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We developed a toilet-incorporated electric medical bed for bedridden patients, in which a toilet basin, or a commode, is incorporated in the pelvic plate of an electric medical bed. A replaceable toilet seat is located in the mattress of the bed, and toilet basin was tightly attached on the pelvic plate the bed. The excretion slides through a storage tube that angles toward the side of the bed and is automatically collected in a disposable plastic bag. We, however, encountered a problem with testing this newly developed medical bed with the relevant international standard IEC 60601-2-52:2009, or with the corresponding Korean standard KS P 0388:2012--Electrically operated adjustable bed for home care. There was no clear indication in the scopes of the above standards as to whether this standard testing method is applicable to an electric medical bed embedded with a commode. We revised the Korean standard KS P 0388:2012 to accommodate the toilet-incorporated medical bed in the scope of the standard and successfully performed the mechanical tests including the durability, impact, and deformation test of the bed, proving that the newly developed toilet-incorporated medical bed is mechanically strong and durable enough to pass the standard tests.

In present investigation, an attempt was made to optimise the peak stress for paper laminate composite using FRANC2D software. It was observed that the laminate having the triangular geometry supposed to be most appropriate as it has the lowest value of peak stress contour compared to other models like parallel strip, up-down tapered and down-up tapered. The minimum peak stress was observed for the samples having triangular geometry while the maximum was observed for down-up tapered samples. Therefore, the hypothesis adopted to use in-built materials with variables reinforcement area and strip geometry and length in the FRANC2D software to optimize the sample geometry and then apply it to the paper laminate by considering its mechanical properties might be use to optimize the peak stress of paper laminate composite in tensile loading conditions. It was also observed a length of one-quarter of the length of the plane strip, might be the optimum length of the paper laminate samples. However, it feels that, the above model can be further modified considering a more significant mechanical properties as well as different sample geometries.

Essential oils may be used as natural anesthetic for fish in several farming and laboratory procedures. They are considered safe for both the fish and the environment. In this way, studies that evaluate essential oils as fish stress reducers are necessary to confirm such recommendations. Transportation is one of the most stressful fish farming practices, since fish are severely disturbed. Stress among fish may induce undesired consequences such as diseases and mortality. This study evaluated the effect of Ocimum gratissimum essential oil on the physiological parameters of stress in Colossoma macropomum subjected to transportation. Fish were transported in plastic bags under different concentrations of O. gratissimum essential oil (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 mg L -1 ) for 4 h. Blood samples were collected before and after transportation. Glucose and ammonia levels increased and lactate levels decreased after transportation with O. gratissimum essential oil in the water. The total plasmatic protein and hepatic glycogen levels presented great variations, while hematological parameters did not show any difference between treatments. The fish recovered from transportation stress after 24 h. The concentrations of O. gratissimum essential oil evaluated here were not efficient in mitigating the stress responses of C. macropomum . Additional studies are needed to evaluate effective concentrations of O. gratissimum that would reduce stress responses in transportation, along with their associations with other products and procedures.

This research aims to determine and analyse the categories of levies in the paid plastic bag policy in Indonesia, and its relevance to pollution levies. Based on analysis, this research comes to the following conclusion: the paid plastic bags policy in Indonesia cannot be categorised as a tax or charge. The main characteristics of taxes or charges are not contained in the policy of paid plastic bags, especially in terms of the legal relationship between the parties. Paying for plastic bags fits in much better with the general concept of a pollution levy. In the context of imposing a cost on consumers, the relevance of this policy to pollution-levy principles could be seen from the attainable objective, namely altering consumer behaviour through pricing. This study contributes to current global literature in the field of the use of the levy concept in the paid plastic bag policy and its relevance to pollution abatement principles.

PT. Z is a company engaged in the plastic bag industry. The company produces plastic bags, one of which is a type of ATP 12 x 24 that is often used as plastic wrapping meatballs, sugar and others. A company is certainly required to provide the best quality on its products. To meet the needs and expectations of consumers for the quality of products, the company must improve the quality of existing products. Six sigma is a quality tool that can be used to analyze and process data to maintain or improve the quality of a product based on the process. One of the shorts used in the six sigma method is Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve and Control ( DMAIC). This research focuses on the results of product defects produced for 5 months in 2019. Because of the process analyzed there is data of proportions that are out of control in july and november. So that the data is omitted so that the data can be controlled. The sigma production level of ATP 12 x 24 is currently at the level of 4 sigma so it is necessary to improve to reach the level of 6 sigma. Pareto diagrams and fishbone diagrams can be used as tools to analyze significant factors causing product defects. And it can be known that the causative factor that can be done repair is deflated.

In Colombia, plastic bags containing the pesticide chlorpyrifos protect the growing bunches of bananas and plantains from insects. When the bananas are harvested, the plastic bags are removed. This...

