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In this study, activated carbon was prepared using KOH activated anthracite Guhanshan (GHS) for CH4 adsorption. The influencing factors of carbon to alkali ratio, activation temperature, pickling time, and pickling temperature were considered comprehensively. Results show that the elemental O content of the pre-oxidized sample was increased by 44.6%. As an activator, KOH would generate more micropores on the coal matrix, the maximum specific surface area was 3136.80 m2/g. With the increase of KOH, the affinity of methane on the surface of activated carbon decreases by an average of 57%. However, the adsorption capacity of activated carbon on methane gases would be increased greatly, and the fitting result of the L-F equation shows that the maximum adsorption capacity is 19.31 mmol/g. Based on present results, the optimal preparation conditions seem to be 1:5 carbon to alkali ratio at 700 °C activation temperature and 3 h pickling with 5% hydrochloric acid at 60 °C.

ilustraciones, diagramas Los efluentes de decapado de la industria de galvanizado por inmersión en caliente son altamente peligrosos y de difícil tratamiento debido a la concentración de ácido clorhídrico alrededor de 10% y contenido de metales pesados disueltos de Fe (~140g/L) y de Zn (~160g/L). Mediante a la técnica de coprecipitación química estos efluentes pueden ser aprovechados para la síntesis de partículas. En este trabajo investigativo se logra la obtención de partículas de óxido de hierro-zinc a partir de efluentes decapado oxidado de la industria de galvanizado en caliente; la oxidación del efluente se realiza con KMnO4 0,5 M o H2O2 13%, posteriormente se utiliza H2C2O4 como agente precipitante a 1 M, 1,5 M y 2 M. Los precipitados se calcinaron bajo atmósfera de aire, y se obtuvieron principalmente micro y nanopartículas de los óxidos de ferrita de zinc y oxido de zinc en proporciones similares que varían en un rango entre 30 y 40% p/p para cada uno de los compuestos metálicos presentes. Se encontró, que el Band-Gap obtenido en todas las síntesis fue alrededor de 1.2-1.4 eV, dichos valores están por debajo del rango reportado (1.9 Ev) en la literatura para este tipo materiales, siendo de gran interés para aplicaciones fotocatalíticas; por último, se evalúa su capacidad como fotocatalizador para la degradación de colorantes, obtenido un porcentaje de remoción del color en la solución mayor al 92% en el 91,6% de las muestras sintetizadas en presencia de un sistema de radiación UV-vis. (Texto tomado de la fuente) Pickling effluents from the hot-dip galvanizing industry are highly dangerous and difficult to treat due to the concentration of hydrochloric acid around 10% and the content of dissolved heavy metals of Fe (~140g/L) and Zn. (~160g/L). Through a chemical coprecipitation technique, these effluents can be used for the synthesis of particles. In this investigative work, we are able to obtain iron-zinc oxide particles from oxidized pickling effluents from the hot-dip galvanizing industry; different materials were synthesized by coprecipitation using 0.5 M KMnO4 or 13% H2O2 as oxidizing agents of the pickling solution and different concentrations of H2C2O4 as precipitating agent (1 M, 1.5 M and 2 M). The precipitates were calcined under an air atmosphere, and mainly micro and nanoparticles of zinc ferrite oxides and zinc oxide were acquired in similar proportions that vary in a range between 30 and 40% w/w for each of the metal compounds. It was found that the band Gap obtained in all the syntheses was around 1.2-1.4 eV, these values are below the reported range (1.9 Ev) in the literature for this type of materials, being of great interest for photocatalytic applications; they are evaluated as a photocatalyst for the degradation of dyes, obtaining a color removal percentage in the solution greater than 92% in 91.6% of the synthesized samples in the presence of a UV-vis radiation system. Maestría Magíster en Ingeniería - Materiales y Procesos Valorización de residuos y Tratamiento de efluentes Área Curricular de Materiales y Nanotecnología

Herein, a new approach for direct separation of Cu and Zn from high acid leaching solution was proposed. The approach includes two steps, Cu and part of Zn first precipitated with H2S, then the Zn in the residue was re-leached using the original leaching solution. Thermodynamics calculation indicates that CuS and As2S3 will generate even the acid concentration is over 8 mol/L, while ZnS is easier to dissolve in acid solution. Therefore, it is possible to selective separate Cu and Zn using H2S under high acid concentration. Key parameters which will affecting the precipitation of Cu and the pickling of Zn are systematically investigated. Under the optimal conditions, the precipitation efficiency of Cu can reach over 99%, and the loss of Zn was only 3.15%. Moreover, more than 96% of As in the leaching solution will also be precipitated. The concentrations of Cu, As, and Zn in the leachate are 0.0722, 0.0893, 48.73 g/L, respectively. The content of Cu in the residue can reach over 57% which could be used for extraction of Cu. XRD results showed that Cu and As were existed as CuS and As2S3 in the residue.

