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Summary The aim of this paper is to present a linguistically valid description of Coptic (or, more precisely, Sahidic) possessive predication construction, both from the diachronic and the synchronic points of view. The first section treats the complex possessive predication system in Demotic, largely based upon Quack 2020 with some additional observations. The second section discusses possible causes for the shift of the possessor-argument, introduced by the preposition mtw-, to the immediate proximity of the existential verboid wn-. Section 3 aims to explain the origin and the usage of the double suffix possessive pattern (ⲉⲧⲉⲟⲩⲛⲧⲁ-ⲓ-ϥ). Section 4 deals with argument marking in the Sahidic possessive predication, looking for the features that speak for or against the ‘have-drift’. Section 5 discusses the syntactic alternatives of the ⲟⲩⲛⲧⲁ-pattern. The final section attempts to find the semantic mechanisms behind the use of the adverb ⲙⲙⲁⲩ in the basic possessive predication pattern.

This study revealed the result of the analysis of the relational process clauses found on the students’ descriptive essays at the CCU course. The study is aimed at scrutinizing the clauses of the relational process with their roles and lexical verbs realizing the relational process. The data analyzed for the accountable study were 21 descriptive essays. The method applied for the study was the descriptive qualitative one and Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) was used as the framework in analyzing the data. The study exposed 5 different roles of clauses as a result. The roles are properties or characteristics with the first place following definition, classification, composition, and function ones in a consecutive way. The study result also acknowledged that relational process clauses are mostly used for describing Properties. This role was realized by two types of relational process clauses –intensive and possessive relational process clauses operating on attributive relational process. However, the relational process occurring in possessive relational process clause was only realized by a single verb have. This indicates that the students have a limited linguistic knowledge which implicates on improving students’ writing descriptive skills. Keywords: relational process clause, descriptive writing, essays, Systemic Functional Linguistics, CCU

People with aphasia demonstrate impaired production of bound inflectional morphemes, such as noun plurals (-s) and noun possession (‘s). They often show greater difficulty in marking possession versus plurality. Using a new tool for eliciting nouns, modifiers, and inflectional morphemes in aphasia, the Morphosyntactic Generation test, we assessed people with primary progressive aphasia and those in the acute and chronic phase following left hemisphere stroke. Clinical profiles were associated with different strengths and weaknesses in language production when controlling for age and education. Overall, performance of the plural -s was stronger than possessive ‘s in group analyses. However, some individuals demonstrated the inverse pattern of performance with an advantage for possessives. These participants provide counterevidence to the theory that difficulty with marking possessives is purely the result of their greater cognitive-linguistic complexity, suggesting that there is a functional double dissociation between the marking of possessives and plurals. The deficits we observed resulted from morphosyntactic impairments, at least in those patients who showed clear dissociations. Future work is needed to understand why plural and possessive markers were differently sensitive to neurological disorders of language.

This article considers how medievalism, particularly in its academic form of medieval studies, might contribute to decolonization through exploration of how the Western “cultural archive” (Smith, Decolonizing Methodologies) draws on the teleological temporality embedded in the idea of the “medieval” to rationalize “white possessive logics” (Moreton-Robinson, White Possessive). It explores medievalisms in legal, mainstream, and academic contexts that focus on Indigenous land rights and law in the Australian settler-colonial state. It examines the High Court of Australia’s ruling in Mabo and Others v. Queensland (2) (1992), a landmark case that challenged the legal doctrine of terra nullius, on which claims to British sovereignty were founded, and on comparisons of Anglo-Saxon and Indigenous law in the post-Mabo era.

In Dinka, a Western Nilotic language, most adnominal modifiers follow the head noun. Before most of these modifiers, the head noun is in one of two construct states. One construct state, CS1, occurs before, among others, demonstratives, nominal possessors and relative clauses as CS1-modifiers. The other construct state, CS2, which is morphologically more complex, occurs before, among others, possessive pronouns, a few numerals and a diminutivizer as CS2-modifiers. When a construct-state triggering modifier is added to a CS2-modifier, the latter itself gets construct state marking, and the head noun changes from CS2 to CS1. Some CS1-modifiers also get construct state marking when followed by a construct-state triggering modifier. Multiple adnominal modification in Dinka may thus result in a chain of construct states, which is similar to what is found in Iranian languages with so-called ezafe marking.

Dongxiang is a language mainly spoken in the Autonomous District of southwest Gansu Province, People’s Republic of China. The Dongxiang nationality (東鄉族), as they are officially called, represents about 300,000 speakers. The Dongxiang language is one of the peripheral Mongolic languages spoken in the Gansu-Qinghai area, also known as the Shirongol group. These languages have been isolated from the other Mongolic languages and have been influenced by the surrounding Chinese dialects to a greater or lesser degree. They have common typological forms inherited from Middle Mongolian as well as features which have been induced by language contact. In this paper, I shall discuss the reflexive possessive markers in the Dongxiang language with a special focus on the suffix -nugvun. I shall show that the functions and use of Dongxiang reflexive possessive markers -ni and -ne are similar to those of the common Mongolic markers *-ni and *-xAn. The reflexive possessive marker -nugvun seems to be found in Dongxiang only and its origin remains unclear. In sources available from the 1980s to the 2000s, it is found associated with a restrictive number of pronouns, nouns, and idiomatic expressions and is highly grammaticalized. However, in more recent sources, it is found associated with a greater number of nouns and seems to have more semantic implications. Moreover, it is also found in a role which could be associated with that of a pronoun, and which can receive a plural and reflexive morphology. Nugvun can be used completely independently and is probably a calque of the Chinese dialect of Linxia 個家ge42 jia243 . This shows that it is most probably an innovation developed from the original suffix.

As one of the text categories, opinion texts have distinctive characteristics compared to any other texts in newspapers, including the choice of verb usage. This study then aims at preliminarily examining the verbs used in opinion articles in The Jakarta Post to find out the relation between frequency and text characteristics. This study collected the opinion articles of The Jakarta Post comprising 47.143 words. This study was assisted by Lancsbox to store the corpus of opinion section texts, to identify the verb lemmas, and to count the frequency of verbs. The verbs found in this study were then classified based on Scheibman’s main verb classification (which is based on Halliday’s and Dixon’s verb types). The results of the study show that there are three most frequent verb types used in opinion texts in The Jakarta Post; they are material, verbal, and feeling verb types. Meanwhile, the lesser frequent ones are perception, possessive/relational, relational, and cognition verbs types. Meanwhile, the least frequent verb types are existential, corporeal and perception/relational verbs types. As opinion text conveys the argument of the writer, it is plausible to find feeling verb type belongs to the third most frequent types, along with material type to show concrete actions and verbal type to report the information. These frequencies exhibit that there is a firm relationship between text characteristics and the tendency of verb choice.

