Search

There is a growing interest to document and better understand patterns and processes involved in non-native bee introductions and subsequent colonization of new areas worldwide. We studied the spread of the East Asian bee Megachile sculpturalis in Serbia and southeastern Europe; the bee was earlier established in the USA (since 1994) and western Europe (since 2008). Its establishment in Serbia remained dubious throughout most of 2017–2019, following the first detection. We herewith report about its establishment and spreading, that was corroborated in 2019 under specific circumstances. Owing to the exceptionally poor blooming of Styphnolobium japonicum, we recorded high activity density of M. sculpturalis concentrated on a scarce key food resource. We presented a novel quantitative approach for the improved early detection of M. sculpturalis, based on the interplay between the bee's local occurence pattern and dynamics of key food-plant(s) availability. The approach seems particularly effective, during the early-phase colonization, at initially low population density of introduced bees. We addressed the importance of integration of the genuine plant usage patterns with context-specific bee assessment options, for establishing the effective monitoring. Yet, no comprehensive approach exists for the effective quantification of its wider spatial trends, various interactions and their effects; hence, further research is needed for evaluation of bee's invasiveness potential. Our improved understanding of M. sculpturalis local dynamics and detectability triggered an extension of the study scope to the regional-scale context: the early colonization of SE-Europe. With a more insightful interpretation of M. sculpturalis introduction into Serbia, we suggest that a diffusive mode of spreading now seems the more plausible scenario (than the seemingly more likely long-distance jump). The two-scale study outcomes further advanced the evidence base and relevant efforts for the development of standardized monitoring protocols.

Human, mammalian, brain development is a very complex process and starts shortly after gastrulation. Human in vitro models for brain development as well as pathological changes were published in last few years, eliminating the ethical concerns that accompany the study of aborted foetal material. One of the recent approaches is the development of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology and different types of organoids, which can be applied to any species. In our previous work we developed iPSCs from an adult individual with constitutional mosaicism for Down Syndrome (DS) (1). From those iPSCs, cerebral organoids were grown and corticogenesis and Alzheimer-like pathology in vitro were studied (2). Mixed cerebral (2), as well as midbrain (unpublished) organoids were grown in vitro from the isogenic, trisomic and disomic iPSCs. Organoids were analysed histologically by IMARIS software. Foetal human brains were stained with the same combinations of antibodies and the data were compared. Anonymized post-mortem brain samples were obtained from the Brain Bank of the Croatian Institute for Brain Research (CIBR). Isogenic cerebral organoids expressed the markers of all six cortical layers (Reelin, FOXG1, SATB2, TBR1, Ctip2 and Brn2) after 100 days differentiation in vitro (DIV). At the early time point of DIV30 the majority of cells were Nestin, SOX2, PAX6 positive. At that time point neurogenesis had already started, so we observed TRBR2, DCX, MAP2 and TUBB3 positive cells in disomic and trisomic organoids. Following further neuronal differentiation of cerebral organoids we observed decreased number of neural stem cells and increased number of neuronal markers specific for all six layers. On the other hand, midbrain organoids expressed markers specific for midbrain. At the early time points midbrain organoids expressed neuronal stem cells markers, similar to cerebral organoids, but with organoid maturation we found midbrain specific cells such as NURR1 and OTX2 specific for the early stages, and later Dopamine β Hydroxylase, NET and TH. Finally, all those markers were compared with expression in foetal human brain from individuals with Down Syndrome as well as euploid controls age, sex and brain region matched. Our data showed that isogenic cerebral organoids grown from iPSCs are good tool for multidisciplinary studies. In our group we study corticogenesis, synaptogenesis, pathology and possible drug treatments.

Zadovoljstvo (ἡδονή) se kod epikurejaca i stoika tumači na različite načine, što ujedno predstavlja i najznačajniju tačku neslaganja između ove dve hele­ nističke škole mišljenja, posebno ukoliko govorimo o njihovim etičkim pozicijama. Imajući u vidu da zadovoljstvo može da proistekne i iz određenih društvenih odnosa (i uloga), ovde se u kraćim crtama ispituje stoičko i epikurejsko shvatanje prijateljstva i braka, odnosno političkog delanja – ukazivanjem na sličnosti, ali i razlike koje mogu da se povuku između ove dve helenističke škole. Epicureans and Roman Stoics interpreted pleasure (ἡδονή) differently from each other: for the Epicureans, pleasure was the ultimate good, while most Stoics perceived pleasure as something indifferent. This difference in understanding of pleasure is the crucial point of a disagreement between these two Hellenistic schools of philosophy, in particular if we consider their ethics. This paper examines this difference and highli ghts the significant similarities between the Roman Stoic and the Epicurean positions. Further, it briefly explores the Epicurean and the Roman Stoic understanding of social relations and philosophers’ role in politics and society.

Objectives: To describe neuronal differentiation from the disomic (D21) and trisomic (T21) isogenic human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and neural stem cells (NSCs) derived from persons with partial and full trisomy 21, and mosaic Down syndrome (DS). Methods: NSC were generated form the isogenic iPSCs following published protocol (1) and expanded in our laboratory. NSCs, between passage 5 and 10 were seeded on the commercially available mouse astrocytes and differentiated to the mature neurons 100 days in vitro (DIV) (2). Moreover, cerebral organoids were generated following published protocol (3) with our modification (4) and fixed at 30, 50, 70 and 100 DIV and analysed by immunohistochemistry. Results: In our previous work we published neuronal differentiation from EBs D3 and 47-1 (5). Here we find that Tubb3 positive cells show a specific neuronal phenotype. Disomic cells showed normal neuronal morphology, on the other hand trisomic cells showed a very specific cellular dysmorphology: neurons were smaller, shorter with thicker processes, and abnormal branching patterns. The same pattern we have observed in neurons derived form iPSCs in monolayer as well as in cerebral organoids. Both, neurons in monolayer, as well as in cerebral organoids expressed all neuronal markers: pan neuronal markers (Dcx, MAP2. Tubb3, SMI, 3R-Tau) and cortical layer specific markers (Reelen, Brn2, Ctip2, SATB2, TBR1 and TBR2). Conclusion: Trisomic cells could differentiate to mature, synaptic active neurons but morphology of trisomic cells shows a unique and specific dysmorphology pattern.

