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Waterbirds are important indicators of wetland health, and understanding their status and trends is necessary for appropriate management and conservation. However, certain species are challenging to survey due to their sensitivity to disturbance and the difficulty of accessing their breeding habitats. This is especially true for colonially breeding marshbirds, for which a multi‐species survey protocol that maximizes accuracy of counts and minimizes disturbance does not exist. Small drone aircraft have shown promise for conducting accurate and low‐disturbance surveys of colonial waterbirds. However, complex marsh vegetation structures and the cryptic nature of some marshbird nests make them difficult to detect in aerial imagery. We used synchronous high‐resolution visible imagery (0.8–2 cm/pixel) and thermal‐infrared imagery (6–16 cm/pixel) captured from a drone to count nests of five species of marshbirds at eight colonies in Saskatchewan, Canada. We compared counts from the imagery to those obtained from traditional ground‐based surveys, generally considered the most accurate survey method for these species. The two types of imagery proved highly complementary, as heat signatures helped detect and confirm nests not easily spotted in the visible imagery, while the detailed visible imagery allowed species identification. For four species (Western Grebe Aechmophorus occidentalis, Franklin's Gull Leucophaeus pipixcan, Forster's Tern Sterna forsteri, and Black‐crowned Night‐Heron Nycticorax nycticorax), drone‐based counts (range 74–1524 nests per colony) were within 5% of ground‐based counts (range 75–1582), while for smaller Black Tern Chlidonias niger colonies (range 3–7 nests), counts from the two methods were always within one nest of each other. Furthermore, an assessment of flight behavior before, during, and after drone surveys found no significant evidence of disturbance by the drone. Our drone‐borne dual visible‐thermal camera approach proved promising for surveying colonial marshbirds and could potentially be implemented in a range of situations where wildlife subjects are difficult to survey with visible or thermal imagery alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the effect of extreme weather events on inter-province migration in Vietnam using a migration gravity model. It finds that high rainfall extremes encourage the out-migration of highly educated people but attracts the in-migration of the poorly educated. A possible reason is that high rainfall increases household income from agricultural production but reduces wage income. Thus, high rainfall extremes increase the migration of the highly educated, who mainly have salaried jobs, while attracting the poorly educated, who are mainly self-employed in agricultural work. Low temperature extremes in source provinces reduce out-migration, while low temperature extremes in destination provinces increase in-migration, possibly because very hot weather reduces wages and affect people's health, and as a result influences migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

12 Brazilian population censuses were published by IBGE, the Brazilian Statistical and Geographic Institute, between 1872 and 2010. The population figures were assigned, among other things, to territorial categories. These categories are a filter from which the geographical distribution of the population can be mapped. In the history of Brazilian censuses, we have identified three types of territorial categories: grid, place, urban/rural division. Territorial categories reveal the way a power divides and therefore takes charge of its territory. This corresponds to the relationship that the grid has with human settlements. Depending on whether the grid, the place, or the city in between takes precedence over other territorial divisions, we can characterize a state, an era, a policy. Thus, H. Le Bras has clearly demonstrated that the census was generally a showcase for the State. In this flood of statistical tables, "the only data surely used is the total population in each place". M. Foucault's panoptic state is reflected in these exhaustive tables where the entire territory is gridded: no individual leaves the net. As noted by A. Desrosières, this statistical language implies defining categories that make everything comparable. But these categories are subjective: they were invented according to the questioning of a society, a context, as C. Topalov has shown. In Brazil, for example, the grid dominates in censuses from 1872 to the present day. It is a major tool for the appropriation of the territory which endures but also adapts. Indeed, with the return of democracy in 1988, the grid became a tool for the emancipation of communities that wanted to form a municipality (municipio). A territorial division generally imposed in a "top-down" movement is then used in a reverse "bottom-up" movement. From the 1940 census onwards, the State recognized in each municipality the separation between urban and rural areas. From the 1980s onwards, and especially during the 2000 and 2010 censuses, the IBGE introduced its own territorial categories into the statistical tables, which nevertheless remained embedded in the older administrative categories. This superimposition demonstrates the recent increase in the complexity of settlement and the unsuitability of administrative categories to identify these new forms of land use. The practical problems of census organization require the definition of a fine census grid based on the identification of places, the localidades. These original census data published by the IBGE make it possible to draw up a very precise cartography of the distribution of the population. On the contrary, they show the specific objectives of the territorial categories produced by the State, at particular moments of its deployment, as well as the limits of their use for information or research purposes. Brazil is a unique and exemplary case. On one hand, the territorial categories are specific. On the other hand, all three types of categories are used by countries all over the world, not necessarily in combination and sometimes only one or two of them. Each type reveals the behavior model of a State with regard to its territory, which should be interpreted according to the specific context of each country. Moreover, regardless of the type of category favored, grid and place are inseparable. They are constantly defining and updating each other.

