CS/PS with adiposity were observed. The height showed correlation with almost all the fat location measures, being fair or weak with waist measurements. CONCLUSIONS : The results indicate colinearity between body mass and total adiposity with central and peripheral adipose tissue. We recommend the use of UC for assessing nutritional status of adolescents, as it showed the highest capacity to predict adiposity in each group, and also showed fair or weak correlation with height.

RESUMO O presente estudo analisou a diversidade e equitabilidade de plantas alimentícias não convencionais (PANCs) na zona rural de Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brasil. A pesquisa foi conduzida utilizando a amostragem Bola de Neve com entrevistas semiestruturadas aplicadas à 20 moradores de nove comunidades rurais. Avaliou-se a frequência relativa de citação das espécies (Fr); a diversidade e equitabilidade das mesmas, utilizando os índices de Shannon-Wiener (H’) e de Pielou (J’), respectivamente. As espécies foram listadas pela família, nome científico, nomes populares, ambiente de propagação, hábito de crescimento, formas de consumo, estado de domesticação, ciclo de produção e registro por meio de consultas em herbários do bioma Mata Atlântica. Foram encontradas 59 espécies de PANCs, distribuídas em 30 famílias botânicas e 48 gêneros. As famílias asteraceae e myrtaceae se destacaram pela riqueza florística, contribuindo com 11 e 7 espécies, respectivamente. Espécies da família asteraceae obtiveram as maiores frequências relativas (32,2). Obteve-se índice de diversidade Shannon-Wiener de 1,65 (Base 10), e de equitabilidade de Pielou de 0,93. Os resultados encontrados estão similares à de outros estudos desenvolvidos no bioma Mata Atlântica, observou-se ampla diversidade de PANCs na área de estudo, e o conhecimento sobre estas encontra-se distribuído uniformemente entre os moradores.

OBJECTIVE To assess the determinants of exclusive breastfeeding abandonment. METHODS Longitudinal study based on a birth cohort in Viçosa, MG, Southeastern Brazil. In 2011/2012, 168 new mothers accessing the public health network were followed. Three interviews, at 30, 60, and 120 days postpartum, with the new mothers were conducted. Exclusive breastfeeding abandonment was analyzed in the first, second, and fourth months after childbirth. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale was applied to identify depressive symptoms in the first and second meetings, with a score of ≥ 12 considered as the cutoff point. Socioeconomic, demographic, and obstetric variables were investigated, along with emotional conditions and the new mothers’ social network during pregnancy and the postpartum period. RESULTS The prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding abandonment at 30, 60, and 120 days postpartum was 53.6% (n = 90), 47.6% (n = 80), and 69.6% (n = 117), respectively, and its incidence in the fourth month compared with the first was 48.7%. Depressive symptoms and traumatic delivery were associated with exclusive breastfeeding abandonment in the second month after childbirth. In the fourth month, the following variables were significant: lower maternal education levels, lack of homeownership, returning to work, not receiving guidance on breastfeeding in the postpartum period, mother’s negative reaction to the news of pregnancy, and not receiving assistance from their partners for infant care. CONCLUSIONS Psychosocial and sociodemographic factors were strong predictors of early exclusive breastfeeding abandonment. Therefore, it is necessary to identify and provide early treatment to nursing mothers with depressive symptoms, decreasing the associated morbidity and promoting greater duration of exclusive breastfeeding. Support from health professionals, as well as that received at home and at work, can assist in this process.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the relationship between the peripheral blood white cells, metabolic changes, and nutritional status of adolescents with and without excess weight and body fat.METHODS: This cross-sectional study evaluated the body mass index (BMI) and percentage body fat (%BF) in 362 adolescents from 15 to 19 years of age, of both sexes. White blood cell count, platelet count, uric acid, fasting glucose, insulin, and lipid profile were measured. The inclusion criteria were agreement to participate in the study and signature of the informed consent. Exclusion criteria were: presence of chronic or infectious disease; use of medications that could cause changes in biochemical tests; pregnancy; participation in weight reduction and weight control programs; use of diuretics and laxatives; or the presence of a pacemaker. The following statistical tests were applied: Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Student's t or Mann-Whitney test, Pearson or Spearman correlation tests, and chi-squared test, considering p