Globalno zatopljenje predstavlja direktnu i indirektnu prijetnju preživljavanju mnogih živih bića na zemlji. Uz direktne prijetnje koje donose prirodne katastrofe koje prate klimatske promjene poput uragana, tsunamija, poplava i suša, tu je i vrlo značajan utjecaj toplinskog stresa. Konji čija je sezona razmnožavanja direktno povezana s toplijim dijelom godine i sezonom najduljih dana, nalaze se pred fiziološkim izazovom. Njihova zona komfora je do 25°C a dobro podnose temperature do 30°C. Donedavno su temperature iznad 25°C tijekom 24 i više sati u umjerenom pojasu bile iznimna a danas su česta pojava. Stoga je vrlo vjerojatno da će razmnožavanje konja kao vrste u uvjetima globalnog zatopljenja predstavljati sve veći izazov kojem nije moguće doskočiti niti metodama asistirane reprodukcije jer je utjecaj toplinskog stresa na rasplođivanje konja kompleksan i sveobuhvatan.

Citizen science, a practice of public participation in scientific projects, is popular in Western countries, however, it is still a relatively novel approach in Southeast Europe. In this region, citizen science can be a useful tool for increasing the understanding of alien species. One such species is the sculptured resin bee, Megachile sculpturalis, a putatively invasive alien pollinator native to East Asia. It was introduced to France in 2008, from where it quickly spread across West and Central Europe. However, our knowledge of its eastern distribution is scarce since it is based mostly on isolated findings. We combined citizen science and data extraction from online sources (e.g., naturalist’s databases and social media) covering 6 years, and 3 years of targeted floral resource monitoring in the search for M. sculpturalis across regions of southeastern Europe. We collected presence data and information on M. sculpturalis abundances across an urban-rural gradient from eight countries: Hungary, Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Romania, Bulgaria, and the region of the Crimean Peninsula. We present the first country records for Romania, Bulgaria, and Montenegro, identify the dynamic expansion front in southern Serbia and provide new southernmost occurrences in Southeast Europe. We also collected data on species ecology (e.g., phenology, pollen/nectar sources, nest characteristics) and gathered evidence of reproducing populations of this species across the studied region. Citizen science data provided a five times larger spatial coverage, including recordings from remote locations, than the data collected by expert field surveys and provided critical additional data about the species biology, thanks to exceptionally engaged participants. We emphasize the importance of close collaboration between regional scientist teams and citizen participants and the benefits of this approach for monitoring a species with a continent-wide spread potential.

The lungs were divided into lobes based to the branching pattern of the principal bronchus. In the dog, the left and right lung have a cranial and a caudal lobe. In addition, the right lung possesses a middle and an accessory lobe. During the study of the canine thoracic cavity, we observed an unusual lung morphology and suspected an anatomical variation. In 2022, we dissected 20 formalin-fixed carnivores during the gross anatomy course at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of the University of Zagreb. One adult female, middle-sized crossbreed dog showed unusual lung morphology. These lungs were eviscerated, photographed and gross morphology was described. X-rays and CT scans were taken prior to the injection of silicon into the lumen of the bronchial tree. The pulmonary parenchyma was dissected and a silicon cast of the bronchial tree was produced. Bilaterally, the lungs appeared to lack the typical canine lobation due to poorly expressed interlobar fissures and fused interlobar surfaces. However, lobar margins were clearly visible under the pulmonary pleura. Along the dorsal edge, short interlobar fissures were expressed between the cranial and caudal lobe of both sides leading towards small interlobar surfaces only approximately 3 cm in size. Ventrally to these interlobar surfaces small pocket-like structures were developed. X-rays and CT scans showed a standard pulmonary structure. During dissection, the interlobar surfaces separated after firm pressure onto the pulmonary parenchyma. The silicon cast of the bronchial tree showed a typical canine branching. In the studied dog, we suspected that the pulmonary pleura covered interlobar fissures and fused the lobes giving the impression of only one lobe developed per lung. However, imaging techniques, dissection and casting proved a typical canine lobation and a standard branching of the bronchial tree. We speculate that the extreme fusion of interlobar surfaces was due to postmortal changes and the conservation process ; however, we cannot exclude any pathological causes. Since 1967, our department is involved in studies of anatomical variations (1, 2, 3) in order to contribute to the clinical knowledge, which is required for accurate interpretation of imaging techniques and during surgical procedures.

