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Prisutnost radioaktivnih tvari u zraku na pojedinim mjestima Hrvatske prati se od 1962. godine do danas u sklopu programa praćenja stanja radioaktivnosti životne sredine u Republici Hrvatskoj. Neprekidno se prosisava zrak kroz plavi Schneider-Poelman i glass-fiber filter na visini jedan metar iznad tla, a od 2008. godine i kroz celulozne filtre. Određivanje radionuklida u zraku provodi se visokorezolucijskom gamaspektrometrijom, akreditiranom metodom prema zahtjevima norme HRN EN ISO/IEC 17025:2007. Određuju se fisijski (umjetni, antropogeni) radionuklidi i oni prirodni, terestrijalnog i kosmogenog porijekla. Berilij, 7Be, γ emiter, prirodni je radionuklid koji nastaje u visokim slojevima atmosfere pod utjecajem kozmičkoga zračenja. Vrijeme poluraspada 7Be je pedeset i tri dana, pripada III. skupini radionuklida srednje radiotoksičnosti. Vrijednosti koncentracija aktivnosti 7Be u zraku jedne su od najvećih iznosom, i do dva, tri reda veličine veće su od onih npr. 40K odnosno 137Cs. U posljednjih dvadeset godina u zraku Zagreba koncentracije aktivnosti 7Be kretale su se uz povremene skokove i padove oko srednje vrijednosti od 4, 4 ± 2, 1 mBqm-3, dok su one u zraku Zadra iznosile 3, 1 ± 1, 2 mBqm-3. Testiranjem značajnosti razlike prosječnih vrijednosti ustanovljeno je da se vrijednosti koncentracija aktivnosti 7Be u Zagrebu i Zadru ne razlikuju statistički značajno. Izmjerene vrijednosti koncentracija aktivnosti 7Be poslužile su za procjenu efektivne doze koju bi udisanjem primio odrasli stanovnik Hrvatske, odnosno Zagreba i Zadra. Zbog relativno niske radiotoksičnosti, doprinos efektivnoj dozi udisanjem u zraku prisutnog 7Be je mali ; procijenjene efektivne doze primljene udisanjem 7Be kreću se od 1, 4 do 2 nSv godišnje. // The presence of radioactive substances in air has been monitored at particular places in Croatia ever since 1962, which has been part of the programme of monitoring the state of environmental radioactivity in the Republic of Croatia. Air is continuously filtered through a blue Schneider-Poelman filter and a glass-fiber filter positioned 1m above the ground, and since 2008 this has been performed using cellulose filters as well. Determination of radionuclides in air is carried out by means of high-resolution gamma-ray spectrometry, accredited according to the HRN EN ISO/IEC 17025:2007 standard. We determine fission (artificial, anthropogenic) radionuclides together with those of terrestrial and cosmogenic origin. Beryllium, 7Be, which is a gamma emitter, is a naturally-produced radionuclide the nucleosynthesis of which occurs in higher atmosphere under the influence of cosmic rays. The half-life of 7Be is fifty-three days, it belongs to group III of radionuclides of medium radiotoxicity. Activity concentration of 7Be in air is among the highest of all radionuclides, exceeding that of, e.g., 40K or 137Cs, by two to three orders of magnitude. In the last twenty years, activity concentration of 7Be in Zagreb air has been about 4, 4 ± 2, 1 mBqm-3, with occasional departures, whereas that in Zadar has been 3, 1 ± 1, 2 mBqm-3. By testing the significance of the difference between the above mean values, we conclude that there is no statistically significant difference between the activity concentrations in Zagreb and Zadar. Measured values of the activity concentrations of 7Be have been utilised in an assessment of the effective dose absorbed through inhalation by an adult inhabitant of Croatia, i.e., Zagreb and Zadar. Due to the relatively low toxicity of 7Be, its contribution to the effective dose originating in inhalation is small ; we estimate it at 1.4 to 2 nSv per year.

Koncentracija radona u tlu i vodi u naseljima Ličko-senjske županije mjerena je u rujnu 2012. godine pomoću AlphaGUARD mjernog sustava. Izmjerene vrijednosti koncentracije radona u tlu na 19 lokacija bile su u rasponu od 12, 6 (Novalja) do 258, 7 kBq m-3 (Plitvička Jezera) sa srednjom vrijednosti od 83, 5 kBq m-3 i pripadnom standardnom devijacijom 69, 3 kBq m-3. Dobivena prosječna vrijednost svrstava tlo u Ličko- senjskoj županiji među tla srednjeg geogenskog radonskog potencijala, a prema uobičajenoj kategorizaciji tala. Također, valja naglasiti da na trećini izmjerenih lokacija radonska vrijednost premašuje 100 kBq m-3 te ona predstavljaju područja visokog geogenskog radonskog potencijala. Izmjerene su i koncentracije najznačajnijih radionuklida u tlu (40K, 137Cs, 226Ra, 228U, 232Th) te su dobivene vrijednosti prokomentirane i korelirane s vrijednostima radona odnosno torona. Koncentracije radona u gradskim vodovodima Ličko- senjske županije bile su u rasponu od 0, 2 Bq l-1 (Otočac) do 11, 2 Bq l-1 (Gospić). Najviša vrijednost je 10-tak puta niža od uobičajene referentne vrijednosti od 100 Bq l-1. Procijenjena maksimalna srednja godišnja radonska doza primljena pijenjem vode (75 litara godišnje) iz gradskog vodovoda za djecu Gospića iznosi 2, 9 μSv.