Desde el año 2000 en Uruguay se realiza obligatoriamente un test de tamizaje para la infección por el Virus Linfotrópico de células T humanas (HTLV) en todos los donantes de sangre. En este trabajo nos propusimos determinar la prevalencia de infección por este virus en donantes de banco de sangre, analizar los métodos de estudio y los protocolos de manejo clínico utilizados. Se obtuvieron los datos de diferentes Bancos de Sangre nacionales disponibles en los "Informes de actividad de los servicios de hemoterapia del Uruguay" realizados por el Servicio Nacional de Sangre entre los años 2012 y 2014. Se realizaron entrevistas basadas en formularios con referentes académicos del Servicio de Hemoterapia, del Departamento de Patología Clínica y de la Cátedra de Enfermedades Infecciosas del Hospital de Clínicas. Del total de 297.371 datos analizados, determinamos una prevalencia total de infección por HTLV en donantes de sangre de 0,13% en dicho período, con diferencias significativas entre subsectores del sistema de salud y regiones geográficas del Uruguay. Las entrevistas realizadas a referentes técnicos indican que no se realizan métodos confirmatorios ni existen protocolos para el seguimiento clínico de los individuos seropositivos en nuestro país. Del análisis se desprende que la seropositividad para este virus y el manejo en donantes de sangre durante el período 2012-2014 en Uruguay muestra un número importante de individuos infectados, inexistencia de métodos confirmatorios y ausencia de protocolos de manejo clínico para estos pacientes.

RESUMO Objetivo: Identificar um indicador de adiposidade abdominal de baixo custo e com maior acurácia para predizer o excesso de peso em crianças de quatro a sete anos idade. Métodos: Estudo transversal com amostra de 257 crianças de 4 a 7 anos. Os indicadores de adiposidade abdominal avaliados foram: perímetro da cintura (PC), relação cintura-estatura (RCE) e percentual de gordura central (avaliado pela técnica dual energy X-ray absorptiometry - DEXA). O excesso de peso foi classificado pelo índice de massa corporal por idade (IMC/I). Nas análises, estimou-se a razão de prevalência (RP) pela regressão de Poisson com variância robusta e utilizou-se a curva (receiver operating characteristics - ROC), considerando como significância estatística p

β-catenin plays an important role as regulatory hub in several cellular processes including cell adhesion, metabolism, and epithelial mesenchymal transition. This is mainly achieved by its dual role as structural component of cadherin-based adherens junctions, and as a key nuclear effector of the Wnt pathway. For this dual role, different classes of proteins are differentially regulated via β-catenin dependent mechanisms. Here, we applied a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) approach to identify proteins modulated after β-catenin knockdown in the breast cancer cell line MCF-7. We used a label free analysis to compare trypsin-digested proteins from CTR (shCTR) and β-catenin knockout cells (shβcat). This led to the identification of 98 differentially expressed proteins, 53 of them were up-regulated and 45 down-regulated. Loss of β-catenin induced morphological changes and a significant modulation of the expression levels of proteins associated with primary metabolic processes. In detail, proteins involved in carbohydrate metabolism and tricarboxylic acid cycle were found to be down-regulated, whereas proteins associated to lipid metabolism were found up-regulated in shβcat compared to shCTR. A loss of mitochondrial mass and membrane potential was also assessed by fluorescent probes in shβcat cells with respect to the controls. These data are consistent with the reduced expression of transcriptional factors regulating mitochondrial biogenesis detected in shβcat cells. β-catenin driven metabolic reprogramming resulted also in a significant modulation of lipogenic enzyme expression and activity. Compared to controls, β-catenin knockout cells showed increased incorporation of [1-14C]acetate and decreased utilization of [U-14C]glucose for fatty acid synthesis. Our data highlight a role of β-catenin in the regulation of metabolism and energy homeostasis in breast cancer cells.

