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Background A plant-based diet is associated with better survival among patients with nonmetastatic colorectal cancer (CRC), but its association in metastatic CRC is unknown. Methods Using an National Cancer Institute–sponsored trial (CALGB/SWOG 80405), we included 1284 patients who completed validated food frequency questionnaires at the initiation of metastatic CRC treatment. We calculated 3 indices: overall plant-based diet index (PDI), which emphasized consumption of all plant foods while reducing animal food intake; healthful plant-based diet index (hPDI), which emphasized consumption of healthful plant foods such as whole grains, fruits, and vegetables; and unhealthful plant-based diet index (uPDI), which emphasized consumption of less healthful plant foods such as fruit juices, refined grains, and sugar-sweetened beverages. We estimated the associations of 3 indices (quintiles) with overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) using multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression. Results We observed 1100 deaths and 1204 progression events (median follow-up = 6.1 years). Compared with the lowest quintile, patients in the highest quintile of PDI had significantly better survival (hazard ratio [HR] for OS = 0.76 [0.62-0.94], P trend = .004; PFS = 0.81 [0.66-0.99], P trend = .09). Similar findings were observed for hPDI (HR for OS = 0.81 [0.65-1.01], P trend = .053; PFS = 0.80 [0.65-0.98], P trend = .04), whereas uPDI was not associated with worse survival (HR for OS = 1.16 [0.94-1.43], P trend = .21; PFS = 1.12 [0.92-1.36], P trend = .42). Conclusions Our study suggests that a plant-based diet, especially when rich in healthful plant foods, is associated with better survival among patients with metastatic CRC. The cause of survival benefits warrants further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past few decades, Plato's Phaedrus has become an important text for scholars interested in tracing new materialist approaches to the history of rhetoric and writing. Drawing on rhetoric and plant studies scholarship, this essay contributes to this conversation by arguing that trees disclose an important layer of irony in the dialogue, producing a deep, if not ambivalent, unity that brings together rhetoric, writing, and discourse. Through a study of trees in the dialogue, this essay demonstrates how the Phaedrus offers rich connections between spatial, nonhuman, and ecological dimensions of writing, rhetoric, and discourse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stephen Smith launched a 40-year effort to bring trees to New York City streets in 1872, the year he founded the American Public Health Association (APHA). Smith argued that street trees would mitigate the adverse health effects of Manhattan's summer heat and help purify the air. The young APHA endorsed Smith's position and gave trees a prominent role in urban sanitation, but public health turned away from trees and urban reform movements as it adopted a biomedical public health model in the late 19th century. Nevertheless, Smith wrote and campaigned for a successful 1902 law requiring the New York City Parks Department to assume management of street trees in the name of public health. He then led a 1914 campaign to force the department to uphold his law. New York's street tree program has had an erratic trajectory, but it now generally follows Smith's vision. Public health could play a bigger role in creating greener cities and mitigating climate change with more field research and the health in all policies approach that Smith used to bring trees to Manhattan's streets in 1914. (Am J Public Health. 2025;115(1):66–74. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2024.307856) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing demand for smart agriculture has led to the development of agricultural sensor technology. Wearable sensors show great potential for monitoring the physiological and surrounding environmental information for plants due to their high flexibility, biocompatibility, and scalability. However, wearable sensors for plants face several challenges that hinder their large-scale practical application. In this review, we summarize the current research status of wearable plant sensors by analyzing the classification, working principles, sensor materials, and structural design and discussing the multifunctional applications. More importantly, we comment on the challenges the wearable plant sensors face and provide our perspectives on further improving the sensitivity, reliability, and stability of wearable plant sensors for future smart agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies of in situ plant response and adaptation to complex environmental stresses, are crucial for understanding the mechanisms of formation and functioning of ecosystems of anthropogenically transformed habitats. We study short- and long-term responses of photosynthetic apparatus (PSA) and anti-oxidant capacity to complex abiotic stresses of common plants Calamagrostis epigejos and Solidago gigantea in semi-natural (C) and heavy metal contaminated habitats (LZ). We found significant differences in leaf pigment content between both plant species growing on LZ plots and their respective C populations. The average values of leaf chlorophyll indexes were 27% lower in the LZ populations of both species and significantly lower in Sg plants in comparison to Ce ones. The average values of the anthocyanin index in CeLZ and SgLZ populations were significantly higher (by 18%) than in their respective controls. In both Ce and Sg plants occurring on LZ plots, the average leaf flavonol indexes were higher than on their controls by 31% and 15% and this index was significantly higher in SgLZ population than CeLZ and CeC plants (by 34% and 54%, respectively). Both Ce and Sg populations growing on LZ plots showed significantly lower photosynthetic rate (A), transpiration rate (E) and stomatal conductance (gs) in comparison to controls. On the other hand, a significantly higher photosynthetic rate was detected in SgLZ than in CeLZ populations. The catalase activities were significantly higher than recorded in Sg than in Ce tissues, irrespective of the plot type. They were also higher in LZ populations than those in controls for both species. Moreover, the H2O2 content in Sg tissues was significantly higher than those in Ce. Hydrogen peroxide content in CeLZ and SgLZ were respectively 39% (non-significant) and 57% higher, compared to their controls. The reverse pattern was found in the case of MDA, whose concentration was significantly higher in the leaves of Ce population compared to the control population. The average MDA concentration in CeLZ populations was 17% higher than in the CeC. In the case of Sg no significant differences were found. Mechanisms of plant species adaptation to industrial areas are crucial for species selection and planning effective reclamation of them. The analysis of chlorophyll fluorescence induction curves as well as well as the results of JIP test revealed the decreased of Fj value despite positive ΔK–band in SgLZ and CeLZ plants suggesting the increased rate of electron transfer from QA to QB at the acceptor side of PSII, thus a high quantity of P680+ and/or effective quenching by exogenous molecules. The increase in the I–P part of the induction curve typically attributed to the reduction of electron transporters (ferredoxin, intermediary acceptors, and NADP) of the PSI acceptor side was observed in both SgC and SgLZ but not in CeLZ populations. These changes demonstrate species-specific effects on electron transport during the light phase of photosynthesis under complex environmental stress. Our results show that Sg and Ce individuals developed a range of structural and functional adaptations to protect PSA against complex environmental stresses (possible combination of heavy metals, water deficiency, temperature, nutrient deficiency and salinity). Both species from LZ plots could tolerate high levels of Cd, Zn and Pb in leaf tissues. Therefore they can be potential candidates for use in phytoremediation of HM contaminated areas. However, further long-term field and experimental research on plant traits response and adaptation to complex environmental stresses on industrial habitats are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Ethnobotanical knowledge about plant roles in fisheries is crucial for sustainable resource management. Local ecological knowledge helps understand dynamics of the lake ecosystem. Fishers use plants based on availability and characteristics while adapting to the changes in the environment. Studying fishery related uses of plants and algae and the challenges interconnected with them from local perspectives can provide insights into their beneficial uses and impacts to the ecosystem. Methods: The study investigates the botanical knowledge of three fishing villages in Laguna Lake or Laguna de Bay (LB), Philippines, including Buhangin, Sampiruhan, and Mabato-Azufre, each with varying degrees of industrialization. The ethnobotanical study, which gathered 27 interviews between June 2022 and July 2024, included plant collection with the help of local collaborators, including local fishers as research guides. Results: Fishers in LB highlighted positive and negative plant-fishing interactions. The most frequently mentioned plant applications were fish habitat and fish hiding places. Fish food, spawning sites, conservation, and a number of challenges such as navigational concerns and aquaculture fish deaths had been previously reported in local use reports. The remaining observations provide new insights into plant-fishing interactions, including indicators of