У статті йдеться про післявоєнні способи збереження продуктів у промислових масштабах на тлі відсутності електричного холодильного обладнання. Встановлено, що основними холодильними реагентами в тогочасному Львові були лід, сіль і дим. Простежено впровадження в місті перших радянських електричних холодильників та соціально-побутові зміни, викликані таким нововведенням. Проаналізовано вплив збереження їжі на харчування львів’ян та визначено основні типи продуктів, які зберігали на основі давніх усталених традицій. Використано загальнонаукові методи дослідження — причиново-наслідковий, порівняльний та системний аналізи, які дають змогу структурувати матеріал дослідження, глибше розкрити основні практики збереження продуктів. При вирішенні поставлених завдань автор брав за орієнтир головні принципи історичної науки: верифікацію джерел, об’єктивність та історизм. Роботу структуровано на основі хронологічного підходу. The article sheds light on the post-war methods of preserving food on an industrial scale in Lviv during the absence of electric refrigeration equipment. The main focus of the research was to examine the impact of food preservation on the nutrition of Lviv residents. The article analyzes the use of ice, salt, and smoke as the primary refrigerating agents in Lviv at that time, and the influence of the introduction of the first Soviet electric refrigerators on the city’s social and everyday life. To determine the main types of products preserved, the author employed general scientific research methods, such as causal, comparative, and systemic analyses, in order to structure the research material and to gain a deeper understanding of the preservation practices of food products. The author adhered to the main principles of historical science, including the verification of sources, objectivity, and historicism, in conducting the research. The work is structured in a chronological manner, providing a comprehensive overview of the post-war food preservation methods in Lviv. The article provides valuable insights into the significance of food preservation in the post-war era, and the impact of this activity on the nutrition of Lviv residents. The findings of this research can inform similar studies, and highlight the importance of preserving the history of food preservation methods in post-war cities.

The desulfurization efficiency, combustion properties, combustion kinetics, and structural changes of Kentucky coal under microwave irradiation (MI) combined with hydrochloric acid solution pickling were investigated and compared using a thermogravimetric analyzer coupled to a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer. The results show that the desulfurization rate increases with the concentration of hydrochloric acid solution. The introduction of MI can effectively improve the desulfurization efficiency. After desulfurization, the ignition temperature and burnout temperature of coal samples increase, the combustion index decreases, and the combustion performance deteriorates. The maximum weight loss rate decreases with the increase of the concentration of hydrochloric acid solution, and the activation energy of the coal sample after microwave treatment increases, and the reaction difficulty increases. The infrared analysis results show that MI and hydrochloric acid pickling treatment have little effect on the functional group structure of coal samples.

The progress of low-toxic and little-waste technologies, as well as scientifically justified utilize of chemical ingredients and raw materials, are all linked in order to reduce the negative footprint of the tanning industry on the nature. Expansion and application of alternate pre-tanning and tanning methods using polymeric chemicals could be acted as a solution for such problem. Modern polymeric material based on acrylic acid and amphoteric were employed to replace the traditional pickling process. Experiments have shown that using polymeric materials for leather manufacturing could intensify the tanning process, increase the thermo stability of leather, and make better use of chemical resources. The functionalized polyurethane is one of the influential re-tanning agents and coating materials for leather processing. Owing to having polymers instead of conventional chemicals at different operation in the leather making, the amount of chromium (III) compounds, chlorides, and sulphates in the wastewater has greatly reduced. Therefore, polymers in the leather manufacturing could mitigate the pollution load of tanning waste, assist the prompt advancement of cleaner production. Based on that, the current article review gives a summary of polymers that are applied in the leather industry at different operations during leather processing.