The purpose of this study is to describe the form and function of tombulu language deixis. This research is qualitative with descriptive method especially in collecting data scientifically, and producing linguistic rules in linguistics. Data for analysis need are sourced from the field and literature. Field data is collected through informants, and library data is taken from books. Data collection techniques used direct observation techniques, tapping records, notes, and interviews. For data analysis, the inductive method is adopted. The results of this study indicate that in terms of the form of tombulu language deixis can be in the form of a morpheme, a word and a phrase. In terms of function depends on the type of deixis. In tombulu only one form of deixis refer to him male and female. Deixis to designate a place in tombulu is known for three distinctions. While the possessive contructive of tombulu language is stick-right. In the syntactic distribution, the possessive construct of the tombulu language stick-right morpheme, clearly showing the characteristics of a consistent VO type language. Through deixis pointing in Tombulu language can answer Frei’s hypothesis, which says that the higher the level of culture, the simpler the language deictic system concerned. In the case of Tombulu language deixis especially the place deixis can reflect the low level of Tombulu culture. Keywords : deixis, Tombulu, language

This study is aimed to investigate the students’ difficulties in using personal pronouns in writing recount text at grade eight of SMP Negeri 8 Pematangsiantar”. In this research, the problem is as follows: “What are the students’ difficulties in using personal pronouns in writing recount text at grade eight of SMP Negeri 8 Pematangsiantar?”. The objective is to find out the students’ difficulties in using personal pronouns at grade eight of SMP Negeri 8 Pematangsintar. To answer the problem above, the researcher intends to use the theories of Collins (2014), Siahaan (2007), Derewinka (1990), William (2005), Frank (1972). The methodology used in this research is the Qualitative research. The subject of this research is grade Eight of SMP Negeri 8 Pematangsiantar. The data collected by observation. After analyzing the data, the researchers found that there were three kinds of students’ difficulties in using personal pronouns in writing text, namely: Personal pronoun as subject (34%), personal pronouns as the object (24%), and personal pronoun as a possessive adjective (42%). It can be concluded that the students at grade eight of SMP Negeri 8 Pematangsiantar still have difficulties in using personal pronouns when they write a recount text based on their experience. The researchers suggest the students’ should memorize the kinds of personal pronouns so they can use it well.

The study is primarily concerned with the use of �Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secret� to teach English allomorphs in EFL classrooms. This paper is an alternative way to teach them as a significant element of pronunciation. The types examined are�Regular Past Tense, Regular Plural Number, Third Person Present, The Regular Possessive, and�Reduced IS and HAS. Besides the main highlight of allomorph pronunciation, the movie also contemplates some suprasegmental features called word stress and sentence intonation. The teachers may also utilize the movie through four phases. They are warm-up activity, completion, categorization, and production. Bringing a movie that has many benefits into EFL classrooms may lead to a good comprehension of English allomorphs to the students.

Throughout medical history, eponyms have been oft-used to describe disease. Acknowledging the ongoing debate regarding eponym use, we aim to address a facet of this topic. Flexion contracture of the fingers from superficial palmar fibromatosis, named for Guillaume Dupuytren, exists as three variations of nomenclature within literature—Dupuytren’s, Dupuytren and Dupuytrens disease. This article comprises a linguistic exploration of this nomenclature; we aim to ascertain which form is most common, and most linguistically correct, using a review of the literature. A literature search of the PubMed database (limited to English articles from 1988 to 2018) was performed using keywords Dupuytren, Dupuytren’s and Dupuytrens. From 1195 papers, “Dupuytren’s” was by far the most common form, followed by “Dupuytren”. “Dupuytrens” was rare. USA published using both Dupuytren’s and Dupuytren, while UK almost exclusively used Dupuytren’s. Dupuytren was also popular in the Netherlands. There are two schools of thought regarding use of the possessive form in medical eponyms. Dupuytren was neither the first nor the only person to describe the disease, and though his contribution was significant, should an eponymous disease “belong” to its discoverer? While the possessive is currently most commonly used, a recent shift towards non-possessive eponyms is reflected in our data. Nomenclature of flexion contracture of fingers takes several forms both clinically and in literature. Arguments exist for both possessive and non-possessive forms of the eponym. While Dupuytren’s disease is currently the more common term, changing medical conventions and terminology have potential to guide transition to the non-possessive form, Dupuytren disease. Level of evidence: Not ratable.

The present research featured the definition of grammatical gender category as it was coined by Fernão’s de Oliveira (1507–1581), a prominent Portuguese linguist that wrote the first Grammar of the Portuguese Language (1536), where he outlaid the main principles of gender classification. The research was based on F. de Oliveira’s works, namely The Grammar of the Portuguese Language, The Art of Sea Warfare, The Voyage of Fernão de Magalhães, and The Book of Shipbuilding. The linguistic data were selected from the above-mentioned works based on linguistic criteria by the method of continuous sampling. The article also describes various gender definition methods, e.g. morphonology, morphology, anaphora, syntax, secondary morphologization, words of one flexion, and vocalic inflexion (alternation of open and closed, pure and nasal vowels). The analysis of Oliveira’s speculations on grammatical gender revealed that the Portuguese grammarian failed to cover the issues of Singularia / Pluralia tantum, grammatical doublets, toponyms, epicenes, possessive pronouns, and participles.

This study reports on Yami existential, possessive and locative constructions, regarding the issues on (i) two ‘HAVE’ structures, (ii) Definiteness Effect (DE) and (iii) an analysis of small clause, in terms of a formal syntactic approach. Compared with Formosan languages, Yami syntactically shows the differences based on two ‘HAVE’ structures. Besides, it is also proved that Definiteness Effect in Yami differs from that in other Formosan languages, such as Bunun language. Finally, this study also argues that the existential verb amian/abo ‘exist/not exist’ in Yami selects a small clause as its complement, representing a relative clause.