food quality and food sources for fish, the decrease in the action of waves, and how plants help in improving the quality of the water. Conclusion: These results highlight that the knowledge of fishers regarding the ecosystem in which they conduct their fishing activities provides baseline information about the positive and negative relationships between plants and fishing activities in the region, which is vital for further understanding its biodiversity and ecosystem interactions. It is crucial to consider fisher knowledge and involve them as equal partners in conservation efforts of LB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human‐induced changes in fire regimes worldwide are leading to changes in the diversity and composition of plant and insect communities through alterations in vegetation and habitat characteristics. As species interact in complex networks, environmental disturbances, such as an increase in fire frequency, can affect species directly and indirectly through cascading effects across trophic levels. This study examines the effects of fire frequency on multi‐guild communities in the Chaco region in Argentina, aiming to disentangle the direct and indirect pathways of influence between five different species groups: plants, phytophagous insects, ants, predators, and parasitoids. We assess cross‐taxon congruence by analysing α and β diversity indices and performing a structural equation model and Procrustes tests, respectively, trying to elucidate the pathways of influence between fire frequency and the different guilds. Multi‐guild communities responded to environmental changes produced by fire frequency via direct and indirect effects. Fire has both negative and positive, but weak indirect effects on predator richness through a bottom‐up cascading effect from plant richness across phytophagous insects and ants. However, when species relative abundances were considered, no effects have been observed on Shannon and Simpson diversity indices. A positive correlation between species composition of different guilds and fire frequency indicated congruence between connected guilds suggesting that changes in beta diversity propagate across all trophic chains. Given an increase in fire frequency, changes posed to vegetation translated in weak changes via species richness but through pronounced effects on species composition across different trophic levels. Our findings emphasise the importance of a multi‐guild approach to understanding biodiversity responses to environmental changes, highlighting the complexity and intricate dynamics of ecological communities in fire‐prone ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: RNA‐dependent RNA Polymerases (RdRPs) synthesize double‐stranded RNA (dsRNA) from a single‐stranded RNA (ssRNA) template. In plants, dsRNAs produced by RdRPs can be further processed into small interfering RNA (siRNAs) with different lengths, ranging from 21 to 24 nucleotides (nt). These siRNAs play a pivotal role in various biological processes, including antiviral responses, transposable elements silencing, DNA methylation, and the regulation of plant reproduction and development. Recent research has reported significant progress in uncovering the molecular mechanisms of plant RNA‐DEPENDENT RNA POLYMERASE 2 (RDR2), a representative RdRP involved in the RNA‐directed DNA methylation (RdDM) pathway. These discoveries provide a molecular basis underlying the principles of RdRP function and offer insights into potential advancements in crop breeding and antiviral defense strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Overusing pesticides to increase crop productivity is a global problem that harms ecosystems and can adversely affect human health. Therefore, low-cost, simple, and easy-to-use pesticide biomonitoring methods are needed to assess the impact of these products on the environment. In this study, we employed the root development of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) RR (Roundup® resistant) and sesbania (Sesbania virgata (Cav.) Pers) as bioindicators to evaluate the impact of irrigation water containing three distinct commercial pesticides (herbicide, fungicide, and insecticide). The hermetic response was observed for lower doses of methomyl. A significant reduction in root length was consistently observed in both soybean and sesbania plants when treated with glyphosate, difenoconazole, and methomyl. The dose-dependent change in root length suggests a straightforward alternative to monitoring pesticide levels in water-based solutions. Furthermore, the effects of these chemical agents on plants, even when present in low quantities, may clarify their implications for the environment and crop production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Air pollution, particularly particulate matter (PM), poses a significant threat to urban environments and public health. This study aims to explore the impact of small-scale spatial and height variations on the ability of different roadside tree species: Tilia cordata Mill., Platanus × hispanica Mill. ex Münchh., and Sorbus intermedia (Ehrh.) Pers., to accumulate PM, providing insights for enhancing urban sustainability. Conducted along a high-traffic road in Warsaw, Poland, the research examines PM accumulation at varying heights and locations within tree canopies while also evaluating the influence of PM on photosynthetic efficiency. Results indicate substantial differences in PM accumulation between tree species and height ranges, with S. intermedia accumulating the highest PM levels. PM accumulation was greatest near the roadside and at lower canopy heights (1–1.5 m), while higher canopies and areas distant from the road showed reduced PM concentrations. T. cordata exhibited the highest PM accumulation on the side facing traffic, averaging 12% at 1–1.5 m height, while the interior recorded 5% at 2–2.5 m height. In S. intermedia, the roadside crown contributed the highest accumulation (14%) at 1–1.5 m height and only 6% on the side facing departing traffic at 2–2.5 m height. P. hispanica displayed higher efficiency in PM accumulation, reaching 11% at the roadside (1–1.5 m) and 7% at the top of the crown (3–3.5 m). Additionally, PM accumulation negatively impacted photosynthetic efficiency and chlorophyll content, with the highest PM levels correlating with reduced plant vitality. PCA analysis showed a stronger association between leaf-deposited PM and total chlorophyll content and that the presence of accumulated PM may significantly influence the chlorophyll content of the plants. These findings provide valuable guidance for urban planners in strategically planting roadside vegetation to maximize air quality improvement, offering a cost-effective and sustainable approach to mitigate urban pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global advancement of genome-edited plants toward commercialization has been significantly shaped by the functionality and flexibility of some regulatory frameworks governing plant genome editing. These frameworks vary widely across countries, reflecting diverse approaches to assessing and managing the risks and benefits of genome-editing technologies. While some nations have adopted product-based frameworks that focus on the characteristics of the final plant rather than the technique used, others rely on more restrictive process-based regulations. This variability influences the pace of innovation, the types of products able to enter the market, and their global trade potential. Chile stands out as a leader in this landscape, having implemented a science-driven and flexible regulatory framework. Its system promotes innovation by facilitating genome-edited plant research and development, field testing, and local commercialization. This regulatory adaptability positions Chile as a critical player in supporting the global integration of genome-editing technologies into agriculture, fostering advancements that address food security, sustainability, and climate resilience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY Due to its excellent performance in processing large amounts of data and capturing complex non‐linear relationships, deep learning has been widely applied in many fields of plant biology. Here we first review the application of deep learning in analyzing genome sequences to predict gene expression, chromatin interactions, and epigenetic features (open chromatin, transcription factor binding sites, and methylation sites) in plants. Then, current motif mining and functional component design and synthesis based on generative adversarial networks, large models, and attention mechanisms are elaborated in detail. The progress of protein structure and function prediction, genomic prediction, and large model applications based on deep learning is also discussed. Finally, this work provides prospects for the future development of deep learning in plants with regard to multiple omics data, algorithm optimization, large language models, sequence design, and intelligent breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change‐induced range shifts can disrupt interactions among species by moving them in and out of ecological communities. These disruptions can include impacts on competition for shared resources. Bumble bees (Bombus spp.) are important pollinators shifting their range upwards in elevation in response to climate change. These shifts could lead to altered competition among species and threaten co‐existence. This could be particularly worrying at the tops of mountain ranges where bumble bees may no longer be able to move up to higher elevations to track climate change. To better understand this issue, we investigated changes in diet niche overlap among bumble bee species along a 