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Aromatic plants and their extracts have been used in human and veterinary medicine since ancient times. However, the exact mode of action and kinetics or these compounds are generally poorly understood. The aim of this work was to determine the degradation and absorption kinetics of thymol in the pig stomach. An improved GC method was developed to easily measure the thymol content in samples extracted into ethylacetate. The GC separation was achieved on a 30 m × 0.25 mm ™ 0.25 mm film thickness Equity™ - 1701 fused silica capillary column, resulting in a standard curve over 1-500 mg/L. Isolated pig stomach was incubated for 360 min at 37 °C in an incubator with 95% O2:5% CO2 atmosphere on an oscillating plate at 40 rpm. Tyrode's solution pH 6.5 was used as incubation fluid. Pig stomach contents were inoculated with thymol (1.7 mM), and samples were collected at intervals during incubation and were extracted as is or after treatment with a lysis buffer. The lysis buffer was used to release thymol that may have been internalized by endogenous bacteria. Thymol concentrations in unlysed stomach samples decreased rapidly, being reduced more than twofold during 30 min incubations. Conversely, thymol concentrations in lysed samples increased rapidly, following 60 min incubations, concentrations were achieved at twice those measured in unlysed stomach contents at the beginning of the incubation. Thymol concentrations in lysed samples remained nearly double those in unlysed samples even after 360 min. Differing thymol concentrations measured in lysed and unlysed samples suggest luminal depletion resulting from bacterial uptake of thymol. Upon ingestion, luminal depletion would be expected to occur rapidly in stomach contents, but whether this sequestration would make thymol unavailable for absorption in the stomach or more distally is not known. Further investigation is needed to identify the bacteria responsible for this "thymol sequestration" phenomenon.

Intensive pig breeding implies, among other things, the use of complete mixes in their diet in correspondence with the animals’ age and purpose. In the course of a threeyear period (2007-2009) the accredited laboratory of the Department for Nutrition and Botanics of the Faculty for Veterinary Medicine, Univerisity of Belgrade, analysed 65 fodder mix samples from the territory of Serbia intended for the diet of all categories of pigs, namely: 6 samples of complete mixes for the diet of pregnant sows and gilts, 9 samples of complete mixes for the diet of nursing sows and boar, 4 samples of complete mixes for enhanced diet of piglets, 13 samples of complete mixes for piglets in programme I up to 15 kg, 12 samples of complete mixes for piglets in programme II from 15-25 kg, 10 samples of complete mixes for growing pigs in fattening programme I from 25-60 kg, and 11 samples of complete mixes for pigs in fattening programme II from 60-100 kg. The analyses covered the contents of the elementary nutritive matter and the obtained results were compared with the quality conditions prescribed under the Regulations on the quality of animal feed (Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia No. 41/09). It was established that there were certain deviations with regard to the values presented in the Regulations on the quality of animal feed (Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia No. 41/09) in the average protein content in complete mixes for piglet diet II, 15-25 kg (17.89±1.19%) and in the mixes for growing pig diet II, 60-100 kg (13.95±0.53%). The established average fat content was lower in the mixes for enhanced piglet diet (5.99± 0.72%) and in mixes for piglet diet I, up to 15 kg (4.95±1.41%). A higher average cellulose content (4.08±0.73%) was established in mixes for enhanced piglet diet. Furthermore, significant differences from the values prescribed under the Regulations were established in certain samples. The established differences in the chemical composition of cert, Intenzivan uzgoj svinja između ostalog podrazumeva i upotrebu potpunih smeša u njihovoj ishrani, prilagođenu starosnoj dobi i nameni. Tokom trogodišnjeg perioda (2007 - 2009. god.) u akreditovanoj laboratoriji Katedre za ishranu i botaniku, Fakulteta veterinarske medicine, Univerziteta u Beogradu analizirano je 65 uzoraka smeša sa teritorije Srbije, namenjenih za ishranu svih kategorija svinja i to: 6 uzoraka potpunih smeša za ishranu suprasnih krmača i nazimica, 9 uzoraka potpunih smeša za ishranu krmača dojara i nerasta, 4 uzorka potpune smeše za prihranjivanje prasadi, 13 uzoraka potpunih smeša za prasad do 15 kg, 12 uzoraka potpunih smeša za prasad od 15 do 25 kg, 10 uzoraka potpunih smeša za svinje u porastu i tovu od 25 do 60 kg i 11 uzoraka potpunih smeša za svinje u porastu i tovu od 60 do 100 kg. Analiziran je sadržaj osnovnih hranljivih materija, a dobijeni rezultati upoređeni su sa uslovima kvaliteta propisanim Pravilnikom o kvalitetu hrane za životinje (Službeni glasnik RS br. 4/2010). Utvrđena su odstupanja od vrednosti propisanih Pravilnikom o kvalitetu hrane za životinje (Službeni glasnik RS br. 4/2010), u prosečnom sadržaju proteina u potpunim smešama za ishranu prasadi od 15 do 25 kg (17,89±1,19%) i smeši za ishranu svinja u porastu i tovu od 60 do 100 kg (13,95±0,53%). Utvrđeni prosečni sadržaj masti bio je niži u smešama za prihranjivanje prasadi (5,99±0,72%) i smešama za ishranu prasadi do 15 kg (4,95±1,41%). Veći prosečan sadržaj celuloze (4,08±0,73%) utvrđen je u smešama za prihranjivanje prasadi. Sa druge strane, utvrđena su značajna odstupanja pojedinačnih uzoraka u odnosu na vrednosti koje su propisane Pravilnikom. Utvrđena odstupanja u hemijskom sastavu pojedinačnih uzoraka ispitivanih smeša nesumnjivo ukazuju na potrebu stalnog i višestepenog monitoringa sirovina i gotovih proizvoda, a u cilju očuvanja zdravlja i što optimalnijeg iskorišćenja proizvodnog potencijala životinja.

The present study was conducted in order to determine the effects of supplementation of a growing-finishing pig diet with 0.5% conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on production characteristics and slaughter traits. Ninety-seven female Swedish Landrace pigs were used. The control group of animals was fed a regular diet (n = 49), while the experimental group of animals (n = 48) received a diet where part of the soybean oil was substituted with commercially enriched CLA oil (containing at least 56% of CLA isomers, 28% cis-9, trans-11 and 28% trans-10, cis-12). The experiment lasted 44 days; porkers were fed from an initial weight of 66.0 up until a final weight of 103.5 kg. Feed conversion ratio, carcass and ham weight, percentage of lean meat and subcutaneous fat tissue as well as intramuscular fat were recorded. The fatty acid content of ham intramuscular fat tissue was determined by HPLC. No statistically significant influence of CLA was observed, either on carcass and ham weight, or on fat percentage in subcutaneous and intramuscular tissue. Dietary CLA enrichment proved to increase the content of stearinic acid in intramuscular fat tissue, 17.29 13.26 % in experimental and 15.87 33.71 % in control group of pigs (P < 0.01). The obtained production results show no statistically significant changes in main production traits between the two groups of animals. The observed difference in the content of stearinic acid (P < 0.01) implies firmer fat tissue, which has a practical value in pig bacon fattening.