The present paper explores the intersection between typological rarities, matter borrowing and pattern borrowing in the Gran Chaco of South America. In this region the only two living Zamucoan languages are spoken: Ayoreo and Chamacoco. Zamucoan has been for a long time in contact with the other languages of the area, in particular with the Guaycuruan and Mataguayan families. I analyze some rare features of Zamucoan, which developed through language contact or spread to neighboring languages. The reconstruction of Proto-Zamucoan permits us to understand better what has happened in terms of contact, or to figure out the development of rare characteristics involved in language contact: an example is Chamacoco clusivity, introduced via pattern borrowing. The formation of the Chamacoco first person plural exclusive is unusual; in addition, the pronominal system has acquired a split between a plural and a ‘greater plural’, a pattern borrowing from Nivaĉle (Mataguayan). Some features spread from Chamacoco to Kadiweu (Guaycuruan), two languages with a well-documented story of contact. These are: (i) The affix order in the third person plural of Chamacoco verbs, where number prefix precedes person prefix; (ii) The marking of gender and number of possessive classifiers, found in the Kadiweu classifier for domestic animals. Other unusual features discussed here are voiceless nasals, para-hypotaxis and traces of egophoricity.

Edatlar, tek başlarına anlamı olmayan, fiil ya da isim soylu kelimelerle beraber kullanıldığında anlam kazanan görevli sözcüklerdir. Edatlar yapıları yönünden; isim kökenli edatlar ve fiil kökenli edatlar olmak üzere ikiye ayrılır. İsim kökenli edatlar, isimlere eklenen durum ve iyelik eklerinin zamanla kalıplaşması sonucu oluşur. Fiil kökenli edatlar ise fiil köklerine zarf-fiil ekleri getirilerek oluşturulur. Türk dilinin ilk yazılı kaynakları yoluyla tanıkladığımız edatlar, oluşum yönleri göz önüne alındığında, yazılı kaynaklar öncesine giden dönemler içerisinde oluşturulmuş yapılar olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Köken olarak isim ya da fiil durumundaki bu görevli sözcükler, Türk dilinin tarihî dönemlerinde çeşitli din ve öğreti temelinde gelişen metinler aracılığıyla cümle içerisinde isim, sıfat, zarf ve bağlaç olarak kullanılmaktadır. Bu yönüyle, eldeki yazı Türk dilinin yazıtlar dönemi olarak bilinen Orhon Türkçesi metinlerinde ilk kez tanıklanan tapa ifadesinin sahip olduğu görünüme dayalı değerlendirmelerden hareketle oluşturulmuştur. Bu çalışmada, fiil kökenli, tap- “bulmak” fiilinden türeyen tapa “-e doğru, -e karşı” edatı üzerinde durulmuştur. Öncelikle tapa edatı, eski Türk yazıtlarından başlanarak tarihî ve çağdaş Türk lehçeleri özelinde incelenerek genel bir tarama yapılmıştır. Daha sonra tapa edatının tarihî ve çağdaş Türk lehçelerindeki fonetik şekilleri ve kullanım biçimleri ilgili örnekler verilerek sunulan örnekler doğrultusunda tapa edatının tarihî ve çağdaş Türk lehçelerindeki durum ekleri ile beraber kullanım biçimleri ve geçirdiği fonetik şekiller ortaya konmaya çalışılmıştır.

This study explores the coding asymmetry between independent and dependent possessive person forms (as in English mine/my) from a cross-linguistic perspective. On the basis of a typological survey of 70 geographically and genealogically diverse languages, this paper identifies three universal tendencies: the length universal, the constituent order universal and the alienability universal. First, the length universal claims that independent possessive person forms are either longer or as long as the dependent possessive person forms. Second, the constituent order universal claims that the internal constituent order of the person form and the substantivizer correlates with the constituent order of the possessor and the possessum. In addition, in languages where both a composite possessive marker and a composite substantivizer are used, the possessive marker is always closer to the person root. Finally, the alienability universal claims that the possessive person forms in the alienable possessive constructions are more likely to be used as independent possessive person forms than those in the inalienable possessive constructions. These universal tendencies are instances of form-frequency correspondence, which is shown by corpus evidence from three languages.

Using comparative sociolinguistic methods, we probe the underlying mechanisms governing the variation between possessive determiners, my bike, and the definite article, the bike, in possessive contexts in two mainstream English varieties (Canadian and British English, N = 6,217). Results indicate the is stable and pervasive, occurring approximately 30 percent of the time with personal domain possessed nouns. For some nouns, e.g. dog and cat, the occurs over 75 percent of the time. The Canadian Oxford Dictionary records possessive the as chiefly British, while Quirk et al. (1985: 271–272) observe that only low-status men use it; however, we find no difference between the UK and Canada, nor a significant gender or education effect in either dataset. When we model the variation between forms according to conceptions of ownership, we find an underlying system for encoding communal possession that transcends social categories and dialect: the more that possession is communal, the more the is used.

Background Letters of recommendation (LoR) are considered one of the most important predictors of matching into a pediatric surgery fellowship. We determined if gendered differences exist in LoR written for resident candidates. Methods A retrospective review of blinded LoR to a fellowship program between 2015 and 2017 was performed. Results Of the 364 LoR reviewed for 49 female and 48 male applicants, male surgeons wrote 82.5% of letters. Male LoR contained more agentic terms (p = 0. 042), first name occurrences (p = 0.0082) and phrase “future success” (p = 0.015). Female letters included more socio-communal phrases (p = 0. 010) and 5% referenced a spouse's accomplishments vs. 0% of male letters. Male LoR contained more active possessive language (p-0. 027); ie: “he published”, “he presented”. We found no difference in an applicant's research experience (p = 0.06) or leadership qualities (p = 0. 067). Conclusion Gender differences exist in LoR written for fellowship applicants applying to a highly competitive subspecialty.