The rural areas of Republic of Srpska occupy about 95% of its territory and about 83% of its population. The aim of the research was to determine the differences of demographic indicators, focusing on rural areas, between the two Population Censuses, and confirm the hypothesis that human capital in the rural areas of the Republic of Srpska is a critical factor in the development of rural areas which tends to further threaten economic and social development. The paper analyzes the results of the 2013 Population Census and the 1991 Census, comparing the basic demographic indicators. The results of the analysis show loss of population, number of household members and accelerated population ageing, and decline in the number of active population. Demographic problems are equally expressed in all parts of the rural area irrespective of the population density.

Abstract Based on the Constitution, the Population Census in Austria is a matter of the central state, serving many political-administrative, planning, research, and other purposes. After its start as a systematic operation in the middle of the 18th century, it developed further by a modern legal basis in 1857 and advances in statistical technology in 1890 (punch cards) and 1971 (machine-readable questionnaires). In the second half of the 20th century, the Population Census became a comprehensive operation, including dwellings, buildings, and workplaces. The communes organized the classical method of on the spot household data collection on behalf of the state. The register-based Census replaced the household collection in 2011. Following a government decision of 2000, which aimed at the sole use of available micro-data, the first steps for creating the necessary administrative and statistical registers took place in conjunction with the last traditional census of 2001. With new provisions for linking the records, the Register Census Act of 2006, and a full test census in the same year, the new methodology was established and evaluated in a short period. The first regular Register Census “took place” with reference date 31 October 2011. It is described in the central part of this communication, featuring the advantages, strengths, and weaknesses, the backbone registers, the “comparison registers,” and the redundancy principle, which help to ensure high data quality and the fit of the census into the international framework. Current developments include the annual update of results, changes and improvements in the data sources, and a short outlook on the next census of 2021.

The article examines the share of the Russian ethnos in the ethnodemographic structure of the south of Russia for a period of 300 years, and investigates changes in the relative proportion of Russians and representatives of the titular peoples in the respective administrative units over time. The geographical scope of the study covers the North Caucasus region as well as some adjacent territories, taking into consideration the changes that occurred in Russia’s administrative division. In particular, the article is based on the materials of audits and population censuses in the Russian Empire (1897) and the USSR (1926, 1939, 1959, 1970, 1979, 1989) as well as in the Russian Federation (2002, 2010). Methodologically, the present study correlates civilizational approach theory with an empirical study of ethno-demographic processes. The authors advance the theory that civilizational ups and downs correlate with the dynamics of migration by the civilization-forming people, and with their settling in the ethnic periphery. The article argues that in the regional ethnic make-up, the share of Russians, as the civilization-forming people, reflects the region’s degree of integration in the Russian civilizational system. In particular, a clear correlation is visible between the descending phase of the Soviet project and the decrease of representatives of the Russian ethnos in the national and administrative entities of the region. Given that over centuries Russia developed as a multinational state - as a state-civilization kept together by the Russian people at its center - the authors emphasize the need to strengthen Russia’s statehood.

In the last quarter century, women’s reproductive behaviour underwent a marked change in Czechia. The 2011 census showed a fall in cohort fertility below two children per woman by the end of her reproductive span. Factors behind changes in fertility, particularly from a cohort perspective, have not been sufficiently analyzed. The aim of this article is to determine the main factors influencing cohort fertility in Czechia. The main objective is to test the impact of the most frequently discussed factors of fertility at the individual level. The analysis is based on anonymised individual-level data from the 2011 Czech Population and Housing Census. We used the method of causal modelling to monitor the impact of various factors on cohort fertility. It was confirmed, that the key factor behind fertility levels was the marital status (married women are more likely to become mothers than single women). Other important factors included woman’s income (a higher income raises the chance of remaining childless or having only one child) and achieved educational level (the level of childlessness increases as the level of education rises). Future fertility rates in Czechia will depend mainly on the extent to which university educated women will be capable to reconcile work and family life in order to fulfil their reproductive ambitions. By analysing the differences in cohort fertility among various population groups and identifying the factors that may affect fertility levels across these subpopulations, it is possible to gain a better understanding of the mechanisms behind changes of reproductive behaviour.

