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In Mexico, large dams have been a critical component of the water supply. However, the places where they can be built are scarcer every day, a situation that adds to the high costs and social conflicts that they cause. Much of the water stored in dams is lost due to evaporation, so technological alternatives are currently being investigated to reduce it. Regarding the determination of evaporated volumes, data obtained with evaporimeters do not represent actual evaporation, being necessary to apply theoretical models in combination with field measurements to reach better approximations. The main objective of this research is to calculate the water evaporation in the El Cazadero dam located in the State of Zacatecas, Mexico, through Penman’s semi-empirical equation using data from the El Cazadero or 32006 weather station. The study area was selected due to its aridity and recurring drought problems that affect water availability. Evaporation results obtained from applying the theoretical model are compared with those reported by the weather station, showing a good correlation. In addition, results of the average daily evaporation are used to determine the approximate volume of water evaporated in the hydrological year between November 2010 and October 2011, when a severe drought occurred, whose magnitude and economic value indicates the necessity to carry out more research on this subject and propose public policies to develop and implement technological alternatives that mitigate this phenomenon.

In this article, I present the biblical meaning of peace, and I suggest that in Matthew’s Gospel the petition of «forgiveness of debts» in the Lord’s Prayer may specify a characteristic of peace. Then, I point out the meaning of peace in the prayer of the Benedictus and present examples of prayers of the second Temple Period in order to show the variety of meanings of peace among the Jewish groups of that period. I then present the meaning of peace mentioned in some prayers of the synagogue. Finally, I suggest the reasons why it is possible to argue that in some case with the request of peace it is differentiated intentionally the religious identity of those who recite these prayers from the identity of those who recite the Lord’s Prayer and the Benedictus.