Nowadays, road damage issue become the norm due to increment of traffic load and traffic volume. It shortens the service life of asphalt mixtures and increase the cost of maintenance. One way to reduce the issue is by using polymer additive in asphalt mixture. Treated Plastic is one type of polymer additive made of plastic bag (Polyethylene). The main purpose of this research is to determine the improvement of asphalt mixture’s performance incorporating Treated Plastic (TP) as additive in terms of stability, stiffness, fatigue cracking, stripping and rutting. The mechanical properties of asphalt mixes that include various percentages of TP (0%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75%, 1%, 2% and 3%) were calculated and assessed with laboratory tests. 0.75% by weight of total mix of TP was found to be the optimum amount. The outcomes were analyzed by Marshall Stability and Flow, Resilient Modulus, Tensile Strength Ratio and Hamburg Wheel Tracker test. As the results shown, the addition of TP gave significant improvement to the stability and stiffness of asphalt mixture.0.75% of TP was selected as the optimum percent content with percent improvement about 100, 73 and 25% for fatigue cracking, rutting and stripping resistance respectively. Hence, 0.75% of TP improved the resistance of rutting and stripping but susceptible to fatigue cracking.

The environmental damage that plastic waste is causing has catalyzed government action against plastic bags around the world. Despite anti-plastic bag policies gaining traction globally, there has been limited investigation of why the implementation of bans has varied. The variation in implementing bans is particularly stark in East Africa, a region that has been at the forefront of plastic bag legislation. Rwanda’s implementation of a ban on plastic bags in 2008 has attracted widespread praise for its environmental leadership. Kenya adopted a plastic bag ban before Rwanda but implementation was consistently delayed until a stringent ban was finally imposed in 2018. In Uganda, despite bans being announced on four separate occasions, implementation continues to be delayed. This paper explains why some governments adopt and effectively enforce plastic bag bans while others reverse course or delay implementation. Existing literature has cited the comparative strength of plastic industries as the salient factor in explaining varied adoption of plastic bag bans. This paper argues that though the comparative business power of plastic industries explains whether bans are obstructed, it does not satisfactorily explain varied implementation. Instead, countries that pursue services-based development strategies, which prioritise externally dependent sectors like tourism, are more likely to implement plastic bag bans, which can help bolster their green credentials. For the Rwandan and Kenyan governments, presenting their countries as environmental leaders contributed to their goals of becoming a regional economic hub, reliant on services like tourism. The Kenyan government’s decision to eventually implement the ban was driven by a perceived need to compete with Rwanda for regional environmental leadership while supporting Kenya’s services-based economic development strategy. In contrast, Uganda’s comparatively larger discovery of oil and limited emphasis on services-based development explained the government’s lack of commitment to implementing a plastic bag ban.

Shopping plastic bag is a thermoplastic type LDPE and HDPE, that can be heated with hotpress. Through this recycling process come new material that can used for product material. The recycle plastic material has a lot of potential to be used as a product application. market research From founded many brands that try to recycle plastic still using another new material to give support to the plastic recycle material. Origami is a paper folding art that is commonly known by everyone. The study tried to apply the origami technique on recycled plastic bag material that has been heated with hotpress machine. With origami technique 90% the product can be made with this material entirely without the help of sewing and other materials. This is seen as an opportunity for the market that still use many new materials to support this material. The folding gives construction to the one sheet material and give new function to the recycle plastic material. The research uses experimental method. Series of paper origami patterns are applied on the recycle material, till founded several folding that can be apply on the recycle plastic sheet material. The research result is a variety of functional products made with origami techniques that have been egistered design industry copy wright.

Marine plastic litter, mostly comprising single-use plastics, has been recognised as one of the world’s most urgent environmental concerns, and Vietnam has been ranked as one of the top five countries polluting the ocean with plastic waste. This paper examines Hanoi as a case study on single-use plastic by households, investigating the daily generation of single-use plastic waste through a survey, assessing existing policy gaps through a policy review, and providing recommendations on improving management along the supply chain in Vietnam. At almost 27 times a week on average, plastic shopping bags were found to be the most prevalent single-use plastic used by households, followed by wrap/film, straws, coffee cups with plastic lids, cutlery, takeout containers, food packaging, party cups, bottles for water and beverages, and other items. Plastic shopping bags and food packaging are used more often in rural areas than in urban areas. These bags also have a high rate (68.65%) of temporary reuse as kitchen bin liners, a habit that may be difficult to change over the short term. Apart from some components of plastic bottles and packaging that are sold for recycling, most single-use plastic waste is disposed in landfills. Policies are in place to address plastic issues, such as a tax on plastic bags and source separation, but implementation is inconsistent. A behaviour-based combination of top-town and bottom-up approaches along the entire supply chain is recommended to improve existing policy gaps in Vietnam.

Plastic pollution control has been on top of the political agenda in China. In January 2020, China announced a phased ban on the production and usage of various types of single-use plastics as a solution to environmental pollution problems. However, the outbreak of COVID-19 seems to be a new obstacle to the ban on single-use plastic products. To basically satisfied the daily necessities and contain the spread of SARS-CoV-2 under the background of the regular epidemic prevention and control in China, online ordering, contactless delivery and wearing mask have become an important and feasible way of daily life. However, the unrestrained use of disposable plastic bags, lunch boxes and masks within the nationwide quarantine leads to hundreds of millions of plastics wastes every day. The potential environmental pollution caused by the use of disposable plastic products during the pandemic should arouse social concern. The Chinese government should manage environmental protection in parallel with anti-pandemic endeavors as the situation of the pandemic evolves.