U radu su prikazani povijesni pregled i neki rezultati istraživanja radioaktivne kontaminacije Jadranskog mora prirodnim i antropogenim radionuklidima s naglaskom na istočnu obalu. Rezultate prvih dostupnih istraživanja radioaktivnosti Jadrana objavio je prof. dr. Peter Salcher iz Carske i kraljevske mornaričke akademije (k. u. k. Marine Akademie) iz Rijeke još godine 1909., usporedivši ih sa sličnim istraživanjima provedenim na Atlantskom oceanu. Sustavna istraživanja vezana uz radioekologiju istočne obale Jadranskog mora počela su godine 1961. na tri lokacije (Rovinj, Split i Dubrovnik) u organizaciji Uprave za civilnu zaštitu Državnog sekretarijata za narodnu obranu SFRJ, a mjerile su se koncentracije aktivnosti 90Sr i 137Cs u morskoj vodi. Sređivanje podataka, standardizaciju i tehničku obradu rezultata koordinirao je inž. Velimir Popović, suradnik Instituta za medicinska istraživanja i medicinu rada tadašnje Jugoslavenske akademije znanosti i umjetnosti. Suvremena radieokološka ispitivanja u Republici Hrvatskoj vezana uz Jadransko more danas provodi Jedinica za zaštitu od zračenja Instituta za medicinska istraživanja i medicinu rada unutar unutar programa „Praćenje stanja radioaktivnosti životne sredine u Republici Hrvatskoj“te u sklopu znanstvenog projekta „Radioekologija Jadranskoga mora i priobalja“, projekt br. 022-0222882-2823 kojeg financira Ministarstvo znanosti, obrazovanja i sporta Republike Hrvatske.

Continuous measurements of the environmental dose rate D at the Institute for medical research and occupational health in Zagreb have resulted in a database containing daily values of D between October 23, 1985, and December 31, 2011. Apart from the appreciable increase in the time of the Chernobyl accident, D was always constant and amounted to 30-35 pGy/s. Fourier transform of D as a function of time reveals a number of discernible periodicities hidden in the noise. The corresponding periods are 6 months (m), 9.3 m, 12 m, 13.7 m, 15.7 m, 20 m, 31 m, and 39 m. Two of the periods (6 m and 12 m) can be explained by seasonal atmospheric effects, whereas the other periods agree well with periods in solar activity. This can be linked to the nucleosynthesis of 7Be in the atmosphere under the influence of cosmic rays.

We carried out an interlaboratory comparison in gamaspectrometric determination of the radionuclide activity concentrations in a sample of superficial rocks from the island of Jabuka. Samples in a cylindrical 100 ml geometry and in a 1 l Marinelli beakers were used to measure the activity concentrations of 137Cs, 40K, 226Ra, 228Ra, 238U, 235U, and 210Pb. The rock sample has specific characteristic when compared with samples of water, food, or sediments, which are usually used in intercomparisons, and this consequently affects its use in gammaspectrometry. Therefore, we especially paid attention to sample preparation. The material was homogenised by grinding it in a geological mill down to the grain size of 2 mm, and subsequently it rested in order to obtain equilibrium of naturally occurring radionuclides. In addition to exhibiting enhanced natural radioactivity, this sample was special by its high density which significantly influenced the attenuation of gamma radiation, hence imposing the necessity of correcting measured activity concentrations. These corrections were especially important at low energies (below 100 keV), i.e., for gamma rays emitted by 210Pb and 234Th.

Odlagalište fosfogipsa, otpadnog materijala koji nastaje tijekom proizvodnje fosfatnih mineralnih gnojiva, nalazi se na rubu Parka prirode Lonjsko polje. Sirovina za proizvodnju fosfatnih mineralnih gnojiva je fosfatna ruda koja ima povišenu prirodnu radioaktivnost (Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material – NORM). U ovom radu prikazani su rezultati istraživanja koncentracija aktivnosti prirodnih radionuklida (238U, 235U, 232Th, 226Ra i 40K) u travi i tlu oko odlagališta te su posebno određene koncentracije aktivnosti 226Ra u procjednim vodama zbog kontrole eventualne propusnosti odlagališta. Istraživanja u okolini odlagališta fosfogipsa nužna su radi neprekinutog praćenja utjecaja fosfogipsa na okoliš kako bi se procijenio utjecaj na ljude, okoliš i posebno biotu. Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju da koncentracije aktivnosti prirodnih radionuklida u uzorcima procjednih voda, trava i tla uzorkovanima uz samo odlagalište nisu povišene u odnosu na uzorke iz ostalih dijelova Hrvatske. Međutim, nastavak redovitog praćenja stanja nužan je kako bi se uočile eventualne rane promjene u razinama prirodne radioaktivnosti na odlagalištu kao i u okolišu odlagališta.

Measurement of 226Ra activity concentrations is often used to estimate supported levels of 210Pb for purposes of geochronology. However, the implicit assumption that supported 210Pb and 226Ra are in secular radioactive equilibrium may not always be true because of the migration of an intermediate product, gaseous 222Rn. As a consequence, supported 210Pb activity concentration might be lower than the measured 226Ra value, which was the case in a core collected from the South Adriatic Pit. Here we present a new approach to improve the determination of supported 210Pb, which is based on correction of 226Ra activity concentrations using the average (210Pb/226Ra) activity ratio in deeper sediment layers. Using this approach, sedimentation rates for the South Adriatic Pit with a constant rate of supply model and a constant initial concentration model were 0.054 g/cm2/a and 0.070 g/cm2/a, respectively.