Kreatin je amino kiselinski derivat koji se normalno proizvodi u jetri, bubrezima i pankreasu od glicina, arginina i metionina. Kreatin monohidrat (CMH) je postao popularan dodatak u ishrani sportista koji ga koriste radi povećanja mišićnih performansi (Greenhaff i sar., 1993), kao i za smanjenje zamora usled vežbanja visokog intenziteta. Navedeno povećanje performansi uključuje i povećanje mišićne mase (Balsom i sar, 1995.), tako da je dokazano da sportisti konzumiranjem 20 g CMH dnevno tokom šest dana povećavaju telesnu masu za 1,1 kg. Dodavanje kreatina utiče na porast ćelijske hidratacije (Juhn, 1999), što je anabolički proliferativni signal za sintezu proteina (Haussinger i sar., 1996). Istraživanja na ljudima (Greenhaff, 1996) su pokazala da dodavanje kreatin monohidrata u količini od 20 g dnevno tokom pet dana povećava količinu intramuskularnog kreatina 20%. Harris i sar. (1992) su prvi izvestili da je oralno unošenje CMH rezultovalo povećanjem koncentracije intramuskularnog kreatina i kreatin fosfata. Autori su otkrili da je svakodnevno konzumiranje 5 g CMH četiri do šest puta na dan tokom dva ili više dana dovelo do značajnog povećanja ukupne koncentracije kreatina u skeletnim mišićima ljudi. Istraživanja su pokazala dva moguća mehanizma kojim kreatin povećava rast mišića i sintezu proteina. Mišić punjen kreatinom ima kapacitet za povećanje rada ili snage usled povećanja količine energije skladištene kao fosfokreatin (odgovoran za refosforilaciju adenozin-difosfata) i odlaganje početka mišićnog zamaranja (Casey i sar., 1996). Povećana koncentracija kreatin-fosfata u mišićima privlači vodu u mišićne ćelije i na taj način povećava zapreminu ćelije (Hultman i sar., 1996). Prevost i sar. (1997) su izvestili da intramuskularno punjenje kreatinom može da puferuje akumuliranje mlečne kiseline i ubrza vreme oporavka od kratkotrajnog vežbanja maksimalinog intenziteta. Kreatin nije prisutan u hranivima biljnog porekla što nalaže upotrebu hraniva animalnog porekla kao, Creatine monohydrate (CMH) has become a popular dietary supplement used by athletes to increase muscle performance. Creatine acts in muscles in the form of creatine phosphate, which provides muscle with ATP. The increased concentration of intramuscular kreatinfosfat draws water into muscle cells, thus increasing cell volume. It has been reported a significant increase in total body mass and lean body mass in CMH intake in humans, suggesting that pigs with the addition of CMH could showe a linear increase in growth during the period of complementary feeding. Creatine is not present in the feed of plant origin that requires the use of feed of animal origin as its source in diets for animals or the use of synthetic products. Among the feed of animal origin that is commonly used in formulating meal for pigs, the greatest amount of creatine is found in meat and bone meal (207.7 mg/kg), fish meal (1110.5 mg/kg) and poultry by product meal (201 mg/kg), with variations depending on the quality of raw materials and production process for obtaining. Currently there are three different synthetic forms of creatine at the market: monohydrate, phosphate and citrate. The amount and length of adding CMH may be the reason for the variation in the quality of meat in the different groups of pigs. It was found that water loss, and firmness of M. longissimus are improved due to CMHC addition into the meal for fattening pigs in the amount of 3 g daily for 30 days, or 25 grams daily for five days before slaughter. Adding creatine in small amounts over a longer period of time can be just effective as addition of large quantities of creatine in a shorter period of time.

The aim of this study was to find out is it possible to presume success of boars sperm cryopreservation, based on controlled exposure to heat stress and to investigate in vitro quality parameters of frozen/thawed sperm of previously selected 6 boars with good results (group 1) and 6 boars (group 2) with bad results on thermo resistance test (TT). In this investigation, ejaculates of 12 chosen of 75 AI boars (Landrace, Large White, Pietrain and Durock breeds) from SVC Velika Plana (Serbia) were used. Tolerance to heat stress was performed by Schaetz (1963) method. Ejaculates were extended with Androhep plus (1:1) and kept during 60 minutes on 41oC. In cryopreservation of boars semen Westendorf et al. (1975) method, modified by Bwanga et al. (1990). Very significant changes of progressive motility rate were observed after spermatozoa exposure to controlled thermal stress. High correlation coefficient of progressive motility rate of both groups of boars, but higher in group 2 for progressive motility rate after thawing and after heat stress treatment was established. Average progressive motility rate of all 12 boars did not differ before and after thawing. Presence of boars of all breeds represented in the SVC (Large White, Landrace, Duroc and Pietrain) in both quality groups confirms the assumption that suitability for cryopreservation of sperm is individual trait. According data analysis, sperm deep freezing success requires previous selection for potential donors, which have to be consider standard quality parameters testing and controlled stress exposure tests., Cilj rada je da se ustanovi da li moguće odrediti da li je sperma nerasta pogodna za krioprezervaciju da se na osnovu izlaganja spermatozioda kontrolisanom toplotnom stresu i da se ispitaju in vitro parametri kvaliteta odmrznutog semena dve grupe od po 6 nerastova čije je seme dobro (1. grupa) ili loše podnelo toplotni stres (2. grupa). U istraživanju su korišćeni ejakulati 12 od 75 nerastova rasa: landras, veliki jorkšir, pijetren i durok (L, J, P, D) iz SVC Velika Plana, odabranih na osnovu testa termorezistencije (TT) i svrstanih u dve kvalitetne grupe. Ispitivanje stepena termorezistencije ejakulata u razređenju Androhep-om plus 1:1 60 minuta na 41 oC, je izvedeno metodom po Schaetz-u (1963). Duboko zamrzavanje sperme odabranih nerastova izvedeno modifikovanim postupkom po Westendorf-u i sar. (1975) i Bwanga-i i sar. (1990). Rezultati TT ukazali su na vrlo značajne promene progresivne pokretljivosti spermatozoida posle izlaganja kontrolisanom toplotnom stresu. Ustanovljen je visok koeficijent korelacije kod obe grupe ali ipak nešto viši kod nerastova 2. grupe za odnos procenta progresivne pokretljivosti spermatozoida posle odmrzavanja i progresivne pokretljivosti posle izlaganja temperaturi od 41oC. Prosečna progresivna pokretljivost spermatozoida svih ispitivanih nerastova se nije značajno razlikovala pre i posle zamrzavanja. Slučajni raspored nerastova svih rasa zastupljenih u SVC (Jorkšir, Landras, Durok i Pijetren) u obe kvalitetne grupe potvrđuje pretpostavku da je pogodnost sperme za krioprezervaciju individualna osobina. Za uspešnu krioprezervaciju sperme nerastova je neophodna prethodna selekcija potencijalnih donora na osnovu rezultata ispitivanja standardnih parametara kvaliteta i testova u kojima se spermatozoidi in vitro izlažu različitim kontrolisanom stresu.

The aim of this trial was to get more detailed insight into health status and performance and investigate the possibilities of prevention of detrimental effects of mycotoxins in feed by the use of plant-mineral preparation for detoxifi cation of animals Detoxin-V®. The study was performed on 100 one day old Cobb provenience broilers of both sexes with average body mass of 40 g. The study lasted 42 days and was divided into 3 phases that lasted 14, 21 and 7 days, respectfully. The broilers were randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups. First group of broilers was given complete feed mixture which was composed of mouldy corn grain with no Detoxin-V® supplemented; second group of broilers was given same complete feed mixture with Detoxin-V® supplemented. Body mass, daily gain, amount of consumed feed and feed effi ciency of broilers were monitored. At the end of the study control group of broilers have achieved lower average daily gain (49.95 g), (p>0.05) than the gain achieved in the experimental group of broilers (56.02 g). The group of broilers which feed was supplemented with 0.5% of Detoxin-V® had consumed higher amount of feed (100.65g) compared to the control group (94.92g). Also feed effi ciency of experimental groups of broilers was better than the feed effi ciency of control group of broilers during all phases of the study. The use of Detoxin-V® preparation has doubtlessly lead to the increase in immune defence and resistance of the animals exposed to the permanent negative effect of feed mycotoxins, which lead to increased production results of experimental group of broilers. Based on these results we can conclude that the use of Detoxin-V® preparation in broiler nutrition has its nutritive, medical and economic rationale.