In 1 M HCl pickling media, the paprika extract was used as an ecofriendly anti-corrosive material for carbon steel. Many strategies were utilized to estimate the mitigation efficacy such as potentiodynamic polarization (PP), frequency modulation (EFM), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and mass loss. Surface analyses were accomplished by scanning microscopy (SEM) and dispersion X-ray (EDX) techniques. The mitigation efficacy ameliorates with the concentration of extract and temperature. The inhibition is ascribed to the building of a protective coating at the surface of carbon steel that reduces its dissolution. The adsorption of Paprika extract on steel metal satisfied Langmuir, s model. The adsorption belongs to the physical and chemical types. The adsorption of the extract affected both anodic and cathodic reactions. Tafel curves demonstrated that the Paprika is a mixed inhibitor. The Nyquist curves confirmed that Paprika extract prohibits the disintegration of steel in acid media without changing the dissolution reaction mechanism. The adsorption of the Paprika extract on the carbon steel metal was confirmed by ATR - FTIR analysis and SEM examination. Using 300 ppm of Paprika extract, a maximum inhibitory efficacy of 95% was observed at 313 K.

Lignocellulose including cellulose, lignin, and hemicellulose could be extracted from wood, and has been used to prepare carbon electrode. However, complicated extraction greatly increases preparation cost. To achieve maximum utilization of lignocellulose and avoid complicated extraction, wood with porous structure and good mechanical strength is used as carbon precursor. Additionally, chemical activation is commonly used to create micropores to provide high capacitance, but it brings in natural structure destruction, and generation of wastewater during pickling. Moreover, to achieve desirable energy density, multi-step strategy with long duration is required for loading active materials on carbonized lignocellulose (CL). Herein, a one-step method is developed to prepare a free-standing hybrid CL electrode (CLE) by using Lewis acid in three aspects: (1) as structure protection agent, (2) as activating agent, (3) as active materials donor, which bypasses pickling and further avoids the generation of wastewater. Additionally, natural vessels in wood can not only provide large space for active materials loading, but also act as rapid ions diffusion way, simultaneously confining active materials detachment. Benefiting from the synergistic effect of porous structure and Lewis acid, this work not only makes full utilization of lignocellulose, but also makes CLE exhibit excellent performance in hybrid oxide supercapacitor.

A new bio-based complex composite material (Cu-EtCPLX) has been synthesized from agricultural waste by chemical treatment of Allium cepa peels ethanol extract with aqueous copper salt at 50 °C. The bio-composite was characterized by UV–Vis, FTIR, DLS, XRD, SEM/EDS and TEM. The efficiency of the composite as anticorrosion additive to oilfield pickling fluid was investigated. Electrochemical and weight loss techniques were used to monitor corrosion process and determine the corrosion rate and inhibition efficiency. Cu-EtCPLX exhibits higher adsorptive capacity on X80 steel surface through its C C and O–H groups, was thermally more stable and efficient in inhibiting steel corrosion in 1 M HCl by 95.8% and 87.2% at 30 °C and 60 °C, respectively. The bio-composite is a mixed type corrosion inhibitor and reduces surface roughness and piting by 56.3% and 70.7% respectively. Corrosion products, mechanism and extent of surface were probed by FTIR, SEM/EDS and AFM techniques. Cu-EtCPLX is a promising highly efficient bio-composite that could be used as green, cheap and sustainable alternative anticorrosion additives for oilfield acid pickling and descaling solutions.

A self-synthesized bi-pyridine chelating resin (PAPY) could separate Cu(II)/Ni(II)/Fe(II) sequentially from strong-acidic pickling wastewater by a two-stage pH-adjusted process, in which Cu(II), Ni(II), and Fe(II) were successively preferred by PAPY. In the first stage (pH 1.0), the separation factor of Cu(II) over Ni(II) reached 61.43 in Cu(II)-Ni(II)-Fe(II) systems. In the second stage (pH 2.0), the separation factor of Ni(II) over Fe(II) reached 92.82 in Ni(II)-Fe(II) systems. Emphasis was placed on the selective separation of Cu(II) and Ni(II) in the first-stage. The adsorption amounts of Cu(II) onto PAPY were 1.2 mmol/g in the first stage, while those of Ni(II) and Fe(II) were lower than 0.3 mmol/g. Cu(II) adsorption was hardly affected by Ni(II) with the presence of dense Fe(II), but Cu(II) inhibited Ni(II) adsorption strongly. Part of preloaded Ni(II) could be replaced by Cu(II) based on the replacement effect. Compared with the absence of Fe(II), dense Fe(II) could obviously enhance the separation of Cu(II)-Ni(II). More than 95.0% of Cu(II) could be removed in the former 240 BV (BV for bed volume of the adsorbent) in the fixed-bed adsorption column process with the flow rate of 2.5 BV/h. As proved by X-ray photoelectron spectrometry (XPS) and density functional theory (DFT) analyses, Cu(II) exerted a much stronger deprotonation and chelation ability toward PAPY than Ni(II) and Fe(II). Thus, the work shows a great potential in the separation and purification of heavy metal resources from strong-acidic pickling wastewaters.