The purpose of this paper is to provide a detailed overview of the changes undergone by the reflexive buru-construction in Basque under the light of grammaticalization theory. On the basis of quantitative historical data, the reflexive construction is argued to have undergone changes predicted by the grammaticalization path of reflexive markers: the distinction between regular and reflexive possessive pronouns is lost; anaphoric, non-reflexive uses of buru disappear; and number agreement between the subject and buru is no longer obligatory. The buru-construction is furthermore argued to have become more prevalent at the expense of other reflexivization strategies. As opposed to these changes, the reflexive construction seems to have degrammaticalized as well: the number of direct object uses of this construction decreases over time, and it occurs in subject position with more predicates in present-day written Basque than in the historical period. In view of these facts, an argument is made against unidirectional conceptions of grammaticalization. External motivations for these developments, such as the standardization of the language, are also considered.

The grammaticalization framework has been suggested as a predictive power for language change. This paper considers the grammatical functions of the locative construction fi(ih) in the Gulf Arabic Pidgin (a variety spoken by workers from the Indian subcontinent and south Asian countries working in the Arabian/Persian Gulf States). In Gulf Arabic, there are (1) the preposition fi ‘in; into; inside’ and (2) the locative construction fi(ih) ‘there is/are’, which only has an existential function. In Gulf Arabic Pidgin, the locative construction fi(ih), however, has several grammatical functions, including (1) a possessive marker (i.e., have-constructions), (2) an equative/predicative copula, and (3) a preverbal predicative marker. The aim in this paper is two-fold: first, to show how a grammaticalization framework can possibly account for the grammatical innovations of fi(ih) in the Gulf Arabic Pidgin; and second, to suggest that these grammatical innovations might be the results of an ongoing grammaticalization process of LOCATIVE>TMA/PROGRESSIVE. Earlier studies conducted on this pidgin serve as data sources for this project.

Scs. kolěno ‘kolano; ród’ i lit. kẽlis ‘kolano; ród, stopień pokrewieństwa’ to z pochodzenia przymiotniki z sufiksami posesywnymi (-ěn- w językach słowiańskich oraz -ija- w bałtyckich) o parafrazie *‘należący do obracającej się części ciała’ > ‘przegub, staw’. Zostały derywowane od rzeczowników o znaczeniu ‘koło’ (por. scs. kolo, kolese oraz stpr. kelan ‘koło’; ide. *kwelh1- ‘obracać (się)’). Hipoteza ta dobrze tłumaczy związek semantyczny słow. kolěno ‘kolano; ród’ z psłow. *kel-nŭ- > *čelnŭ- > słoweńskie člèn m.in. ‘staw, przegub; kostka, talus (kość skokowa)’; serbo-chorwackie člȃn m.in. ‘staw, przegub, najczęściej: kostka u nogi, talus’. Znaczenie ‘staw, przegub’ wyjaśnia także użycie scs. kolěno ‘kolano; ród’ i lit. kẽlis ‘kolano; ród, stopień pokrewieństwa’ jako terminów dawnego prawa zwyczajowego w zakresie dziedziczenia. Sposób liczenia stopni pokrewieństwa wg części ciała od głowy do paznokcia palca środkowego poświadczony jest w tzw. Sachsenspiegel. Prezentowaną hipotezę potwierdzają liczne paralele: litewskie sąnarys ‘staw, przegub; stlit. pokolenie’, lit. stráipsnis ‘część ciała; stlit. pokolenie’, stpr. streipstan ‘część ciała; pokolenie’, średniowysokoniemieckie Gelied ‘część ciała; pokolenie’ oraz średniodolnoniemieckie lede ‘przegub; część ciała; stopień pokrewieństwa’. OCS. kolěno ‘knee; tribe, generation’ (cf. Polish pokolenie ‘generation’) and Lith. kẽlis ‘knee; joint of plants; tribe; degree in relationship’ come from old adjectives with possessive suffixes (-ěn- in Slavonic and -ija- in Baltic). Their primary meaning was ‘joint of the body’ (*‘rotating part of body’). Both of them were formed from nouns with meaning ‘wheel’ (OCS. kolo, kolese ‘wheel’, Old Prussian kelan ‘wheel’, Latvian duceles ‘chaise’ ; IDE. *kwelh1- ‘to turn, to rotate’). The presented hypothesis explains the semantic relationship between Slav. kolěno ‘knee; tribe, generation’ and Proto-Slav. *kel-nŭ- > *čelnŭ- > Slovenian člèn // Serbo-Croatian člȃn ‘joint; ankle, talus’. Assuming that the meaning ‘joint’ was original one, we may interpret OCS. kolěno ‘tribe, generation’ and Lith. kẽlis ‘degree in relationship; tribe’ as old terms of customary law in the field of succession. The counting kinship by enumeration of parts of body from head to middle fingernail has been preserved in Middle Low German customary law, so-called “Sachsenspiegel”. The presented hypothesis is supported by numerous parallels: Lith. sąnarys ‘joint of the body; (OLith.) ‘generation’, Lith. stráipsnis ‘part of body; (OLith.) generation’, OPr. streipstan ‘part of body; generation’, Middle High German Gelied ‘part of body; generation’, and Middle Low German lede ‘joint of the body; part of body; degree in relationship’.

This study focuses on French and English abstract nouns denoting properties that can be ascribed to humans, such as beauty, carefulness and anger. Previous research showed that some but not all of these nouns are licensed in both locative existentials (e.g., There’s an intense anger in Isabella) and possessive existentials (e.g., Isabella has an intense anger). What remains unclear is how these and other patterns correlate among themselves depending on how easily they host such nouns. We here use speaker ratings of these nouns in different constructional environments. A principal component analysis suggests that the main dimension underlying native speakers’ ratings of these abstract nouns in six different patterns is temporal limitability. This gradable distinction, strongly correlated with the locative existential, holds for both the French and English data and outweighs any French-English contrastive differences in how acceptable human property nouns are considered to be in the patterns studied.

In this paper we revisit the main properties of the partitive (PC) and the pseudopartitive construction (PPC) in Greek placing our focus on the distribution of the prepositionapo‘of/from’, which introduces the partitive complement in the PC but is absent from the PPC. We propose two distinct analyses for the two constructions, which predict the particular distribution ofapoas a meaningful preposition, according to our hypothesis. We further discuss the crosslinguistic implications of our analysis.