Banning single-use plastic bags is a popular policy intervention among cities in developing countries such as Nepal. While the policy marks some success in curbing plastic bag usage, it confronts two major challenges. First, the effect of the ban often dilutes and becomes ineffective over time. Second, bag leakage could occur as customers switch to unregulated plastic bags and create more pollutants. Using three rounds of retailer-level panel data from the Dharan Municipality of Nepal, this study finds evidence to support both contentions. The usage of plastic bags slows down initially but rises subsequently as the subjective probability of being caught for using banned plastic bags reduces with time. One year after the ban, an increase in the expected fine does not increase the use of reusable bags but significantly reduces that of banned plastic bags. These results show that the ban does help reduce the total bag use in the short term but requires continued monitoring and enforcement to be effective in the long term.

The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of the plastic bag fee (that was implemented in Turkey recently) on the consumer behavior. For this purpose, a face-to-face consumer survey with 821 respondents was conducted in Istanbul. A paired sample t-test was carried out in order to compare consumers' average frequency of using plastic bags, bringing their own bags for shopping, using plastic bags obtained in shopping for domestic waste and purchasing bin bags for domestic waste before/after the implementation of the policy of charging for plastic bags. Two different multiple regression analyses were carried out to determine which factors affect the change in plastic bag demand by the consumers for when the plastic bags were free of charge and for when they were paid. The results suggest that there has been a statistically significant change in consumers' behaviors towards using plastic bags in shopping and the means of keeping domestic waste.

Plastic bags from garbage were collected and fungi were isolated from these bags and their degradation potentialities of LDPE were screened. Their potentialities were measured by weight loss method, molecular weight reduction by viscosity meter method, surface morphology by SEM and CO2 evolution method. Both treated by ethanol or untreated LDPE were employed. It was observed that out of three fungal isolates, F1 isolate showed maximum degradation while untreated sheets were also degraded by this isolate in more or less percentage of weight loss. Surface morphology analysis under SEM showed degraded areas on F1 treated LDPE. FT-IR analysis showed that F1 influenced the carbonyl group and C=C group formation in polymer. Lipase enzyme was found to be secreted by F1 fungus in culture. The F1 isolate was identified molecularly as Penicillium simplicissimum strain Bar2. This fungus isolate may be used for LDPE waste plastic management.

One of the challenging tasks for governments is to curtail the production and consumption of single-use plastic bags. Despite multiple advantages of plastic and its ubiquity, the environmental damage of single-use plastic bags is irreversible. However, policy intervention by the governments is also a need of the time to reduce its production and consumption. This study provides a strategic analysis of government policy options regarding the ban on single-use plastic production in Pakistan. A game-theoretic model is developed to examine the behavior of plastic bag producers vis-a-vis the government’s climate change policy. The study concludes that game theory is very effective in analyzing the efficient promulgation and productive implementation of environmental management policy regarding banning single-use plastic in Pakistan.

A study was conducted to investigate different storage conditions viz: refrigeration, oiling, washing eggs and storing in black polythene of eggs and a control which comprised eggs not treated and stored in transparent polythene bags for 20 days on local and exotic chicken eggs conditions, to determine the best storage conditions. Eggs stored in the refrigerator maintained desirable Internal quality followed by eggs intensely oiled, and Eggs stored in polythene bags. Eggs kept as control had the least desirable internal quality.For short eggs storage up to 10 days,refrigeration, oiling, washing of egg storing black polythene bags could be used while refrigeration is not necessary for egg storage beyond 10 days. Where refrigeration is not possible, oiling seems to be the best alternative for storage.

Plastic carry bags are increasingly seen as environmental hazards that threaten human and animal welfare, rather than being modern conveniences. Environmental impacts resulting from improper disposal of plastic bags have been well documented in the literature. To overcome these impacts, many countries around the globe have taken actions either to ban or limit the use of plastic bags. Likewise, in Mauritius, a regulation banning the use of plastic bags was introduced in 2016. Whether this regulation has been successful in stopping the usage of banned plastic bags or not, is the overall objective of the present study. The study was conducted on the Mauritian population. It equally investigated: the quantity of plastic bags utilized before and after regulation; the alternatives to plastic bags used; the level of awareness on environmental and health impacts resulting from indiscriminate disposal of plastic bags; and the perception of the regulation. 65% of the respondent population claimed that the regulation has failed to prohibit the usage of banned plastic bags. A statistical test result supported that the extensive plastic bags users have less preference for alternatives to plastic bags such as cloth bags. The study further examined the possible reasons for the failure and proposes recommendations for the complete banning of plastic bags in Mauritius.

Single use plastics pose environmental and socioeconomic problems in our life and ecosystems. After a 14 year attempt, Kenya successfully adopted a plastic bag ban for secondary packaging in August 2017. Globally, the impact of plastic bag policies are limited or not documented. Using a questionnaire survey, this study explored consumer consciousness towards the ban, reusable bag usage behavior, and estimated plastic bag consumption before the ban. Results indicate that the ban has favorable support of about 67% from consumers. The perceptions towards cleanliness and waste management were different between urban and rural respondents. This highlighted differences in awareness creation and enforcement of the ban. Behaviorally, ownership of reusable bags tripled to 12 bags per household. Plastic reusable bags were the most owned and most discarded bags within 6 months. Moreover, a report estimates that 300 million bags (8.3–6.7 bags person−1 y−1) were consumed annually in 2005 and 2017 before the ban, the current study estimates the ban potential eliminates about 6.2 billion bags (138 bags capita−1 y−1) from the waste stream. It is thus important to incorporate usage frequency, reusable bags standards, waste and health factors in policy formulation. Proper usage of reusable bags prevents waste and lowers their environmental burden.

A coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a global pandemic and associated morbidity and mortality resultant from COVID-19. As a result of efforts to control direct (person to person) and indirect (contaminated objects, surfaces, indoor air) transmission of the virus, various interventions have been evaluated. Studies were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of commercially available chlorine dioxide (CD) products to reduce viral loads on PPE (face masks) and surfaces using a novel dry gas release intervention. The efficacy of CD slow release 30-day sachets was tested on N95 face masks inoculated with human coronavirus OC43 in suspension. One sachet was placed with an inoculated mask in plastic resealable bags. Three trials were completed using the original sachet where a mask and sachet were placed into a plastic bag for 13 hours per sachet age of 1 day, 14 days, and 30 days. The amount of CD generated during a 13-hour treatment period was 0.30 mg. The nominal concentration of CD was estimated to be 317 mg/m3. All three tests demonstrated at least a 99.91% reduction of viral loading in the mask versus a non-treated control. Efficacy of CD dry gas fast releasing pods (Ultrashok) for fumigation was also tested in a 1344 ft3 closed room. Two pods were placed in the space and CD surface virucidal efficacy was tested in three locations of the room after 1 hour and 2 hours of dwell time. The estimated nominal peak concentration was 15 ppmv in the room. The one-hour exposure saw a >99.91% OC43 reduction on surfaces and the two-hour exposure resulted in a >99.997% OC43 reduction on surfaces versus a non-treated control. These results indicate dry CD is highly effective against human coronavirus. CD was 99.91% effective for eliminating human coronavirus OC43 in both sachet and capsule fumigant form using both fast and slow release mechanisms. Rapid fumigant application is suitable for contaminated rooms, ambulances, emergency vehicles, and many types of PPE, most particularly porous PPE materials. The gaseous state of CD allows for rapid diffusion and transfer of the virucidal stable free radical to all surfaces of PPE and indoor areas that would favor virus survival. Additionally, this work suggests CD can be effective at levels with significant margins of safety (little to no exposure and rapid degradation of residuals) providing minimal public health risks associated with the use of CD.

Managing waste has been an aged-old challenge, especially in developing cities, like the Freetown Metropolitan City. Solid Waste and/or waste in general is an artefact of human activities that can spring from individuals, families, community, commercial/industrial operations etc. This study is a qualitative investigation, and it is intended to gather an inclusive knowledge of solid wastes management for better public health in Freetown, the Capital City of Sierra Leone. Statistical analysis was employed to observe numerical representations on a wide range of selected data. In an attempt to achieve the aim of this research project, reviews of available online resources were exploited, and juxtaposed with everyday knowledge in the existing state of the Freetown’s municipality solid waste management. The study revealed that residents in Freetown produce an average 0.45 kg of solid waste per individual per day. It was further established that biodegradable/organic matters comprise approximately 75% to 85% of total waste stream along with assorted retired furniture, scarp metals and plastic bags as most important recyclable elements. The hitches connected with municipal solid waste management in Freetown have become palpable, spanning from the past decade to date. Among many other factors, an upsurge influx urbanisation after the 11 years brutal civil war that ended in 2001, combine up with insufficient approved dumping sites for waste disposal and institutional incapability stand out. In this project, the contemporary approach of solid waste disposal in Freetown was carefully assessed with efforts to bring out the most feasible alternatives of solid waste disposal and acclaim ways of refining its activities. It was concluded from the study that, solid wastes in the Freetown Municipality must be tackled in a synergetic approach. That is, government corroborating with private solid waste managing actors so as to enhance an excellent better-public health, sustainable environmental, urban economic development and a resourceful energy paradigm.

The huge amount of plastic waste is imperiling our daily life. Here, we designed a green and efficient large-scale one-pot method combining grafting and reversible cross-linking on a twin-screw extruder. Post-consumer plastic bags were upcycled to covalent adaptable networks (CANs) based on internally catalyzed anhydride monoester transesterification, and superior performance and reprocessability at elevated temperatures were achieved. This work provides a new idea for upcycling post-consumer polyolefin plastics, and the produced materials show great potential to be used at the industrial scale.

The effects of antimicrobial edible films containing carvacrol and cinnamaldehyde on organic baby spinach were determined via sensory analysis and changes in physical properties. Edible films made from pulp of hibiscus, apple, or carrot containing carvacrol or cinnamaldehyde at 0.5%, 1.5%, or 3% concentrations were added to organic baby spinach in plastic bags. These bags were stored at 4°C for 20-24h before performing sensory evaluation and measuring changes in physical properties. A randomized block design with an affective test was used. Preference liking was evaluated based on a 9-point hedonic scale for aroma, color, freshness, mouthfeel, flavor, and overall acceptability. Additionally, panelists quantified each sample using a 5-point hedonic scale for pungency, browning, bitterness, off-odor, and sourness. The color and texture of spinach samples were measured. Edible films containing cinnamaldehyde had the highest preference liking based on aroma, color, freshness, mouthfeel, flavor, and overall acceptability than those containing carvacrol and were the most likely to be purchased by panelists; therefore, cinnamaldehyde can potentially be used as an alternative sanitization option. There were no significant (p ≤ 0.05) changes in firmness or color values between spinach treated with antimicrobial films and controls. The results provide the produce industry with options for incorporating antimicrobial films into salad bags without influencing the physical or sensory properties of baby spinach.