U Jedinici za zaštitu od zračenja Instituta za medicinska istraživanja i medicinu rada od 1962. godine provodi se program praćenja radioaktivnosti životne okoline. U sklopu toga programa provode se gamaspektrometrijska mjerenja uzoraka zraka uzorkovanih na uzorkivaču zraka velikog volumena (High Volume Sampler ASS-500). Određivanje radionuklida u zraku provodi se visokorezolucijskom gamaspektrometrijom, akreditiranom metodom prema zahtjevima norme HRN EN ISO/IEC 17025:2007. Određuju se fisijski (umjetni, antropogeni) radionuklidi kao i oni prirodni, terestrijalnog i kozmogenog porijekla. Kalibracija energije i efikasnosti gamaspektrometra učinjena je uz pomoć kalibracijskih izvora (standarda) Češkog metrološkog instituta koji pokrivaju energiju između 40 i 2500 keV. Doziranje standarda (kapanje) provodi se ravnomjerno po filteru za zrak koji se pakira u geometriju mjerenja korištenoj u kalibraciji efikasnosti gamaspektrometrijskih detektora. Na taj se način izbjegava dodatna korekcija na geometriju mjerenja kao i na atenuaciju. Uzorak zraka se sakuplja propumpavanjem zraka kroz celulozni filter. Kod radionuklida s vremenom poluraspada u danima (npr. 131I, 7Be) potrebno je izračunati korekcijske faktore za koncentracije aktivnosti. Korekcijski faktori radioaktivnog raspada (korekcija) se mogu podijeliti u tri glavne kategorije, a to su: korekcija tijekom uzorkovanja, korekcija između kraja uzorkovanja i početka mjerenja i korekcija tijekom mjerenja. U izračun koncentracije aktivnosti treba uračunati i utjecaj promjene protoka i to posebice kod radionuklida čije je vrijeme poluraspada usporedivo s vremenom uzorkovanja. Promjena protoka u našem sustavu linearno pada s vremenom. Za 131I utjecaj promjene protoka na izračun koncentracije aktivnosti iznosi čak do 30%, dok je isti za 7Be do 5%.

Nuklearne probe, radiološke nesreće te primjena nuklearne tehnologije u ljudskoj djelatnosti odgovorni su za prisutnost umjetnih radionuklida u okolišu, pa tako i u raznim namirnicama koje ulaze u hranidbeni lanac čovjeka. Mlijeko je vrlo zastupljena namirnica u prehrani čovjeka, a pogotovo djece. U slučaju povećanih koncentracija aktivnosti 137Cs i 90Sr u mlijeku, ono postaje značajan izvor kontaminacije putem hrane. U ovom radu prikazane su izmjerene koncentracije aktivnosti 137Cs i 90Sr u mlijeku zagrebačke regije u 2011. godini. Na temelju tih rezultata procijenjene su efektivne doze zračenja dobivene unosom 137Cs i 90Sr mlijekom za 2011. godinu. Iako procijenjene efektivne doze zračenja za odraslu populaciju zagrebačke regije ne predstavljaju značajno opterećenje, važno je neprekidno pratiti radioaktivnost u hrani i okolišu kako bi se stanovništvo zaštitilo od negativnih učinaka ionizirajućeg zračenja.

In this paper are presented results of investigation of 137Cs activity concentrations and sediments in South Adriatic. Inventory of 137Cs in sediments and sea water is estimated. Sediment samples were collected during radioecological cruise organized by International Atomic Energy Agency in year 2007, while sea water samples were collected on yearly basis as a part of extended monitoring programme of the radioactive contamination of Croatian environment. Measurements were performed in the Radiation Protection Unit of the Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health. In South Adriatic, i.e. in the area between Palagruža sill in north and straight of Otranto in south, sediment samples were taken on three locations. Correlation between measured radiological and geochemical parameters has been found to be quite significant. Mean value for 137Cs activity concentration in sediments in south Adriatic was calculated to be (3.87 ± 0.66) E+4 Bqm-2. Therefore, total inventory of 137Cs in sea sediments in south Adriatic, which has area of about 60, 000 km2, has been estimated to be 2.32 E+15 Bq. Total inventory of 137Cs in sea water in south Adriatic, which has volume of about 28172 km3, has been estimated to be (8.51 ± 0.24) E+13 Bq. The highest value of 137Cs activity concentration has been found on sampling location in Albania (1.24 E+5 Bqm-2) while, for comparison, 137Cs activity concentration on location Jabuka in middle Adriatic was found to be 5.79 E+4 Bqm-2. It can be argued that sampling locations in Albania and Jabuka are influenced by river runoff, i.e. by the rivers Bojana (Buna) in Albania and Po in Italy. Therefore, caesium sediments in the South Adriatic Pit could be considered to originate by fallout. However, more results from more sampling sites are needed for more reliable estimates.

Geochemical analysis and trace element distribution were determined in short marine sediments cores from the Middle (Jabuka and Palagruža pits, depth 230m and 170m respectively) and South Adriatic Sea (depth 1030m). This study was used to provide an insight to possible anthropogenic influence of the area. Shallow cores (length 400 mm, sample interval 20mm) were investigated in terms of their physical properties, mineralogical, magnetic and geochemical characteristics in the recent sediments. The distribution of As, Co, Cs, Cr, Ni, Zn, Hg, Cd, Tl and Pb and major elements such as Al, Fe and Mn in the sediments and their mineralogy is presented. The cores were dated using 137Cs originating from atmospheric nuclear weapon tests and the Chernobyl accident. Both peaks were visible only in sediments collected on the South Adriatic Pit and it was possible to estimate a sedimentation rate of 1, 8±0, 5mm.y-1. On other locations 137Cs peaks were merged, allowing an estimate of the maximum sedimentation rate, which varied between 1.8mm.y-1 in Palagruža pit and 3.1mm.y-1 in Jabuka pit. The calculated sedimentation rates are consistent with published results for other locations in the Mediterranean Sea. Sediment cores provided evidence for the accumulation of metals in the deep sea environments of the Adriatic. Calculated enrichment factors (using Al as a conservative element) for Pb, Cd Tl and Hg are highest in the top 2cm and no enrichment was found in sediment intervals bellow 6 cm. Mercury shows the highest degree of enrichment in most 0-2cm sediment intervals (highest in the Jabuka pit, EF=2.95), followed by Tl (EF=2.5 in the South Adriatic Pit) and the least enrichment is shown by Pb and Cd (EF < 2). Distributions of other heavy metals show no enrichment trends and therefore cannot be attributed to human activities. Geochemical signatures were correlated to mineralogical composition of the sediments and clay mineral distribution. Sediments are highly heterogeneous and consist of carbonate and siliciclastic components, mainly of detrital origin. Clay minerals are presented by smectite and less amounts of micas, chlorite and kaolinite. Clay minerals have an important role in aquatic systems, as both a carrier and source of pollutants.