2296 m elevation gradient in the southern Rocky Mountains. Additionally, we investigated how morphological and phenological traits impact diet composition (flower species visited) among bumble bee species and explored a simple simulation to understand how the continued upward movement of bumble bee species under climate change into the mountaintop may affect trait overlap of newly co‐occurring species. We found that diet niche overlap among bumble bee species increased with elevation. We also found that differences in morphological and phenological traits (body size, tongue length, date of activity) were correlated with differences in diet composition among bumble bee species. Finally, we described how the co‐occurrence of bumble bee species from lower elevations with mountaintop species would lead to increased trait overlap and likely more species sharing similar flowers. These shifts could lead to increased competition for high‐elevation restricted species on mountaintops and exacerbate the effects of climate change on high‐elevation bumble bees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transposable elements (TEs) are repressed in plants through transcriptional gene silencing (TGS), maintained epigenetic silencing marks such as DNA methylation. However, the mechanisms by which silencing is first installed remain poorly understood in plants. Small interfering (si)RNAs and post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) are believed to mediate the initiation of TGS by guiding the first deposition of DNA methylation. To determine how this silencing installation works, we took advantage of ÉVADÉ (EVD), an endogenous retroelement in Arabidopsis, able to recapitulate true de novo silencing with a sequence of PTGS followed by a TGS. To test whether PTGS is required for TGS, we introduce active EVD into RNA-DEPENDENT-RNA-POLYMERASE-6 (RDR6) mutants, an essential PTGS component. EVD activity and silencing are monitored across several generations. In the absence of PTGS, silencing of EVD is still achieved through installation of RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM). Our study shows that PTGS is dispensable for de novo EVD silencing. Although we cannot rule out that PTGS might facilitate TGS, or control TE activity, initiation of epigenetic silencing can take place in its absence. Synopsis: PTGS facilitates but is not required for the de novo epigenetic silencing of EVD, a proliferative retrotransposon in Arabidopsis. PTGS and associated RDR6-RdDM promote homogeneous epigenetic silencing of 40–50 copies. In absence of RDR6, silencing and installation of PolIV-RdDM at EVD regulatory sequences takes place stochastically. TGS installation is independent of DNA methylation at EVD coding sequence and copy number. PTGS facilitates but is not required for the de novo epigenetic silencing of EVD, a proliferative retrotransposon in Arabidopsis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mining is one of the activities that require large areas of land for the storage of sterile rocks resulting from the extraction of useful mineral substances. Waste dumps are wide-spread, are unpleasant components of the landscape causing a negative visual impact, the modification of ecosystems and their functions, environmental pollution (depending on their content, it can result atmospheric pollution by entrainment of dust particles and powders by winds, generation of acid waters, land and soil pollution with trace elements, etc.), and may present risks for the objectives in the area as a result of the sliding potential. The waste dumps consisting of inert rocks like sands, clays, and dust in different mixtures, which present various degrees of aeration and permeability and which lack the fertility given by organic matter, need proper interventions and works to support the development of more valuable plants and to reintegrate them into the natural landscape. The research presented in this paper aims to identify the necessary steps in order to accelerate the pedogenesis process on mining dumps and, as a result, a logical scheme type method was developed that could be easily applied to any type of mining dump. Also, the logical scheme was applied and verified through an experimental study carried out at the level of the interior dump of North Pesteana open-pit from Rovinari mining basin, Romania. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Fusion transcripts (FTs), generated by the fusion of genes at the DNA level or RNA-level splicing events significantly contribute to transcriptome diversity. FTs are usually considered unique features of neoplasia and serve as biomarkers and therapeutic targets for multiple cancers. The latest findings show the presence of FTs in normal human physiology. Several discrete reports mentioned the presence of fusion transcripts in planta, has important roles in stress responses, morphological alterations, or traits (e.g. seed size, etc.). Results: In this study, we identified 169,197 fusion transcripts in 2795 transcriptome datasets of Arabidopsis thaliana, Cicer arietinum, and Oryza sativa by using a combination of tools, and confirmed the translational activity of 150 fusion transcripts through proteomic datasets. Analysis of the FT junction sequences and their association with epigenetic factors, as revealed by ChIP-Seq datasets, demonstrated an organised process of fusion formation at the DNA level. We investigated the possible impact of three-dimensional chromatin conformation on intra-chromosomal fusion events by leveraging the Hi-C datasets with the incidence of fusion transcripts. We further utilised the long-read RNA-Seq datasets to validate the most reoccurring fusion transcripts in each plant species followed by further authentication through RT-PCR and Sanger sequencing. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that a significant portion of fusion events may be attributed to alternative splicing during transcription, accounting for numerous fusion events without a proportional increase in the number of RNA pairs. Even non-nuclear DNA transcripts from mitochondria and chloroplasts can participate in intra- and inter-chromosomal fusion formation. Genes in close spatial proximity are more prone to undergoing fusion formation, especially in intra-chromosomal FTs. Most of the fusion transcripts may not undergo translation and serve as long non-coding RNAs. The low validation rate of FTs in plants indicated that the fusion transcripts are expressed at very low levels, like in the case of humans. FTs often originate from parental genes involved in essential biological processes, suggesting their relevance across diverse tissues and stress conditions. This study presents a comprehensive repository of fusion transcripts, offering valuable insights into their roles in vital physiological processes and stress responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microneedles are mainly used for pain-free drug administration and in biosensing for wearable systems. They are also promising for fields such as agronomy for precision farming, but their fabrication is not straightforward, often requiring expensive equipment and cleanroom protocols, being unsuitable for mass production. Here, we report a new and simple method for the scalable fabrication of all-inkjet-printed conductive microneedles based on silver nanoparticles (extensible to any other metallic nanoparticle ink) and a simple example of their application for monitoring the electrochemical properties of plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to the issues of cleaning and maintaining the channels of the reclamation drainage system in a working condition. During the study, the general condition and characteristics of the reclamation channels of the drainage network were analyzed, as a result of which it was concluded that the volume of sediments, siltation and vegetation in the channels increased in the absence of maintenance operations, which in turn leads to a decrease in the channel capacity and flooding of agricultural fields. At the same time, the study showed that the proportion of channels in the drainage network, sediment volumes in most channels range from 0.02 to 0.10 m3 per 1 m length, which corresponds to a chip thickness of 5...15 cm. In the course of the work, factors preventing the maintenance of the design depth of drainage channels were identified, which are mainly associated with the increasing volume of sediment and siltation in the absence of canal maintenance operations. The study proposes designs of working bodies of channel cleaning machines moving on rigid guides strictly in a straight line along the axis of the channel, which are capable of cleaning channels both with fixed bottoms and slopes, and without their attachment. The analysis of the stress state of the elements of the new working bodies is presented. In conclusion, the study presents the main conclusions and results of the work carried out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the 18th century, as human activity intensified, climate changes on our planet became global. These changes create complications of different nature in different areas. There are three important categories of action for reducing the risk of global climate change: reducing emissions, adapting to climate impacts, and financing required adjustments. The plant world is the most important among the living systems affected by global climate changes. That is why adapting plants to these changes, in other words, increasing their durability, is one of the most important issues of modern horticulture. It has already been proven that nanotechnology plays an important role in increasing plants' resistance to environmental factors (temperature, salinity, drought, radiation, etc.). In