This paper describes the surge in single-use plastic use, waste generation and related consequences amid the pandemic in Bangladesh. 14,500 tons of dangerous plastic waste was collected in the very first month of official lockdown in Bangladesh, which was almost twice that of collected before pandemic (~7250 tons per month). COVID-19 related medical waste in Bangladesh is haphazardly thrown away, much of which carries the coronavirus. Individual choices during lockdowns are also increasing plastic demand. Packaged take-out meals and home delivered groceries contributed 40% of plastic waste. Crucially, the virus can remain active on plastic surfaces for two to three days. However, it only infectious for up to 24 hours on cardboard or paper. From these findings it can be extrapolated that paper bags could be a better alternative for plastic bags, not only due to the short lifetime of the virus but also because paper bags are more environmentally friendly. Finally, we made some recommendations on how to reduce the use of single-use plastic, and recent status of biodegradable plastic items manufacturing industries in Bangladesh.

Background: Limbah medis merupakan hasil buangan dari suatu aktivitas medis. Limbah medis harus sesegera mungkin diolah setelah dihasilkan. Pengolahan Limbah Medis yang tidak tepat akan berdampak pada meningkatnya sumber infeksi dan dapat menyebabkan resiko terjadi infeksi nosokomial. Data dari bagian sanitarian RSUD Gambiran Kediri menyampaikan bahwa dalam 1 hari rata-rata dihasilkan limbah medis 190 kg, meliputi alat injeksi, ampul, botol infus, selang infus, kateter, botol bekas injeksi, sarung tangan, masker, kapas, plester, bungkus obat, kasa dan perban , yang di hasilkan oleh 20 ruangan rawat inap. Methods: Kegitan Pengabdian Masyarakat yang dilakukan adalah memberikan sosialiasi kepada seluruh karyawan dan pasien di RSUD Gambiran Kota Kediri berupa penyululan tentang cara pengolahan Limbah Medis mulai dari tempat pembuangan awal di ruangan sampai di bagian TPS B3 (Tempat Pembuangan Sampah B3 dengan metode pemberian leflet, dan media elektronik di RS. Results: Hasil dari kegiatan pengabdian masyarakat ini adalah di temukannya masalah yang berkaitan dengan pengolahan limbah medis masih tercampur limbah medis dan limbah non medi di beberapa ruangans, warna kantong plastik yang di gunakan tidak sesuai SOP, waktu yang di gunakan untuk mendistribusikan linen bersih tidak sesuai SOP. Conclusion: Setelah dilakukan pengabdian masyarakat di RSUD Gambiran Kota Kediri, kami mendapatkan berbagai masalah diantaranya terdapat kesenjangan antar target dan capaian. Dengan menggunakan data yang telah kami peroleh, kami mengolah data tersebut dengan menentukan prioritas masalah berdasarkan USG (Usgensi Seriousness Growth), berdasarkan hasil analisis prioritas masalah kami menentukan Analisis SWOT, menetukan intervensi dan kemudian melakukan implementasi sesuai dengan masyalah yang ditemukan dengan tepat.

Tens of thousands of plastics produced by people have caused incalculable harm to the environment. At the same time, the consumption of energy is becoming more and more serious, and the use of fossil energy to generate electricity has caused further damage to the environment. It is a good way to recycle waste plastics and make energy collection and generation devices based on them. Here, a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) based entirely on waste plastic bags is proposed. Three types of TENGs, PA-PVC-TENG, PA-PE-TENG, and PVC-PE-TENG, were fabricated by selecting the most common PA, PVC, and PE plastic films as the triboelectric layer. The output performance was improved by gilding the back of the plastic films as a conductive electrode. Under different conditions, three different types of TENGs were tested. The PA-PVC-TENG was found to show the best output performance with an open-circuit voltage of 35.7 V, a short-circuit current of 5.85 μA, and a maximum output power density of 152.6 mW/m

Garbage is a classic problem causing environmental and ecosystem damage in every region, including in Bogor City. Plastic is one of the largest types of inorganic waste that causes ecosystem damage. In one day 1,7 tons of plastic waste are produced from a modern shopping center in Bogor. Several attempts were made to reduce the volume of inorganic waste. Since July 2018 the Regional Government of Bogor City has issued a regulation restricting the use of plastic bags in the modern market as an effort to reduce inorganic waste, especially plastic waste. Forecasting the volume of inorganic waste after the enactment of this regulation is needed as an evaluation step. The double exponential smoothing hole model is suitable for linear data trends. This is in accordance with the condition of inorganic waste volume data which tends to have a linear trend. Forecasting produces parameter parameter values α (level) 0,78 and γ (trend) 0,09 also MAPE 7,25%. The forecast results show that the volume of inorganic waste tends to increase in 2020. In order for this regulation to be optimal, it is necessary to consider applying these regulations not only in the modern market but also in the traditional market. In addition, it is also necessary to find an alternative to substitute for plastic so as not to switch to other inorganic types.