Flashover phenomenon occurs when surfaces exposed to thermal radiation reach ignition temperature, and the fire rapidly spreads in enclosed area. Flashover training (FOT) performed by fire fighters is a simulation of flashover phenomenon under controlled conditions. The study aimed to test the thermal and physical strain level in male fire fighters and instructors attending FOT and its influence on the DNA damage level, exhaled breath condensate (EBC) pH and fraction of exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO). DNA damage markers were analyzed in 51 attendees and 7 instructors, and EBC pH and FeNO in 40 respiratory healthy non-smoking subjects (34 attendees and 6 instructors).The average body temperature and pulse increase was 1.1 °C and 30 beats per minute, respectively. Prominent increase in the alkali-labile sites’ level has been observed in instructors’ peripheral lymphocytes compared to first-time attendees (tail length p=0.050, % of DNA in tail p=0.005). FOT was related only to physiological FVC and FEV1 (for 4% and 2.7% on average) increase, and FeNO dropped after the exercise for 2 ppb in comparison with basal values (P=0.034). EBC pH didn’t change during FOT, but FeNO was inversely correlated to EBC pH after the exercise (Spearman's rho= -0.66, P=0.013). With respect to the thermal and physical strain, this FOT is considered a safe training procedure for healthy fire fighters. The increase rate in primary DNA damage found in the instructors' peripheral lymphocytes requires further examination in a larger sample size.

Proizvodnja fosfatnih mineralnih gnojiva i njen utjecaj na čovjeka i okoliš predmet je sustavnog istraživanja i praćenja putova širenja prirodne radioaktivnosti tijekom proizvodnje, prerade i odlaganja otpada s povišenom prirodnom radioaktivnosti. Fosfogips je otpadni materijal koji nastaje tijekom proizvodnje fosforne kiseline i fosfatnih mineralnih gnojiva. Fosfatna ruda, sirovina koja se koristi u postupku, ovisno o podrijetlu, sadrži povišenu prirodnu radioaktivnost (Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material – NORM) radionuklida uranijevog i torijevog prirodnog radioaktivnog niza. U ovom radu koncentracije aktivnosti prirodnih radionuklida (40K, 232Th i 226Ra) izmjerene su gama spektrometrijski. Kako su posljednja istraživanja usmjerena u iskoristivosti fosfogipsa, određeni su ekvivalent aktivnosti radija (Raeq) i vanjski indeks rizika (Hex).

Sediment accumulation rate was conducted using radiometric measurements of cesium, 137Cs. The aim of this study was better understanding transport and sedimentation processes of the middle and south Adriatic Sea, especially because it is a marine area that is not influenced by the delivery of suspended matter. Mineralogical and grain size analysis has also been used to evaluate this results, with the special interest in K- and Cs-bearing minerals (K-feldspars and clay minerals). Samples were taken on characteristic areas of the middle and south Adriatic Sea that were investigated for the project “Marine Environmental Assessment of the Mediterranean Region”. Sediments are mainly composed of carbonate and clay minerals, represented by calcite and smectite, following quartz, muscovite/illite, chlorite, K-feldspars, plagioclase and kaolinite. Grain size analysis showed no changes in vertical distribution through depth and these results indicate uniform sedimentation as it is expected in deeper marine environments. Distribution of the 137Cs is similar on the different locations, as are also granulometric parameters in which are dominant silts (~60%) and clay sized fraction (~30%). Almost all cesium is contained by the sediments in the upper part. The distribution of 137Cs provides information on the process of sediment accumulation. Highest accumulation rates are found in Albanija (~4 mm/year) and Jabuka (3, 1 mm/year), while in South Adriatic pit (SA PIT 1 and 2) and Palagruza the sedimentation rate is 1, 8 mm/year. We can conclude that the sediment accumulation rate in middle and south Adriatic Sea is very low.

U ovom doktorskom radu prikazani su rezultati multidisciplinarnog istraživanja koji su unaprijedili spoznaje o raspodjeli koncentracija aktivnosti prirodnih i antropogenih radionuklida i o njihovom ukupnom inventaru u gornjim slojevima sedimenata srednjeg i južnog Jadrana. Rad je pridonio identifikaciji onih područja Jadrana koja su potencijalno osjetljivija na zagađivanje radioaktivnim tvarima. Proučavao se proces sedimentacije suspendirane tvari u morskoj vodi i određivala se brzina prodiranja radiocezija kroz sedimente što je posredno dalo dodatne informacije o tzv. dubinskoj morskoj vodi i njezinom vremenu boravka u područjima jabučke i južnojadranske kotline. Istraživala se i prirodna radioaktivnost okoliša na području otoka magmatskog sastava (Brusnik i Jabuka). Načinjena je analiza radiološkog rizika za stanovništvo na području srednjeg i južnog Jadrana procjenom vanjskog indeksa rizika gama zračenja i ekvivalentne aktivnosti radija te procjenom radioekološke osjetljivosti mora i priobalja. In this dissertation are presented the results of multidisciplinary research that improved knowledge about distribution and activity concentrations of natural and anthropogenic radionuclides as well as their total inventories in top sediment of Middle and South Adriatic. Also, these investigations helped to identify those Adriatic areas that are more susceptible to radioactive contamination. The sedimentation process of suspended matter in the sea-water has been investigated and radiocaesium penetration rate to lower sediments was estimated, which supplied additional information about deep water and its residence time in the areas of Jabuka and South-Adriatic pits. Natural radioactivity of the islands of magmatic origin (Brusnik and Jabuka) has been investigated. Analysis of radiological risk for population dwelling in the areas of the Middle and South Adriatic was performed using external hazard index of gamma radiation, radium equivalent activity and radioecological sensitivity as tools.