A pickling cucumber cultivar trial was planted at the Southwest Michigan Research and Extension Center (42.088261, -86.351980, Benton Harbor, Michigan). Bejo (BJ), Nunhems (NU), and Rijk Zwaan (RZ) seed companies donated parthenocarpic (seedless) cultivars for mechanical once-over harvest. Overall trial quality was marginal due to being the first trial on a new research farm with different equipment parameters, task procedures, and responsibilities. Factors affecting trial quality were logged for next year’s trial, and include machine planting, incorporating the entire nitrogen recommendation ahead of planting, and adjusting final plant population to 30 inch row spacings.

The thermodynamic analysis on the reduction smelting of stainless steel pickling sludge was reported in this paper. The predominance area diagram of Fe–Ni–Cr–C–O system, and phase diagrams of CaF2–SiO2–CaO–Al2O3–MgO system were first thermodynamically constructed. The effects of temperature, CaF2 content, and SiO2 addition on the melting temperature and viscosity of slag were calculated. Then the reduction smelting experiments were carried out under various SiO2 addition at 1400 °C. The thermodynamical results show that the reduction reaction can occur in the Ni + Fe + Cr2O3 phase stable region by controlling the relevant thermodynamic conditions during reduction, which can realize the Fe–Ni phase enriched in the alloy. The experiments results indicate that the variation of SiO2 addition can affect the distribution of Fe, Cr, and Ni elements in the alloy and slag. When the SiO2 addition is 50%, the contents of Fe and Cr in the alloy can reach 72.39% and 20.98%, respectively. The mineralogy of the reduction products demonstrated that the distinguishable crystal phase in the alloy mainly contained FeNi intermetallic compounds, and the slag was mainly composed of fluorite and calcium silicate.

The effects of blanching, blanching and pickling and maceration on the leaching of 137Cs and 40K from the flesh of three edible bolete mushroom species—Boletus edulis, Leccinum scabrum and Leccinum versipelle—were investigated. Significant (p < 0.05) decreases in activity were observed but varied depending on the treatment. Relative to fresh mushrooms, blanching decreased the activity concentration of 137Cs by 15 ± 13%, and of 40K, by 16 ± 7%, but blanching and pickling (vinegar) reduced activity more effectively, by 55 ± 8% and 40 ± 20% respectively. The corresponding losses of 137Cs and 40K through maceration of dried, powdered mushrooms were 38 ± 11% and 35 ± 14% ww, respectively. These results indicate that traditional domestic processing methods may not be as efficient at excluding 137Cs radioactivity as shown in some other studies. The activity concentration of 137Cs in a typically sized (100 g) portion of a processed mushroom (sourced from nearshore regions of the southern Baltic Sea coast near Gdańsk in 2015) meal was projected to be low, i.e. in the range of 0.51 to 12 Bq kg−1 ww. The corresponding effective dose of 137Cs from blanched, blanched and pickled and macerated mushrooms per capita was also assessed to be low, from 0.001 to 0.010 μSv. Nutritionally, the median concentration of potassium (330 mg) in 100 g portions of blanched or pickled mushrooms would account for around 7% of the adequate adult daily intake. Graphical abstract

In consideration of recycling solid waste to achieve high value-added products, glass-ceramics have been fabricated from municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) fly ash, pickling sludge (PS), and waste glass (WG) by melting at 1450 °C firstly to achieve parent glass and then crystallizing at 850 °C. Results demonstrated that heavy metals have been well solidified in the prepared glass-ceramics, and relatively/extremely low leaching concentrations of heavy metals have been detected. The synthetic toxicity index of heavy metals has been greatly reduced from 7-18 to