the presented review article, the scientific articles of recent years have been analyzed and it has been shown that nanoparticles play an important role in plant development, productivity, important physiological and biochemical, molecular processes and resistance to stress factors. The number of studies and investigations dedicated to this field is observed with exponential growth. In the article, the research of recent years and the results obtained from our own experiences are highlighted. It has been shown that nanoparticles can produce both positive stimulatory and toxic effects in plants, depending on their type, physical and chemical properties, dose, exposure time and application methodology. It has been noted that nanoparticles play an important role in the mineral nutrition of plants, protection, and formation of effective responses to stress factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThe Elizabethan Gardens was designed in the mid-twentieth century as a living memorial for sixteenth-century English settlers who died on Roanoke Island, North Carolina. Today, it is a site where layers of mourning converge; for long-lost colonists and recently deceased relatives, absent Indigenous and Black people, and erosion-related land loss. Combining religious studies, multispecies studies, and literary studies of the Gothic, this article proposes the “ecological gothic” as a rubric for analyzing complex emotions and material relations in places, like the Gardens, that are defined by memory and ecological change. Its characteristics include an aesthetic of haunting, the melancholic romanticization of nature, and ruins or decayed infrastructure that seem to foreshadow collapse. In the Gardens, the ecological gothic shapes my discussion of human-plant relations, “unruly” infrastructure, mourning and spirit relations, set within a historical narrative that promoted American progress and White supremacy. Beyond the Gardens per se, I make the case for the ecological gothic as a framework through which scholars of religion might contribute to an emerging cross-disciplinary focus on how climate and ecological change is experienced, including in deeply emotional ways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research was conducted during the period 2020-2022 in the experimental field of the Field Crops Institute - Chirpan, Bulgaria. In a three-factor field experiment, the effect of the vegetation-applied herbicide Envoke, containing 75% trifloxysulforon-sodium, was tested on two cotton cultivars. Factor A includes the three years of the study. Factor B includes the cotton cultivars Chirpan-539 and Helius. Factor C includes the herbicide Envoke, applied in 3 rates - 10 g ha-1, 15 g ha-1, 20 g ha-1, once and two times during the 4-5 leaf and budding stages of cotton. The aim of the trial was to study the selectivity and stability of the effects of the three different rates of the herbicide Envoke on cotton under different weather conditions. It has been found that the vegetation-applied herbicide Envoke, applied in the three rates, once and two times during the 4-5 leaf and budding stages of cotton, does not have a phytotoxic effect on the crop and is selective to the two cultivars - Chirpan-539 and Helius. The highest yields in both cotton cultivars were obtained with the two-time application of the herbicide Envoke during the 4-5 leaf and budding stages. Technologically, the most valuable are all variants with the herbicide Envoke for the cultivar Chirpan-539 and the variants with the herbicide Envoke in rates of 15 g ha-1 and 20 g ha-1 for the cultivar Helius. These variants combine high yield values and high stability of this indicator in different years. The untreated controls in the two cotton cultivars were the only ones that received negative evaluations. This is due to the high number of weeds and sunflower volunteers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Humanity has maintained cultural connections with our environments from time immemorial. Plants and artisan crafts are a prime example, as craft purpose, skill, design and species used can vary greatly between communities and the loss of a critical plant species can result in a loss of access to cultural craft practices. To mitigate global biodiversity loss, conservationists are faced with the challenge of assessing species vulnerability to extinction and prioritizing species for conservation funding using information instruments, like the IUCN red list. This process does not necessarily consider a species' cultural importance. In this paper, we address this gap for plant species used in artisan crafts in Colombia. We aim to answer the following: (1) how represented are endemic species in artisan crafts; (2) how threatened are artisan craft species according to (a) international and (b) national vulnerability status? We used the number of species-associated common names as a proxy for cultural awareness. We found that continentally regional species were far more represented in Colombian artisan crafts than national endemics. We also found a strong positive relationship between the number of common names and national vulnerability assessment status, but no statistically significant relationship for international vulnerability status. Based on our results, well-known plants used in Colombian artisan crafts are more likely to be assessed nationally than internationally. While the IUCN is thorough in their recommendations, more can be done to prioritize the inclusion of conservation assessments for species based on their contributions to cultural diversity. Key policy highlights: Many plant species important for Colombian artisan crafts are not being assessed for vulnerability to extinction. Even the most well-known artisan plant species lack profiles on the IUCN Red List for international conservation. At the national level, artisan-used plant species labeled as 'Least Concern' have more associated common names and so are possibly better known by the public, on average, than artisan-used plant species that have not been evaluated or have no profile at all. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Botanic gardens have an important role in educating people about plants. Direct contact with plants has a positive effect on the perception and understanding of plants and prevents plant blindness. In botanic gardens, pupils can learn about plants through practical work. At the Ljubljana University Botanic Gardens, educational programmes for schools have existed since 1986. Every year the Ljubljana University Botanic Gardens is visited by many different groups, from the youngest to oldest (kindergarten, primary school, graduate and professional school students, and faculties). We run around 350 guided tours for groups per year. Groups can choose either a guided tour with work sheets and workshops or they can visit the botanic gardens on their own. Most of groups are children from primary school. Ljubljana University Botanic Gardens offers programmes related to the valid school curriculum in Slovenia. Our programmes include guided tours based on level of pupils and/or practical work. The most popular time to visit is spring. But, we still have visitors in winter due to our tropical greenhouse. The most popular programme at our botanic gardens is the general tour. With our pedagogical programmes we contribute to plant knowledge, since we teach our pupils about nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study endeavoured to capitalize on prickly pear by-products for the optimization of molasses formulation, targeting elevated antioxidant capacities and superior sugar contents. Through robust statistical modelling, the optimal cooking parameters—temperature (70-80 °C) and duration (60–90 min)—were determined, guided by responses of antioxidant activity and Brix value. A D-Optimal mixture design further delineated the ideal proportions of molasses components (pulp, peel, and seeds). Characterization revealed that peel harboured the highest concentrations of total polyphenols (396.41 mg GAE/100g FW) and flavonoids (234.26 mg CE/100g FW), emphasizing its antioxidant potential (DPPH inhibition IC50: 12.72 µg/ml). The optimal cooking conditions were established at 78.35 °C for 79.70 min, with predictive equations guiding ingredient proportions (0.265 g pulp, 0.710 g peel, 0.025 g seed). Intriguingly, while peel inclusion enhanced total sugar content and antioxidant activity, seed incorporation exerted a contrasting effect by reducing total sugar content and limiting antioxidant activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The association between occupational titles and lung function has mostly been examined through cross-sectional studies. Preventive measures are expected to mitigate adverse effects; hence, updated estimates are necessary. Aims To study change in lung function measured by spirometry across occupations. Methods This population-based prospective cohort study comprised 5618 working adult participants of the Trøndelag Health Study (HUNT3, 2005–07), Norway. Among these, 3800 individuals (43% men, mean age 42 years, range 20–55) also attended HUNT4 (2017–19). We analysed longitudinal decline in forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) z -score during the 11-year follow-up by occupation (white-collar workers as reference category), in mixed models, adjusting for age, sex and smoking. We assessed the prevalence of self-reported respiratory symptoms and disease in the working population in HUNT4 (n  = 32 124) and HUNT3 (n  = 32 070). Results Compared with white-collar workers, agricultural workers and 'drivers and mobile plant operators', had larger declines in FEV1 z -score during follow-up. In sex-stratified analyses, men