As part of the national survey of natural radioactivity levels in the environment the Radiation Protection Unit of the Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health in Zagreb has been regularly monitoring the presence of natural radioactivity in Croatian thermal spring waters. Thermal waters are known as valuable natural resources of a country. They contain certain degree of natural radioactivity attributable to the elements of the uranium and thorium natural decay series. Among these elements, the most radiotoxic and the most important is radium which exists in several isotopic forms (226Ra and 228Ra). The focus of attention was the content of radium in the samples of thermal spring water from a spa in the northwestern part of Croatia. This water is mainly used for medical, bathing and recreational purposes. Measured activity concentrations of 226Ra were up to 6200 mBqL-1. Water samples were collected at different time periods over a couple of years and differences in activity were observed. 226Ra/228Ra ratio was up to two orders of magnitude higher as opposed to other thermal water samples from Croatia. Differences were probably caused by hydrological behavior of water in this part of Croatia with specific geological characteristics.

Results of 226Ra and 228Ra in Croatian river waters are presented in this paper. The presence of natural radionuclides in Croatian rivers emphasizes the need for continuous monitoring. 226Ra and 228Ra were chosen as a possible source of human exposure to radioactivity due to their high radio-toxicity. Fifty liters of river water samples were collected from the Danube, Drava, Sava, Krka and Neretva rivers twice a year from 2002 to 2006. Activity concentrations of 226Ra ranged from 6.54 mBq/L to 59.44 mBq/L and 228Ra activity concentrations ranged from 2.57 mBq/L to 20.76 mBq/L. The highest values of both 226Ra and 228Ra were measured in the river Drava, and the lowest values in the river Sava. Statistically significant differences were not observed between radium concentrations from two watersheds (the Black Sea and the Adriatic Sea watershed), nor between 226Ra/228Ra ratio in rivers individually. The number of collected samples is insufficient to make more statistically significant conclusions. However the data obtained in this study could be the baseline for evaluating possible future changes.

U radu su prikazana istraživanja prirodne radioaktivnosti na jadranskim otocima Brusnik. Vis i Palaguža. Prirodna radiokativnost i posljedična izloženost vanjskom gama zračenju prvenstveno ovise o geološkim i zemljopisnim uvjetima. Poznato je da su na globalnoj razini više razine prirodnog zračenja povezane s magmatskim stijenama, a niže sa sedimentnim stijenama. Najviša vrijednost brzine doze zabilježena je na Visu, a najniža na Palagruži. Također, pronađeno je da najveći doprinos ukupnoj dozi dolazi od radionuklida uranovog i torijevog niza. Ipak, izmjerene brzine doze bile su znatno manje od srednje vrijednosti brzine vanjske doze u Hrvatskoj koja na godišnjoj razini iznosi oko 120 nGy/h. U skladu s očekivanjima, doprinos radiocezija ukupnoj dozi je minimalan zbog minimalne prisutnosti tih radioizotopa u okolišu u Republici Hrvatskoj. Više vrijednosti brzine doze izmjerene na otoku Visu ukazuju na potrebu za daljnjim istraživanjima.

Results of 226Ra and 228Ra in Croatian river waters are presented in this paper. The presence of natural radionuclides in the Croatian rivers emphasizes the need for continuous monitoring. 226Ra and 228Ra were chosen as a possible source of human exposure to radioactivity due to their high radio-toxicity. 50 L of river water sample was collected from the Danube, Drava, Sava, Krka and Neretva rivers twice a year from 2002 to 2006. Activity concentrations of 226Ra ranged from 6.54 mBq L-1 to 59.44 mBq L-1 and 228Ra activity concentrations ranged from 2.57 mBq L-1 to 20.76 mBq L-1. The highest values of both 226Ra and 228Ra were measured in the river Drava, and the lowest values in the river Sava. Statistically significant differences were not observed between radium concentrations from two watersheds (the Black Sea and the Adriatic Sea watershed), nor between 226Ra/228Ra ratio in rivers individually. The number of collected samples is insufficient to make statistically significant conclusions. Further investigation is necessary to obtain larger number of samples. However the data obtained in this study could be the baseline for evaluating possible future changes.

This paper presents the study of long-term behavior of 137Cs activity concentrations in some marine organisms in the Croatian part of the Adriatic Sea for the post-Chernobyl period (1987-2007). The study has been carried out as a part of an extended monitoring program of radioactive contamination of human environment in Croatia. The investigated organisms, i.e. Mytilus galloprovincialis mussels and Ozaena moschata musky octopuses are not only a traditional seafood delicacy but also good indicator of marine radiocontamination. Compared to pre-Chernobyl period, the Chernobyl nuclear accident caused slight increase of 137Cs activity concentrations in mussels and musky octopuses to few Bqkg-1. However, the radiocaesium levels in the following years decreased exponentially and in year 2006 137Cs activity concentrations were measured to be 0.06 ± ; 0.03 and 0.10 ± ; 0.02 Bqkg-1 in mussels and musky octopuses respectively. By fitting the measured 137Cs activity concentrations to the theoretical curve was estimated the ecological half-life of 137Cs in investigated organisms that was find to be similar to the ecological half-life observed for 137Cs in other Croatian foodstuffs. The upper limit for the effective dose received by an adult member of Croatian population due to 137Cs ingestion through consumption of mussels and musky octopuses was estimated. Due to minor consumption of these foodstuffs and low radiocaesium activity concentrations, estimated doses received by Croatian population are very small, per caput doses being just few μ Sv. Therefore, it can be concluded that in Croatia after the Chernobyl nuclear accident consumption of these foodstuffs was not a critical pathway for the transfer of radiocaesium from fallout to humans.