The aim of the study was to identify pro-ecological behaviors undertaken by students of the Faculty of Economics of WULS-SGGW and the problems accompanying such activities, as well as to assess the behavior of family and friends and the approach of decision-makers to environmental issues. The survey technique was used in the research. The sample consisted of 119 respondents from all degrees, forms and fields of study at the Faculty. Only half of the respondents considered themselves pro-ecological consumers. Students also assessed their families more favorably than their friends in this respect. However, a much larger percentage of the sample participants declared that they regularly undertook specific activities in this area, the most popular of which were reusing plastic bags during shopping and the use of public transport. The least often, students decided to buy organic food and industrial ecological products. There were some significant differences in the declarations of men and women. Students of the Faculty of Economics of WULS-SGGW in their behavior and frequency did not differ significantly from their Polish peers. The main barrier to their pro-ecological behavior was the high cost of ecological goods.

Teniendo en cuenta que el material orgánico del suelo es un componente de importancia en la estructura y funcionamiento de los ecosistemas, principalmente en los cambios geoquímicos y en la fertilidad del suelo y que la dinámica de su mineralización depende principalmente de la actividad de los microorganismos, del tipo de moléculas orgánicas que predomine en los materiales que llegan al suelo y de las condiciones ambientales como temperatura y precipitación, se realizó el siguiente trabajo con el objetivo de evaluar los cambios en los materiales orgánicos que llegan al suelo dependiendo de ubicación en el perfil del suelo. Se utilizó la metodología modificada de Litter Bags colocando 300 g de material de origen vegetal, principalmente gramíneas, en bolsas plásticas con agujeros de 1 mm aproximadamente. Se utilizaron bolsas blancas para simular la descomposición del material en superficie (colocadas sobre la superficie) y negras (enterradas 20 cm) para simular la descomposición dentro del perfil del suelo. El número total de bolsas para cada caso fue de 12, de tal manera que se realizó un muestreo de tres bolsas por cada condición a los 22, 35, 56 y 78 días después del establecimiento y al inicio del ensayo. En la muestra inicial de determinó la composición del tejido vegetal, la materia seca y el contenido de humedad. En los muestreos intermedios se midió la materia seca y la humedad y en el muestreo final, además de lo anterior se volvió a determinar la composición química del tejido vegetal. Se evidenció que la pérdida de materia seca es un indicador de la velocidad de descomposición del material ya que el material orgánico enterrado al conservar la humedad, favoreció el proceso de pérdida de materia seca y por lo tanto una mayor tasa de mineralización. El contenido de N pasó de 1.11% a 2.45% en el material enterrado y de 1.11% a 1.96% en el material depositado sobre la superficie, lo cual indica la conveniencia de enterrar los materiales orgánicos.

IIUM Zero Single-Use Plastic Campaign was launched in February 2019, requiring everyone in IIUM not to use plastics including plastic straws, plastic bags, and plastic food containers. As such, this study attempted to gauge the IIUM community’s reception towards the Zero Single-Use Plastic Campaign. The objectives of this study are: (1) to determine the level of awareness, perception, attitude, readiness, and behaviour towards the Zero Single-Use Plastic Campaign; (2) to analyze the relationship among awareness, perception, attitude, readiness, and behaviour in the Zero Single-Use Plastic Campaign; and (3) to find out the best predictor of community behaviour towards such campaign. The study tested the theory of planned behaviour and employed a quantitative research design using the survey method with the questionnaire as its research instrument for data collection. A total of 398 respondents participated in the study. The results of the study show that there is a high level of awareness, perception, attitude, readiness, and behaviour towards the Zero Single-Use Plastic Campaign. Also, there are positive and significant relationships between the factors and behaviour (usage). Readiness is the best predictor of the zero single-use plastic usage. All the hypotheses are supported. Therefore, it can be concluded that the IIUM campus community supports the campaign. Hence, the theory of planned behaviour holds true and is supported by this study. Keywords: Attitude, awareness, behaviour, perception, readiness towards the campaign.

In Community Service activities, partners are Bika Bakar business actors in Medan City. The business partner has been engaged in the culinary sector, especially traditional cake type foods since 1990. The type of cake food produced by this business partner is baked bika cake. The production process is carried out at home with the help of several employees and equipment that is still simple, does not have accountancy , packaging that still uses plastic bags and limited access to marketing. Promotions that are lacking make partner products unable to compete with cake products produced by large businesses. Partners still use simple tools so that the production of bika bakar is not optimal in quantity and quality of production, so that Ms. Nurmalis' roasted bika is still less popular than cakes with well-known brands. Improvement in designing good simple bookkeeping in financial management. Increasing the quality and quantity of Bika Bakar production after the addition of a furnace and an increasing number of bika cake molds and using good paper bags, as well as product development through making brands in Bika Bakar Mitra products and online marketing.