This study aims to describe the characteristics of Possessive Construction in Javanese and relations of expressions between Possessor (PR) and Possessum (PS). The source of data are texts in Javanese from Djaka Lodang Magazine Volume XXII, XXIV, XXIX year 2017 and Panjebar Semangat Magazine Volume 29, 19, and 20 from May until July 2018 which contains Possessive Constructions in Javanese also informant who is a native speaker of Javanese. The data are analyzed using Simak Method, with base Sadap technic and advance Simak-Bebas libat cakap technic and Catat technic, meanwhile technic for analyzing the data used are Agih Method to determine the Possessive Construction dan Padan Method to determine the relation between PR and PM elements. Javanese Possessive Constructions marked with clitics -e or ­-ne as possessive marker. The results show Javanese Possessive Constructions meaning exists at polymorphemic level, phrase level, and clause level. On polymorphemic level, possessive meaning expressed by nouns followed by enclitics persona pronoun. On Phrase level, possessive meaning expressed by noun which followed by noun persona and noun followed by noun. Persona pronoun acts as PR. Noun which acts as PR are (Ilahi), animal, plants and (concrete) noun. On clause level possessive meaning expressed by verb which occupy predicate (P). Noun occupying subject in clause recognized as possession (PM). In Javanese, it is found Possessive Construction which sates the relationship of proprietary in the form of; Possessive Construction in which PM elements is non-humane noun and PR elements is humane noun or persona pronoun, PM element is humane noun and PR element is humane (self-name) or persona pronoun, and PM element is non-living noun and PR element also non-living noun.

Spanish locative adverbs may be followed by either a prepositional phrase (PP) (e.g.cerca de mí‘close to/(of) me’) or, nonstandardly, a tonic possessive (TP) (e.g.cerca mío‘lit. close mine’). Some also take feminine forms (e.g.cerca mía, detrás mía). Using R, I analyze 16,809 tweets representing 14 locatives from Buenos Aires, Madrid, and Mexico City and demonstrate that, although dialects and individual locatives vary widely in their rates of TP use, the person, number, and animacy of the possessor significantly predict PP/TP selection across varieties. Also, feminine possessives are used almost exclusively in Spain, and the seemingly feminine morphology of locatives ending in–a(e.g.encima) and subsequent extension to other locatives via analogy is the most plausible explanation for their use. Further evidence of analogy is TP use in non-locative contexts (e.g. Arg.pensás mío‘you think of me,’ Sp.enamorado tuyo/a‘in love with you’). These findings illuminate the interactions between avoidance of ambiguity, form-based analogy, and speakers’ conceptualization of possession. My findings regarding animacy, which find parallels in research on English dative and genitive constructions, highlight the utility of both cross-linguistic and cross-constructional comparisons in analyzing morphosyntactic variation.

A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo aprofundar a análise sintático-semântica de estruturas possessivas inalienáveis apresentada em Mendes (2017, 2015), observando dados de aquisição do português brasileiro comparados a dados da gramática-alvo. Para tanto, examina-se o seu comportamento quando ocorrem em construções predicativas e atributivas (BARON; HERSLUND, 2001) modificadas por um adjetivo, já que parece haver, conforme aponta o trabalho de Kayne (1975) para o francês, restrições para a veiculação da leitura inalienável de acordo com a presença e/ou tipo de adjetivo que modifica o nome possuído nessas construções com possuidor externo. Assume-se nesta pesquisa, estendendo o que Guéron (1985) e Vergnaud e Zubizarreta (1992) afirmam também para o francês, que as restrições propostas por Kayne (1975) para essas construções relacionam-se com a estrutura temática em português brasileiro. No que concerne ao processo de aquisição da linguagem, enquanto as restrições não são adquiridas, hipotetiza-se que a interpretação inalienável seja superestendida, tornando-se restrita às condições licenciadas pela gramática adulta à medida em que a criança avança em idade. Para verificar as hipóteses adotadas nesta pesquisa, foi desenvolvido, portanto, um estudo de caráter experimental com três grupos, sendo dois de informantes infantis (crianças mais jovens e mais velhas) e um de informantes adultos (controle). Os resultados, que, por um lado, confirmam a hipótese aventada para o percurso da aquisição dessas estruturas, e, por outro, não se apresentam como conclusivos em relação à gramática adulta do português brasileiro, indicam que, embora não categórico, o presente estudo traz importantes apontamentos acerca da questão.

This paper aims to discuss the comparison between possessive constructions in Russian and Indonesian noun phrases. Since both of the languages have different grammatical systems, their possessive constructions may also be different. The differences are discussed using a contrastive analysis approach. However, the similarities between them are also taken into consideration following one of the practical purposes of contrastive analysis, namely, to aid the translation process. The theory employed in this research is eclectic. The research method employed in this research is descriptive method with contrastive analysis model. In addition, for translation analysis, word-for-word and literal methods are used here. The data in this research are collected from the Russian National Corpus and some selected literary works in Russian and Indonesian. The result suggests that there are some structural differences and similarities between Russian and Indonesian in terms of word order, attributive categories, and grammatical categories of the elements constituting noun phrases. The results of this comparison can be referred to in the translation of possessive construction of both languages so that the closest equivalent is found following the rules of each language.

With increased lexical influence and general English competence among Norwegian language users, the association of the suffix -swith the category of plural appears to be expanding. This article explores the occurrence and productivity of non-possessive -sin contemporary Norwegian, a feature which incorporates several phenomena. Our aim is to chart the lexico-grammatical categories instantiated by this morpho-phonological segment in light of the previous literature on Anglicisms in Norwegian and on the basis of empirical evidence from present-day language use. The article presents a corpus-based survey of categories where non-possessive -soccurs (i) as the plural marker of Anglicisms, e.g.drinks; (ii) in colloquialisms such asdritings‘dead drunk’ – a combination of a domestic noun and English (or Norwegian) -ing+ non-possessive -sreanalysed into an adjectival stem; (iii) in nouns likeen caps‘a (baseball) cap’, where it has lost its plurality marking function and become part of the lexical stem; and (iv) sporadically as a plurality marker of domestic or non-English words, e.g.temas. The variability in presence vs. absence of -sis further explored in four case studies dedicated to different stages of borrowing.