This paper presents long-term investigations of natural radioactivity in coal, used for power production in the coal-fired power plant (CFPP) situated on the Adriatic coast, and resulting slag and ash. Activity concentrations of 40K, 232Th, 226Ra and 238U in used coal and resulting waste material have been measured for 25 years. As expected, it was demonstrated that the content of radionuclides in deposited bottom and filter ash material are closely related with radionuclide activity concentrations and mineral matter fraction in used coals. The external hazard index has been calculated and discussed for the slag and ash depository. During the first decade of operation of the CFPP has been used domestic coal produced in nearby area characterized by higher background radiation compared with the rest of Croatia. Therefore, the coal itself had relatively high 226Ra and 238U activity concentrations while potassium and thorium content was very low, 40K activity concentrations being 2-9% and those of 232Th 1-3% of total activity. As, in addition, the sulphur concentrations in coal were very high use of domestic coal was gradually abandoned till it was completely substituted by imported coal originated from various sources and of low natural radioactivity. Upon this, activity concentrations of uranium series radionuclides in deposited waste materials decreased significantly. Consequently, waste material i.e., slag and ash, generated in the last several years of coal fired power plant operation could be readily used in cement industry and as additive to other building materials, without any special restrictions according to the Croatian regulations dealing with building materials and European directives.

The study was conducted by the Radiation Protection Unit of the Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health in Zagreb as a part of an extensive monitoring program of the Croatian environment. Croatia is a water-rich country. Rivers in Croatia are important sources of water supply along with underground water, wells and technical water supply systems. The presence of natural radionuclides in the Croatian rivers emphasized the need for continuous monitoring. 226Ra was chosen as a possible source of human exposure to radioactivity due to its high radio-toxicity. This paper is concerned with the specific activity of 226Ra in the Danube, Drava, Sava and Neretva rivers. Radiochemical separation of 226Ra was performed on all samples. Precipitated Ba(Ra)SO4 was determined by alpha-spectrometric measurement. According to the Croatian Regulation on Dangerous Substances in Water, 226Ra is recognized as a hazardous substance and its maximum tolerable concentration is defined depending on a water category. Results from this study showed that most of the samples (90%) were bellow maximum tolerable concentration for category I (drinking waters) whereas only 3 samples (10%) exceeded 50 Bq/L. As far as radium is concerned all Croatian river waters can be used as drinking water.

Marine radioecology research in the Adriatic area carried out by the Radiation Protection Unit of the Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health is reviewed and described. Measurements of the Adriatic radioactivity started in 1963, as a part of an extended monitoring program of radioactivity in Croatian environment. The main sources of the radioactive contamination of the Adriatic Sea are fallout from past nuclear weapon testing and the Chernobyl accident. In 2005, the activity concentrations of fission radionuclides are in all environmental samples collected on the Adriatic detectable on very low levels. The 90Sr data obtained from the long-term monitoring have been used to estimate the upper limit of the Adriatic Sea water turnover time, which was found to be 3.4 ± 0.4. The detailed knowledge about the seawater circulation, including the turnover time is essential for planning the overall communal and other wastewater management on the Adriatic coast. The plans for future marine radioecological investigations are presented.

The activity concentrations of 137Cs and naturally occurring 7Be were measured in air and fallout in the city of Zagreb for the post -Chernobyl period (1986-2004), as a part of an extended monitoring programme of radioactive contamination of human environment in Croatia performed by the Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health. The highest 137Cs activity concentrations in the observed period were recorded in May 1986, being 6200 Bqm-2 for the surface deposit by fallout and 0.85 Bqm-3 in air. Such high values could be attributed to the second of the three radioactive plumes originating from the Chernobyl reactor, which edge passed over Northwest Croatia. However, these values were exponentially decreasing ever since the Chernobyl accident, as is expected for natural removal and radioactive decay since there were no new caesium releases from either from nuclear facilities or weapons testing. In 2004, average 137Cs activity concentration in air was 0.02 Bqm-3, while total 137Cs surface deposit by fallout was 2.07 Bqm-2. By fitting the measured 137Cs activity concentrations to the theoretical curve was estimated the mean residence time of 137Cs in air and fallout. Through the post-Chernobyl period, the mean annual deposition fluxes of 7Be were about 250 Bqm-2, while the mean 7Be activity concentration in the air was about 5.4 ×10-3 Bqm-3. High 7Be activity concentratio ns in air could be generally related to the little solar activity, while low 7Be activity concentrations in air are related to the high solar activity, like in the period 1989– 1991. Using the data on 137Cs and 7Be activity concentrations in air and fallout were estimated their respective deposition velocities, that were find not to differ from the values observed elsewhere.