The management of household solid waste is a growing concern related to public health and environmental damage. The study examined socio-demographic factors, perceptions, and attitudes that influence household waste management practices in Chitungwiza, Zimbabwe. Stratified and random sampling techniques were used to select 314 participants for the study. Data obtained from the survey were analyzed using descriptive and square Chi-square tests of association. 55.7% of the 25–44 years of age group is responsible for managing waste at a household level. The results of a Chi-square test of independence suggested a strong significant association between gender, and willingness to pay for fortnight waste collection services (X2 (1) = 8.119 p

The potential use of chitosan films as a replacement to synthetic polymers in food packaging applications is receiving remarkable attention due to their biodegradability and antimicrobial properties. This study presents the preparation of composite films from chitosan as polymeric matrices, and rice straw and nano rice straw fibres as reinforcements. The films were produced via wet mixing and casting techniques with various reinforcement contents (25–35 wt%). The aim of this research is to investigate the physical, mechanical, chemical, and thermal properties of the synthesized composite films and determine their feasibility for use in food packaging. The synthesized composite films will degrade by the time food is consumed leaving zero waste. Experimental results showed that rice straw fibres and nano-rice straw fibres enhanced the yield strength, fracture strength, and Young‘s modulus in comparison to the unreinforced material, and with reference to Egyptian plastic bags material. Thermal degradation temperature of the chitosan was improved by adding rice straw and nano rice straw compared to chitosan composites, which indicates that the composite thin films can perhaps compete with current thermoplastic synthetic polymers fabricated by melting techniques and serve as an alternative for synthetic plastics. The use of a local (shrimp and rice straw) waste as the source for biodegradable bags, turns food waste problem to being part of the solution of synthetic plastic waste.

With the economy growing rapidly, as well as the increasing diversification of human material and cultural needs, waste management poses a pressing challenge for local authorities in China. The primary aim of the present study is to examine the determinants of household waste-related behaviors, especially focusing on the roles of two important social interaction-based factors, social norms and networks, and their combinations. Specifically, this paper adopted the method of principal component analysis to capture social interactions and leveraged ordered logit models to explore their influences on the behaviors involving waste sorting, bringing their own shopping bags and reusing plastic bags in other aspects. Using the data from the Chinese General Social Survey in 2013 (CGSS2013), the results reveal that both social norms and social networks exert a significant positive influence on pure altruistic waste sorting while only social norms are positively associated with bringing their own shopping bags to store and reusing bags in other aspects with the nature of impure altruism. Meanwhile, there is no convincing evidence for the interaction effect between social norms and social networks on waste sorting, yet the interaction item does work together negatively influencing bringing their own bags and reusing bags behaviors. Moreover, the results show that social norms have a much larger effect on waste-related behaviors in males than females while social networks lead to significant promotion in waste sorting only for females. For people with higher education levels, the impacts of social norms and social networks on waste sorting and bringing their own bags behaviors are insignificant, while the higher income groups are weakly affected by social networks as well, partly because of time constraints and opportunity cost. Lastly, this paper provides new insight into waste management from the perspective of social interaction.

En los cultivos de plátano en Colombia, es común el uso de bolsas impregnadas de insecticida para cubrir su racimo; esta práctica es conocida y usada en todas las plantaciones de las regiones del país (CORMACARENA, 2014). Para los agricultores el uso de la bolsa plástica impregnada de clorpirifós es determinante para mejorar las condiciones en el plátano en el aspecto físico, prevención de plagas, para aumentar la temperatura y aumentar el tamaño de la fruta. (CORMACARENA, 2014). El problema se origina por la inadecuada disposición de las bolsas, pues al no tener estrategias de gestión, terminan realizando actividades como la quema, enterramiento o disposición en fuentes hídricas lo que ocasiona contaminación al ambiente. El departamento del Meta, como gran productor de plátano en el país, es también un generador considerable de este tipo de bolsas, es por esto por lo que se debe hacer una gestión adecuada de este tipo de residuo. En la presente investigación se pretendió formular un plan de manejo de residuos plásticos (bolsa del plátano) impregnados con insecticida (Clorpirifós) generados en los cultivos de plátano del municipio Fuentedeoro-Meta. La metodología se basó en el método de Ciclo de Vida de los Sistemas de Información de Kendall & Kendall (Kendall et al., 2005) en conjunción con la metodología de Marco Lógico en tres fases: planificación, análisis y diseño, a partir de lo cual se establecieron los problemas situados en el espacio de indagación y se diseñó una estrategia para la realización de un posible plan de manejo que dé solución a la bolsa plástica del cultivo de plátano, entendiendo éste como un residuo peligroso. Las entrevistas realizadas arrojan un aproximado de cantidad de bolsas usadas por año. Adicional, muestra la poca o nula capacitación que reciben los trabajadores de los cultivos de plátano frente al manejo de la bolsa impregnada con clorpirifós, lo cual lleva a concluir que es viable llevar a cabo un convenio con la Fundación Bioentorno así el proceso de capacitaciones y disposición final sería la adecuada. In banana crops in Colombia, it is usual to use insecticide impregnated plastic bags to cover the bunch; in all the plantations in the regions of the country, this practice is known and used. For farmers, the use of this product is decisive to improve the physical condition of the banana, prevention of pests, to increase the temperature and increase the size of the fruit. The problem of this practice originates from the inadequate disposition of the bags, since by not having management strategies, they end up carrying out activities such as burning, burying or disposing of water sources, which causes air, soil and water pollution. The department of Meta, as a large banana producer in the country, is also a considerable generator of this type of bags. In this research, the aim is to formulate a management plan for plastic waste (banana bag) impregnated with insecticides generated in the plantain crops of the Fuentedeoro-Meta municipality. The methodology was built from the Kendall & Kendall (2005) Information Systems Life Cycle method in conjunction with a Logical Framework method in three phases: planning, analysis and design, from which the problems located in the space of inquiry were established and designed a strategy to carry out a possible management plan that would provide a solution to the plastic bag of the plantain crop, understanding this as a hazardous waste. The interviews conducted show an approximate amount of bags used per year. In addition, it shows the little or no training that banana crop workers receive in the management of the bag impregnated with chlorpyrifos, which leads to the conclusion that it is feasible to carry out an agreement with the Bioentorno Foundation so the process of training and final disposition would be appropriate. Ingeniero Ambiental http://www.ustavillavicencio.edu.co/home/index.php/unidades/extension-y-proyeccion/investigacion Pregrado