C4 alkylate oil is an ideal blending component of automotive gasoline, and the green removal of sulfuric acid and sulfates from the high-temperature sulfuric acid alkylation reaction products (SAARP) has always been a hot issue in the field of clean alkylation production. In this paper, a novel coalescence separation-depth adsorption (CS-DA) coupling dry separation technique is introduced to efficiently separate acid-hydrocarbon emulsions, with the aim to supersede the alkaline washing-water washing (AW-WW) process in alkylation unit. Lateral line tests were conducted on the coupling treatment of the alkylation reaction products (ARP) produced in the STRATCO alkylation unit of Sinopec Tianjin Branch. The sulfur morphology analysis shows that the sulfides in the ARP mainly come from C4 feedstocks and alkylation reaction, including mercaptans, thioethers, thiophenes, trace hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide. The mechanism of coalescence separation reveals that the efficient removal process of sulfuric acid by fiber coalescence separation also has a function similar to "pickling extraction" to remove sulfates. In addition, we investigated the influence of CS-DA coupling treatment on the total sulfur and sulfuric acid content in the ARP and performed the copper corrosion and water-soluble acid assays. The research findings indicated that the back sideline of the acid coalescer had the most outstanding separation effect relative to the front and rear lateral lines of the heat exchanger. The total sulfur content in the ARP after separation can be reduced to less than 5 mg/L, without water-soluble acid and copper corrosion (1a). The industrial application shows that the CS-DA coupling dry separation technique can completely replace the AW-WW process, which makes the various indicators of alkylate oil strictly controlled and the sulfur content up to the industrial standard. The novel dry separation technique provides a promising alternative for solving the difficulties in the emulsion treatment of high-temperature sulfuric acid alkylation and promoting the clean production of alkylation.

Senmaizuke, a traditional turnip pickle, prepared in Kyoto, Japan, is produced via two types of manufacturing processes: with and without vinegar for fermentation. The aim of this study was to reveal the microbial community and growth behavior in the products and manufacturing processes of two types of senmaizuke. Microbial growth analysis of commercial senmaizuke products showed that both types harbored 102–108 colony forming units (CFU)/g of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and 102–104 of yeast. The fermented‐type products showed successive growth of LAB during the pickling and ripening processes, whereas LAB in vinegar‐type products showed growth only at the preliminary pickling step before vinegar addition; however, the bacteria were viable at the ripening step. LAB in the vinegar‐type products showed growth when the pH of the pickle was neutralized, indicating that acidification via vinegar retards LAB growth. Metagenomic sequencing showed that the fermented‐type products harbored Lactobacillus, Leuconostoc, and other halophilic and psychrophilic bacteria, with a higher bacterial diversity than in the vinegar‐type products. In the vinegar‐type products, Lactobacillus, Leuconostoc, or both were predominant. Culture tests using LAB isolates and turnip medium suggested that a change in the dominance of Leuconostoc to Lactobacillus members observed in the fermented‐type products during pickling and ripening processes was attributed to the low pH sensitivity of Leuconostoc as well as a relatively long lag phase of growth for adapting to the pickling environment. The findings of this study will be useful for the appropriate quality control and assurance procedure of senmaizuke., Senmaizuke, a traditional turnip pickle in Japan, is produced via two types of manufacturing processes: with and without vinegar for fermentation. Bacteria and yeasts in senmaizuke were analyzed via isolation and culturing as well as metagenomic sequencing. This study presents the first knowledge on the microbial community and growth behavior in the products and manufacturing processes of two types of senmaizuke.

This study investigated the effects of 3 coating processes, anodizing, electrodeposition, and powder, on the mechanical properties and fatigue life of 6061 aluminum alloys. The coatings were applied at an aluminum extrusion industrial company. All coatings were found to increase the tensile strength and elongation. The anodized coating, prepared via a pickling process, produced a surface vulnerable to pitting attack, which led to fatigue crack nucleation throughout the surface and decreased the fatigue life of the anodized specimens. The powder coating, with a thickness of 100 µm, slightly increased the tensile strength and elongation but did not change the fatigue life of the 6061 aluminum alloy. The electrodeposited coating after anodization recovered the fatigue life so that it was equivalent to that of an uncoated 6061 aluminum alloy. Although the specimens treated by electrodeposition inherited nucleation sites from the prior anodizing process, the electrodeposition increased the endurance limit of the anodized 6061 aluminum alloy from approximately 39% to 50% of the yield tensile strength.