defined as agricultural workers and 'drivers and mobile plant operators' had larger declines than white-collar workers. Among women, who were underrepresented in many blue-collar jobs, workers classified as 'machine operators and assemblers' experienced greater declines. In the working population in HUNT4, the prevalence of respiratory symptoms in connection with work was 8%, and lower among white-collar workers (6%) than blue-collar workers (14%). Conclusions Although certain workers in Norway remain at risk for occupational lung function decline, there were modest differences between occupations. The findings encourage continuous efforts to implement preventive measures in high-risk jobs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, numerous artistic experiments have emerged that engage Critical Plant Studies in dialogue with various forms of artistic creation. The role of plants in these processes, their capacity to influence them, and their impact on human imaginaries are currently subjects of debate. This text aims to analyze these questions within the context of a specific artistic project. The piece Other Intelligences by the artist duo Maria Castellanos and Alberto Valverde introduces novel features regarding the role of plants and the space of encounter between humans and plants. We will analyze this artistic device by applying concepts such as plant agency and performance, opacity, and some considerations related to ethics and care. Additionally, we will present observations of certain plant behaviors and the results of six interviews conducted with project participants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant architecture is a major determinant of planting density, which enhances productivity potential for crops per unit area. Genomic prediction is well positioned to expedite genetic gain of plant architectural traits since they are typically highly heritable. Additionally, the adaptation of genomic prediction models to query predictive abilities of markers tagging certain genomic regions could shed light on the genetic architecture of these traits. Here, we leveraged transcriptional networks from a prior study that contextually described developmental progression during tassel and leaf organogenesis in maize (Zea mays) to inform genomic prediction models for architectural traits. Since these developmental processes underlie tassel branching and leaf angle, 2 important agronomic architectural traits, we tested whether genes prioritized from these networks quantitatively contribute to the genetic architecture of these traits. We used genomic prediction models to evaluate the ability of markers in the vicinity of prioritized network genes to predict breeding values of tassel branching and leaf angle traits for 2 diversity panels in maize and diversity panels from sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and rice (Oryza sativa). Predictive abilities of markers near these prioritized network genes were similar to those using whole-genome marker sets. Notably, markers near highly connected transcription factors from core network motifs in maize yielded predictive abilities that were significantly greater than expected by chance in not only maize but also closely related sorghum. We expect that these highly connected regulators are key drivers of architectural variation that are conserved across closely related cereal crop species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heterosis was the catalyst for the domestication of cultivated strawberry (⁠ F r a g a r i a × a n a n a s s a ⁠), an interspecific hybrid species that originated in the 1700s. The hybrid origin was discovered because the phenotypes of spontaneous hybrids transgressed those of their parent species. The transgressions included fruit yield increases and other genetic gains in the twentieth century that sparked the global expansion of strawberry production. The importance of heterosis to the agricultural success of the hybrid species, however, has remained a mystery. Here we show that heterosis has disappeared (become fixed) among improved hybrids within a population (the California population) that has been under long-term selection for increased fruit yield, weight, and firmness. We found that the highest yielding hybrids are among the most highly inbred (59–79%), which seems counterintuitive for a highly heterozygous, outbreeder carrying heavy genetic loads. Although faint remnants of heterosis were discovered, the between-parent allele frequency differences and dispersed favorable dominant alleles necessary for heterosis have decreased nearly genome-wide within the California population. Conversely, heterosis was prevalent and significant among wide hybrids, especially for fruit count, a significant driver of genetic gains for fruit yield. We attributed the disappearance (fixation) of heterosis within the California population to increased homozygosity of favorable dominant alleles and inbreeding associated with selection, random genetic drift, and selective sweeps. Despite historical inbreeding, the highest yielding hybrids reported to-date are estimated to be heterozygous for 20,370–44,280 of 97,000–108,000 genes in the octoploid genome, the equivalent of an entire diploid genome or more. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Redistribution of precipitation across seasons is a widespread phenomenon affecting dryland ecosystems globally. However, the impacts of shifting seasonal precipitation patterns on carbon (C) cycling and sequestration in dryland ecosystems remain poorly understood.In this study, we conducted a 10‐yr (2013–2022) field manipulative experiment that altered the timing of growing‐season precipitation peaks in a semi‐arid grassland.We found that the delayed precipitation peak suppressed plant growth and thus reduced gross ecosystem productivity, ecosystem respiration, and net ecosystem productivity due to middle growing‐season water stress. Surprisingly, shifting more precipitation to the early growing season can advance plant development, increase the dominance of drought‐tolerant forbs, and thus compensate for the negative impacts of middle growing‐season water stress on ecosystem C cycling, leading to a neutral change in grassland C sink.Our findings indicate that greater precipitation and plant development in spring could act as a crucial mechanism, maintaining plant growth and stabilizing ecosystem C sink. This underscores the urgent need to incorporate precipitation seasonality into Earth system models, which is crucial for improving projections of terrestrial C cycling and sequestration under future climate change scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to assess the impact of the method of use and different fertilization of the foothill soil on the manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) concentration in leachates and the loads of trace elements leached from the soil profile. An experiment was carried out in Wiśnicz Foothills (Malopolska Province, Poland). In each plot, three lysimeters were installed, placed at a depth of 0–30 cm. The experiment included six variants, five on meadow, without fertilization (A—control); with mineral fertilization (B); with liquid manure (C) and with manure application (D); non-fertilized and non-mowed (E); and on arable land with mineral fertilization (F), in three repetitions each. Leachates were collected for three years in three periods: I—intensive growing, II—slow growing, and III—non-growing seasons. In general, the highest concentrations of Mn, Cu, Cd and Pb were recorded in leachates during period III. The lowest amounts of Cu and Cd were found in leachates in period II and Mn and Pb in period I. The exception were leachates from the following treatments: fertilized with liquid manure, which contained the most Mn and Cd in period II and the least Cd in period I; unused meadow, which contained the least Pb in period I; and leachates from arable land contained the least Cd in period I. The differences in the content of trace elements in the leachates were significant and amounted to 150–200% for Cd and Pb and about 20% for Mn and Cu. Mineral fertilization generally did not affect significantly Mn, Cu, Pb and Cd content in relation to the control, and the contents of Mn, Cu and Pb were even lower than in the leachates from the control. There was a significant increase in Mn concentration in leachates from unused meadow and arable land, Cu, Pb and Cd after both natural fertilizer applications and from arable land compared to other objects, in addition to Cd from unused meadow. Generally, the highest loads of trace elements were removed in period II and the smallest in period I of the study. Differences in leached loads during these periods were 2- to 8-fold and greater after liquid manure and manure application. The differences in Mn, Cd and Pb loads in subsequent years were 1.5- to 2-fold, and Cu loads in all years were similar. Natural fertilizers increased the trace element loads 1.5–4-fold compared to the control. Smaller differences concerned Mn and Cu and larger Pb loads. The method of land use significantly affected the quantity and quality of water percolates through the soil profile. Contrary to popular belief, the leachates from the unused meadow were not of the best quality, which resulted from their increased permeability into the soil under these conditions. Due to the quantity and quality of leachate waters and surface runoff in the foothill and mountain areas, it is advisable to limit tillage treatments, and the rational use of meadows and pastures with moderate fertilization is recommended. It is important to emphasize the importance of the proper management of the use of foothill and mountain areas for the optimal supply