Investigations of radiocaesium that had been introduced into the atmosphere by atmospheric nuclear weapons tests have been carried out in the Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health since 1965 in fallout and from 1986 in air. In this paper are presented investigations of radiocaesium activity concentrations in air and fallout in the city of Zagreb for the period after the Chornobyl nuclear accident that occurred in April 1986. An exponential decline of radioactivity in environmental samples followed the nuclear moratorium in early 1960s. However, by the nuclear accident in Chornobyl large amounts of radiocaesium were again released to the atmosphere. In environmental samples was for the first time detected also 134Cs, that is, for physical reasons, not produced in the nuclear weapons tests in any significant quantities. The residence time of 137Cs in air and fallout for the post-Chornobyl period has been calculated to be 1.0 and 0.9 years respectively. 137Cs deposition velocity has been calculated to be 3.5×10-4 ms-1 for the period 1986 -1990 and 4.1×10-3 ms-1 for the period 1991 - 2004. The 134Cs : 137Cs activity ratio, in spite of some fluctuations, is similar as it has been found to be in other environmental samples in Croatia, as well as all over Europe. Therefore, it can be argued that these two radioisotopes have undergone no selective removal in transit between the accident site at Chornobyl and sampling sites in Croatia, as their activity ratio has not been altered.

Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health carries out a programme of long-term monitoring of radioactive contamination of human environment in Croatia, which involves investigation of man-made fission radionuclides in soil. Contaminated soil can significantly increase exposure doses due to the indirect contamination of edible plants entering the human food chain. This article reports the specific activity of 137Cs in soil on two locations in Croatia monitored over the last decade. Soil samlples were taken from three different layers, 0-5 cm, 5-10 cm and 10-15 cm, in the cities of Zagreb and Zadar. A gamma-ray spectrometry system based on a low-level ORTEC Ge(Li) detector (FWHM 1.82 keV at 1.33 MeV) coupled to a computerized data acquisition system was used to determine radiocaesium levels in the samples from their gamma-ray spectra. The exponential decline was found in soil samples collected in Zadar with estimated ecological half-life of 13.5 years, whike nosuch behaviour was observed in the samples collected near Zagreb. Transient increases in 137Cs specific activity concentrations in Zagreb soil, such as those in 1997 and 2000, can only be partially explained by a variety of environmental physical factors that naturally fluctuate, which calls for futher investigations. As with time radiocaesium signal in undisturbed soils penetrated deeper layers, it would be appropriate to study deeper soil cores in the future. No direct correlation was foumd between fallout radioactivity and soil radioactivitybin the first layer. However, 137Cs activity concentrations in fallout could now be regarded as no more than background variations, having no deeper impact on the existing caesium levels in soil.

Radiocezij, koji je u atmosferu unešen nadzemnim probama nuklearnoga oružja, se u radioaktivnim talogu (fallout) u Institutu za medicinska istraživanja i medicinu rada ispituje još od godine 1965, a u zraku od godine 1986. U radu su prikazani rezultati istraživanja koncentracija aktivnosti 137Cs u zraku i radioaktivnom talogu u Zagrebu nakon nesreće nuklearnog reaktora u Čornobilju u travnju 1986 godine. Nakon zabrane atmosferskih nuklearnih proba ranih 1960.-tih godina dolazi do eksponencijalnog smanjivanja koncentracija aktivnosti 137Cs u uzorcima iz okoliša. Nuklearnom nesrećom u Čornobilju ponovo se u atmosferu oslobađa znatna količina radiocezija. U uzorcima iz okoliša je tada po prvi puta detektiran i 134Cs, koji u nuklearnim eksplozijama, zbog fizikalnih razloga, ne nastaje u značajnijim količinama. Vrijeme boravka 137Cs u zraku i radioaktivnom talogu za poslije-čornobiljski period iznosi 1, 0 god za zrak i 0, 9 god za radioaktivni talog. Brzina depozicije 137Cs procijenjena je na 3, 5×10-4 ms-1 za period 1986.-1990. i 4, 1×10 3 ms-1 za period 1991.- 2004. Omjer aktivnosti 134Cs : 137Cs, usprkos određenim fluktuacijama, sličan je omjeru koji je zabilježen u drugim uzorcima iz okoliša, kako u Hrvatskoj, tako i drugdje u Europi. Posljedično, može se zaključiti da ta dva radioizotopa putujući od mjesta nesreće u Čornobilju pa do mjesta uzorkovanja u Hrvatskoj, nisu pretrpjela selektivno uklanjanje, budući da im se nije promijenio omjer aktivnosti.