Megachile sculpturalis is the first non-native bee species established in Europe, originating from E-Asia. Since early detections in SW-Europe (2008���2010) its spreading resulted in a range currently spanning nearly 2,800 km x 1,100 km across the southern and central Europe. In SE-Europe establishment was confirmed since 2015 in NE-Hungary, followed by detection in N-Serbia (2017), and wider spreading across the eastern Pannonian Plain (2018���2019); eventually it was detected in NW-Bosnia & Herzegovina (2020). Accordingly, the repeated calls for monitoring of M. sculpturalis spread were voiced, aiming to address its potential invasiveness, but mostly lacking a more specific assessment protocol. A 'working concept' for a comprehensive monitoring of M. sculpturalis was proposed within the survey conducted in Belgrade (Serbia) during 2017���2019, based on quantitative assessment of bee population trends in relation to focal plant resources. There was a need to improve and broaden this initial framework, e.g., to allow for different spatio-temporal scales and various potential usage requirements. Therefore, in 2020 we considerably extended the research scope, defined at two spatial scales: LOCAL, for the Belgrade area ��� the continuation of protocol development, through a high-intensity assessment of M. sculpturalis abundance, bionomics, and distribution, in parallel with assessment of extended set of relevant plants (and potential bee-plant interactions); REGIONAL, a survey covering the bee spreading across Serbia and Bosnia & Herzegovina, aiming to provide a reference time-section in expanding SE-European front, while also extending the knowledge of its environmental affinities. The study included the launching of a pioneering citizen science project, which enabled a remarkable geographic coverage despite modest return of positive reports. The Belgrade-scale survey yielded a modest increase in recorded locations, relative to 2019, but the recording efficiency was decreased, despite a much intensified surveying efforts and extended coverage. This corroborated the importance of inter-seasonal variation of key food resources, which affects both the population dynamics and detectability of this bee, through alternating concentration and dilution effects. We confirmed the strong association of detection success with availability and variability of blooming Styphnolobium, at both scales, indicating the highest relevance of inclusion of this plant into monitoring assessment protocols. The established phenological extent of M. sculpturalis activity (>70 days) also closely corresponded with the phenology of Styphnolobium blooming; yet it does not represent the entire phenological span for the region. Almost no record came from surveying other plants. The regional expansion of M. sculpturalis during 2017���2020 is documented from 19 wider locations (16 added in 2020). It is particularly well established in the Pannonian, and to a lesser extent in peri-Pannonian area of Serbia and B&H, while the approximated range extent was likely doubled during 2019���2020. Further south records were scarce, indicating the slower expansion across the hilly-mountainous part of the Balkans. Records largely came from urban or other settlements, only about a third from semi-natural or agricultural environments., {"references":["Aguado, O., Hernández-Castellano, C., Bassols, E., Miralles, M., Navarro, D., Stefanescu, C., & Vicens, N. (2018). Megachile (Callomegachile) sculpturalis Smith, 1853 (Apoidea: Megachilidae): a new exotic species in the Iberian Peninsula, and some notes about its biology. Butlletí de la Institució Catalana d'Història Natural, 82, 157-162. Aizen, M. A., Arbetman, M. P., Chacoff, N. P., Chalcoff, V. R., Feinsinger, P., Garibaldi, L. A., Harder, L. D., Morales, C. L., Sáez, A., & Vanbergen, A. J. (2020). Invasive bees and their impact on agriculture. [Chapter 2] In Bohan, D. A. & Vanbergen, A. J. (Eds.), The future of agricultural landscapes, Part I. Advances in Ecological Research, 63, 49-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.aecr.2020.08.001 Aizen, M. A., Morales, C. L., Vázquez, D. P., Garibaldi, L. A., Sáez, A., & Harder, L. D. (2014). When mutualism goes bad: density-dependent impacts of introduced bees on plant reproduction. New Phytologist, 204(2), 322-328. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.12924 Amiet, F. (2012). Kurzbeitrag Die Blattschneiderbiene Megachile sculpturalis Smith, 1853 (Hymenoptera, Apidae) nun auch in der Schweiz. Entomo Helvetica, 5, 157-159. Andrieu-Ponel, V., Ponel, P., Le Féon, V., Geslin, B., & Duvallet, G. (2018). À propos du comportement de butinage de Megachile sculpturalis Smith, 1853, en France méditerranéenne (Nîmes et Montpellier) (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae). Bulletin de la Société entomologique de France, 123(1), 49-54. https://doi.org/10.32475/bsef_1984 Ascher, J. S., & Pickering, J. (2020). Megachile sculpturalis Smith, 1853. In: Discover Life bee species guide and world checklist (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Anthophila). Retrieved from: https://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20q?search=Megachile+sculpturalis#Hosts [Accessed on: April 2021]. Batra, S. W. T. (1998). Biology of the giant resin bee, Megachile sculpturalis Smith, a conspicuous new immigrant in Maryland. Maryland Naturalist, 42(1-2), 1-3. Bertelsmeier, C., & Keller, L. (2018). Bridgehead effects and role of adaptive evolution in invasive populations. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 33(7), 527-534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2018.04.014 Bila Dubaić, J., & Lanner, J. (2021). Megachile sculpturalis (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae): a valuable study organism for invasive pollinators and the role of beekeepers in ongoing monitoring programs. Bee World, 98(3), 78-82. https://doi.org/10.1080/0005772x.2021.1940580 Bila Dubaić, J., Plećaš, M., Raičević, J., Lanner, J., & Ćetković, A. (2021 [in rev.]). Early-phase colonization by introduced sculptured resin bee (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Megachile sculpturalis) revealed by local floral resources variability. Bortolotti, L., Luthi, F., Flaminio, S., Bogo, G., & Sgolastra, F. (2018). First record of the Asiatic bee Megachile disjunctiformis in Europe. Bulletin of Insectology, 71(1), 143-149. Ćetković, A., & Plećaš, M. (2017). Dalje širenje alohtone azijske pčele u Evropi: prvi nalaz Megachile sculpturalis na Balkanu. Paper presented at the XI Simpozijum entomologa Srbije 2017, Goč, Zbornik rezimea, 82-83 [http://www.eds.org.rs/SES/2017/SES_2017_Zbornik.pdf]. Ćetković, A., Stanisavljević, L., Plećaš, M., Raičević, J., Žikić, V., Glavendekić, M., & Bila Dubaić, J. (2020). Project: Monitoring the spread of sculptured resin bee (Megachile sculpturalis) in Serbia. [English version]. Retrieved from: https://srbee.bio.bg.ac.rs/azijska-pcela-smolarica/azijska-pcela; https://srbee.bio.bg.ac.rs/english [Accessed on: January 2021]. Crone, E. E. (2013). Responses of social and solitary bees to pulsed floral resources. The American Naturalist, 182(4), 465-473. https://doi.org/10.1086/671999 European Commission. (2020). Invasive Alien Species of Union concern. Version 2020.: Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg. Falk, S., Foster, G., Comont, R., Conroy, J., Bostock, H., Salisbury, A., Kilbey, D., Bennett, J., & Smith, B. (2019). Evaluating the ability of citizen scientists to identify bumblebee (Bombus) species. PLoS ONE, 14(6), e0218614. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0218614 Geslin, B., Gachet, S., Deschamps-Cottin, M., Flacher, F., Ignace, B., Knoploch, C., Meineri, É., Robles, C., Ropars, L., Schurr, L., & Le Féon, V. (2020). Bee hotels host a high abundance of exotic bees in an urban context. Acta Oecologica, 105, 103556. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actao.2020.103556 Gogala, A., & Zadravec, B. (2018). First record of Megachile sculpturalis Smith in Slovenia (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). Acta Entomologica slovenica, 26(1), 79-81. Goulson, D. (2003). Effects of introduced bees on native ecosystems. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 34(1), 1-26. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.34.011802.132355 Google Earth Pro ver. 7.3.3.7786. Retrieved from: https://www.google.com/earth [Accessed on: March 2021]. Guariento, E., Lanner, J., Staggl, M. A., & Kranebitter, P. (2019). Megachile sculpturalis (Smith, 1853) (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae), the giant resin bee new to South Tyrol with a newly described plant species interaction. Gredleriana, 19, 209-215. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3565365 HabiProt. (2020). Alciphron - baza podataka o insektima Srbije. Retrieved from: https://alciphron.habiprot.org.rs [Accessed on: August 2021]. Hinojosa-Diaz, I. A., Yanez-Ordonez, O., Chen, G., Peterson, A. T., & Engel, M. S. (2005). The North American invasion of the giant resin bee (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). Journal of Hymenoptera Research, 14(1), 69-77. Insekti Srbije. (2018). Cvjetićanin, Miloš: Da li je ovo mamutska osa? Park prirode \"Palić\", 28. jul 2018. [https://youtu.be/Qi_ikI9RjLw]. Retrieved from: https://www.facebook.com/groups/insectserbia/permalink/1052703608266051/ [Accessed on: September 2020]. IUCN (2020). Managing invasive alien species to protect wild pollinators. Technical guidance prepared for the European Commission under contract No 07.0202/2018/795538/SER/ENV.D.2 \"Technical support related to the implementation of the EU Pollinators Initiative\". (pp. 43 pp): European Commission. Ivanov, S. P., & Fateryga, A. V. (2019). First record of the invasive giant resin bee Megachile (Callomegachile) sculpturalis Smith, 1853 (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) in the Crimea. Far Eastern entomologist, 395, 7-13. https://doi.org/10.25221/fee.395.2 izeltlabuak.hu. (2018). Forum \"Izeltlabuak.hu: segítünk egymásnak megismerni Magyarország ízeltlábú élővilágát\". [https://www.izeltlabuak.hu/talalat/33628]. Retrieved from: https://www.izeltlabuak.hu [Accessed on: June 2020]. Kakutani, T., Inoue, T., Kato, M. &, Ichihashi, H. (1990). Insect-flower relationship in the campus of Kyoto University, Kyoto: an overview of the flowering phenology and the seasonal pattern of insect visits. Contributions from the Biological Laboratory, Kyoto University, 27, 465-522. Kovács, T. (2015). Megachile sculpturalis Smith, 1853 in Hungary (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae). Folia Historico-Naturalia Musei Matraensis, 39, 73-76. Lanner, J. (2018-2019). Asiatische Mörtelbiene Projekt. Retrieved from: https://www.citizen-science.at/projekte/asiatische-moertelbiene; https://www.schweiz-forscht.ch/de/tiere/item/452-asiatische-moertelbiene [Accessed on: April 2020]. Lanner, J., Huchler, K., Pachinger, B., Sedivy, C., & Meimberg, H. (2020a). Dispersal patterns of an introduced wild bee, Megachile sculpturalis Smith, 1853 (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) in European alpine countries. PLoS ONE, 15(7), e0236042. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0236042 Lanner, J., Meyer, P., Harmetzky, F., Meimberg, H., & Pachinger, B. (2020b). Die Asiatische Mörtelbiene (Hymenoptera: Megachile sculpturalis Smith, 1853) – eine neue Bienenart für Österreich. Beiträge zur Entomofaunistik, 21, 87-95. Lanner, J., Gstöttenmayer, F., Curto, M., Geslin, B., Huchler, K., Orr, M. C., Pachinger, B., Sedivy, C., & Meimberg, H. (2021). Evidence for multiple introductions of an invasive wild bee species currently under rapid range expansion in Europe. BMC Ecology and Evolution, 21(1), 17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-020-01729-x Le Féon, V., Aubert, M., Genoud, D., Andrieu-Ponel, V., Westrich, P., & Geslin, B. (2018). Range expansion of the Asian native giant resin bee Megachile sculpturalis (Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Megachilidae) in France. Ecology and Evolution, 8(3), 1534-1542. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.3758 Le Féon, V., Genoud, D., & Geslin, B. (2021). Actualisation des connaissances sur l'abeille Megachile sculpturalis Smith, 1853 en France et en Europe (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). Osmia, 9, 25-36. https://doi.org/10.47446/osmia9.4 Le Féon, V., & Geslin, B. (2018). Écologie et distribution de l'abeille originaire d'Asie Megachile sculpturalis Smith 1853 (Apoidea – Megachilidae – Megachilini): un état des connaissances dix ans après sa première observation en Europe. Osmia, 7, 31-39. https://doi.org/10.47446/OSMIA7.6 Lindgren, C. J., Castro, K. L., Coiner, H. A., Nurse, R. E., & Darbyshire, S. J. (2013). The biology of invasive alien plants in Canada. 12. Pueraria montana var. lobata (Willd.) Sanjappa & Predeep. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 93(1), 71-95. https://doi.org/10.4141/cjps2012-128 MacIvor, J. S., & Packer, L. (2015). 'Bee hotels' as tools for native pollinator conservation: a premature verdict? PLoS ONE, 10(3), e0122126. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0122126.g001 MacPhail, V. J., Gibson, S. D., Hatfield, R. G., & Colla, S. R. (2020). Using Bumble Bee Watch to investigate the accuracy and perception of bumble bee (Bombus spp.) identification by community scientists. PeerJ, 8, e9412. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9412 Maeta, Y., Kitamura, K., Kagino, Y., & lkegami, N. (2008). In-nest behaviors and labor economy of Megachile (Callomegachile) sculpturalis Smith (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae). Chugoku Kontyu, 22, 1-22. Mangum, W. A., & Brooks, R. W. (1997). First records of Megachile (Callomegachile) sculpturalis Smith (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) in the continental United States. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 70(2), 140-142. Mangum, W. A., & Sumner, S. (2003). A survey of the North American range of Megachile (Callomegachile) sculpturalis, an adventive species in North America. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 76(4), 658-662. Monselise, S. P., & Goldschmidt, E. E. (1982). Alternate bearing in fruit trees. [Chapter 5]. Horticultural Reviews, 4, 128-173. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118060773.ch5 Morales, C. L., Sáez, A., Garibaldi, L. A., & Aizen, M. A. (2017). Disruption of pollination services by invasive pollinator species. [Chapter 13]. In Vilà, M. & Hulme, P. E. (Eds.), Impact of biological invasions on ecosystem services. (pp. 203-220). Springer International Publishing, Switzerland. Mudri-Stojnić, S., Andrić, A., Markov-Ristić, Z., Đukić, A., & Vujić, A. (2021). Contribution to the knowledge of the bee fauna (Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Anthophila) in Serbia. ZooKeys, 1053, 43-105. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1053.67288 Nikolić, P. (2020). Sculptured Resin Bee (Megachile sculpturalis). Observed on: August 3, 2020: Banja Luka 78000, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Retrieved from: https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/55266322 [Accessed on: August 2020]. Nikolić, P., & Bila Dubaić, J. (2021). First finding of sculptured resin bee (Megachile sculpturalis Smith) in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Paper presented at the X International Symposium on Agricultural Sciences – AgroReS 2021. Book of Abstracts, Trebinje. [https://agrores.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/AgroReS_2021_Book_of_Abstracts.pdf]. Ortiz-Sánchez, F. J., Navarro, J. F., & Taeger, U. (2018). Megachile (Callomegachile) sculpturalis Smith, 1853, nueva especie para la fauna Ibérica (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae). Boletín de la Sociedad Entomológica Aragonesa, 63, 259-261. Parys, K., Tripodi, A. D., & Sampson, B. J. (2015). The giant resin bee, Megachile sculpturalis Smith: New distributional records for the mid- and gulf-south USA. Biodiversity Data Journal, 3, e6733. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.3.e6733 'pitrusque'. (2019). Sculptured Resin Bee (Megachile sculpturalis). Observed on August 5, 2019: 21000, Split, Croatie. Retrieved from: https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/37059640 [Accessed on: February 2020]. QGIS Development Team. (2018). QGIS Geographic Information System. Open Source Geospatial Foundation. Quaranta, M., Sommaruga, A., Balzarini, P., & Felicioli, A. (2014). A new species for the bee fauna of Italy: Megachile sculpturalis continues its colonization of Europe. Bulletin of Insectology, 67(2), 287-293. Rasmont, P., Devalez, J., Pauly, A., Michez, D., & Radchenko, V. G. (2017). Addition to the checklist of IUCN European wild bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). Annales de la Société entomologique de France (N.S.), 53(1), 17-32. https://doi.org/10.1080/00379271.2017.1307696 Resl, J. (2018). Megachile (Callomegachile) sculpturalis Smith, 1853. In: Scarabaeidae; Aktivity; Zajímavé objevy. Retrieved from: https://www.scarabaeidae.cz/products/megachile-callomegachile-sculpturalis-smith-1853/; http://files.listorozi.webnode.cz/200000105-50fb451f64/Megachilidae%20moje.pdf [Accessed on: January 2021]. Ribas Marquès, E., & Díaz Calafat, J. (2021). The Asian giant resin bee Megachile sculpturalis Smith 1853 (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Megachilidae), a new exotic species for the bee fauna of Mallorca (Balearic Islands, Spain). Journal of Apicultural Research. 60(3), 506-511 https://doi.org/10.1080/00218839.2021.1874177 Rovarok; pókok. (2017–2019). Facebook group \"Rovarok, pókok\" [Insects, spiders]. Retrieved from: https://www.facebook.com/groups/rovarokpokok/ [Accessed on: January 2021]. Russo, L. (2016). Positive and negative impacts of non-native bee species around the world. Insects, 7(4), 69. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects7040069 Ruzzier, E., Menchetti, M., Bortolotti, L., Selis, M., Monterastelli, E., & Forbicioni, L. (2020). Updated distribution of the invasive Megachile sculpturalis (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) in Italy and its first record on a Mediterranean island. Biodiversity Data Journal, 8, e57783. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.8.e57783 Sasaki, Y., & Maeta, Y. (1994). Occurrence of fresh adults of Chalicodoma sculpturalis (Smith) in autumn (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). [In Japanese, English abstract]. Chugoku Kontyu, 8, 37-48. Sasaki, Y., & Maeta, Y. (2018). Diurnal activity and reproduction of Megachile (Callomegachile) sculpturalis Smith (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae). [In Japanese, English abstract]. Bulletin of the Hoshizaki Green Foundation, 21, 209-218. Soroye, P., Ahmed, N., & Kerr, J. T. (2018). Opportunistic citizen science data transform understanding of species distributions, phenology, and diversity gradients for global change research. Global Change Biology, 24(11), 5281-5291. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14358 Stout, J. C., & Morales, C. L. (2009). Ecological impacts of invasive alien species on bees. Apidologie, 40(3), 388-409. https://doi.org/10.1051/apido/2009023 Straffon Díaz, S., Carisio, L., Manino, A., Biella, P., & Porporato, M. (2021). Nesting, sex ratio and natural enemies of the giant resin bee in relation to native species in Europe. Insects, 12, 545. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12060545 Tepedino, V. J., & Stanton, N. L. (1981). Diversity and competition in bee-plant communities on short-grass prairie. Oikos, 36(1), 35-44. https://doi.org/10.2307/3544376 Theobald, E. J., Ettinger, A. K., Burgess, H. K., DeBey, L. B., Schmidt, N. R., Froehlich, H. E., Wagner, C., Hille Ris Lambers, J., Tewksbury, J., Harsch, M. A., & Parrish, J. K. (2015). Global change and local solutions: Tapping the unrealized potential of citizen science for biodiversity research. Biological Conservation, 181, 236-244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2014.10.021 Vanbergen, A. J., Espindola, A., & Aizen, M. A. (2018). Risks to pollinators and pollination from invasive alien species. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 2(1), 16-25. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-017-0412-3 Vereecken, N. J., & Barbier, E. (2009). Premières données sur la présence de l'abeille asiatique Megachile (Callomegachile) sculpturalis Smith (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae) en Europe. Osmia, 3, 4-6. https://doi.org/10.47446/OSMIA3.3 Westrich, P. (2017). Erstnachweis der Asiatischen Mörtelbiene (Megachile sculpturalis) in Österreich! [Projekte Megachile sculpturalis 7]. Retrieved from: https://www.wildbienen.info/forschung/projekte_17.php [Accessed on: August 2019]. Westrich, P. (2020). Neues zur Ausbreitung der Mörtelbiene Megachile sculpturalis Smith 1853 (Hymenoptera: Anthophila) in Deutschland – Stand Oktober 2019. Eucera, 14, 12-15. Westrich, P., Knapp, A., & Berney, I. (2015). Megachile sculpturalis Smith 1853 (Hymenoptera, Apidae), a new species for the bee fauna of Germany, now north of the Alps. Eucera, 9, 3-10. Wu, Y. R. (2006). Hymenoptera, Megachilidae. Fauna Sinica, Insecta. Vol. 44. [In Chinese, English summary]. Science Press, Beijing."]}