of plants with trace elements. Substantial losses of microelements necessary for optimal plant development may require their use in the form of fertilizers, which will result in increased agricultural production expenditures, reduce economic effects and slow down the pace of achieving sustainable agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: Plants depend heavily on soil nutrients for growth, development and defence. Nutrient availability is crucial not only for sustaining vital biochemical processes but also for mounting effective defences against a diverse array of pathogens. Macronutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium significantly influence plant defence mechanisms by providing essential building blocks for the synthesis of defence compounds, immune signalling and physiological responses like stomatal regulation. Micronutrients like zinc, copper and iron are essential for balancing reactive oxygen species and other reactive compounds in plant immune responses. Although substantial circumstantial evidence links nutrient availability to plant defence, the molecular mechanisms underlying this process have only recently started to be understood. This review focuses on summarizing recent advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms by which nitrogen, phosphorus and iron interact with plant defence mechanisms and explores the potential for engineering nutritional immunity in crops to enhance their resilience against pathogens. Significance Statement: This review synthesizes recent advances in understanding how key nutrients—nitrogen, phosphorus and iron—interact with plant defence mechanisms. It explores the molecular pathways that link nutrient availability to immune responses and discusses the potential for engineering nutritional immunity to enhance crop resilience against pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Probiotics serve as a novel preventive or therapeutic approach for dental caries owing to their ability to reverse dysbiosis and restore a healthy microbiota. Here, we identified Burkholderia ambifaria AFS098024 as a probiotic candidate isolated from plants. Methods: The safety of B. ambifaria was evaluated by hemolytic activity, D-lactic acid production and antibiotic susceptibility. In vitro biofilm model derived from the saliva of caries-free and caries-active donors and in vivo rat caries model were used to assess the efficacy of B. ambifaria in caries prevention and treatment. Results: B. ambifaria was safe as a probiotic candidate and it could integrate with in vitro biofilm model. It significantly reduced the biomass and lactate production of biofilms from caries-active donors and disrupted biofilm structures. B. ambifaria effectively reduced the severity of carious lesions in rat molars, regardless of the inoculation sequence. Molars pretreated or treated with B. ambifaria demonstrated notably higher enamel volumes. Additionally, colonization of rat molars by B. ambifaria persisted for 6 weeks. Conclusion: The B. ambifaria strain used in this study holds promise as a probiotic for inhibiting dental caries, both in vitro and in vivo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exposure to pesticides is one potential factor contributing to the recent loss of pollinators and pollinator diversity. Few studies have specifically focused on the relationship between pesticide management during ornamental plant production and contamination of nectar. We evaluated contamination of nectar in Salvia 'Indigo Spires' (Salvia longispicata M. Martens & Galeotti × S. farinacea Benth.) associated with applications of the systemic insecticide thiamethoxam, and the nonsystemic fungicides boscalid and pyraclostrobin. Applications were made at the labeled rates for the commercially available products, and we compared the influence of application method (drench vs. spray), timing (relative to flowering), and rate (low vs. high) for each pesticide. Nectar was sampled using 50‐µL microcapillary tubes and analyzed by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. The results indicate that concentrations from the spray application resulted in the least contamination of nectar with the systemic thiamethoxam, with lower concentrations occurring when thiamethoxam was applied before blooming at the lowest rate. Concentrations of thiamethoxam and its metabolite clothianidin were detected in nectar in all treatments (regardless of the method, timing, or rate of application), and ranged from 3.6 ± 0.5 ng/mL (spray‐applied before blooming, low rate) to 1720.0 ± 80.9 ng/mL (drench‐applied after blooming, high rate). Residues of clothianidin in nectar ranged from below quantification limits (spray‐applied before blooming, low rate) to 81.2 ± 4.6 ng/mL (drench‐applied after blooming, high rate). Drench applications resulted in the highest levels of nectar contamination with thiamethoxam, and exceeded published median lethal concentrations (LC50s/median lethal doses for native bees and/or honeybees in all cases). Spray treatments resulted in nectar concentrations exceeding published LC50s for some bee species. In comparison, all nonsystemic treatments resulted in concentrations much lower than the published no‐observable‐effect doses and sublethal toxicity values, indicating low risks of toxicity. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:2616–2627. © 2024 SETAC [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this review, we emphasize structure-activity and the effects on mammals of plant growth bioregulators. plant growth bioregulators can be referred to as "biochemical effectors" since they are substances having biological activity. It is possible to distinguish between "bioregulators" and "regulators" due to the significance of the compounds mentioned above in biochemistry and agrobiology. Thus, "plant growth bioregulators" (PGBRs) are the names given to naturally occurring chemical substances produced by biosynthetic processes. PGBRs affect both plant reign and animal reign. A plethora of plant growth bioregulators were described in the literature, so the structure, activity in plants, and their effects on mammals are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genus Croton (Euphorbiaceae) encompasses numerous species recognized for their diverse medicinal applications, particularly in pain management. This systematic review aims to compile and analyze the scientific evidence on the antinociceptive properties of Croton species. The review protocol was registered in the Open Science Framework (OSF) associated project: osf.io/z4juf. Using the PRISMA methodology, an exhaustive search was conducted in databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science to identify relevant studies published to date. The review includes preclinical studies in animal models that investigate the mechanisms of action and efficacy of Croton extracts and isolated compounds in pain inhibition. The results indicate that 28 Croton species exhibit significant antinociceptive effects, attributed to bioactive compounds such as diterpenes, alkaloids, and flavonoids. These compounds interact with multiple biological pathways, including ion channels, such as TRPV1, K/ATP, and ASIC channels, as well as the inhibition of the synthesis of inflammatory mediators, particularly prostaglandins. This review highlights the potential of Croton as a source of novel analgesic agents and emphasizes the necessity for further clinical studies. Additionally, integrating ethnobotanical and pharmacological knowledge is suggested to develop innovative and effective treatments for pain management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review is devoted to a systematic analysis of studies aimed at investigating plant extracts, essential oils and phytochemical compounds capable of inhibiting Streptococcus mutans biofilm formation. This paper investigates the effect of extracts, essential oils and individual plant compounds on inhibiting the biofilm formation of Streptococcus mutans, one of the major pathogens responsible for the development of dental caries. Using cultural microbiology and molecular biology techniques, the authors describe the mechanisms by which plant samples reduce Streptococcus mutans adhesion and growth. The results show that several plant components have antibacterial properties, contributing to the reduction of Streptococcus mutans colony numbers and inhibiting the synthesis of extract-exopolysaccharide matrices required for biofilm formation. This work highlights the potential of botanicals in inhibiting Streptococcus mutans biofilm formation, which can be applied as natural antimicrobial agents in the prevention and treatment of dental diseases. Views on the use of these plant extracts and their components in dental preparations such as toothpastes, rinses and gels aimed at preventing dental caries are evaluated. The review shows the relevance of the research to optimizing the use of plant extracts, essential oils, individual compounds and their active actions in the control of Streptococcus mutans biofilms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Building on previous studies, this essay discusses the use of embryological images and analogies in Anaximander, Empedocles, Democritus, and Lucretius. It pursues their intertextual connections arguing that in ancient philosophy embryology was not only relevant for conceiving the early formation of the cosmos as has been claimed so far, but that it also shaped the conception of the primeval rise of animal life and the living processes of plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The number of commercially available plant allergens/extracts is limited and therefore patch testing with fresh/dried plant material may be a