AIMS OF THE STUDY In our hospital, a previous attempt to introduce peripherally inserted central catheters (PICC) was aborted after a nonsystematic approach, seemingly accompanied by high rates of complications. The goal of this new interdisciplinary project was to introduce PICCs in an academic hospital, with an embedded interdisciplinary surveillance programme for both infectious and noninfectious outcomes. METHODS We prospectively collected data for this surveillance study from all patients who underwent PICC insertion from 1 January 2014 and had the catheter removed by 31 December 2015 in our 950-bed academic hospital (Bern University Hospital, Switzerland). Infectious complications were defined according to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention / National Healthcare Safety Network criteria. PICCs were restricted to cancer and infectious disease patients, and were followed up irrespective of the management setting (inpatient, outpatient or intermittently hospitalised after insertion). An interdisciplinary team reviewed the outcomes on a routine basis and discussed changes to the process to improve outcomes, if necessary. RESULTS One hundred and thirty-five PICCs were inserted in 124 patients, the majority of whom were patients from the medical oncology department (n = 107, 86.3%). Indications for PICC insertion included: chemotherapy (n = 97, 71.9%), antibiotic therapy (n = 24, 17.8%), total parenteral nutrition (n = 8, 5.9%), blood product transfusion (n = 4, 3.0%) and palliative care (n = 2, 1.5%). During a total of 10 402 catheter-days (median dwell time 62 days), there were five central line-associated bloodstream infections, including one mucosal barrier injury laboratory-confirmed bloodstream infection and two exit-site infections, yielding incidence rates of 0.48 and 0.19 infections per 1000 catheter-days, respectively. Incidence rates were 0.67 per 1000 catheter-days (n = 7) for radiologically documented deep venous thrombosis, 0.96 (n = 10) for tip dislocation and 0.67 (n = 7) for catheter occlusion. The overall rate of complications was 4.5 per 1000 catheter-days. Seventeen catheters (12.6%) were removed because of any complication. CONCLUSION We successfully introduced PICCs in an academic hospital by implementing a systematic surveillance programme for complications. Both infectious and noninfectious complications were rare. Infection prevention specialists should be actively involved during the introduction of new intravascular devices in order to provide quality indicators and assure patient safety.

We have shown previously that non-enzymatic nitration (NEN) of the extracellular matrix (ECM), which serves as a model of Bruch's membrane (BM) aging, has a profound effect on the behavior of the overlying retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells, including altered phagocytic ability, reduced cell adhesion, and inhibition of proliferation. We know that transplanted RPE monolayers will encounter a hostile sub-RPE environment, including age-related alterations in BM that may compromise cell function and survival. Here we use our previous NEN model of BM aging to determine the effects of NEN of the ECM on growth factor release and complement activation in RPE cells.Human induced-pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) were differentiated into RPE cells, and confirmed by immunohistochemistry, confocal microscopy, and polymerase chain reaction. IPSC-derived RPE cells were plated onto RPE-derived ECM under untreated or nitrite-modified conditions. Cells were cultured for 7 days and barrier function measured by transepithelial resistance (TER). Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF), and complement component C3a were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).On average nitrite-modified ECM increased VEGF release both apically and basally by 0.15 ± 0.014 ng/mL (p 0.05)). Nitrite-modified ECM increased production of C3a in iPSC-derived RPE cells by 0.52 ± 0.123 ng/mL (p

Birds have genomic and chromosomal features that make them an attractive group to analyze the evolution of recombination rate and the distribution of crossing over. Yet, analyses are biased towards certain species, especially domestic poultry and passerines. Here we analyze for the first time the recombination rate and crossover distribution in the primitive ratite bird, Rhea americana (Rheiformes, Palaeognathae). Using a cytogenetic approach for in situ mapping of crossovers we found that the total genetic map is 3050 cM with a global recombination rate of 2.1 cM/Mb for female rheas. In the five largest macrobivalents there were 3 or more crossovers in most bivalents. Recombination rates for macrobivalents ranges between 1.8-2.1 cM/Mb and the physical length of their synaptonemal complexes is highly predictive of their genetic lengths. The crossover rate at the pseudoautosomal region is 2.1 cM/Mb, similar to those of autosomal pairs 5 and 6 and only slightly higher compared to other macroautosomes. It is suggested that the presence of multiple crossovers on the largest macrobivalents is a feature common to many avian groups, irrespective of their position throughout phylogeny. These data provide new insights to analyze the heterogeneous recombination landscape of birds.