A large number of human movement studies have focused on functioning of complex biological systems. These systems can be observed as one muscle-tendon unit or one muscle fiber, one limb or joint, or a whole locomotor system presented as a kinetics chain. A muscletendon unit may generate forces in two distinctly different ways: as an elastic-like spring in stretch-shortening motion and as converters of metabolic energy into mechanical work. Furthermore, during movement a muscle-tendon unit can be stiff or compliant. Understanding these conditions during movement would provide important information that could be used for sports performance improvement and injury prevention planning.

Kompresori su strojevi koji komprimiraju neki plin na viši tlak odnosno podižu mu energetsku vrijednost. Takav zrak koristi se za uputu u rad brodskih dizelskih motora. Najčešće na brodovima za uputu dizelskih motora u rad upotrebljavaju se dvostupanjski stapni kompresori. Termodinamički gledano razlikujemo politropsku, izentropsku i izotermnu kompresiju. Višestupanjska kompresija daje uštedu na radu, i što kompresor ima više stupnjeva, to je bliži izotermnoj kompresiji. Višestupanjski kompresori zagrijavaju plin (zrak) za vrijeme tlačenja, što može dovesti do eksplozije para mazivog ulja pomiješanih sa zrakom. Da se izvrši tlačenje do visokih tlakova, i izbjegne zagrijavanje i opasnost od eksplozije para ulja i zraka izvodi se višestupanjsko tlačenje s međustupanjskim hlađenjem. Kompresori na brodu uglavnom se pogone elektromotorom. Treba voditi računa o tome da se pri upućivanju do pune brzine vrtnje elektromotor ne preoptereti. Kompresor i sve njegove komponente moraju se redovito pregledavati u intervalima koji ovise o nekoliko radnih uvjeta. Danas se na brodovima koristi automatska izvedba dobave uputnog zraka za pokretanje dizelskih motora. Compressors are machines which compresses gas on to higher value of pressure respectively they raise its energetic value. That is sort of compressed air that is used to put marine diesel engine into work. The most used sort of the compressors on ships are two-stage reciprocating compressors. From thermodynamics of compression we look at polytropic process, isothermal process and isentropic process. Multistage compression is used to save power and for higher stage of compression, compressor is closer to isothermal compression. Multistage compressor heats air in compression process, which can lead to explosion of the steam of lubricating oil mixed with air. To compress air to high pressures and to avoid overheating and danger of explosion it is used multistage compression with intermediate stage cooling. Compressors on ships are mostly driven by electromotors. It should be taken into account that during going in to full speed we don’t overload electromotor. Compressor and all his components are needed to maintain regularly in periods which depends on several working conditions. In today modern days compressors in start air system are automatically regulated