Plastic bags is increasing with the development of technology, industry and population. Community dependence on plastic products is indeed very large. It is undeniable that there are many plastic based equipment that are sold at relatively cheap prices. Therefore socialization or education to reduce the use of plastic bags should be intensified. the researchers used an approach with the Android Based Online Message Gateway. The research design used was pre experimental design. With a population of 64, simple random sampling technique so that a sample of 56 respondents. Using the Wilcoxon statistical test with a significance level of 0.05. The results showed that the significance value of the attitude variable 0,000

Cempaka wasian is a type of woody tree which has a substantial historical value associated with the local culture of the Minahasan people. The improvement of cempaka wasian plantation is essential due to their enormous importance and usage. This study aims to discover the impacts of duration, storage room, and containers used for the appropriate storage of cempaka wasian seeds. The design used in this study is entirely randomized design organized with a factorial pattern which consists of 3 factors; 1) storage duration, 2) storage room and 3) storage containers. Duration of storage was 2, 3, 4, and 5 months; meanwhile, storage rooms comprised of refrigerators, chambers, and air-conditioned room. Moreover, storing containers consisted of calico cloth, aluminium foils, and plastic bags. The study finding indicates that the seeds of cempaka wasian could still germinate if stored for five months by using plastics bags inside refrigerators. A significant provision of seeds and suitable timing are closely related to the proper seed storage techniques.

This research aims to identify the influence of individual characteristics of people in East Bogor district and the effectiveness of the campaign program Bogor Without Plastic Bag to the community's concern on the environment. This study uses a descriptive quantitative approach, which is conducted in the House of residents in the Ciliwung River basin of East Bogor subdistrict. The results of research based on T test showed that there is no influence between the individual characteristics of the community of Bogor Timur (X1) consisting of age, gender, occupation, education, ethnic, and long stay in Bogor to concern Society in the Environment (Y), except on gender indicator, especially women shows have a partial influence on environmental concern. Meanwhile, based on the effectiveness program campaigns of Bogor without plastic bags (X2) significantly affects the Community's awareness on the environment (Y). The F test result indicates that the variable (X1) and (X2) affect the stimulant of the variable (Y). Result of the calculation of coefficient of determination (R2) of 47.8%, meaning not only the individual characteristics factor of the community and the effectiveness of the Bogor program without plastic bags that affect the Community's awareness of the environment.

Toman fish seeds (Channa micropeltes) generally come from natural catches in South Kalimantan and Central Kalimantan. A closed system is an effort to efficiency transportation costs by increasing the density of fish in transport media. Efforts to reduce stress levels are very important so that they can transport a lot, have small deaths, and take a longer time, and do not disturb the physiology of the fish after transportation. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of giving 3 ppt salt in transport media to the survival of fish during transportation. This research consists of two stages of activity, that is stage one is transportation for 12 hours and stage two was post-transportation maintenance for 11 days. In stage one, the plastic bag is filled with 10 L of water and is packed according to the treatment. This study used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 4 treatments 3 refitition to produce 12 experimental units. K treatment density of 30 heads / bag with no salt water (0 ppt) and treatment A: B: C with density (30: 50: 70) tail / bag with salt water (3 ppt). The calculation of the highest survival rate in treatment A was 97.80%. The results of analysis of varians (ANOVA) that the treatment has a real effect on survival rate in fish seed transport toman. This shows the best density in this study is 30 heads / bag. Keywords: redsnackhead Fish, Channa micropeltes, transportation, salinity

Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the principal psychoactive constituent of Cannabis, and other cannabinoids can be transferred onto surfaces by direct or secondary contact. Identification of these trace...

Plastic reduction policies are important for addressing plastic pollution however, the success of such policies relies on establishing new social norms. This study advances knowledge on public expressions of social norms by exploring the interplay between news media and social media in response to a new environmental policy. It is the first study to explore this phenomenon with the explicit aim of identifying and comparing information related to social norms. A content analysis was conducted in relation to the 2018 Australian supermarket plastic bag ban. Results demonstrate how social norms related to a new policy are created, reinforced and expressed in the contemporary media landscape. The interaction between news media and social media offers a window into public expressions of social norms, where social media provides a platform for civic participation in a public and real-time environment in which users can challenge the dominant narrative presented by the news media.