Purpose In the advertising strategy called pseudo-ownership advertising appeal, ownership-implying language (e.g. my, our or your) is used to induce consumers’ “ownership” of a brand. This study aims to investigate the influence of pseudo-ownership advertising appeal on brand psychological ownership and consequent brand attitude, purchase intention and choice. This study also assessed the relative effectiveness of different types of possessive pronouns in different customer segments. Design/methodology/approach Four experiments, involving both students and non-students, were conducted to test the hypotheses. Experiments 1 and 2 investigated the effects of the first-person singular and plural possessive pronouns (“my” and “our”) on psychological ownership and on brand attitude, purchase intention and choice. Experiment 3 investigated the interacting effects of self-construal (independent vs interdependent) and possessive pronoun (singular vs plural) on psychological ownership and brand attitudes. Experiment 4 investigated the interacting effects of customer type (potential vs current) and possessive pronoun (first-person vs second-person) on psychological ownership and brand attitudes. Findings Pseudo-ownership advertising appeal resulted in the development of brand psychological ownership, as well as inducing favorable attitudes, purchase intentions and brand choice. Furthermore, consumers with interdependent self-construal developed stronger psychological ownership when pseudo-ownership advertising appeal incorporated plural possessive pronouns, and consumers with independent self-construal developed stronger psychological ownership when pseudo-ownership advertising appeal incorporated singular possessive pronouns. Potential consumers developed stronger psychological ownership when pseudo-ownership advertising appeal incorporated second- vs first-person possessive pronouns, and current consumers developed the same psychological ownership for first- and second-person possessive pronouns. Originality/value Possessive pronouns used in advertising can enhance brand psychological ownership. Conditions that moderate the relative effectiveness of first- vs second-person and singular vs plural possessive pronouns on brand psychological ownership and consequential consumer responses can be identified. These findings extend research focusing solely on the self-referencing effects of second-pronoun use (“you”) in advertising on consumer attitudes and behaviors by paying attention to the “ownership” effects of possessive pronouns.

Gerundiums are divided into two as simple and compound gerundiums. Simple gerundiums, usually vowel gerundium suffixes in the Turkic language,-(X)p, etc., while the compound gerundiums are represented by figures, they usually arise from participle suffixes with the addition of case suffixes or prepositions. The compound gerundiums included in the gerundiums, which affect the meaning of the verb in various terms by being added to verbs, have been witnessed for the first time in Orkhon Turkic texts in the Old Turkic period in which the Turkic language is followed in writing. The compound gerundiums, which have rich examples in Old Uyghur Turkic, especially in Orkhon Turkic texts, continued the rich materials that they showed in historical periods in modern times. In this respect, it is understood that in the 13th or 14th centuries, the compound gerundiums vary in Uṣṇīṣa Vijayā Dhāraṇī Sūtra, which was transferred from the Tibetan or Chinese-based version to Old Uyghur Turkic in Tantric Turk Buddhism. The compound gerundiums we have identified through this text are - UrDA, -Ur + possessive suffix + DA, -gUKA, -gIncA, and -DUk + possessive suffix + DA. These five compound gerundiums that we have witnessed in the context of Tantric Turk Buddhism are important in terms of evidence that the tradition of interaction and writing between Uyghur Turks and Muslim Turks, which maintains the Tantrism understanding of Buddhism, continues. In this study, it is aimed to reveal the flexible and transitive generation power of Turkic language by referring to the structure, direction of formation, appearance in historical and modern dialects and the breaking points of these structures that we witnessed through the Old Uyghur Uṣṇīṣa Vijayā Dhāraṇī Sūtra.

This paper examines the forms and usage of case markers in the Gan-Qing dialects, the Amdo Tibetan and Altaic languages in the Gansu-Qinghai linguistic area (GQLA), including datives, accusatives, absolutives, comitatives, instrumentals, ablatives, locatives, genitives, comparatives and reflexive possessives. We come to two conclusions: (1) most markers in Gan-Qing dialects are widely distributed, but some are narrowly distributed and (2) case markers in Gan-Qing dialects are overwhelmingly from the Chinese inventory rather than direct copied from Amdo Tibetan or Altaic languages. These findings enable us to shed light on the situation of language contact in the GQLA and illustrate that there are two major strata of contact in the GQLA.

First person singular possessive pronoun (yâu’l-mutekellim) has an important role in Arabic grammar. Grammarians put great emphasis on this pronoun, which has the property of conjoining with both noun, verb and letter. Generally pronouns, first person singular possessive pronoun in particular, are frequently used in both religious texts and poetry and proverbs in Arabic. There are certain features that distinguish this pronoun from the others. For example, whereas the other pronouns in the same category are used with hareke, yâu’l-mutekellim is used without hareke. Also, while the harekes of other pronouns do not change, sometimes fetha and sometimes kesra can be put as hareke on yâu’lmutekellim, which is originally without hareke. In addition, other pronouns do not have any effect on the noun they are conjoined with whereas yâu’l-mutekellim inevitably makes the last hareke of the noun it is conjoined with kesra. Furthermore, unlike other pronouns, i‘rab of both yâu’l-mutekellim and the noun it is attached to is a contraversial issue among grammarians. When the grammar books are analyzed, it is revealed that yâu’l-mutekellim is dealt with under different topics. It is handled under the title of pronouns since it is a pronoun, under the title of mef‘ulun bih (direct object) when it is atteched to a verb and under the title of noun phrase when it is conjoined with a noun. In this study, hareke situation of yâu’l-mutekellim, which is discussed under different headings in grammar books, i'rab features of it , the cases in which it is omitted and the ideas of grammarians on the subject matter will be analyzed along with the samples from ayahs and poetry

The intellect has two aspects such as cognitive or theoretical intellect (‘alimah) and active or practical intellect (‘amilah). This cognitive intellect have four aspect such as material intellect (al-‘aql al-hayulani), possible intellect (al-‘aql al-mumkin) or possessive intellect (al-‘aql bi’l malakah) or intellect in action (al-‘aql bi’l-fi’l), potential intellect (al-‘aql al-quwwah), and acquired intellect (al-‘aql al-mustafad) called by the holy spirit (al-ruh al-Quds). the intellect function as the aspect of soul such as the vegetative (al-nabatiyyah), the animal (al-hayawaniyah) and the human (al-insaniyyah) or the rational (al-nathiqah). Syed Muhammad Naquib Al-Attas take the important step to solve this problem and analyze the linguistic problem as the one step to perform the Islamization of contemporary knowledge which developed with the key of Islamic term concept as intellect

This paper investigates how positive affect experienced during consumption can increase consumers’ psychological ownership for consumed brands. Across five studies, the authors show that consumers who experience positive affect while they consume a brand develop stronger feelings of ownership for this brand. The effect holds for both actual and imagined consumption of real and fictitious brands from various product categories. In line with an account of affect attribution, we find that the effect is contingent on product consumption rather than mere exposure, and that it occurs in particular for brands with an affective positioning. Moreover, results corroborate the role of psychological ownership as a facilitator of consumer responses that signal commitment to brands. The findings entail novel implications for research on affect, psychological ownership and branding.