Introduction. Nowadays, in the modern world there is a marked tendency towards increasing mobility of the population. The problem of regular complex monitoring of migration processes is caused by the need for assimilation of representatives of the ethnic minorities arriving to the permanent residence to regions of Russia, which neither geographically, nor linguistically are areas with high concentrations of their native ethnic groups. Unfortunately, statistical information on migrants in the majority of regions is limited to the results of national population censuses. In the meantime, the lack of analytical work does not enable to solve effectively a number of essential social problems, including the field of education where teachers often face problems of training of pupils of multinational composition and have to consider a linguistic identity of ethnic minorities.The aim of the present article is to reveal and describe the principles of determination of linguistic identity of ethnic groups according to their influence on activity of subjects of education and educational policy of the region (the case study of the representatives of various ethnic groups, living in the south of the Tyumen Region, the town of Ishim).Methodology and research methods. The study was based on a comparative historical method of investigation. The main research methods involve: contentanalysis of legislative acts and documents; participant and non-participant observation over the migrants’ children during individual work on teaching the Russian and English languages; qualitative and quantitative analysis; the survey methods, including the expert questionnaires, conducted by specially developed techniques.Results and scientific novelty. The full linguistic representation of the city with the multinational population is given on the basis of the statistical data obtained from official sources and gained during the empirical research. The language strategies used by migrants are described. The complex of the principles that helps the representatives of various ethnic groups establish the linguistic identity is outlined. Positioning of linguistic self-identity is considered as the factor influencing educational activity of all its subjects. It is noted that the greatest difficulties with linguistic and social assimilation are experienced by migrants’ schoolaged children. It is shown how linguistic self-determination of school students and members of their families is related to the quality of children education at school.Practical significance. The research findings have important implications to adjust for the measures undertaken by the government for successful integration of migrants and their children into the ethnic Russian-speaking majority that is significantly important for effective functioning of the educational system.

The article considers the migration mobility in the regions of Eastern Siberia and Russian Far East. The purpose of the study is to analyze and characterize the migration mobility of the population of the Siberian Federal District (SFD) and the Far Eastern Federal District (EFD) as well as to identify the interregional migration factors that determine the geography of its directions. The main hypothesis of the study is that interregional differences in the social and economic development of regions play a primary role in the formation of the repulsive and attractive factors of migration. We used statistical analysis and mathematical methods, as well as their geographical visualization. We have analyzed data from the Rosstat databases and have shown that migration losses in the SFD regions are significantly higher than in FEFD. However, for FEFD, these losses are more significant. Therefore, poorly populated and depressive regions deserve special attention. In these regions, even minimal migration losses considerably increase socio-demographic risks. We revealed that the indigenous population prevail in these territories. At the same time, the increasing territorial mobility of native inhabitants is observed. In most of the regions, there is a low migrant’s adaptation level. We have proposed the authors’ approach to the study of migration repulsive and attractive factors. It is based on the integration of the methods of multidimensional cluster analysis and geo-information analysis. This approach has allowed to classify the Russian regions in terms of their migration attractiveness as well as to show the geography of the prevailing migration movements for each region of SFD and FEFD. The results of the study have confirmed the dependence of migration mobility on the quality of life in different regions. These data may be applied to elaborate mechanisms for an effective policy of regional socio-economic development in the country. The promising direction for the further research is the application of our method at the municipal level. It may allow structuring regional economic spaces depending on the growth poles and the periphery.