During co-pyrolysis, active alkali and alkaline earth metals (AAEMs) can influence the synergistic effect of coal and biomass. For exploring the influence of active AAEMs on the co-pyrolysis process, this paper studied the physicochemical properties and gasification reactivity of co-pyrolysis char of four blends: raw coal and raw corn stalks (RC&RCS), pickling coal and raw corn stalks (HC&RCS), raw coal and pickling corn stalks (RC&HCS), and pickling coal and pickling corn stalks (HC&HCS). The results show that the synergistic effects on char yields are within 3%. During co-pyrolysis, the presence of corn stalks is beneficial to the generation of spherical particles from coal char, and the promotion effect of pickling corn stalks is greater than that of the raw corn stalks. The active AAEMs have an inhibitory effect on the decomposition of aliphatic C–H, C O and –CH3 in Shenmu coal, and also on the decomposition of O–H, aliphatic C–H and C–O in the corn stalks. The experimental values of gasification residual carbon of RC&RCS/HC&RCS co-pyrolysis char are 24–77% of the calculated values, while that of RC&HCS/HC&HCS co-pyrolysis char are 86–103% of the calculated values. The interaction between the blends promotes the reactivity of co-pyrolysis char.

Baltic herring (Clupea harengus membras) pickled in vinegar is a common product in the Nordic countries. Other weak acids are used to cook and preserve fish in other food cultures. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of weak acids to produce safe and nutritious pickled fish products with varying sensory properties. The influence of acetic, citric, lactic, malic, and tartaric acids on the preservability and quality of pickled and marinated Baltic herring was studied by measuring microbiological quality, pH, chemical composition, and lipid oxidation and by sensory profiling. Pickling with these acids with pH levels of 3.7–4.2 resulted in pickled Baltic herring products with high microbiological quality. The results of the chemical analysis of the samples indicated that pickling and storage on marinade influenced the chemical composition of fish. The most significant changes in chemical composition were the increase in moisture and decrease in protein content of the samples during storage. Fat content decreased during the storage period in acetic acid and malic acid samples. All tested acids inhibited lipid oxidation for one month, but at three and four month time points, the content of oxidation products increased except in the samples pickled with tartaric acid. The highest oxidation level was observed in the case of citric acid and the lowest with tartaric acid. The results indicate that replacing acetic acid with other weak acids frequently used in the food industry results in pickled and marinated fish products with novel and milder sensory profiles.

A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the liquid formulations for production of organic oriental pickling melon (Cucumis melo var. conomon L.) was carried out at College of Horticulture, Kerala Agricultural University, Vellanikkara, Thrissur during 2013- 2014. Among the liquid formulations, weekly foliar application of Jeevamrutham (100%) and Panchagavyam (3 %) recorded the highest growth and yield attributes such as germination percentage (81.67 % and 85 %) length of vine (110.83 and 110.00 cm), number of leaves (37.00 and 36.00), dry matter production (96.40 and 87.00 g/plant), number of fruits per plant (3.83 and 3.73), volume of the fruits (770 and 751.66 cm3), weight of fruits (2.5 and 2.43 kg/plant), and yield (30.33 and 29.50 t/ha). While, lowest growth and yield attributes recorded in POP (POP recommendations of KAU) and Cow urine. Among the liquid formulations, the NPK content was more in the liquid extract of composite organic manures and fish amino acid. The highest fungal and bacterial count was recorded in Panchagavyam treated plots. Jeevamrutham treatment reported the highest B: C ratio of 2.09 followed by Green leaf extracts (2.02).

The mechanical and physical properties of biodegradable magnesium (Mg) alloys make them suitable for temporary orthopaedic implants. The success of these alloys depends on their performance in the physiological environment. In the present work, surface modification of Mg-Ca binary alloy by acid pickling for better biomineralization and controlled biodegradation is explored. The corrosion rates of nitric and phosphoric acid treated samples were analysed by conducting electrochemical corrosion tests. In vitro degradation behaviour was studied using immersion test in simulated body fluid (SBF). The sample surfaces were characterized using scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). It is seen that acid pickling leads to significant improvement in biomineralization and develop in situ calcium phosphate (CaP) coating on the sample surfaces. In addition, the treated samples recorded a reduced degradation rate in the SBF compared to untreated samples. Thus, acid pickling is suggested as an effective surface treatment method to tailor the biomineralization and degradation behaviour of the Mg-Ca alloy in the physiological environment.

In order to prepare high-performance tungsten alloys, surface modification of tungsten nanopowders prepared by a wet chemical method was carried out by acid pickling at room temperature. The low-te...