In order to investigate the effects of omega (n) 3 fatty acids on egg quality a group-control trial was organized. Trial lasted 40 days and was performed in production conditions. Total number of 1264 laying hens of Lohman Brown classic provenience were used and randomly allotted into one of four groups by 316 hens each (C-control, I experimental, II experimental and III experimental). All groups of hens were fed diets of standard ingredients and chemical composition, while feed of I, II and III experimental group of hens was supplemented with micro algae Schizochytrium spp. (DHA Gold®, Martek, USA) as a source of n- 3 fatty acids in amount of 0.5, 0.7 and 1.0 % respectively. In order to investigate the influence of micro algae Schizochytrium spp. feed supplementation on egg quality, from the aspect of content and ratio of fatty acids, random egg samples (n=10) were taken at the 10th, 20th and 40th day of the trial from each group. Egg yolk fatty acid content was determined by gas chromatography on Varian 1400 with flame ionization detector (FID detector) (on a packed column 20% LAC-3R-728 Chromosorb WAW 80-100 mesh). Significant differences in egg yolk fatty acid content as well as their ratio were determined between treatment groups. Positive influence of supplemented micro algae preparation was observed. Highest content of n-3 poly unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA n-3) was determined in egg yolks of III experimental group while lowest content was determined in egg yolks of control group of hens. Micro algae feed supplementation, at the end of the trial period, positively affected egg yolk PUFA n-6/PUFA n-3 ratio, since determined ratio of 4.24 in III experimental group was more desirable than 12.27 determined in a control group. Marine algae (Schizochytrium spp.) feed supplementation in laying hens in amounts above 0.5% significantly affected egg yolk fatty acid composition as well as ratio of n-6/n-3 PUFA. These findings support its use from nutritive, medical and, Da bi se ispitao uticaj omega -3 masnih kiselina na kvalitet jaja postavljen je ogled sa tri eksperimentalne i jednom kontrolnom grupom. Ogled je trajao 40 dana i sproveden je u proizvodnim uslovima. Ukupan broj od 1264 kokoši nosilja Lohmann Brown classic provenijence je slučajno raspoređen u četiri grupe po 316 nosilja u svakoj (C-kontrola, I eksperimentalna, II eksperimentalna i III eksperimentalna). Sve grupe su hranjene smešama standardnog sastava, dok su eksperimentalne grupe I, II, III hranjene smešom obogaćenom mikroalgama Schizochytrium spp. (DHA Gold®, Martek, USA) kao izvorom n-3 masnih kiselina u količini od 0,5; 0,7; 1,0. U cilju ispitivanja hrane obogaćene mikroalgom Schizochytrium spp. na kvalitet jaja sa aspekta sadržaja i odnosa masnih kiselina, uzet je slučajan uzorak jaja (n=10) 10., 20., i 40. dana iz svake grupe. Sadržaj masnih kiselina u žumancetu je određen gasnim hromatografom Varian 1400 sa plamen jonizujućim detektorom (FID detector) (na koloni 20% LAC-3R-728 Chromosorb WAW 80-100 mreža). Značajne razlike u sadržaju masnih kiselina u žumancetu kao i njihov odnos su određeni između tretmana. Najveći sadržaj n-3 polinezasićenih masnih kiselina (PUFA n-3) određen je u žumancetu jaja treće eksperimentalne grupe, dok je najmanji sadržaj određen u kontrolnoj grupi. Dodavanje mikro algi smešama na kraju oglednog perioda, pozitivno je uticao na odnos PUFA n-6/PUFA n-3 u žumancetu, pošto je određen odnos od 4,24 u III eksperimentalnoj grupi što je poželjnije od 12,27 koliko je određeno u kontrolnoj grupi. Dodavanje morskih algi (Schizochytrium spp.) u smeše za kokoši nosilje u koncentraciji oko 0,5%, značajno je uticalo na sastav masnih kiselina u žumancetu jajeta kao i na odnos n-6/n-3 PUFA. Ovi rezultati opravdavaju upotrebu algi u ishrani kokoši nosilja sa nutritivne, medicinske i ekonomske tačke gledišta.

During the past decade, the general attitude of the human population towards health, nutrition quality and environment has remarkably changed. As a result of the growing demand for organic products, especially organic milk, the livestock organic production has increased. Figures from the Serbian Ministry of agriculture estimate that around 75 percent of Serbia's agricultural land, and some 650,000 hectares, can be used for organic food production within three years. The 'rule of 30%' in organic production means that farm animals kept in organic system must ingest at least 30% of meal dry matter from pastures, makes forage quality of utmost importance. In order to estimate possibilities of organic production in Fruška Gora region forage botanical as well as chemical composition were analysed. A botanical analysis has confirmed presence of plants with high yield and of high nutritive value. Dominant presence of Dactilys glomerata L. and Poa pratensis L. was revealed in the samples of mixed hay, while the Lucerne hay was predominantly composed only by one leguminous species Medicago sativa L. Chemical analyses of hay samples originating from Fruška Gora has pointed out that level of crude proteins, cellulose, fats, macro and trace elements can completely satisfy requirements of animals in organic farming and therefore can present a solid base for further development of organic dairy farming. Possibilities for further development of organic production are great, and it can be expected that organic production will increase in the future and can become a significant branch of livestock production., Proteklih decenija opšti stav ljudske populacije prema zdravlju, kvalitetu ishrane i životnoj sredini je promenjen. Kao rezultat rastućih potreba za organskim proizvodima, naročito organskim mlekom, povećala se i organska proizvodnja stoke. Podaci iz srpskog Ministarstva poljoprivrede procenjuju da oko 75 odsto poljoprivrednog zemljišta Srbije, a nekih 650.000 hektara, može se koristiti za proizvodnju organske hrane u roku od tri godine. 'Pravilo 30%' u organskoj proizvodnji znači da životinje na farmama koje se gaje u sistemu organske proizvodnje moraju unositi najmanje 30% od obroka suve materije sa pašnjaka, čineći da je kvalitet krme najvažniji. U cilju procene mogućnosti organske proizvodnje u regionu Fruške Gore analiziran je botanički i hemijski sastav krme. Analiza botaničkog sastava potvrdila je prisustvo biljaka koje se odlikuju visokim prinosom i velikom nutritivnom vrednošću. Dominantno prisustvo Dactilys glomerata L. i Poa pratensis L. otkriveno je u uzorcima mešovitog sena, dok je lucerkino seno uglavnom bilo sastavljeno iz jedne leguminozne vrste Medicago sativa L. Hemijski sastav uzoraka sena iz Fruške Gore ukazuje da nivo sirovih proteina, celuloze, masti, makro i elemenata u tragovima mogu u potpunosti da zadovolje potrebe životinja na organskim farmama i zbog toga mogu predstavljati solidnu osnovu za dalji razvoj organske proizvodnje mleka. Mogućnosti za dalji razvoj organske proizvodnje su velike i moglo bi se očekivati da će se u budućnosti organska proizvodnja uvećati da će postati značajna grana u stočarskoj proizvodnji.

Animals, twenty Hubbard broiler chicks, were six weeks old and fed with diets of standard composition that have completely satisfied their nutritional needs. The chicks were randomly allotted into one of the four groups (five chicks per group) and kept in confinement (battery cage). At the beginning of the trial, each chick was orally contaminated with 137Cs of total activity of 3750 Bq. All groups of animals (control and experimental) received radiocaesium, while experimental groups in addition to contaminant, simultaneously received by 5 ml of various caesium binders. I experimental group was given organo-zeolite; II experimental group organo-bentonite solution and III experimental group of chicks received acid-activated sepiolite. The animals were sacrificed 24 hours after artificial contamination and administration of the binders. At that time samples of meat, liver and gizzard for gamma spectrometry determination of 137Cs concentration activity were taken. Administration of organo-zeolite lowered radiocaesium activity from 62.0 to 72.0%. Similar effects were recorded in organo-bentonite administration (59.8 to 67.2%), while efficiency of acid-activated sepiolite in decreasing radiocesium activity was lowest (24.4 to 36.0%). It can be said that the process of modification failed to show beneficial effects to improve radiocaesium binding and eliminating from digestive tract and body of broilers. Efficiency of protection was similar or the same as in the use of natural, unmodified clay minerals.