In many countries, including Ethiopia, sample surveys are designed to produce estimates of variables of interest at the national and regional levels due to cost and operational considerations. For example, household food insecurity estimates are needed down at least at the zone level in Ethiopia to offer targeted solutions. However, the sample sizes of sample surveys are often not large enough to produce reliable estimates at the small area (zone) level. This paper remedies some of these shortcomings by estimating household food insecurity in each zone of Ethiopia by linking data from the 2015/16 welfare and monitoring survey and the 2007 population census using a small area estimation (SAE) approach. The results show the zonal level household food insecurity estimates generated by SAE were more efficient and precise compared to the survey-based estimates. Besides, accurate and cost-effective food insecurity statistics at the zonal level were produced without more resources through combining the available data sources. Finally, zonal level household food insecurity estimates could be the recommended tools for monitoring the progress of sustainable development goals (SDGs) in Ethiopia. Because, in the final 2030 Agenda, SDG 2 concentrates entirely on food security, recognizing much of its complex and multi-faceted nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Policymakers and healthcare service managers demand reliable, accurate and disaggregated information about child deaths at the sub-national level to plan and monitor healthcare service delivery and health outcomes. In support of this demand, this research aimed at providing reliable local municipality estimates of the under-5 mortality rate (U5MR) in South Africa. The paper used a small area estimation approach to improve the precision of local municipality estimates of U5MR by linking data from the 2016 Community Survey (CS) and the 2011 Population Census (PC). The diagnostic measures and validation of the reliability of the results showed that the local municipality estimates of U5MR produced by small area estimation are more efficient and precise than direct estimates of U5MR based only on the CS data. Further, accurate and cost-effective local municipality estimates of U5MR were produced without the need for more resources through combining the available data sources. This was achievable since the research did not require a separate survey for this purpose. The results can be used to monitor U5MR at the local level in South Africa since they link directly with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Estudios Demográficos y Urbanos is the property of El Colegio de Mexico AC and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Gentoo penguins (Pygoscelis papua) have a widespread breeding distribution across the sub-Antarctic and Antarctic. Population trends vary across their range, with increases recorded in the Antarctic and Atlantic sectors of the Southern Ocean, while other sub-Antarctic populations are decreasing. Macquarie Island is the only breeding site for gentoo penguins in the Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean and one of just two breeding sites within Australian territories. Eight island-wide censuses were undertaken between 1984 and 2017 to estimate the number of breeding pairs, with a follow-up chick census conducted in four years to calculate breeding success. The most recent census in 2017 recorded the fewest breeding pairs since counts began, with 2527 ± 66 gentoo pairs island wide. However, breeding success was the highest recorded at 0.99 chicks per nest. Trends in sub-populations around the island differed. However, island-wide breeding pairs have decreased by − 1.8 ± 0.4% per annum over the past 34 years, particularly driven by breeding colonies in the east-coast section of the island. This overall negative trend differs from the currently stable global trend, but mirrors what is happening in some other parts of the species' sub-Antarctic range. We suggest based on a 50% decrease in breeding pairs over the species' last three generations, and a lack of recent data from Heard Island, Australia's other gentoo penguin breeding site, the species be considered for listing under the Australian Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses announcements, news and opinion columns printed in the newspapers of the non-Muslim communities on 1927, 1932, 1940 and 1945 censuses conducted in the Single Party period during the nation-state building process in Turkey. Within the scope of the research, newspapers published in the three months before, during and after the censuses were examined. In the newspapers examined, more than five hundred announcements, news and columns were analysed using the qualitative content analysis method. When we evaluate all the census years together, we see that the newspapers have fulfilled their functions as a significant element of the census propaganda. The main perspective of the newspapers amalgamates minority populations in the common denominator of the citizens of Turkey and represents them as an invisible multiplier of Turkey's total population where their ethnic differences become insignificant as equal citizens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Osmanlı Araştırmaları is the property of Turkiye Diyanet Foundation Centre for Islamic Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The 100th anniversary of the Treaty of Trianon is a good opportunity to overview the past hundred years' tradition that has left its mark on contemporary statistics. In housing statistics, however, not only the geographical framework (the country's boundaries) can be linked to this date. The conceptual framework that was/is fundamental in national housing censuses and still allows us to produce and publish long-term retrospective, comparable time series, was established at the time of the 1920 population census. The study does not provide a comprehensive historical overview of the topic. It only aims to give an account of the collective memories preserved by generations of statisticians working in this field, and show their prevailing links to the actual practice of housing statistics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Social Sciences & Philosophy is the property of Research Center for Humanities & Social Sciences, Academia Sinica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article describes the stages of creation by the playwright, director and actors for the purpose of creating the documentary performance MI(N)ORITY . The actors describe ideological conflicts, discrimination cases, anti-Semitic prejudices, xenophobic and racist ideas in a society that claims to be democratic, but also the life stories of representatives of ethnic communities who have integrated into social life; the cultural diversity in Moldova, the specifics and traditions of the ethnic groups in the country. MI(N)ORITY is one of the first steps of the Moldovan theatre approaching ethnic minority issues, based on interviews with their representatives.