La protección por recubrimientos constituye el método más empleado de combate anticorrosivo, dado por su efectividad, economía, universalidad y facilidad de aplicación. Sin embargo, la utilización de estos recubrimientos a nivel industrial conlleva un elevado consumo de energía y productos químicos, así como un marcado impacto ambiental. Una de las vías para minimizar los efectos negativos en este tipo de proceso es el uso de inhibidores de corrosión. Este trabajo se propuso el objetivo de mostrar los resultados de una investigación en la cual se realizó una evaluación para la introducción de inhibidores de corrosión en la operación de decapado ácido de un taller galvánico. Como métodos y técnicas de investigación se emplearon la revisión documental, observación, estudios experimentales, además se aplicaron técnicas de modelación matemática y optimización de procesos. Se obtuvieron como principales resultados: la demostración de la factibilidad del uso de formaldehído y la urotropina para las condiciones del taller; se determinó la concentración óptima del inhibidor en la solución ácida del decapado; se concluyó que las combinaciones de ambos inhibidores con el ácido sulfúrico resultan ser las mejores, con el menor costo de decapado para las condiciones óptimas comparada con el resto de las combinaciones ácido- inhibidor.

An urgent need has been identified, associated with the validity of improving the process for the manufacturing of galvanized steel, in the analysis and improvement of each stage of production in the conditions of the particular cold-rolled shop of the Iron and Steel Work. As a novelty, the processes and equipment for cleaning a hot-rolled strip, pickling a strip, rolling of pickled strips, physicochemical surface treatment, zinc coating, passivation, and other elements were reviewed from the point of view of possible corrosion consequences of the production. For the first time in the considered production system, elements and operations, their errors and imperfections, which can lead to poor-quality coating, violation of the zinc layer and reasons that contribute to the corrosion of galvanized metal products in the future, were identified at each stage.

Continuous regeneration of industrial pickling solutions and recovery of valuable materials are implemented in a pilot-scale plant including diffusion dialysis (DD), where HCl is recovered, membrane distillation (MD), where HCl is concentrated, and reactive precipitation (CSTR), where metal ions are recovered in different forms. The integration of the three processes allows to minimize waste streams generation and to accomplish a closed-loop process, thus increasing the environmental sustainability and economic impact of the galvanizing industry. Process reliability was proved through the operation of a demonstrator in the real industrial environment of the Tecnozinco SrL hot-dip galvanizing plant (Carini, Italy), assessing the actual performance in fully reducing spent pickling solution disposal and recovering useful compounds. Tests were conducted firstly with synthetic solutions and then with real waste liquors from the pickling plant. A high acid recovery (80%) can be achieved in the diffusion dialysis unit and quantitative metals separation was accomplished, with iron hydroxide produced at 99% purity. The membrane distillation performance suffers when metal salts are present in large quantities, due to the “salting out” effect, resulting in reduced water vapor pressure, though the use of available low grade waste heat allows energy-sustainable operation of the MD.

Currently, much attention is paid to functional environmentally friendly products, issues of improving their safety without loss of quality. In this case, factors from initial quality to the final result, which depend on temperature, processing time, enzymatic activity of the raw material, and especially the preparation technology of the product, variety, and culture, are of great importance. Employees of VNIIOOB, a branch of the FSBII “PAFSC RAS” in the Astrakhan Region, set a goal to study the effect of storage and processing of pumpkin fruits on the change in the content of basic chemicals depending on the variety. The task included the selection of varieties of breeding VNIIOOB suitable for processing. Studies of Annushka and Kroshka pumpkin varieties that affect the accumulation of nitrates in fruits during storage showed that after 90 days their quantity decreased by 5.2 mg / kg in the Kroshka variety and 3.5 mg / kg in the Annushka variety, but did not exceed the maximum permissible concentration (200 mg / kg), and was 1.9-2.2 times lower, which indicates the safety of the product. A high content of ascorbic acid, carotene and pectin, characterizing pumpkin fruits as a dietary product, was noted. The experiments on changing the main chemicals during processing of pumpkin fruits (pickling) showed that after passing through the fermentation process (3 months of storage), the nitrate level decreased to the initial level in the Kroshka variety by 32.6 mg / kg, in the Annushka variety by 33.3 mg / kg or 1.5-1.7 times less than the maximum permissible concentration. It was found that due to the diffusion of sugar from the marinade into the fruit, its amount slightly increased with the predominance of monosugars. The low nitrate content and the predominance of monosaccharides allow pickled pumpkin to be attributed to dietary functional products.