We investigate the decay of planetary boundary layer (PBL) turbulence in the afternoon, from the time the surface buoyancy flux starts to decrease until sunset. Dense observations of mean and turbulent parameters were acquired during the Boundary Layer Late Afternoon and Sunset Turbulence (BLLAST) field experiment by several meteorological surface stations, sounding balloons, radars, lidars, and two aircraft flying extensively during the afternoon transition. We analyzed a case study based on some of those observations and Large-Eddy Simulation (LES) data focusing on the turbulent vertical structure throughout the afternoon transition. The decay of turbulence is quantified through the temporal and vertical evolution of (1) the turbulence kinetic energy (TKE), (2) the characteristic length scales of turbulence, (3) the shape of the turbulence spectra. A spectral analysis of LES data, airborne and surface measurements is performed in order to (1) characterize the variation of the turbulent decay with height and (2) study the distribution of turbulence over eddy size. This study points out the LES ability to reproduce the turbulence evolution throughout the afternoon. LES and observations agree that the afternoon transition can be divided in two phases: (1) a first phase during which the TKE decays with a low rate, with no significant change in turbulence characteristics, (2) a second phase characterized by a larger TKE decay rate and a change spectral shape, implying an evolution of eddy size distribution and energy cascade from low to high wavenumber. The changes observed either on TKE decay (during the first phase) or on the vertical wind spectra shape (during the second phase of the afternoon transition) occur first in the upper region of the PBL. The higher within the PBL, the stronger the spectra shape changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Observations of Lifted Temperature Minimum (LTM) profiles in the nocturnal boundary layer were first reported by Ramdas and Atmanathan (1932). It was defined by the existence of a temperature minimum some centimeters above the ground. During the following decades, several research studies analyzed this phenomenon verifying its existence and postulating different hypothesis about its origin. The aim of this work is to study the existence and characteristics of LTM during the evening transition by using observations obtained during the Boundary Layer Late Afternoon and Sunset Turbulence (BLLAST) campaign. Data obtained from two masts instrumented with thermocouples and wind sensors at different heights close to the ground, and a mast with radiometers are used to study the role of mechanical turbulence and radiation in LTM development. The study shows that LTM profiles can be detected under calm conditions during the day-night transition, several hours earlier than reported in previous work. These conditions are fulfilled under weak synoptic forcing during local flow shifts associated with a mountain-plain circulation in relatively complex orography. Under these special conditions, turbulence becomes a crucial parameter in determining the ideal conditions for observing LTM profiles. Additionally, LTM observed profiles are also related to a change in the atmospheric radiative characteristics under calm conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Prediflood" is a database of historical floods that occurred in Catalonia (NE Iberian Peninsula), between the 11th century and the 21st century. More than 2700 flood cases are catalogued, and more than 1100 flood events. This database contains information acquired under modern historiographical criteria and it is, therefore, suitable for use in multidisciplinary flood analysis techniques, such as meteorological or hydraulic reconstructions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study the disturbances of CBL dynamics due to large-scale atmospheric contributions for a representative day observed during the Boundary Layer Late Afternoon and Sunset Turbulence (BLLAST) campaign. We first reproduce the observed boundary-layer dynamics by combining the Dutch Atmospheric Large-Eddy Simulation (DALES) model with a mixed-layer theory based model. We find that by only taking surface and entrainment fluxes into account, the boundary-layer height is overestimated by 70 %. If we constrain our numerical experiments with the BLLAST comprehensive data set, we are able to quantify the contributions of advection of heat and moisture, and subsidence. We find that subsidence has a clear diurnal pattern. Supported by the presence of a nearby mountain range, this pattern suggests that not only synoptic scales exert their influence on the boundary layer, but also mesoscale circulations. Finally, we study whether the vertical and temporal evolution of turbulent variables are influenced by these large-scale forcings. Our model results show good correspondence of the vertical structure of turbulent variables with observations. Our findings further indicate that when large-scale advection and subsidence are applied, the values for turbulent kinetic are lower than without these large-scale forcings. We conclude that the prototypical CBL can still be used as a valid representation of the boundary-layer dynamics near regions characterized by complex topography and small-scale surface heterogeneity, provided that surface- and large-scale forcings are well characterized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Observations, mixed-layer theory and the Dutch Large-Eddy Simulation model (DALES) are used to analyze the dynamics of the boundary layer during an intensive operational period (1 July 2011) of the Boundary Layer Late Afternoon and Sunset Turbulence campaign. Continuous measurements made by remote sensing and in situ instruments in combination with radio soundings, and measurements done by remotely piloted airplane systems and two aircrafts probed the vertical structure and the temporal evolution of the boundary layer during the campaign. The initial vertical profiles of potential temperature, specific humidity and wind, and the temporal evolution of the surface heat and moisture fluxes prescribed in the numerical simulations are inspired by some of these observations. The research focuses on the role played by the residual layer during the morning transition and by the large-scale subsidence on the evolution of the boundary layer. By using DALES, we show the importance of the dynamics of the boundary layer during the previous night in the development of the boundary layer at the morning. DALES numerical experiments including the residual layer are capable to model the observed sudden increase of the boundary-layer depth during the morning transition and the subsequent evolution of the boundary layer. The simulation shows a large increase of the entrainment buoyancy heat flux when the residual layer is incorporated into the mixed layer. We also examine how the inclusion of the residual layer above a shallow convective boundary layer modifies the turbulent kinetic energy budget. Large-scale subsidence mainly acts when the boundary layer is fully developed and, for the studied day, it is necessary to be considered to reproduce the afternoon observations. Additionally, we investigate how carbon dioxide (CO2) mixing ratio stored the previous night in the residual layer plays a fundamental role in the evolution of the CO2 mixing ratio during the following day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La investigación reciente ha demostrado que el término arameo equivalente a «Hijo del Hombre» es traducción de of אדם ,אנוש ,איש ,אדם נפש ,ב y es pues un término habitual para «hombre». Por el contrario, la mayoría de las ocurrencias en el NT señala a una figura individual conocida y específica. Tomando el caso de Lc 6,22c, este trabajo sugiere la hipótesis de que cuando la expresión «Hijo del Hombre» fue introducido en las Bienaventuranzas de Q tenía un significado mesiánico, y que aúna dos modos de ver la escatología: una escatología del (cercano) juicio final que se añadió a una escatología de la recompensa en el cielo, la cual habría pertenecido a un estado primitivo de la composición (Lc 6,22ab-23).

La expresión «Hijo de Hombre» que se halla en los evangelios canónicos ha recibido interpretaciones diferentes en la exégesis bíblica. El presente trabajo defiende la hipótesis de que «Hijo de Hombre» en Lc 6,22c hace referencia a Dn 7,13, e investiga las posibles razones de su ausencia en Mt 5,11. Para llevar adelante la hipótesis, diversos textos cristianos y judíos son estudiados y relacionados: las Bienaventuranzas bíblicas, 11QMelch, 1QH, y los targumim palestinos sobre Gn 3,15.

La figura de María de Nazaret, como se nos muestra en su Magníficat, está estrechamente relacionada con Ester, la protagonista del rollo con su nombre. En ambas narraciones se encuentra un tema fundamental: el del «cambio de suerte», unido al asunto del «universalismo» presentado como comunión entre generaciones, como extensión de relaciones, y como participación de una misma historia caracterizada por la experiencia de la misericordia del Señor.

An introduction is presented in which the editor discusses articles in the issue on the topics including global approach the responsibility and the opportunity of leadership; and plans to develop road map towards a better health care delivery system that continues to put patients first.