Da bi se ispitao uticaj omega -3 masnih kiselina na kvalitet jaja postavljen je ogled sa tri eksperimentalne i jednom kontrolnom grupom. Ogled je trajao 40 dana i sproveden je u proizvodnim uslovima. Ukupan broj od 1264 kokoši nosilja Lohmann Brown classic provenijence je slučajno raspoređen u četiri grupe po 316 nosilja u svakoj (C-kontrola, I eksperimentalna, II eksperimentalna i III eksperimentalna). Sve grupe su hranjene smešama standardnog sastava, dok su eksperimentalne grupe I, II, III hranjene smešom obogaćenom mikroalgama Schizochytrium spp. (DHA Gold®, Martek, USA) kao izvorom n-3 masnih kiselina u količini od 0,5; 0,7; 1,0. U cilju ispitivanja hrane obogaćene mikroalgom Schizochytrium spp. na kvalitet jaja sa aspekta sadržaja i odnosa masnih kiselina, uzet je slučajan uzorak jaja (n=10) 10., 20., i 40. dana iz svake grupe. Sadržaj masnih kiselina u žumancetu je određen gasnim hromatografom Varian 1400 sa plamen jonizujućim detektorom (FID detector) (na koloni 20% LAC-3R-728 Chromosorb WAW 80-100 mreža). Značajne razlike u sadržaju masnih kiselina u žumancetu kao i njihov odnos su određeni između tretmana. Najveći sadržaj n-3 polinezasićenih masnih kiselina (PUFA n-3) određen je u žumancetu jaja treće eksperimentalne grupe, dok je najmanji sadržaj određen u kontrolnoj grupi. Dodavanje mikro algi smešama na kraju oglednog perioda, pozitivno je uticao na odnos PUFA n-6/PUFA n-3 u žumancetu, pošto je određen odnos od 4,24 u III eksperimentalnoj grupi što je poželjnije od 12,27 koliko je određeno u kontrolnoj grupi. Dodavanje morskih algi (Schizochytrium spp.) u smeše za kokoši nosilje u koncentraciji oko 0,5%, značajno je uticalo na sastav masnih kiselina u žumancetu jajeta kao i na odnos n-6/n-3 PUFA. Ovi rezultati opravdavaju upotrebu algi u ishrani kokoši nosilja sa nutritivne, medicinske i ekonomske tačke gledišta., In order to investigate the effects of omega (n) 3 fatty acids on egg quality a group-control trial was organized. Trial lasted 40 days and was performed in production conditions. Total number of 1264 laying hens of Lohman Brown classic provenience were used and randomly allotted into one of four groups by 316 hens each (C-control, I experimental, II experimental and III experimental). All groups of hens were fed diets of standard ingredients and chemical composition, while feed of I, II and III experimental group of hens was supplemented with micro algae Schizochytrium spp. (DHA Gold®, Martek, USA) as a source of n- 3 fatty acids in amount of 0.5, 0.7 and 1.0 % respectively. In order to investigate the influence of micro algae Schizochytrium spp. feed supplementation on egg quality, from the aspect of content and ratio of fatty acids, random egg samples (n=10) were taken at the 10th, 20th and 40th day of the trial from each group. Egg yolk fatty acid content was determined by gas chromatography on Varian 1400 with flame ionization detector (FID detector) (on a packed column 20% LAC-3R-728 Chromosorb WAW 80-100 mesh). Significant differences in egg yolk fatty acid content as well as their ratio were determined between treatment groups. Positive influence of supplemented micro algae preparation was observed. Highest content of n-3 poly unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA n-3) was determined in egg yolks of III experimental group while lowest content was determined in egg yolks of control group of hens. Micro algae feed supplementation, at the end of the trial period, positively affected egg yolk PUFA n-6/PUFA n-3 ratio, since determined ratio of 4.24 in III experimental group was more desirable than 12.27 determined in a control group. Marine algae (Schizochytrium spp.) feed supplementation in laying hens in amounts above 0.5% significantly affected egg yolk fatty acid composition as well as ratio of n-6/n-3 PUFA. These findings support its use from nutritive, medical and

The use of plant extracts with the objective of improving production results and the quality of food articles of animal origin is an area which is acquiring increasing scientific importance. Numerous investigations carried out so far on ruminants and other species of domestic animals have been aimed at examining specific bioactive matter of plants. The results of these investigations have demonstrated a positive influence on the production results. A large number of data indicate that plant extracts added to animal feed contribute to increasing overall productivity. Furthermore, plant extracts as additives in animal feed have a positive effect also on the health condition of the animals. A large number of plants have characteristics which potentially improve consumption, digestibility and conversion of food, and also growth. Examinations have been performed of the effects of different plant extracts on food consumption, wool growth, growth and composition of the trunk, milk production, reproductive parameters, agents for wool shearing, preventing bloat, methane production, as well as the influence of plants on curbing nematode infestations of ruminants. This work presents a review of scientific investigations of different plant species and their effects on the production characteristics of ruminants. ., Upotreba biljnih ekstrakata u cilju poboljšanja proizvodnih rezultata i kvaliteta namirnica animalnog porekla je oblast sa sve većom naučnom značajnošću. Mnoga ispitivanja sprovedena na preživarima, ali i drugim vrstama domaćih životinja, imala su za cilj da se ispitaju specifične bioaktivne materije biljaka. Rezultati tih istraživanja pokazuju pozitivan uticaj na proizvodne rezultate. Veliki broj podataka ukazuje na to da biljni ekstrakti dodati hrani za životinje doprinose povećanju ukupne produktivnosti. Takođe, biljni ekstrakti kao aditivi u hrani za životinje imaju pozitivan uticaj i na zdravstveno stanje životinja. Veliki broj biljaka poseduje karakteristike koje mogu poboljšati konzumaciju, svarljivost i konverziju hrane i prirast. Ispitivan je uticaj ekstrakata različitih vrsta biljaka na konzumaciju hrane, rast vune, prirast i sastav trupa, proizvodnju mleka, reproduktivne parametre, agense za strižu vune, sprečavanje naduna, proizvodnju metana kao i uticaj biljaka na smanjenje infestacije preživara nemetodama. Ovaj rad predstavlja pregled naučnih ispitivanja različitih biljnih vrsta i njihovog uticaja na proizvodne karakteristike preživara.