Rezultat istraživanja Malenice pokazuju da ne postoji utjecaj influencera na odluke potrošača o kupovanju. Uzimajući u obzir činjenicu da influenceri postoje, razumno je zaključiti da postoje skupine potrošača na koje influenceri utječu. Predmet istraživanja u ovom radu su stavovi ispitanika o utjecaju influencera na njihove odluke o kupovanju. Cilj istraživanja objasniti je zašto se koriste influenceri za promicanje tržišnih ponuda, premda su rezultati istraživanja Malenice pokazali da ne postoji utjecaj influencera na odluke o kupovanju. Na temelju testiranja hipoteza izvedeni su zaključci istraživanja da postoji razlika u stavovima ispitanika niže i više razine obrazovanja o utjecaju influencera na odluke o kupovanju. Stav ispitanika više razine obrazovanja je da postoji utjecaj influencera na odluke potrošača o kupovanju za razliku od stava ispitanika niže razine obrazovanja kod kojih takav utjecaj ne postoji.

U radu se istražuju primjena i rezultati primjene suvremenih analitičkih koncepata u organizacijama u Hrvatskoj, s posebnim naglaskom na razdoblje naglih društvo-ekonomskih promjena uzrokovanih recentnom krizom. Cilj ovog rada bio je ispitati trenutačnu primjenu najznačajnijih analitičkih koncepata koje menadžeri koriste u strateškom upravljanju u Hrvatskoj. Nakon završetka pandemije koronavriusa očekuju se bitne promjene zbog daljnjeg pada trgovine industrijskim potrošačkim dobrima i istovremenog rasta trgovine uslugama, osobito uslugama koje se koriste digitalnim tehnologijama. Svjetska pandemija COVID-19 uzrokovala je snažnu ekonomsku krizu u ponudi i potražnji robe i usluga na domaćim i međunarodnim tržištima. U gospodarstvu, u kojem se većina proizvodnje temelji na modelu najnižih troškova s minimalnim zalihama, na opskrbi sirovinama i dijelovima u posljednji tren, narušeni su lanci opskrbe i nastali su veliki poremećaji na tržištu. Problem se prelijeva s jednog na drugo tržište. Smanjena proizvodnja, zbog smanjenja zarade, dovela je do naglog smanjenja potrošnje. Svjetska trgovina pala je u 2020. godini za devet posto, strane investicije smanjile su se za 40%, a trgovina uslugama za 60%. Zbog navedenih razloga važno je detaljno promotriti što se oko nas događa i što će se događati te kako će to u duljem razdoblju utjecati na organizacije, njihovu stabilnost i sigurnost te poslovnu sposobnost. Za analizu okružja, činjenica i čimbenika koji u globaliziranom društvu i ekonomiji, direktno i indirektno, utječu na naše poslovanje, važno je primjenjivati dobro strukturirane analitičke koncepte te ih sustavno provoditi, osobito u ovako teškim kriznim razdobljima. Primjena analitičkih koncepata omogućuje organizacijama adekvatnu pripremu za predstojeće izazove. Korištenje suvremenih analitičkih koncepata kao što su PEST, BCG matrica, VRIO i SWOT omogućuje dobivanje neophodnih informacija o stvarnoj razini raspoloživih potencijala i resursa organizacije. Uvažavajući dinamiku tehnološkotehničkih promjena, trendova promjene u navikama i potrebama potrošača, i ovo istraživanje je pokazalo da analitički postupci postaju sve važniji u promatranju internog okružja, analizi portfelja proizvoda i usluga te analizi lanca vrijednosti., After the corona virus pandemic is over, we can expect significant changes in management systems due to a further decrease in industrial commodity trade and, simultaneously, an increase in service trade, digital technology services in particular. The consequences of this crisis will be evident in all segments of economy and will relate to globalisation process, production and international trade. Global COVID-19 pandemic has caused a severe supply and demand crisis of both products and services, on local and international markets. In economies, which base their production on low costs and low inventory and on last minute supply of raw materials and spare parts, supply chains have been disrupted and all this has resulted in major disorders on the market. The problem is effusing from one market to another. Reduced production has led to a sharp decrease in consumption, which is a result of decreased profits. In 2020 world trade has fallen by 9 %, foreign investments by 40% and service trade by 60%. For these reasons, it is important to look closely into what has been going on, what is going to be happening, and how it is going to affect business organizations, their stability, safety and business performance in the long run. In order to analyse the environment, facts and factors which affect, both directly and indirectly, our business activities in this globalized society and economy, it is crucial to apply well-structured analytical concepts and to conduct them systematically, especially in these difficult periods of crisis. The application of analytical concepts (analyses) enables business organizations to prepare appropriately for the challenges they are going to face. The use of modern analyses like PEST, BCG matrix, VRIO and SWOT provide essential information about the real level of potentials and resources that an organization has at their disposal. Considering the dynamics of technological and techical changes, and trends of consumers’ habit and need changes, analyses are becoming increasingly important in terms of monitoring our internal environment, analysing product and service portfolios and analysing value chains. This paper explores the application and results of the use of modern analyses in the business organizations in Croatia, with a focus on use in times of sharp socio-economic changes, which were caused by the recent crisis.