necessary supplement in diagnosing plant allergy. Objectives: To evaluate the usefulness of patch testing with plants "as is" compared to patch testing with commercial and in‐house produced plant test materials and to report on species eliciting positive patch test reactions. Patients/Materials/Methods: Consecutive eczema patients, who were patch tested between January 2019 and December 2023 and who had at least one positive reaction to a plant allergen and/or extract and/or plant "as is" were included in the study. Results: A total 57 out of 1893 patients tested (3%) were sensitised to plants. Compositae plants were the most frequent sensitizers, followed by tomato, tulipalin A, falcarinol, and Philodendron plants. In 12 patients (21%), the diagnosis was based on patch testing with fresh plants only. Occupational sensitization occurred in 32%. Other sensitizers included Hydrangea, Pelargonium zonale, and Monstera. Conclusions: A large minority of plant‐sensitised patients would have been undiagnosed without patch testing with plants "as is." Most of the culprit plants were known sensitizers, but not commercially available, and these and new species taken into cultivation makes patch testing with fresh plants unavoidable and worthwhile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article is to carry out a comparative analysis of two documentary sources, the Erário Mineral (1735) by the surgeon Luís Gomes Ferreira and "Da natureza da mulher" by the Greek physicist Hippocrates. The intention is to point out that the use of medicinal elements and substances in the 18th century for the treatment of uterine dysfunctions was still practically the same as that listed by the Greek physicists. The methodology used in this research is descriptive and explanatory. Our conclusion is that, based on the recipe for the triaga brasílica cited by Ferreira, four elements were identified that were used for these dysfunctions. At the same time, the similarity between their use and the substitutions made by the surgeon in altering the old recipes, due to the new context and flora available in the New World, is noted. These elements are: rue, wine, butua and purga de rom. Portuguese medical institutions still reproduced and promoted the circulation of medicinal knowledge for women's illnesses based on the Hippocratic-Galenic theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The review presents the main functions of oxalates (oxalic acid and its salts) in physiological processes in plants. The participation of endophytic bacteria, oxalotrophs and/or oxalic acid producers, in the regulation of plant responses to the effects of unfavorable environmental factors of biotic and abiotic nature is considered. A conclusion is made about the prospects for the development of a new direction in the study of the role of endophytic bacteria in the formation of oxalate-mediated adaptive potential in plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copper, a malleable and ductile transition metal, possesses two stable isotopes. These copper isotopic composition data have recently found diverse applications in various fields and disciplines. In geology, copper isotopes serve as tracers that aid in investigating ore formation processes and the mechanisms of copper deposits Likewise, it has emerged as a valuable tracer in polluted environments. In plant biology, copper acts as an essential micronutrient crucial for photosynthesis, respiration, and growth. Copper isotopes contribute to understanding how plants uptake and dispense copper from the soil within their tissues. Similarly, in animals, copper serves as an essential trace element, playing a vital role in growth, white blood cell function, and enzyme activity. In humans, copper acts as an antioxidant, neutralising harmful free radicals within the body. It also helps in maintaining the nervous and immune system. Furthermore, copper isotopes find medical applications, particularly in cancer diagnostics, neurodegenerative diseases, and targeted radiotherapy. However, excessive copper can have detrimental effects in humans such as it can cause liver damage, nausea, and abdominal pain, whilst in plants it can affect the growth of plants, photosynthesis, and membrane permeability. This review emphasises the significance of copper and its isotopes in geology, the environment, and human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most gastric cancers (95%) are related to an initial Helicobacter pylori infection worldwide. Treatments against this pathogen include a mix of antibiotics, antimicrobials, and proton-pump inhibitors. Over time, H. pylori mutated, generating resistance to treatments and making it hard to combat its infection. The purpose of this review is Hibiscus sabdariffa, commonly known as hibiscus, as a potential agent for anti-H. pylori activity. Scientific interest has increased toward plant-derived bioactive compounds, which have the ability to enhance the antibiotic effect and can lead to the development of new drugs, such is the case for H. sabdariffa. In general, studies show that natural products, such as plant-derived bioactive compounds, can be used as alternative treatments from natural origin against the pathogen. The specific action mechanism of these bioactive compounds is still controversial, but it is suggested that they have an anti-inflammatory effect, and they also act as antibiotic coadjutants. Research has been conducted regarding different bioactive compounds such as polyphenols, epicatechins, alkaloids, and caryophyllenes. H. sabdariffa contains several of these compounds; therefore, more studies are needed to establish its effect against H. pylori. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Oral cancer is considered the sixth most common form of cancer worldwide. It causes significant morbidity and mortality, especially in low socioeconomic status groups. However, Cancer chemoprevention encompasses the use of specific compounds to suppress the growth of tumours or inhibit carcinogenesis. Natural products have been identified as one of the most significant sources of anti-cancer agents. Meanwhile, several synthetic drugs exhibit potential cytotoxicity and can induce a wide range of degenerative diseases. Aim of the review: This review aims to determine the various plants, vegetables, and fruits possessing natural chemotherapeutic agents against oral cancer cells. Materials and methods: A comprehensive review of findings reported in articles retrieved from searches of computerised databases, hand searches, and authoritative texts. Inclusion databases include PubMed, Medline, Web of Science, Scopus, and Scientific. Exclusion Computerised databases: Wikipedia or unknown sources. Results: Natural products have fewer side effects, high selectivity, low toxicity, and eliminate cancer cells. Thus, the application of natural products as alternative oral and other cancer therapies has recently demonstrated remarkable progress. Conclusion: Natural products have been widely used in developing oral anti-cancer drugs. Most of these natural products present bioactive chemical agents and novel mechanisms of action, such as the inhibition of tumour cell growth, the induction of apoptosis, DNA damage, and the inhibition of topoisomerases I and II. In future, the successful integration of natural products in oral cancer chemoprevention field depends on the advancement of molecular targeting, personalised approaches, and the exploration of novel drug delivery systems. Furthermore, integration of preclinical findings in clinical trials will be important for translating research into impactful interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a comparative analysis of the anatomical characteristics of the leaf, stem and root of Cichorium intybus L., found in the Aksai and Kaskelen gorges, as well as the Tausamaly rural district in the Trans-Ili Alatau region of Kazakhstan. From the examination of the anatomical features of the leaf, stem and root of Cichorium intybus L., which exhibits a broad distribution, ecotypic traits reflective of their respective growth environments have been identified. Notably, an increase in the number of anomocytic stomata was observed in the epidermis of plants from the first and second populations under study. Additionally, glandular trichomes, comprising a two-celled limb and a single-celled trichome with a head, were found in significantly higher quantities. Within the leaf mesophyll, clusters of milk-accumulating cells were noted. In the stem's primary bark of the first population, idioblast cells were detected, known for accumulating biologically active substances, and there was an observed increase in the level of inulin crystal formation within the vascular structure. However, in the rural district of Tausamaly, where the third population of Cichorium intybus L. was located, a decrease in stomata, trichomes, and milk-accumulating cells was observed due to man-made pollution and anthropogenic factors. Furthermore, a reduction in the diameter of the stem's central cylinder and a narrowing of the xylem and phloem tube diameters within the conductive bundle were determined. Additionally, a diminished formation of insulin crystals within the vein was noted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salinity has emerged as a critical abiotic stress factor, significantly limiting the growth, productivity, and quality of many crop species. As the global salinization of agricultural land continues to intensify, it is crucial to explore effective mitigation strategies to sustain crop yields. γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA), a non-protein amino acid, is present in a variety of organisms, including plants, where it fulfills diverse roles under