The historical dynamics of the population and changes in settlement of one of the local groups of Yakutia Evens - lamunkhintsy - is considered. The author emphasizes that the territory of residence of this group of the Evens is one of the few areas of settlement of Yakutia Evens, where the traditional culture and native language is still preserved. It is reported that currently the boundary of the settlement of this ethnic group is limited by the administrative border of the municipality “Lamynkhinsky national nasleg” of Kobyaysky District of Sakha Republic (Yakutia). The novelty of the study is in determining the number of the Even population in the target group on the basis of previously unclaimed primary sources, census of the population of Yakutia and documents of the regional archives. Features of settlement of this group of the Evens are characterized according to the census of the population in 1926-1927 and 1939 due to the lack of information on the number of lamynkhinsky Evens for this period in Russian historiography. The causes of fluctuations in population and changes of the territory occupied by the local group of the Evens in the 20th - early 21st century are identified. The article presents the results of the project No. 17-11-14003 supported by the Russian Humanitarian Scientific Fund.

Livestock is a subsector of Pakistan agriculture which contributes approximately 56% of value addition in agriculture and nearly 11% to the gross domestic product (GDP). Livestock production makes a major contribution to agriculture value added services. In order to highlight the actual performance of livestock production and livestock and poultry products, the study explored the relationship between agricultural GDP and livestock product output, including milk, beef, mutton, poultry meat, eggs, wool, hair, skins, hides and bones, in Pakistan over the 35 year period from 1980 to 2015. Time series data were collected from the National Food Security and Research, the Economic Survey of Pakistan and the Pakistan Bureau of Statistics (various publications). Livestock data were analysed using the ordinary least squares (OLS) method and the Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test, and the results were interpreted using the Johansen co-integration test. Our study found that the output of milk, fat, eggs, bones and mutton has a positive, significant relationship to the agricultural GDP of Pakistan, while the output of beef, poultry meat, wool, hair, skins and hides has a negative, insignificant relationship to the agricultural GDP of Pakistan. Therefore, the study suggests that the government of Pakistan initiates new funding schemes for the development of the livestock sector.

This article studies the process of the configuration of census statistics in the first half of the 20th century in Colombia. It indicates the singularities of the production and uses of these figures, and describes the problems that the Colombian state faced in producing scientifically reliable demographic statistics, as an imperative of modernity. Analysis of the documentation showed that the censuses of 1905, 1912 and 1918 aimed mainly to quantify the male population who had the right to vote and were fit for military service. It also showed the administrative weakness of the official statistics services and the participation of international experts in the elaboration of subsequent censuses.

The Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) is, with INEGI in Mexico are the only ones in the world to claim the "geography". But is it a scientific guarantee for researchers who implement local census data? The large number of territorial categories of official statistics of present-day Brazil reveals a great wealth of data, provided they are not considered as a "turnkey" material for research.From a pre-statistical European model inherited from the colonial period, to the rationality of the state, then to the liberal and post-modern context that spread in the globalized world, the IBGE categories reveal the paradoxes due to the superposition of different points of view on how to characterize the urban space. This translates into difficulties in understanding and using aggregated population data on official spatial and urban categories. The avatars of the current situation are symptomatic of the paradigm of complexity that increasingly influences the quantitative approach in the social sciences and more generally reflects a break between citizens, policies and the logic of experts. Based on an in-depth analysis of territorial categories produced by the IBGE, the article uses these sources to understand the criteria that prevail in the divisions of space and in the definition of the urban space by the institution in order to assess the interest and limitations of using these sources of information. This analysis should allow a better understanding and better use of the rich dataset spread by the national statistical services.

Management of colonial waterbirds at regional, national, and continental scales requires up-to-date monitoring information on breeding locations, population sizes, and trends. The large lakes of southern Manitoba, Canada (Winnipeg, Winnipegosis, and Manitoba), and the inter-lake region host nationally and continentally significant populations of colonial waterbirds, but the area has been surveyed only irregularly in the past. We conducted surveys in 2017 to produce updated information on population abundance and trends for the six most abundant species breeding on the lakes: Ring-billed Gull (Larus delawarensis), Herring Gull (Larus argentatus), Caspian Tern (Hydroprogne caspia), Common Tern (Sterna hirundo), Double-crested Cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus), and American White Pelican (Pelecanus erythrorhynchos). We also examined the relationship between lake water levels and breeding pair abundance on Lake Winnipegosis. All species but American White Pelicans showed declines in recent years, and most notably populations of Caspian Tern and Common Tern were as low as or only just above 1970s levels, respectively. Higher water levels were associated with fewer breeding pairs of colonial waterbirds. The effects of water regulation in this region on colonial waterbirds and their habitat warrants further research, as does the degree to which the species use smaller lakes spread throughout the western boreal forest for breeding, especially during high water years on the lakes in southern Manitoba.