Over a period of five years (2005-2009), the laboratory of the Department for Nutrition and Botanic analyzed 22 samples of mixes from the territory of Serbia, intended for the diet of two categories of cattle (fattening calves I and dairy cows with over 20 liters of milk). The analysis was performed using standard methods, and the obtained results were compared with the quality conditions prescribed under the Regulations on quality and other requirements for animal feed (SRY Official Gazette numbers 20/00 and 38/01). Intensive breeding of cattle implies the use of concentrated mixes for all categories which are adapted to the age and purpose of maintenance of the animals. The mixes are products of the animal food industry, and they are obtained through an established technological procedure using the required raw materials. The inadequate quality of raw materials causes problems involving the quality of the finished products, so that strict adherence to the established recipes does not necessary result in a satisfactory quality of the mixes. All of the above imposes the need for the constant monitoring of the nutritive value of the mixes, and consequently also of their quality. On the grounds of the analysis of the presence of the elementary nutritive matter, no significant differences were established with regard to the prescribed quantity of nutritive matter, so that the use of the examined mixes in the diets of the respective categories of cattle can be expected to yield satisfactory production results. ., Tokom petogodišnjeg perioda (2005 - 2009) u Laboratoriji Katedre za ishranu i botaniku analizirano je 22 uzorka smeša sa teritorije Srbije, namenjenih za ishranu dve kategorije goveda (junadi u tovu I i krava muzara sa preko 20 litara mleka). Analiza je izvršena standardnim metodama, a dobijeni rezultati poređeni su sa uslovima kvaliteta smeša propisanih Pravilnikom o kvalitetu i drugim zahtevima za hranu za životinje (Sl. list SRJ br. 20/00 i 38/01). Intenzivni uzgoj goveda podrazumeva upotrebu koncentrovanih smeša za sve kategorije koje su prilagođene, njihovoj starosnoj dobi i nameni. Smeše su proizvodi industrije hrane za životinje, dobijeni utvrđenim tehnološkim postupkom upotrebom odgovarajućih sirovina. Neodgovarajući kvalitet sirovina uzrokuje probleme u pogledu kvaliteta finalnih proizvoda, tako da se striktnim pridržavanjem utvrđenih receptura ne postiže uvek i zadovoljavajući kvalitet smeša. Sve ovo nameće potrebu konstantnog praćenja hranljive vrednosti smeša, a time i kvaliteta. Na osnovu analize prisustva osnovnih hranljivih materija nisu ustanovljena značajnija odstupanja u odnosu na propisanu količinu hranljivih materija, tako da se upotrebom ispitivanih smeša u ishrani odgovarajučih kategorija goveda mogu očekivati zadovoljavajući proizvodni rezultati. .

The activity concentrations of 40K, 238U, 226Ra, 232Th and 137Cs were measured using the gamma spectrometric method in different food chain samples from the area of the City of Belgrade during the periods May-June 2007 and May-June 2008. Relatively high activities of 40K and 137Cs were detected in the soil. These results indicate that 137Cs is present in the area of Belgrade even 20 years after the nuclear accident in the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. However, in the samples of feedstuffs, animal products and bio indicators (meat of wild animals and fish), activity concentrations of primordial radionuclides and 137Cs were low and below the detection limits. The results of these trials have shown that investigated animal products from the natural environment around Belgrade are radioactivity safe., Aktivnost 40K, 238U, 226Ra, 232Th i 137Cs merena je gamaspektrometrijskom metodom u različitim uzorcima hrane iz lanca ishrane u okolini Beograda tokom maja i juna 2007. i 2008. godine. Izmerene su relativno visoke aktivnosti 40K i 137Cs u zemljištu. Ovi rezultati ukazuju na to da se 137 Cs može naći u životnoj sredini Beograda čak i 20 godina nakon nuklearnog incidenta u Černobilju. Međutim, u uzorcima stočne hrane, animalnim proizvodima i bioindikatorima (mesu divljih životinja i riba), aktivnost primordijalnih radionuklida i antropogenog 137Cs je bila niska i ispod nivoa detekcije. Ispitivanja su pokazala da su animalni proizvodi proizvedeni u prigradskim opštinama grada Beograda, radiološki bezbedni za ishranu stanovništva Beograda.

This trial was designed in order to evaluate the incidence of subacute rumen acidosis (SARA) during early lactation and to investigate the possibilities for its prevention by use of a buffering mineral mixture. On the beginning of the trial it was found that the pH value of rumen fluid in 4 animals was lower than normal (pH lt 6.0) and that 20% of animals have had SARA. The control and the experimental group of cows were fed the same meal with exception of concentrated feed which in the experimental group contained the mineral mix with buffering activity in amount of 1%. Continuous addition of buffering mineral mixture in the amount of 1% in concentrated feed for early lactation cows successfully prevents SARA formation and leads to increased milk production, as well as increased milk fat and protein content.

As a result of the growing demand for organic products, especially organic milk, the livestock organic production has increased. In this paper botanical and chemical composition of forage for organic diary cow production in Fruška Gora region were analysed. In the mixed hay samples, species from the Poaceae family were classified, according to their nutritive value into the first class. Dominant presence of Dactilys glomerata L. and Poa pratensis was revealed. Lucerne hay was predominantly composed only by one leguminous species Medicago sativa L. Basic nutritive components of mixed and Lucerne hay: crude moisture, crude ash, crude protein, crude fat, crude cellulose, calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) phosphorous (P), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn) were determined. Determined levels of hazardous and noxious substances (mycotoxins, pesticides and heavy metals) in all hay samples were in the range according to regulations. Botanical analysis has confirmed the presence of plants with high yield and of high nutritive value. Chemical analyses of hay samples originating from Fruška Gora has pointed out that the level of crude proteins, cellulose, fats, macro and trace elements can completely satisfy the requirements of animals in organic farming and therefore can present a solid base for further development of organic dairy farming., Kao rezultat povećanja tržišnih potreba za organskim proizvodima, naročito za mlekom, došlo je do intenziviranja organskog stočarstva u Srbiji. U ovom radu je ispitivan botanički i hemijski sastav dve vrste sena iz regiona Fruške Gore koja se koriste u organskoj proizvodnji mleka. U uzorcima mešanog sena, prisutne vrste iz familije Poaceae su na osnovu hranljive vrednosti klasifikovane u prvu klasu livadsko-pašnjačkih trava. Utvrđeno je prisustvo Dactilys glomerata L. i Poa pratensis L. Seno lucerke je u najvećem delu bilo sastavljeno od jedne vrste, Medicago sativa L. Određivan je sadržaj osnovnih hranljivih materija u mešovitom senu i senu lucerke: sirova vlaga, pepeo, proteini, mast i celuloza. Pored njih određivan je i sadržaj Ca, Mg, P, Cu, Fe, Mn i Zn. Utvrđeni nivo štetnih materija (mikotoksini, pesticidi i teški metali) bio je u propisanim granicama. Botaničkom analizom je utvrđeno da su u uzorcima bile zastupljene biljke koje su zadovoljavajuć e hranljive vrednosti i daju velike prinose. Hemijskom analizom utvrđeni nivo proteina, celuloze, masti, makro i mikroelemenata može u potpunosti da zadovolji potrebe mlečnih krava u organskoj proizvodnji i predstavlja dobru osnovu za dalji razvoj organskog stočarstva.

By gamma spectroscopic measurement a content of natural radio-nuclides (40K, 238U, 226Ra, 232Th) and 137Cs was determined in samples of soil, alfalfa, maize and moss on six sites in the surroundings of Belgrade. Natural radionuclides in the soil were at the level characteristic for Serbia, whereas a relatively high level of activity of 137Cs (around 30 Bq kg-1) was determined. On the other hand, in plant samples mostly used as feed (such as alfalfa and maize) the concentration of natural radio-nuclide activity and 137Cs was relatively low, i.e. below the range of detection. The content of natural radio-nuclides in moss was within the standard range of values specific for Serbia. However, the activity level of 137Cs in moss gathered from the wider area around Belgrade, was high, the highest measured level being in the Avala-Zuce area (158-221 Bq kg-1). Our results show that this radio-nuclide is still present in the living environment of Belgrade even 20 years after the Chernobyl disaster, and that moss is a good indicator of living environment 137Cs contamination., Gamaspektrometrijskim merenjima izvršeno je određivanje sadržaja prirodnih radio-nuklida (40K, 238U, 226Ra, 232Th) i 137Cs u uzorcima zemljišta, lucerke, kukuruza i mahovina, na šest lokaliteta u okolini Beograda. Prirodni radionuklidi u zemljištu su bili na nivou granica specifičnim za Srbiju, dok je ustanovljen relativno visok nivo aktivnosti 137Cs (oko 30 Bq kg-1). Nasuprot tome, u uzorcima biljaka, koje se najčešće koriste kao stočna hrana (lucerka, kukuruz), koncentracija aktivnosti prirodnih radionuklida i 137Cs je bila niska odnosno ispod granice detekcije. Sadržaj prirodnih radionuklida u mahovinama bio je u standardnim granicama detekcije specifičnim za Srbiju. Međutim, nivo aktivnosti 137Cs u mahovinama sakupljenim sa širokog područja okoline Beograda, bio je visok, a najviši sa područja Avala-Zuce (158-221 Bq kg-1). Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju da je ovaj radionuklid i posle 20 godina od nesreće u Černobilu, prisutan u životnoj sredini Beograda i da su mahovine dobar indikator kontaminacije životne sredine sa 137Cs.