Background Thaumatin II, a supersweet protein from the African plant katemfe (Thaumatococcus daniellii Benth.), shows promise as a zero-calorie sweetener for use in the food and pharmaceutical industries and for improving the taste of fruit. Results We report on the stability of thaumatin in salted and pickled tomatoes, as well as on the effect of thaumatin on the taste quality of processed tomatoes. Fruit of tomato cv. Yalf, transformed with the thaumatin II gene were salted and pickled and then stored for 6 months. Western blot analysis showed relative thaumatin II stability at salting; its content in processed fruits was 62-83% of the initial level depending in the studied line. In pickled tomatoes, thaumatin II content was decreased by up to 25% of the initial amount. Both salted and pickled tomatoes had a sweet taste with a typical thaumatin aftertaste. Salted tomatoes were characterized as being sweeter than pickled tomatoes. The overall taste of pickled tomatoes was rated by panellists as significantly better compared to that of salted or non-processed ones. Conclusion In the present study, we have shown that tomatoes expressing supersweet protein thaumatin II can be used for processing under mild conditions, including salting and pickling. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

Anatase titanium dioxide has high photocatalytic activity and super hydrophilicity due to its special crystal structure. In this article, the anatase-type titanium dioxide has been simply prepared by cold-rolling titanic acid waste liquid for the first time, which effectively solves the problem that the valuable metal titanium in waste liquid is difficult to recover, and realizes the recycling of titanium resources. The effect of pH and EDTA on the impurity content of titanium dioxide is investigated in this study. It is found that nano-anatase-type titanium dioxide, with less impurities and uniform particle size, can be obtained at pH 2, EDTA, and iron molar ratio is 3. Meanwhile, the nitric acid pickling can effectively reduce the impurity content in the titanium dioxide, which provides a possibility for preparation of nanoscale anatase titanium dioxide from cold rolled titanic acid waste liquid.

The disintegration of Cu metal in 1 mol/L HCl and the mitigating effect of the expired Ceftazidime antibiotic were studied. The inhibition efficacy of Ceftazidime depends on its concentration in the medium. The mitigation efficacy increases from 77.7 to 94.2%, as the Ceftazidime concentration increases from 50 to 300 ppm in the corrosive medium. The polarization results confirmed that the antibiotic acts as a mixed-type inhibitor. The adsorption of the antibiotic on the Cu surface belongs to Timken's model. The adsorption constant, Kads, and the standard free energy change ΔGo were estimated. The adsorption of Ceftazidime drug follows a physical-type. Scanning microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersing X-ray (EDX) techniques demonstrated that the expired antibiotic molecules are firmly adsorbed at the copper surface. Electrochemical modulation (EFM), and polarization tests are in good agreement with the weight lack method.

An efficient way to synthesize α-FeOOH from pickling wastewater in a falling film tower was proposed for the first time. This method overcomes the shortcomings of the traditional air oxidation method, and its production efficiency is increased by 16 times. The purity of α-FeOOH synthesized from pickling wastewater can reach 96.3%, and the iron recovery rate is greater than 90%. At the same time, we have systematically studied its kinetics in the falling film tower. The reaction rate constant k at different temperatures was also determined with the activation energy E a = 32.2497 kJ/mol and the pre-exponential A = 47.4132 s-1. In addition, based on the double-film theory, a corresponding macrokinetic model was established. Also, the Hatta number in the reaction system was obtained, which proved the excellent gas-liquid mass transfer performance in the falling film tower. This work provides a promising method for the efficient production of α-FeOOH and the recycling of pickling wastewater.

In the current study, we use chrome free tanning process for the production of glove leather and to achieve the required properties without any compromising the quality. To develop a suitable post tanning system for making glove with good softness, run and strength properties. Glove leather predominantly made using chrome tanning system. Conventionally glove leather is done by long liming and ageing in pickling for better fibre splitting in order to achieve the run property. Production Time is very high due to long liming and ageing in pickling. Production cost can significantly reduce if the processing time for making glove is reduced. Acrylic followed by Glutaraldehyde combination tanning system adopted for chrome free tanning option. Long liming and ageing in pickle will be replaced with rapid fibre splitting process.

Myristicin, a potential toxicant, is a major ester present in the pericarp of nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) and alcohol acyltransferase (AAT) is responsible for its generation. The objective of the study was firstly to estimate the effect of blanching and pickling process on the inactivation of AAT and production of myristicin in nutmeg pericarp. Secondly, the effect of pickling process on the physical, microbial, antioxidant and sensory properties of nutmeg was evaluated. The nutmeg fruit pericarp was water-blanched for 0, 3, 5, 7 and 9 min. The increased blanching time significantly (p