U ovoj disertaciji sprovodimo iscrpnu analizu ključnih segmenata Epiktetove etike. Glavni cilj nam je da utvrdimo u čemu se sastoji Epiktetov doprinos stoičkoj etici, a posredno i stoičkoj filozofiji, imajući u vidu da su etička razmatranja, još od perioda ranog stoicizma, blisko povezana sa pitanjima koja proučava logika i fizika. Pored toga, cilj nam je da utvrdimo u kojoj meri Epiktet sledi tradicionalnu stoičku argumentaciju i podelu etike, a samim tim, i u čemu se sastoji njegova inovativnost. Takođe, cilj nam je da ustanovimo koji su filozofi, osim ranih stoika i Musonija Rufa, formativno uticali ne samo na razvoj Epiktetove misli, već i na Epiktetov pedagoški i učiteljski rad. Tokom pisanja smo se služili uobičajenom metodologijom humanističkih nauka, sa posebnim fokusom na jezičko-pojmovnoj analizi, komparativnoj metodi i, na kraju, istorijsko-filozofskoj egzegezi. Razumevajući filozofiju i kao praktičnu aktivnost ili svojevrsno „umeće življenja“, odnosno kao poziv koji se ne iscrpljuje samo u tumačenju filozofskih tekstova, Epiktet u središte svojih etičkih razmatranja stavlja čovekov moralni karakter (προαίρεσις). Ukazaćemo da nije sporno da Epiktet u velikoj meri sledi filozofsku tradiciju iz koje je ponikao, što je i saglasno sa njegovom učiteljskom ulogom. Pokazaće se da je ono što Epikteta posebno izdvaja u odnosu na njegove stoičke prethodnike, insistiranje na dobrom προαίρεσις-u i slobodi koja vodi do moralne odgovornosti. Zaključićemo, pored toga, i da je podela etike koju predlaže Epiktet, drugačija u odnosu na podele ranih stoika, ali da je istovremeno reč o podeli koja, u velikoj meri, uključuje i sve najvažnije segmente tradicionalne stoičke etike. In this dissertation we will provide a detailed analysis of the key segments of Epictetus' ethics. Our main goal is to determine how Epictetus contributed to Stoic ethics and, indirectly, to Stoic philosophy, having in mind that ethical thought in Stoicism has been closely tied to logic and physics since the period of early Stoa. In addition, we will attempt to determine to what extent Epictetus follows traditional Stoic argumentation and the division of ethical topics, and in which aspects he is an innovative thinker. Furthermore, we aim to find out which philosophers, besides the early Stoics and Musonius Rufus, influenced not only the development of Epictetus' philosophical thought but also his pedagogical work and teaching. In our research we apply the standard methodological tools of the humanities, with a focus on the philosophical method of conceptual analysis, comparative analysis, and a historical-critical exegesis. Epictetus considers philosophy not only a theoretical activity but at the same time a practical one, and he places moral character or προαίρεσις in the center of his ethical contemplation. We will show that Epictetus follows the philosophical tradition from which he originated, which is in accordance with his role as a teacher. It will be clear that what sets him apart from his predecessors is his insisting on good προαίρεσις and freedom that leads to moral responsibility. Besides that, we will conclude that although the division of ethical topics which Epictetus proposes is different than the ones proposed by the early Stoics, it is, at the same time, a division that encompasses to a great extent all of the most important segments of traditional Stoic ethics.

Karcinom dojke je najčešće zloćudno oboljenje kod žena i nastaje kada se stanice počinju nekontrolirano umnožavati i rasti te zarastati u zdravo okolno tkivo ili metastazirati odnosno širiti se u udaljenje organe i dijelove tijela. Postoje razni čimbenici rizika koji mogu doprinijeti nastanku karcinoma dojke. Najčešći prvi oblik liječenja jest kirurški zahvat. Nakon izvedene mastektomije, dojku je moguće rekonstruirati. Komplikacije koje se javljaju nakon odrađene kirurške terapije najčešće su pojava boli i limfedema ruke. Fizioterapijskim postupcima nastoji se smanjiti bol te pacijentici omogućiti vraćanje svakodnevnim životnim aktivnostima. Provodi se rana i kasna postoperativna fizioterapija i kompletna dekongestivna fizioterapija limfedema.

The paper presents the possibilities of using different types of preparations prepared from certain types of medicinal plants, which can be used in plant nutrition and protection, as well as in the composting process for the needs of plant cultivation in urban agriculture. The trend of importance of urban agriculture, both in terms of food safety and innovative practices, is increasingly present in highly developed countries as well as developing countries. This type of agriculture can play an important role in justice and fairness in terms of food distribution, but also in improving air quality, biodiversity and ecosystem services. In this regard, the application of preparations based on medicinal plants introduces innovative methods of urban agriculture that can be considered a tool to ensure future food safety. U radu se prikazuju mogućnosti upotrebe različitih vrsta pripravaka pripremljenih od pojedinih vrsta lekovitog bilja, a koji se mogu primenjivati u ishrani i zaštiti bilja, kao i u procesu kompostiranja za potrebe gajenja bilja u urbanoj poljoprivredi. Trend značaja urbane poljoprivrede kako u pogledu bezbednosti hrane, tako i u inovativnim praksama je sve više prisutan kako u visokorazvijenim, tako i državama u razvoju. Ova vrsta poljoprivrede može igrati važnu ulogu u pravdi i pravičnosti u pogledu hrane, ali i unapređenju kvaliteta vazduha, biodiverziteta i eko-sistemskih usluga. S tim u vezi, primenom pripravaka na bazi lekovitog bilja uvode se inovativne metode urbane poljoprivrede koje se mogu smatrati alatom za osiguravanje buduće sigurnosti hrane.