Leienje biljem predstavlja koriitenje biljaka, delovq biljaka ili njihovih ekstrakata kao pomotnih i/ili terapeutskih materija u borbi sa infekcijama, poremeiaiima zdravlja i/ili u cilju podizanja opite otpornosti organizma. Bilike i njihovi ekstrakti se u konjarstvu koriste za veoma veliki broj indikacija, od leienja poremetaja respiratornog trakta, oboljenja koZe i kopita, poremetaja ponaianja (iudljivost) i pospeiivanju imunog odgovora. Medutim, nasuprot tome veoma iesto se spominie uticaj itetnih i toksiinih principa biljaka na reproduktivnu sposobnost konja. (J nama dostupnoj literaturi je opisan itetan uticaj mnogih biljaka (konopljika, iiiak, gavez, kanadski ljutit i dr.) na zdravstveno stanje i reproduktivne sposobnosti konja. Takode, vecina autora opisuje Stetan uticaj gljiva plesni i njihovih toksiinih metabolita koji se mogu naci u hrani na zdravstveno stanje i reproduktivne sposobnosti konja. Najieite spominjani su ergot alkaloidi i estrogenu sliie materije koje se mogu nati u senu namenjenom ishrani konja. Kao posledica koriicenja hrane kontaminirane Jtetnim i toksiinim materijama poreklom iz biljaka opisani su mnogi simptomi. Najieice spominjani su povetanje kontraktilnosti uterusa, abortivni efekti, avitalna i mrtvorodena Zdrebad, poremetaj r eprodu ktivno g c iklus a ko b il q. U ovom rctdu smo pokuiali da damo struini i sistemetizovani osvrt na uticaj itetnih i toksiinih biljaka u reprodukciji konja.

U radu su ispitivani efekti suplementacije obroka brojlera organskim i neorganskim oblicima selena i različitim količinama vitamina E na kvalitet mesa i prinos mesa brojlera. Ogled je izveden na ukupno 240 jedinki podeljenih u četiri grupe. Ogled je trajao 42 dana, a podeljen je u tri faze. Prva faza trajala je 21, druga 14, a treća sedam dana. Brojleri su hranjeni sa tri vrste potpunih smeša za ishranu pilića u tovu standardnog sirovinskog i hemijskog sastava koje su u potpunosti zadovoljavale potrebe brojlera u različitim fazama tova. Potpuna smeša za početni tov pilića korišćena je od 1. do 21. dana, a potpuna smeša za završni tov od 21. do 35, odnosno od 35. do 42. dana ogleda. Tokom ogleda kontrolna grupa brojlera hranjena je smešama sa dodatim neorganskim selenom (natrijum selenitom) u količini od 0.3 ppm + 20 IJ vitamina E, a ogledne grupe, po redosledu (O-I, O-II, O-III), dobijale su hranu sa dodatkom organskog selena (Sel-Plex-a) +20 IJ vitamina E, neorganskog selena (natrijum selenita) +100 IJ vitamina E ili organskog selena (Sel-Plex-a)+100 IJ vitamina E. Na kraju ogleda brojleri su zaklani i uzeti su uzorci mesa (meso grudi i jetre) za utvrđivanje sadržaja selena i masnokiselinski sastav masti bataka sa karabatakom. Na kraju tova, 42. dana, sadržaj selena u mesu grudi brojlera kretao se od 0.34 mg/kg do 0.43 mg/kg. Koncentracija selena je kod O-III grupe bila značajno (p<0.01) viša u odnosu na grupu koja je dobijala neorganski oblik selena, odnosno kontrolu. Koncentracija selena u jetri brojlera iznosila je na kraju ogleda (42. dan) od 0.50 do 0.63 mg/kg i bila značajno (p<0.01) viša u odnosu na kontrolnu grupu. Dodavanje organskog oblika selena i povećane količine vitamina E u smešama brojlera pruža mogućnosti postizanja boljeg kvaliteta mesa kao i povoljnijeg odnosa nezasićene (NZ) / zasićene (Z) masne kiseline., In this paper effects of broiler meal supplementation with organic and inorganic forms of selenium and different amounts of vitamin E on broiler meat quality and meat yield were monitored. Trial was performed on total number of 240 animals divided into 4 groups, lasted 42 days and was divided into 3 phases. First phase lasted 21, second 14 and 3rd seven days. Broilers were fed with three types of complete feed mixtures of standards raw and chemical composition for broiler feeding that met or exceeded the nutrient recommendations for growing broilers (NRC, 1998). Complete starter feed mixture was used from 1st to 21st day, mixture for growth from 21st till 35th day and mixture for final growth from 35th till 42nd day respectfully. During trial control group of broilers (C) was given fed with supplemented inorganic selenium (sodium selenite) 0,3 ppm plus 20 IU of vitamin E, experimental group (E-I) was feed meal supplemented with organic selenium (Sel-Plex) 0,3 ppm plus 20 IU of vitamin E, experimental group (E-II) was feed meal supplemented with 0,3 ppm inorganic selenium (sodium selenite) plus 100 IU vitamin E. At the end of the trial, broilers were slaughtered and at that time samples of breast meat and liver were collected for determination of selenium content and content of faty acid in meat of drumstick. At the end of experiment (42nd day), content of selenium in breast meat was from 0.34 mg/kg to 0.43 mg/kg. Concentration of selenium in E-III group was significantly higher (p<0.01) compared to group which was fed inorganic selenium (control group) Concentration of selenium in broiler liver ranged on day 42 of the trial from 0.50 to 0.63 mg/kg which was significant compared to control group (p<0.01). Addition of organic selenium and high amounts of vitamin E in broiler feed mixtures gives possibility for achievement of better quality meat and better ratio unsaturated (US) and saturated (S) fatty acids.

A total of 240 Hybro broilers was divided into 4 groups. These groups were fed a complete corn/soybean based diet with and without addition of antibiotic growth promoters (AGP, Flavomycin® 15 ppm, Intervet), direct feed microbials (DFM, All-Lac® 1kg/T, Alltech Inc. USA) and mannanoligosaccharide (MOS) (Bio-MOS® 2kg/T, Alltech Inc. USA). Chickens were introduced into the experiment after hatching. At day 42 of trial, all broilers were conventionaly sacrificed in a slaughter plant and slaughter performances were measured. Samples of intestines with its content from 6 average broilers (randomly selected) from each group (n=24) were taken for examination. At the end of the trial, body weight (BW) and body weight gain (BWG) of broilers fed the diet containing Bio-MOS® (1915.23 and 44.58 g), AGP (1869.40 and 43.50 g) and DFM (1855.50 and 43.17g) were significantly higher than in birds of the control group (1815.67 and 41.96 g). When compared with the control group (91.19 g), ADFI (average daily feed intake) was also significantly reduced when Bio-MOS® (81.84 g), DFM (83.50g) or AGP (86.16 g) were supplemented which lead to a lower feed conversion ratio (FCR), 2.17 vs. 1.83, 1.93 and 1.98 kg, respectively. A significantly lower pH of the intestinal content of intestines (duodenum, ileum, caecum) was observed in groups fed DFM (6.16, 6.46 and 6.72) and Bio-MOS® (6.25, 6.50 and 6.78), compared with the control (6.55, 6.81 and 7.21) and AGP (6.61, 6.87 and 7.14) group. The use of DFM and Bio-MOS® increased length and width of intestinal villa and decreased depth of crypts, while the number of goblet cells did not significantly differ among experimental groups. In conclusion, Bio-MOS® and DFM exhibited nutritional, pharmacological and economic advantages over antibiotic growth promoters.