Copyright of Qing History Journal is the property of Renmin University of China, Institute of Qing History and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Road networks threaten biodiversity and particularly herpetofauna, including common snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina), which have an especially slow life history that prevents rapid recovery of populations subjected to road mortality. Cootes Drive is a 2.5-km 4-lane highway that bisects wetland habitat used for nesting and overwintering by snapping turtles. We hypothesized that turtle mortality from collisions with vehicles on Cootes Drive has caused a male bias and a decline in the population as turtles attempt to access habitat on both sides of the road. Capture–mark–recapture studies confirmed a dramatic decline in the turtle population from 941 individuals in 1985 to 177 individuals in 2002, a loss of 764 individuals in only 17 yrs. Using the same data, we also determined that the population has been significantly male-biased since 1985. Using 2009–2016 road mortality data obtained from the Dundas Turtle Watch (a citizen-science program), we completed a population viability analysis using the 2002 population size estimate to isolate the impact of road mortality. We found that this population is at risk of extirpation due to road mortality. The population range overlapped with the Cootes Drive and 7 of the 10 tracked turtles had individual home ranges that overlapped with the road. Our findings support the hypothesis that road mortality has contributed to the dramatic decline in the snapping turtle population in Cootes Paradise Marsh. This population is in jeopardy of extirpation; therefore, exclusion fencing must be installed for an extended distance along both sides of surrounding roads to prevent turtles from crossing the road and to promote their use of existing aquatic culverts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