Cognitive load theory has challenged contemporary approaches to teaching by arguing that they are ineffective because of a neglect of the psychology underpinning learning and, specifically, the high demand placed on working memory. This paper challenges the presuppositions involved not only in arguments for guided instruction by those supporting cognitive load theory, but also in opposed pedagogic approaches involving discovery and inquiry learning. Both approaches are in danger of presupposing what C.B. Macpherson criticised as ‘possessive individualism’—i.e. capacities, beliefs and desires viewed as possessions of an individual. As a result, they fail to pay attention to mediation and normativity, both of which are distinctive aspects of human action. Examining this in more detail entails consideration of fundamental issues concerning human knowledge and understanding. An appreciation of the significance of normativity and mediation leads us to the philosophic works of Marx, Vygotsky and Wittgenstein, and in particular to Brandom's Inferentialism. The philosophical ideas here have direct implications for pedagogy.

We present a large-scale corpus study of English prenominal possessives (e.g., Mary's house) which investigates how their referential interpretations (e.g., ‘the house Mary owns’) are linguistically supported in natural language contexts. The study is set against a long tradition of formal semantic accounts which take possessive interpretations to arise primarily from the lexical semantics of the possessive noun phrase, thereby suggesting that pragmatic reasoning plays a lesser role (Partee, 1983/1997; Barker, 1995, 2000; Vikner & Jensen, 2002, 2003, 2004). One claim of these accounts is that non-lexically derived or ‘pragmatic’ interpretations (e.g., ‘the house Mary dreams of buying’) require explicit contextual support, while this is not needed for ‘lexical’ interpretations (e.g., ‘the house Mary owns’), which are considered default and available in the absence of contextual support. The empirical results from our study suggest a complex picture whereby interpretations of both purported types receive various kinds and degrees of contextual support. We argue that this, coupled with independent evidence that the linguistic co-text usually explicates the relationships between discourse referents and that context-free interpretations are a myth, jeopardizes the cognitive plausibility of interpretation taxonomies which distinguish ‘lexical’ from ‘pragmatic’ interpretations. We sketch a more cognitively-oriented pragmatic approach to possessive interpretations that takes into consideration the multidimensionality of context while attributing an overall greater role to pragmatic reasoning.

This study examines the language of scam, focusing on one key lexicogrammatical system for representing experience, the system of transitivity. The study is informed by systemic functional linguist...

The author uses personal and possessive pronouns in the literary and critical discourse of the 19th century writer and fiction writer N. D. Akhsharumov (1820-1893). The question is raised about the specificity of communicativeness of the pronouns used by the author, characterized by a wealth of referential and non-referential interpretations. The novelty of the study is seen in the fact that for the first time a discursive analysis of the reference of two categories of pronouns in literary and critical work, unknown to a wide circle of readers, is offered. The material of the study uses the literary and critical article “On the enslavement of art” (1858), which expresses the main aesthetic and ethical approaches of the writer to understanding creativity. A phased discursive analysis of personal and possessive pronouns is carried out with the identification of their basic functions: reference (deictic - anaphoric) and non-reference (conceptual). It is shown that when changing the function of pronouns from the reference to the non-reference, the text status of the language units also changes. It is proved that pronouns in the author’s context with non-reference use acquire the status of modus concepts of the author’s narration.

EnglishThis paper deals with the functions of the adjective phrase in Italo-Romance language varieties in Middle Ages. The central section of the paper (§ 2) is dedicated to qualifiers, as prototype of adjective phrase: their role (§ 2.2) and their position (§ 2.3) within the sentence are expecially focused. A section is also dedicated to their argument structure (§ 2.4). The third section (§ 3) is dedicated to such adjectives, which come from pronouns: other than some well known classes (e.g. possessive adjectives), the quite unfamiliar adjective role of the relative prononun is also investigated (§ 3.4). Finally, the § 4 aims to shed light on some different constructs, such as prepositional phrases and relative clauses, which share some functions and features of the adjectives. The examples are taken from several genres: literary prose, poetry, practical texts, and above all the so-called “prosa media”, typical of the Italian Middle Age. italianoIl presente contributo analizza le funzioni del sintagma aggettivale nelle varieta italoromanze medievali. La parte centrale dell’articolo (§ 2) e dedicata all’aggettivo qualificativo, quale prototipo del sintagma aggettivale: particolare attenzione e dedicata al suo ruolo (§ 2.2) e alla sua posizione (§ 2.3) nella frase. Anche la struttura argomentale dell’aggettivo e considerata (§ 2.4). Il § 3 e dedicato agli aggettivi pronominali: oltre a classi ben conosciute (per es. i possessivi), si considera anche la meno nota funzione aggettivale del relativo (§ 3.4). L’ultimo paragrafo (§ 4) getta una luce su costrutti di diverso tipo (sintagmi preposizionali e frasi relative) ma che condividono alcuni caratteri degli aggettivi propriamente detti. Gli esempi sono tratti da testi di generi differenti: prosa letteraria, poesia, testi pratici e soprattutto la cosiddetta “prosa media”, tipica del Medio Evo italoromanzo.

The use of deixis on every language has different forms including English because of the various different context, such as grammatical rules and also background of culture or custom in society. This research is conducted to identify and analyze the forms of Deixis existed on Articles at Jakarta Post as contextual information. Research method of analyzing data used was descriptive qualitative research. Human instrument and text analysis are used as instruments of collecting data. Based on the data analyzed, it was found that pronoun of person deixis was most frequently used (existed) as second person deixis, third person deixis, possessive personal plural person deixis, and reflective personal person deixis that was used as reference to participant role of a referent for describing the speaker, the addressee and referent which are neither speaker nor addressee in written forms. In addition, the deixis with focus on time was also existed on Jakarta Post’s articles as the moment of utterance which is the coding time (the time of utterance conveyed by informants) and receiving time (the time of recovery of information by the hearer who got the information). The deixis of place that was existed on articles of Jakarta Post, was deictic reference to describe the current locations of informants indicated.