The objective of the investigations presented in this paper was to establish the frequency of the incidence of subacute acidosis in the rumen of cows (SARA) in the first three months of lactation and the possibilities for its prevention using a mineral mix based on bentonite, zeolite, magnesium oxide, and sodium bicarbonate (Mix plus). The values obtained for the rumen pH content show that subacute rumen acidosis occurs in in 20 percent of the examined cows in the early stage of lactation. For these investigations, cows in early stages of lactation were chosen and divided into 2 groups. Cows of the experimental group were administered a fodder mix which contained the mineral mix for a buffer effect (Mix plus). The average values of the rumen pH content in the control and the experimental group of cows at the beginning and on the 30th day of the experiment were approximately the same and did not differ significantly (p>0.05). On the 60th day of the experiment, the values for the electrochemical reaction of the rumen content for the control group amounted to an average of 6.219±0.18, and for the experimental group of cows it was 6.772±0.23. The obtained difference was statistically very significant (p lt 0.001). At the end of the experiment, on the 90th day, the average pH value of the rumen content of cows of the control group was 6.308±0.16, while this value in the experimental group of cows was significantly higher and amounted to 6.676±0.29 (p lt 0.01)., Cilj istraživanja u ovom radu je bio da se utvrdi učestalost pojave subakutne acidoze buraga krava (SARA) u prva tri meseca laktacije i mogućnost njenog preveniranja korišćenjem mineralne smeše na bazi bentonita, zeolita, magnezium-oksida i natrijum-bikarbonata (Mix plus). Vrednosti dobijene za pH sadržaja buraga pokazuju da se kod 20 posto ispitivanih krava u ranoj fazi laktacije, pojavljuje subakutna acidoza buraga. Za ova ispitivanja odabrane su krave u ranoj fazi laktacije i podeljene u 2 grupe. Krave ogledne grupe dobijale su krmnu smešu u koju je umešana mineralna smeša sa puferskim dejstvom (Mix plus). Prosečne vrednosti pH sadržaja buraga u kontrolnoj i oglednoj grupi krava na početku i 30. dana ogleda bile su približno iste i nisu se statistički razlikovale (p>0,05). 60. dana ogleda vrednosti elektrohemijske reakcije sadržaja buraga za kontrolnu grupu su iznosile proseč no 6,219 ± 0,18 a za oglednu grupu krava 6,772 ± 0,23. Dobijena razlika je bila statistički visokoznačajna (p lt 0,001). Na kraju ogleda, 90. dana, prosečna vrednost pH sadržaja buraga krava kontrolne grupe je iznosila 6,308 ± 0,16 dok je u oglednoj grupi ta vrednost bila značajno veća i iznosila 6,676 ± 0,29 (p lt 0,01).

The aim of this experiment was to determine the effects of broiler meal supplementation with different forms of selenium (as Na-selenite or selenized yeast) and different amounts of vitamin E on selenium and vitamin E status in broiler tissues. A total number of 240 broilers (Cobb 500) were divided in four experimental groups supplemented with Se and vitamin E for a period of 42 days: group SS+E20 - 0.3 mg/kg sodium selenite and 20 IU of vitamin E; group SY+E20 - 0.3 mg/kg selenized yeast and 20 IU of vitamin E; group SS+E100 - 0.3 mg/kg sodium selenite and 100 IU of vitamin E; group SY+E100 - 0.3 mg/kg selenized yeast and 100 IU of vitamin E. Blood plasma Se and MDA concentrations and Se dependent GSH-Px were determined on days 1, 21 and 42, where's content of Se and vitamin E in breast muscle and liver were measured on days 21 and 42 of the experiment. Highest blood plasma glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities were detected in groups SS+E20 and SS+E100. Supplementation with selenium enriched yeast did not result in a significant increase in plasma GSH-Px activity. Selenium and vitamin E concentrations in breast meat and liver were significantly higher in groups supplemented selenized yeast compared to those receiving Na-selenite. Selenium and vitamin E supplementation did not alter plasma MDA concentrations, but in tissues, selenized yeast provided a consistent, although not significant, reduction in MDA content. The increased dose of vitamin E supplemented in broiler meal was not justifiable on the basis of vitamin E tissue content and antioxidative effect., Cilj ovog eksperimenta je bio da se utvrde efekti dodatka različitih formi selena u obrok (natrijum selenit ili selenizirani kvasac) i različitih količina vitamina E na status selena i vitamina E u tkivima brojlera. Ukupan broj od 240 brojlera (Cobb 500) je bio podeljen na četiri eksperimentalne grupe kojima je dodavan selen i vitamin E u obrok u periodu od 42 dana: grupa SS+E20 - 0,3 mg/kg Na-selenita i 20 IJ vitamina E; grupa SY+E20 - 0.3 mg/kg seleniziranog kvasca i 20 IJ vitamina E; grupa SS+E100 - 0,3 mg/kg Na-selenita i 100 IJ vitamina E; grupa SY+E100- 0,3 mg/kg seleniziranog kvasca i 100 IJ vitamina E. Koncentracija selena u krvnoj plazmi i MDA kao i selen zavisne GSH-PX je određivana 1., 21. i 42., dok su sadržaj selena i vitamina E u grudnoj muskulaturi i jetri određivani 21. i 42. dana eksperimenta. Najviše vrednosti aktivnosti glutation peroksidaze u krvnoj plazmi su utvrđene u grupama SS+E20 i SS+E100. Dodatak seleniziranog kvasca nije rezultirao značajnim povećanjem aktivnosti GSH-Px u krvnoj plazmi. Koncentracija selena i vitamina E u grudnoj muskulaturi i jetri je bila značajno viša u grupama kojima je dodat selenizirani kvasac u poređenju sa grupama koje su dobijale Na-selenit. Dodatak selena i vitamina E nije uticao na koncentraciju MDA u krvnoj plazmi, ali je u tkivima, selenizirani kvasac doveo do uočljivog ali ne značajnog smanjenja sadržaja MDA. Povećana doza vitamina E u obroku brojlera od 100 IJ vitamina E nije bila opravdana na osnovu sadržaja vitamina E i antioksidativnog dejstva.