South American fur seals (Arctocephalus australis) are widely distributed, yet surprisingly little is known about their ecology. In particular, population data are sparse and outdated for many breeding locations, including the Falkland Islands. Data deficiency impedes the development of coherent conservation and management strategies.To address knowledge gaps, for the first time since 1965 an archipelago‐wide census of South American fur seals breeding at the Falkland Islands was undertaken, which provided the first pup abundance estimate since 1926 – data that are critical for assessing population trends.In total, 36,425 South American fur seal pups were counted at the Falkland Islands in 2018, a greater than four‐fold increase since the last census, and far greater than the 7,990 pups counted in Uruguay, which was presumed to be the largest South American fur seal population in the world. Hence, based on pup abundance, the Falkland Islands is presently the largest population of South American fur seals, even when considering a correction factor of 3.9 that was applied to pup counts in Uruguay, which yielded an estimated 31,160 pups.The results redefine South American fur seal abundance, the contribution of breeding locations (Falkland Islands, Uruguay, Argentina, Chile) and the distribution of breeding colonies at the Falkland Islands, which has far reaching implications for conservation and management. In particular, the present study has effectively doubled the Atlantic population size of the species, which is now estimated to comprise about 76,000 pups, of which the Falkland Islands accounts for 48% and Uruguay 41%. Accordingly, changes in the number of South American fur seals breeding at the Falkland Islands will influence the global population trends and conservation status of the species. Monitoring South American fur seals breeding at the Falkland Islands is therefore crucial to understand the impacts of anthropogenic pressures, such as fisheries, and to inform management and conservation policy. The results provide a baseline from which to measure changes in abundance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, with the increasingly coordinated development of regions, the study of population urbanization also urgently needs to be carried out from a broad regional perspective. Focusing on the three core issues of new urbanization, mamely, people, land, and property, the social, spatial, and economic attributes on population mobility are derived. Based on a comparison of the advantages and disadvantages of commonly used data methods in urbanization analysis, this paper constructs a new conceptual model for population urbanization in different scales with multi-source data. Using the census and survey data, mobile phone data, and enterprise registration data, the conceptual model is applied to an empirical study of urban dense areas-Yangzhou city and shows strong applicability, based on migration flow analysis, location identification, and enterprise headquarters- branch network analysis methods. The results show that: (1) At the regional level, due to the factors such as the threshold of settlement, family rights, and social security, population mobility is more cautious than capital flows. And it is compliant with the administrative district economy and urban hierarchy system. (2) At the municipal level, because the central city has greater advantages than the villages and towns, in terms of public service facilities and income levels, the urbanization form is mainly manifested in the direct connection between urban and rural areas, while the radiating and absorbing effects of key towns for population and enterprises are not strong. (3) In the era of ecological civilization, places with beautiful scenery, profound history, and rich cultural heritage are the natural soil for new economy. And the new economy has become a powerful engine for new urbanization in the late-developing areas. Yangzhou has a pleasant ecological environment and profound cultural atmosphere, which is the natural advantage and foundation of developing new types of economy. It needs to develop industrial platform, innovative environment, and innovation system to jointly create a comprehensive advantage of new economic development. Empirical research shows that the conceptual model has good applicability. It can identify the main pattern of economic and social linkages scientifically, reveal the intensive communicating area in town cluster region, and play a supporting role in delimiting urban development boundaries and optimizing the spatial pattern of land. Therefore, this model has a strong reference value for the study of regional coordination of territorial spatial plan at city and county level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China's 55 non-Han ethnic minority groups were at least in part politically and institutionally 'invented' by China's ethnic classification project, and also through the effects of the system of continuous population census. This paper investigates population change of the non-Han ethnic minorities (NHEMs) over the past six decades. The number of NHEMs as a whole tripled from 1953 to 2010. However, growth has differed among individual groups and in different time periods. The population of some groups has fluctuated while that of others has grown steadily, regardless of the size of the groups. As a whole, since 2000 the growth rate of NHEMs has been lower than that of the Han Chinese, and the population of 13 NHEM groups has begun to decline. A growing number of people belonging to ethnic minorities have switched their ethnic identities to Han. This has especially been the case for NHEM youth. The change in ethnic minority populations has been influenced by dynamic interactions among demographic factors, ethnic identification as well as political, economic and policy changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, Maduo county, the source region of the Yellow River, was selected as the research area. In 2017, UAV aerial survey was used to estimate the population of the blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur) and its distribution. The effective area of aerial surveys was 326.6 km2, and 23784 images were acquired. The population in the survey transect was 203, which was identified visually on computer monitors by human observers, and the density was 0.6215/ km2. A total of 12 groups of blue sheep were found in the transects, of which 6 groups had a cluster size of 2-10, accounting for 50% of the total. Estimation of population of blue sheep in Maduo county was 8968, which was based on the relationship of different types of grassland area between transects and the whole county. In this way, the area of non- vegetation types (such as bare stone gravel, water bodies, glaciers, towns, high- speed and national roads) is deducted, and the influence of human disturbance is considered. This avoided overestimation of the blue sheep population. The relationship between the distribution density of blue sheep and ecological factors of habitat was analyzed. Results show that blue sheep preferred an area within 1 km from rural settlements, 3 km away from roads, 1-3 km from water sources, within 200 m from the cliff and with an elevation of 4100-4200 m, vegetation coverage of 0-0.4, slope over 5° , vegetation type of Stipa purpurea + Subordinate grass and Kobresia pygmaea. The environmental factors of the blue sheep habitat may have a correlation with each other, in order to identify the environmental factors that have a major impact on the choice of habitat, and describe the preference more accurately, principal component analysis was carried out. The results showed that altitude, distance from the road and distance from the cliff were the main environmental factors affecting the choice of habitat of blue sheep. In this study, a UAV aerial sampling survey was conducted to estimate the population and density of the blue sheep in the study county. Aided by ArcGIS, the habitat was analyzed. The combination of 3S technology and wildlife surveys provides a new idea for the research on wildlife in the Tibetan Plateau. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From 2018 onward, the population census in Italy will leave the traditional "door-to-door" enumeration for a "register-based" system combining administrative data and surveys. An integrated system of registers makes it possible to identify patterns and groups among huge amounts of administrative data. The Italian National Institute of Statistics (Istat) carried out a trial to compute the usually resident population by using administrative data and identify patterns, leading to classify individuals and constitute groups, in order to prepare the register-based census. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presented are the results from analyzing the dynamics of the ethnic mosaic index of the Russian regions between the population censuses of 1959 and 2010, with a division into two periods: the late Soviet period (until 1989) and the post-Soviet era. In the late Soviet period, the growth of polyethnicity embraced 55% of the regions of the RSFSR. They were mostly Russian regions that experienced an influx of migrants mainly from Ukraine and Belarus as well as from other Union Republics and a number of national autonomies of Russia. Already then most of the autonomous republics showed a tendency for an increase in the share of the population of titular enthnicity. In the post-Soviet period, in spite of the ongoing decline in the Russian population in Russia, most regions of the country (71%) experienced a decree of the degree of homogeneity of the ethnic composition of the population. This category included many "Russian" regions where a markedly reduced share of the Russian and Belarusian population was never compensated for by the influx of migrants from North Caucasus and the Baltics and the CIS. From the previously extensive territorial massif with increasing polyethnicity in the center of the European part of the country there were only a few regions left in the post-Soviet period, which formed a ring around Moscow. In this situation, Moscow itself began to play the assimilation function with respect to foreign-language-speaking migrants of the Soviet and post-Soviet periods. Most of the national republics showed a steady increase in the share of titular ethnic groups, including the indrawal of a given ethnic group to within the boundaries of the autonomy accompanied by an outflow of Russians. Only in a few republics (Karelia, Komi, Udmurtia and Khakassia) and a number of autonomous okrugs) did the proportion of the Russian population increase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poverty rate calculations are often based on household surveys that exclude some of the groups most vulnerable to poverty such as the homeless. This paper documents the nature of the excluded groups and the quantitative importance of their omission for the Czech Republic. Our study combines European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions data for 2011 with information from the 2011 Population Census. Our preferred estimate indicates an increase in the poverty rate by almost one percentage point. The paper contributes to accurately identifying the most vulnerable members of the society, which is essential for setting effective social policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I examine the evolution of parental gender preferences in Argentina (i.e., parents who prefer a certain gender composition in their children). To do this, I use census microdata that spans the 19th, 20th, and 21st centuries. The estimation strategy exploits the plausibly random assignment in the gender of children. The results show a persistent preference for a mixed gender composition (i.e., having at least one boy and one girl) instead of children of the same gender. This translates into an increase in the probability of having a third child, conditional on already having two children of between 9%−23% for those couples who have children of the same gender -in relation to couples with children of opposite genders-. These preferences are heterogeneous over time and have important implications in terms of fertility (i.e., the reduction of these mixed gender preferences -in favor of greater gender-neutrality- could contribute to reducing the number of children per couple). In addition, the findings of this work support the empirical literature that uses the gender composition of the first two children as an instrumental variable to study the impact of fertility on labor participation. • In this paper I examine the evolution of parental gender preferences in Argentina • I use census microdata that spans the 19th, 20th, and 21st centuries. The estimation strategy exploits the random assignment in the gender of children. • The results show a persistent preference for a mixed gender composition (i.e., having at least one boy and one girl). • This translates into an increase in the probability of having a third child, conditional on already having two children of between 9%−23%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Detecting and predicting how populations respond to environmental variability are crucial challenges for their conservation. Knowledge about the abundance and distribution of the emperor penguin is far from complete despite recent information from satellites. When exploring the locations where emperor penguins breed, it is apparent that their distribution is circumpolar, but with a few gaps between known colonies. The purpose of this paper is therefore to identify those remaining areas where emperor penguins might possibly breed. Using the locations of emperor penguin breeding colonies, we calculated the separation distance between each pair of geographically adjacent colonies. Based on mean separation distances between colonies following a circumpolar distribution, and known foraging ranges, we suggest that there may yet be six undiscovered breeding locations with half of these in Eastern and the remainder in Western Antarctica. Productivity in these regions suggests that food resources are likely to sustain emperor penguin populations. Our analysis highlights a fundamental requirement, that in order to predict how species might respond to regional climate change, we must better understand their biogeography and the factors that lead to their occupation of particular sites. Regarding emperor penguins, remote sensing should target the identified gaps apparently devoid of penguins in order to update the total number of colonies, to re-evaluate both the regional and global population of emperor penguins, and to gain a better understanding of their biogeography.

Nowadays, traditional population censuses based on total enumeration of the population are being accompanied by sample surveys. Sampling within censuses allows to reduce costs and workload of authorities involved in censuses operations, along with the statistical burden for the people involved in the enumeration. In this paper, we deal with estimation of multi-way contingency tables involving variables measured both via census and sampling. In this framework, two main issues need to be addressed: first of all, sample size for estimating some of the entries of the contingency tables may be too small, delivering estimates prone to huge sampling variability. On the other hand, since estimates of the joint distribution need to be coherent with the marginal distribution of the variable collected via a census, estimation methods need to be coherent with the constraint imposed by marginal distribution of variables measured via census. The problem is tackled via a model-based approach that allows to comply with all coherence constraints following a fairly simple procedure. The merit of the proposed methodology is illustrated by means of a simulation study.