The purpose of this article is to find out intertextuality properties as representatives among seven standards of textuality within the perfume and cosmetic goods names. Intertextuality in names investigated is recognized according to the text nature of perfume and cosmetic names. The functions of these names are regarded as the integrated perfume and cosmetic nomination complex where integration is created with the simultaneous coexistence of four nominative components: brand, basic, genitive and functional-descriptive. These nominative components are reflected in the text construction as relevant text blocks. Intertextuality as one of the standards of textuality is reflected as relationships between a given text (or text block) and other relevant texts (text blocks) encountered in prior experience. Intertextuality in perfume and cosmetic text constructions may be represented in three different models. The first model happens when the brand text block is common for text constructions. The second model takes place when the brand text block and the genitive text block are common for text constructions. The third model is realized when the brand text block and the basic text block are common for text constructions. The first model is classified as a singlet type of intertextuality. The second and the third models belong to a dublet type of intertextuality according to the number of common text blocks. As intertextuality is responsible for the discrimination of text types as classes of texts with typical patterns of characteristics, the perfume and cosmetic text construction is classified as a segment of goods names reflecting qualitative and quantitative parameters and belongs to the descriptive text, its pattern is a frame. There is a definite correlation and connection between nominative components of the nominative complex, text blocks of the text construction and frames which contain common sense knowledge about some central concept. A brand nominative component and text block are reflected in the possessive frame. A basic nominative component and text block are reflected in the object-item frame. A genitive nominative component and text block are reflected in the taxonomic frame. A functional-descriptive nominative component and text block are reflected in the actional frame. Some frames are divided into subframes. A taxonomic frame has an existential subframe. An object-item frame contains a comparative subframe. An actional frame is divided into locative, qualitative and quantitative subframes. The integrated perfume and cosmetic nominative complex bears the necessary information and the text construction as the biggest communicative unit creates the communicative background. Key words: descriptive text, frame, intertextuality, nomination complex, perfume and cosmetic name, text construction.

The article deals with the verb of possession in Spanish, Catalan, and Portuguese (tener/tenir/ ter), which, along with the possessive groups and pronominal constructions, is an essential component of the phenomena of possession in the Ibero-Romance languages. The peculiarity of the languages of the Iberian Peninsula consists in the ability to denote the existence and possession not using two, but four verbal units (derivatives of the Latin verbs habere, tenere, essere, and stare). The studied phenomenon indicates the idioethnic originality of the systems of the basic verbs of the Ibero-Romance languages, most consistently and systematically manifested in modern Spanish (due to the presence of two dichotomies haber/tener and ser/ estar). The concrete empirical material shows that the leading role in the synonymic relations between these correlating verbs belongs to the verb tener. Identifying various configurations of the subject-(predicate)-object relations in the predicate-argument structure of the Ibero-Romance simple sentence shows that the verb of possession is used not only in the qualitative characteristic features of the subject (the subject models), but also in the quantitative characteristics of the action/status of one of the actants in the position of a real or fictitious subject (pseudo-object and object active and stative models), which provides the formation of numerous correlations with the verbs ser, estar, haber and their synonyms within the two lines: existentiality — stativity — locativity and activity — possessivity. The derivatives of the Latin verb tenere, being truly universal verbal units, reveal the action of one of the most striking tendencies to the activization of the proposition in the Ibero-Romance languages as one of the manifestations of subjectivity pervading the whole language system.

Personal-possessive 1st and 2nd person singular noun affixes in the Surgut dialect of the Khanty language, as well as 1st person plural noun affixes (irregular in various dialects) with singular objects are represented by several allomorphs: 1SG.SG ‒ =əм / =эм / =ам; 2SG.SG ‒ =əн / =э (=эн) / =а; 1PL.SG ‒ (?)=əв / =эв / =ив / =ув / =ав. When the personal-possessive affixes are attached, vowel alternation occurs in several roots. The choice of specific allomorphs and the presence or absence of alternation depends on the root vowels. In roots with short vowels, there is no alternation, and affixes with lower vowels are used: =ам (1SG.SG) and =а (1SG.SG). When the personal-possessive affixes are attached to roots with long vowels, lower vowels are replaced by corresponding upper vowels. After roots with long upper vowels, =эм (1SG.SG) and =э (2SG.SG) affix variants are used, and no alternation occurs, because vowels can no longer be ‘moved’ upwards. After stems with long non-upper vowels, the =əм (1SG.SG) and =əн (2SG.SG) affixes are used, and alternation takes place in the root. This is not true for some specific cases: in roots with long middle vowels, these processes may occur according to the upper vowel model, or the lower vowel model; for example, the lexeme вӧӈ ‘son-in-law’, which contains a short vowel, can be followed by affixes with the vowel э, typical for roots with long upper vowels. Our research is based on field materials collected in the Surgut District, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, or Yugra, in 2017‒2019. The audio records were segmented and annotated in the Praat software. Acoustic analysis and further statistical analysis of our data was performed on the basis of Emu-SDMS corpus system and R language.

Dzə [jen] is an Adamawa language spoken in some parts of Taraba, Adamawa and Gombe states in Northeastern Nigeria. The study presented in the article syntactically describes nouns and noun phrases in Dzə. In an attempt to document Dzə and taking into consideration that Dzə is an under-investigated and under-documented language, the result will provide important data to typological research and to linguists working on Adamawa languages. The study adopts a descriptive research design in collecting, describing and analyzing the data. The data was obtained from fieldwork in December 2014, personal observations of daily conversations, introspection and the Dzə Bible. In the article, a brief overview of the phonology and tone of Dzə is provided. It also shows the different kinds of nouns, pronouns and noun phrases in Dzə; simple and complex noun phrases. The language is rich in pronouns, consisting of subject pronouns, object pronouns, reflexive pronouns, interrogative pronouns and possessive pronouns. As it is with most African languages, the elements that constitute a noun phrase occur after the head noun. These elements are articles, demonstratives, possessives, adjectives, numerals, quantifiers, genitive constructions (inalienable and alienable possessives) and relative clauses. This is a preliminary study of Dzə and it is open for further research and contributions.