U prirodne stimulatore rasta (NGP's – natural growth promoters) spadaju fitobiotici, probiotici, prebiotici, zakišeljivači i enzimi koji utiču na poboljšanje zdravlja kroz stimulaciju eubioze digestivnog trakta. Fitobiotici su funkcionalni sastojci hrane koji se dobijaju iz aromatičnih biljaka, začina i etarskih ulja (Jovanović i sar, 2004). Etarska ulja predstavljaju najkoncentrovaniji oblik fitogenih aditiva i pojačavaju ukus, podržavaju varenje i modifikuju mikrofloru. To su mešavine lipofilnih, tečnih, isparljivih i aromatskih supstanci. Da bi se pospešilo korišćenje ekstrakata biljaka i etarskih ulja kao AGP (antibiotic growth promoter) alternativa, sprovedeno je istraživanje koje je obuhvatilo 94 proizvodjača hrane iz 13 zemalja, 7 iz EU i 6 van EU. Cilj velikog broja istraživanja je bio da se utvrdi efikasnost biljnih estrakata u ishrani životinja. Pregledom najčešće zajedno korišćenih ekstrakata i organskih kiselina potvrđen je veći prirast, bolja konverzija hrane i niži morbiditet kod prasadi u kombinaciji u poređenju sa upotrebom organskih kiselina. Pri upotrebi ekstrakata u hrani za krmače uočeno je poboljšanje od 100 g na dan kod prasadi i 300 g po zalučenom prasetu (Raper, 2008). Kod živine, sličan napredak u vezi sa ekstraktima uočen je u prirastu i konverziji kako na obrocima baziranim na pšenici tako i na obrocima baziranim na kukuruzu. Iz sprovedenih istraživanja može se zaključiti da se ekstrakti često ubacuju u hranu za životinje (čak iako način delovanja i efikasnost nisu potpuno razjašnjeni kod svih ekstrakata). Zato je urađen pregled naučnih istraživanja sa aktivnim supstancama za hranu za svinje i živinu, uključujući karvakol koji se nalazi u origanu, cimet aldehid koji se prirodno javlja u cimetu i oleorezina paprike (ekstrakt ljute paprike). Iz dobijenih rezultata tri ogleda sa dobijeno je prosečno poboljšanje u dnevnom prirastu prasadi i konverzijom hrane od 14.1% i 6.5%, In natural growth promoters (NGP's) phytobiotics, probiotics, prebiotics, acidifying matters and enzymes are classified. They all affect health throughout stimulation of eubisoses in gut. Phytobiotics are functional ingredients of feed which are derived from aromatic plants, spices and ether oils (Jovanović et al., 2004). Essential oils represent most concentrated form of phytogenic additives; they increase palatability, improve digestion, and modify micro organisms in guts. They are mixtures of lipophylic, liquid, volatile and aromatic substances. In order to increase use of plant extracts like alternative to use of antibiotic growth promoters (AGP), trial which includes 94 producers from 13 different countries (7 EU and 6 non EU countries) was undertaken. Main aim of numerous trials was to evaluate efficiency of plant extracts in animal nutrition. By review of combined use of extracts with organic acids higher daily gain better feed conversion and lower morbidity were determined in comparison with use of only organic acids. When extracts were used in sow feed increase of 100 grams a day per piglet and 300 grams per weaner were determined (Raper, 2008). In poultry, similar improvements with use of extracts were determined and especially in daily gain and conversion as well as on diets based on wheat and on corn based diets. From these trials it can be concluded that extracts are often used in feed (even in cases when mode of action and efficiency are not fully understood yet). Because of all that review of scientific trials with active substances in swine and poultry feed was done. From results achieved it can be seen that daily gain was higher for 14.1% and conversion was lower for 6.5% when extract of chilly pepper, oregano and cinnamon were used.

Rumen acidosis is a very important pathophysiological disorder in intensive productive dairy cows, it is mostly a problem in early lactation when highly concentrated feeds are used in nutrition. The use of mineral salt mix based on bentonite, zeolite, magnesium oxide and sodium bicarbonate stabilizes and maintains pH of ruminal fluid in physiological values (6,79 to 6,92) and prevents the occurrence of rumen acidosis. In cows in the control group, the pH of ruminal fluid was at a low physiological level (6.01 to 6.25) and in some animals even lower. By adding this mixture of mineral salts to the concentrated part of feed (1%) optimal conditions are provided for activity and adequate numerous distribution of all species of infusoria in the rumen. The daily amount of milk produced and milk fat as well was 10 percent bigger in the experimental compared to the control group of cows., Poremećaji u procesima razlaganja hrane u predželucima i nastala acidoza prouzrokuju mnogobrojne patološke procese, uključujući i morfološke promene sluzokože buraga. Prvo se smanjuje motorička aktivnost predželudaca i usporava se pasaža sadržaja. Zatim nastaju ruminitis i parakeratoza. Kao posledica toga značajno se smanjuje resorptivna površina sluzokože buraga i stepen resorpcije proizvoda razlaganja hrane. Njihov smanjen priliv može da naruši metaboličku ravnotežu, pre svega stabilnost energetskog metabolizma. Imajući u vidu da je kod acidoze buraga smanjen apetit, onda je sasvim razumljivo što je krajnji rezultat ovih poremećaja smanjena proizvodnja mleka. U ovom radu se razmatraju novija saznanja o uzrocima nastanka i posledicama koje nastaju usled acidoze buraga, pre svega visoko proizvodnih krava u prva dva do tri meseca laktacije. Utvrđeno je da se acidoza buraga može uspešno da prevenira korišćenjem mineralnih smeša sa pufernim dejstvom, na bazi bentonita, zeolita, magnezijum oksida i natrijum bikarbonata (Mix Plus). Uključivanje ove mineralne smeše u koncentrat (u količini od 1%) pored preveniranja acidoze buraga doprinosi povećanju količine mleka i sadržaja masti u mleku.

The diet of high-yield dairy cows process a very complex and acute problem. Much new knowledge in the area of production and preparation of feedstuffs, diet technology, and the interactions that occur between the components of the nutritive feed ration are required in order to resolve this problem. It is necessary constantly to coordinate feed norms with genetic potential which is ever changing and advanced. The observed problems must be resolved using multidisciplinary methods so that a diet can yield good health, and that health contribute to better reproduction and possibilities for more successful breeding and improved performance in cattle farming. In certain countries, thanks to their geographic position and climatic conditions which allow rainfall throughout the year, a natural green diet can be applied, which provides large numbers of green mass components, and with additives which can be supplemented relatively easily. This type of diet is not possible in our farms. It is very important to know which feedstuff components are laking for certain categories of cattle. The used ration must be constant and administered to animals of certain age or production characteristics in order to improve production results at cattle farms. A great problem occurs when diet is reduced due to dried grass and the resulting stress in animals. A 50% diet reduction in young cattle often results in the occurrence of respiratory diseases. Following 10-14 days of treatment, the disease disappears in young animals, but the energy deficit leads to the weakening (depression) of the immune system. Even a so-called high-energy diet often causes respiratory diseases. A diet deficient in proteins also affects cows after lactation, as opposed to a normative diet, and a reduced protein diet disturbs the microbial activity in the rumen and the synthesis of compounds which are important for both the cow and the calf, making room for the incidence of metabolic diseases, most often acidosis. Thi, Ishrana visoko-mlečnih krava predstavlja veoma složen i aktuelan problem. Da bi se takav problem rešio potrebno je mnogo novih saznanja iz oblasti proizvodnje i pripreme hraniva, tehnologije ishrane, kao i interakcija koje nastaju između komponenti hranljivog obroka. Potrebno je da se permanentno usklađuju normativi ishrane sa genetskim potencijalom koji se stalno menja i unapređuje. Uočene probleme treba rešavati multidisciplinarno kako bi se trojstvo ishrane ispoljilo preko zdravlja, a zdravlje doprinelo boljoj reprodukciji krava i mogućnosti uspešnijeg gajenja i veće reprodukcije u govedarstvu. U pojedinim zemljama, zahvaljujući geografskom položaju i klimatskim uslovima koje omogućuju padavine tokom cele godine, može da se koristi sistem ishrane „prirodna zelena ishrana” uz veliki broj komponenata zelene mase i dodacima koji relativno lako mogu da se dodaju. Ovakav način ishrane na našim farmama nije moguć. Vrlo je važno da se zna koje su to komponente hraniva koje nedostaju za određenu kategoriju goveda. Obrok koji se koristi mora da bude konstantan i da se daje životinjama određenog uzrasta ili proizvodnih svojstava radi poboljšanja proizvodnih rezultata na farmi goveda. Veliki problem nastaje kod redukovane ishrane u zasušenju krava i nastanka stresa kao posledica takve ishrane. Redukcija hrane od 50 posto kod mladih goveda ima kao posledicu vrlo često pojavljivanje respiratornih oboljenja. Posle lečenja od 10 do 14 dana bolest kod mladih goveda prolazi, ali deficit energije uzrokuje slabljenje („depresija”) imunskog sistema. Često i ishrana sa „visokom energijom” prouzrokuje respiratorna oboljenja. Deficitarna proteinska ishrana takođe uzrokuje kod krava u zasušenju u odnosu na normiranu ishranu, a redukovana proteinska ishrana remeti mikrobijalnu aktivnost u buragu i sintezu važnih jedinjenja za kravu i tele, pa omogućava nastajanje metaboličkih oboljenja, najčešće acidozu. U ovome radu dat je celovit opis menadžmenta ishrane goveda po fazama i novi pristup