both optimal and stress conditions. In plants, GABA is intricately involved in nitrogen metabolism, amino acid biosynthesis, and the regulation of primary and secondary metabolic pathways. Functioning through the GABA shunt, it provides the carbon skeletons and energy required for biosynthetic processes and is vital for the regulation of carbon and nitrogen balance. Under abiotic stress conditions, particularly salinity, GABA rapidly accumulates, facilitating several protective mechanisms that help plants cope with stress. These include enhancing osmotic adjustment through the accumulation of osmolytes, protecting cellular structures such as chloroplasts, and improving chlorophyll fluorescence and photosynthetic efficiency. Moreover, GABA has been shown to boost antioxidant enzyme activity, reducing oxidative stress and mitigating the damage caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) under salinity conditions. This study explores the multifaceted role of GABA in plants under saline environments, with a focus on its physiological, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms in enhancing plant resilience. By elucidating these mechanisms, we aim to highlight the potential of GABA as a natural biostimulant to improve crop performance and sustainability in saline soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mode of action, bioaccumulation potential and toxicity of Rare Earth Elements (REE), with several applications in the technology, medical and agricultural fields, are still understudied. The nitrates acute effects on single exposures, binary and ternary mixtures of lanthanum (La), neodymium (Nd) and samarium (Sm) on Lactuca sativa lettuce seed germination and wet biomass in an artificial soil (AS) and an Ultisol were assessed. Germination (EC50), wet biomass (IC50) and germination inhibition (% GI) were evaluated. EC50 values show La was the most toxic in Ultisol, Sm in AS, and Nd appears with intermediate values on both substrates. The IC50, both single and mixed, decreased from 3- to 181-fold with increasing test concentrations in relation to the control in AS, while increases in Ultisol were observed, followed by decreases at higher doses which may be associated with the low-dose stimulation effect (hormesis). Our findings may be used to subsidize REE risk assessment studies and reinforce the hormesis effect to prevent the use of high application of REE fertilizers, avoiding the accumulation of REE in agricultural soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic metal primarily found as a by-product of zinc production. Cd was a proven carcinogen, and exposure to this metal has been linked to various adverse health effects, which were first reported in the mid-19th century and thoroughly investigated by the 20th century. The toxicokinetics and dynamics of Cd reveal its propensity for long biological retention and predominant storage in soft tissues. Until the 1950s, Cd pollution was caused by industrial activities, whereas nowadays, the main source is phosphate fertilizers, which strongly contaminate soil and water and affect human health and ecosystems. Cd enters the human body mainly through ingestion and inhalation, with food and tobacco smoke being the primary sources. It accumulates in various organs, particularly the kidney and liver, and is known to cause severe health problems, including renal dysfunction, bone diseases, cardiovascular problems, and many others. On a cellular level, Cd disrupts numerous biological processes, inducing oxidative stress generation and DNA damage. This comprehensive review explores Cd pollution, accumulation, distribution, and biological impacts on bacteria, fungi, edible mushrooms, plants, animals, and humans on a molecular level. Molecular aspects of carcinogenesis, apoptosis, autophagy, specific gene expression, stress protein synthesis, and ROS formation caused by Cd were discussed as well. This paper also summarizes how Cd is removed from contaminated environments and the human body. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the past, scientific communities obtained the dose–response only partially right. They correctly described responses at high heavy metal (HM) doses, but ignored and mischaracterized the crucial response at low HM doses. Lower dosages of non-essential heavy metals (HMs) in plants induced plant hormetic responses by triggering innocuous, beneficial, and growth-promoting morpho-physio-biochemical reactions. Instead of creating toxic symptoms in plants, these low amounts of non-essential HM or metalloid dosages improve or boost plants' metabolism at morphological, physiological, and biochemical levels. This review critically examines distinct non-essential HMs or metalloids-mediated hormetic effects inducing plant morpho-physio-biochemical response characteristics (end points) at specified exposure duration in diverse plant species. Additionally, the review highlights the details of hormesis inside the plant system along with non-essential heavy metal or metalloids-induced morphological, physiological, and biochemical hormetic responses that were clearly risk free, safe, and non-hazardous to plants' bodies. These responses further ensured the plant's fitness and long-term survival by strengthening the plant's immunity against subsequent future interactions with toxicants. The review study also looks over the potential working possible mechanisms behind non-essential HMs or metalloids-induced phyto-hormesis phenomena, such as activation of a variety of plant tolerance mechanisms like phytohormone defence pathways, antioxidant system, stress-related genes, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis. All these all mechanisms and their cross talk might contribute to plant growth and developmental processes under modest HMs or metalloids stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Grapefruit seed skin particles (GSSPs) have antifungal properties due to the presence of flavonoids. Therefore, it has the potential to display antifungal characteristics when added to acrylic resin, but it could affect the mechanical properties of the resin. This study investigated the effects of adding GSSPs on the mechanical characteristics of 3D-printed denture base resins. Purpose: The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of the addition of GSSPs to 3D-printed acrylic at different concentrations on the degree of conversion (DC), surface hardness, flexural strength, and tensile strength. Methods: In this study, 90 samples were printed with acrylic resin via a Digital Light Processing (DLP) printer. Thirty square samples were used for the surface hardness test. Thirty rectangular samples were used for the flexural strength test, and thirty dumbbell-shaped samples were used for the tensile strength test. These materials were prepared by adding different concentrations of GSSPs (0.0 wt.%, 5.0 wt.%, and 7.0 wt.%), which were determined by a pilot study to be the most effective in 3D denture base resins. The Durometer Shore Hardness Scale (DSHS) was used to measure the surface hardness, and a universal testing machine was employed to gauge the flexural strength and tensile strength. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) was employed for particle size analysis and fracture behavior determination. Results: Compared with those of the control group, the degree of conversion (DC), surface hardness, flexural strength, and tensile strength of the treated groups significantly improved after the addition of 5.0 wt.% and 7.0 wt.% GSSPs. The FE‒SEM images revealed a decrease in porosity as the concentration of GSSPs increased with a brittle fracture behavior. Conclusions: The addition of GSSPs to 3D-printed acrylic is recommended because of their significant positive impacts on the mechanical properties of 3D-printed denture base resin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review describes the enhanced classification of polyphenols into flavonoids, lignans, phenolic acids, stilbenes, and tannins. Its focus is the natural sources of polyphenols and an in-depth discussion of their antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral activity. Besides a broad literature overview, this paper contains authors' experimental data according to some daily consumed vegetables such as tomatoes, different varieties of onion, garlic, parsley, and cayenne pepper and the probable relation of these activities to polyphenols. The isolation of polyphenols via conventional and ultrasonic, pressurized liquids and pulse-field extractions, as well as their methods for detection and determination, are interpreted as well. The main mechanisms by which polyphenols inhibit the growth of bacteria, fungi, and viruses, such as protein synthesis, cell membrane destabilization, and ROS production induction, are in focus. Data on polyphenol concentrations and their respective MIC or the inhibition zone diameters of different bacterial and fungal species and suppressing viral replication are depicted. The toxicity of polyphenols in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo towards microorganisms and human/animal cells, and the safety of the polyphenols applied in clinical and industrial applications are expanded. This review also characterizes the antimicrobial effects of some chemically synthesized polyphenol derivatives. Biotechnological advances are also reported, especially the entrapment of polyphenols in biocompatible nanoparticles to enhance their bioavailability and efficacy. Polyphenols are promising for exploring molecules' novel antimicrobial substances and paving the path for effective novel antimicrobial agents' discovery, taking into consideration their positives and negatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]