The paper discusses the difference between philosophy and sophistry. More precisely, it discusses the differences between Socrates and Sophists of the first generation, as well as the differences between Epictetus and Sophists of both first and second generation. While Sophists were the first professional teachers and Epictetus one of the greatest Stoic teachers of all times, Socrates, according to Plato, denied being a teacher by any means, despite many who thought otherwise. Sophists were known for their speeches that most attracted those with a wish to be successful politicians. Socrates and Epictetus were also excellent orators surrounded by Athenian and Roman politicians. However, that didn't make them Sophists. Socrates and Epictetus opted for a life in accordance with excellence (virtue) that could be achieved by philosophy rather than rhetoric. Rhetoric could only have instrumental value, not an intrinsic one.

Diplomski rad prikazuje alegorijsku dimenziju moderne bajke Mali princ, autora Antoinea de Saint-Exupérya. Na samom početku rada, uz analizu književnog stvaralaštva, prikazana je poveznica autorovog književnog opusa s životnim pozivom zrakoplovstva. U radu je definiran pojam moderne bajke i fantastične priče te je djelo, uz navedena dva pojma, omeđeno elementima mita i romana. Središnji dio rada obuhvaća biblijsku i mitološku analizu alegoričnosti bajke te tumačenja parabola, mudrih izreka i simbola. Prikazana su razna čitanja i interpretacije djela u hrvatskoj i svjetskoj književnosti. The thesis presents the allegorical dimension of the modern fairy tale The Little Prince written by Antoine de Saint-Exupéry. At the very beginning of the paper, together with the analysis of his literary creation, the connection of the author's literary opus and his vocation of aviation is shown. The paper defines the concepts of a modern fairy tale and a fantastic story and, in addition to the two abovementioned concepts, the work is complemented by elements of a myth and a novel. The central part of the paper includes a biblical and mythological analyses of the fairy tale's allegory, as well as interpretations of parables, proverbs, and symbols. Various readings and interpretations of this work, from both Croatian and world literature studies, are presented.

U završnom radu je opisan Nagios Core sustav otvorenog koda za nadzor mrežnih uređaja i servisa. U našem slučaju to su računalne učionice i potrebna poslužiteljska infrastruktura. U prvom djelu rada opisuje se okolina u kojoj je potrebno implementirati sustav, te njezina kompleksnost, veličina i trenutne metode nadzora i kontrole. Drugi dio obuhvaća dizajn i pripremu virtualne okoline, instalaciju pojedinih dijelova sustava, kao i sam Nagios Core poslužitelj. Završni dio opisuje načine i metode testiranja, iniciranje problema i krajnje rezultate testiranja. The final paper describes the Nagios Core open source for monitoring network devices and services. In our case, these are computer classrooms and required server infrastructure. First part of the paper desribes the endvironment in which system needs to be implemented, its complexity, size and current monitoring and control methods. The second part covers the design and preparation of the virtual enviroment, instalation of individual parts of system, as well as Nagios Core server. Final section describes methods and the way we test them, problem initiation and test results.

Hrvatski se ukupni, pa stoga i robni, izvoz može povećati i djelotvornijom gospodarskom diplomacijom. Međutim, vrijedno je problematizirati provodi li hrvatska gospodarska diplomacija one aktivnosti koje hrvatski izvoznici od nje očekuju. Nadalje, upitno je pokrivaju li rezultati rada hrvatske gospodarske diplomacije troškove njezina djelovanja. Stoga, u ovome se doktorskom radu problematizira djelotvornost (engl. Effectiveness) rada hrvatske gospodarske diplomacije, odnosno rezultati njezina djelovanja. Predmet istraživanja u doktorskome radu su tri modela mjerljivosti uspješnosti rada hrvatske gospodarske diplomacije iz perspektive izvoznika. Elementi predmeta istraživanja su opisi stavova hrvatskih izvoznika o važnosti izabranih aktivnosti gospodarskih diplomata. Pomoćni se predmet istraživanja odnosi na ekonomiju doživljaja. Elementi pomoćnoga predmeta istraživanja su kibernetički modeli stvaranja ekonomske vrijednosti u ekonomiji doživljaja i tradicionalnim oblicima ekonomije, ključne razlike između njih te komercijalna diplomacija u ekonomiji doživljaja. Cilj istraživanja u doktorskome radu su opisi triju modela mjerljivosti uspješnosti rada hrvatske gospodarske diplomacije. Iz perspektive svih ispitanika, ispitanika iz prerađivačke industrije te ispitanika koji od izvoza ostvaruju više od 30 % prihoda. Opisi modela sadrže pet ispitanicima najvažnijih aktivnosti hrvatske gospodarske diplomacije izdvojenih između 21 njima ponuđene na vrednovanje. Prvi pomoćni cilj istraživanja je opisati ekonomiju doživljaja. Opis sadržava definiciju pojma ekonomija doživljaja, kibernetičke modele stvaranja ekonomske vrijednosti u ekonomiji doživljaja i tradicionalnim oblicima ekonomija te analizu razlika tih dvaju modela. Drugi pomoćni cilj istraživanja odnosi se na opis pojma komercijalne diplomacije u ekonomiji doživljaja. Opis sadrži definiciju i kvalitativnu analizu pojma. Croatia's total exports, therefore goods exports too, can be increased by more effective economic diplomacy. However, it is worthwhile to problematize whether Croatian economic diplomacy performs the activities that Croatian exporters expect from it. Furthermore, it is questionable whether the results of the work of Croatian economic diplomacy cover the costs of its operation. Therefore, this doctoral thesis problematizes the effectiveness of Croatian economic diplomacy, that is, its results. The research objectives of the thesis are three models for performance measurability of Croatian economic diplomacy from the perspective of exporters. Elements of the research objectives are descriptions of the attitudes of Croatian exporters to the importance of activities selected by Croatian economic diplomats. The focus of the auxiliary research is economics of experience. Elements of the auxiliary research objective are cybernetic models of economic value creation in the experience economy and in traditional economies, the key differences between them and economic diplomacy in the experience economy. The aim of the research is to describe three models for performance measurability of Croatian economic diplomacy from the perspective of all respondents, the respondents from the manufacturing industry and those who generate more than 30% of their total revenues through exports. Descriptions of the models contain 5 most important activities of Croatian economic diplomacy according to the respondents, out of 21 that were offered for evaluation. The first auxiliary research objective is to describe the experience economy. The description contains the definition of the term, cybernetic models of economic value creation both in the experience economy and traditional types of economies, and an analysis of the differences between these models. The second auxiliary research objective is to describe economic diplomacy in the experience economy. The description contains the definition and qualitative analysis of the term.