Tijekom provedbe tehničkog projekta IAEA RER 9153: „Enhancing the Regional Capacity to Control Long Term Risks to the Public due to Radon in Dwellings and Workplaces“ uočena je potreba zemalja sudionika za provedbom zajedničkog i harmoniziranog istraživanja javnog mijenja o percepcijama rizika od radona. Dobivene informacije koristit će se u svrhu planiranja strategije komunikacije i njezine provedbe u implementaciji nacionalnih radonskih akcijskih planova prema EU BSS. U tu je svrhu pokrenut STEAM (Share, Team up, Engage, Analyse, Monitor) podprojekt temeljen na iskustvima i rezultatima istraživanja javnog mijenja u Rumunjskoj, a kojem se pridružilo trinaest zemalja: Albanija, Armenija, Austrija, Azerbajdžan, Bugarska, Hrvatska, Estonija, Gruzija, Litva, Moldavija, Rumunjska, Ruska Federacija i Slovačka. U ovom je višejezičnom i kroskulturalnom istraživanju javnog mijenja o riziku od radona korišten anketni upitnik koji se sastojao od pet većih blokova pitanja: općenita pitanja o zdravlju – 10 pitanja, radonu – 13 pitanja, percepciji rizika – 2, izvorima informiranja – 2, demografska i socijalna pitanja – 7, što ukupno čini 34 pitanja. Odgovori su kodirani prema Likertovoj skali: „u potpunosti se slažem“, „slažem se“, „niti se slažem niti ne slažem“, „ne slažem se“, „u potpunosti se ne slažem“, „ne znam“ i „radije ne bih odgovorio/la“. Za određivanje veličine uzorka korišteni su rezultati Popisa stanovništva RH iz 2011. godine kao i uobičajeni parametri nepouzdanosti u društvenim istraživanjima (pogreška od 5% uz interval pouzdanosti od 95%). Kako bi uzorak bi reprezentativan za populaciju korišteno je stratificirano slučajno uzorkovanje u više kategorija (spol, dob, obrazovna skupina, prihod). Prema danim kriterijima potreban broj anketa za RH je 385, a prikupljeno ih je 413. U ovom će radu biti prikazani rezultati navedenog istraživanja iz kojeg su vidljivi ne samo socioekonomski podaci nego i po prvi put dobiveni podaci o tome koliko uopće prosječan stanovnik zna o radonu, kojim izvorima informiranja najviše vjeruje te koji faktori utječu na njihovo ponašanje kako prilikom odlučivanja o mjerenju radona u kući tako i na aktivnosti usmjerene na smanjenje koncentracije radona u kući kada je to potrebno. Iako ispitanici smatraju da su dobro i vrlo dobro informirani o rizicima koji utječu na njihovo zdravlje (gotovo 80% ispitanika), njih 68% o radonu ne zna ništa ili vrlo malo, a njih 50% ne zna živi li u područjima u kojima je veća vjerojatnost da će koncentracija radona u njihovim domovima premašiti referentne vrijednosti. Međutim, na hipotetsko pitanje što bi poduzeli da su u njihovim domovima izmjerene povišene vrijednosti radona, njih 85% bi odmah poduzelo mjere za njegovo smanjenje.

Radiocarbon (14C) is both the cosmogenic and anthropogenic isotope.14C activity in the atmospheric CO2 has been monitored in Zagreb since 1985, and recently we started monitoring at location of Cvetković village near Jastrebarsko, Zagreb county. Mean 14C activity in Zegreb is lower than that in Cvetković due to fossil fuel combustion in the city of Zagreb. The difference is more pronounced during winter months.

Radon concentrations in Montenegrin dwellings and schools are the highest in the western, rural part of the Nikšić municipality, which is a typical high karst region. In this region, during the national radon surveys, radon was measured in ground-floor rooms of 9 houses and 16 schools, at 25 locations that belong to an area of 800 km2. The radon concentrations in them were found to be in the range (219 – 2494) Bq/m3, with a mean value AM = 977 Bq/m3. In order to investigate the geogenic radon potential of these 25 karstic locations, as a probable cause of the high indoor radon levels, the following soil parameters were measured in the immediate vicinity of the mentioned houses and schools: humidity (H), electrical conductivity (EC), pH, activity concentrations of 226Ra, 238U, 235U, 232Th and 40K, radon activity concentration (c), permeability (k) for radon gas, and gamma dose rate (D) in the air 1 m above the soil. The geogenic radon potential of the location (GRP) was calculated from c and k values. Quantities that characterize radon in soils of the investigated area are found to have high values: c – range (8.9 – 390) kBq/m3, AM = 115 kBq/m3 ; k – range (3.9 – 180) ∙ 10-13 m2, AM = 153 10-13 m2 ; GRP – range (11 – 419), AM = 129. Also, concentrations of 226Ra, as 222Rn parent, are elevated (range (48 – 326) Bq/kg, AM = 167 Bq/kg), probably because of traces of bauxite presence at some of the investigated locations. Nine of the 25 investigated locations have a radon index (RI) which is categorized as extremely high, and the other 9 locations have very high RI. Spearman correlation reveals a strong relationship between c and GRP (rs = 0.906, p < 0.001), moderate relationships of c with D (rs = 0.517, p < 0.008) and 226Ra (rs = 0.521, p < 0.008), and k with EC (rs = 0.614, p < 0.001). The relationship between D and 226Ra is strong (rs = 0.719, p < 0.001). Pearson correlation shows positive linear relationships of gamma dose rate (D) with 226Ra and radon concentration (c) in soil and with GRP of the location, which means that D could be used at karstic terrains as the first, although rough indicator of radium content in the soil, and geogenic radon potential at the location as well.

Poboljšanje energetske učinkovitosti zgrada zadnjih je godina sve učestalije. Kako je konvekcija jedan od glavnih mehanizama gubitka topline u zgradama, izmjenom stare stolarije i postavljanjem toplinske ovojnice oko zgrade može se smanjiti strujanje zraka i tako postići željeno smanjenje toplinskih gubitaka. Međutim, smanjenjem strujanja zraka olakšava se nakupljanje radona u prostorijama unutar zgrade što može predstavljati potencijalnu opasnost za zdravlje ljudi jer je radon drugi po redu (odmah nakon pušenja) uzročnik karcinoma pluća u svijetu. Ovaj rad uspoređuje rezultate mjerenja koncentracije radona u zgradi Odjela za fiziku i Odjela za matematiku Sveučilišta u Osijeku iz 2014. godine [D. Stanić i sur., HDZZ, 2015, str. 187192], kada je zgrada imala staru drvenu stolariju, s novim mjerenjima iz 2021. godine, nakon što je postavljena nova PVC stolarija u sklopu projekta povećanja energetske učinkovitosti zgrade. Koncentracija radona u zraku mjerena je pasivnom metodom korištenjem odvojivih (engl. strippable) detektora nuklearnih tragova LR-115 tip II. Detektori se postavljaju na nosač detektora RadonOS-Z (cilindrična plastična posuda promjera 11 cm i visine 7 cm). Nakon izlaganja, detektori su jetkani u 10% vodenoj otopini NaOH na 50 °C u trajanju od 150 minuta, a potom su tragovi alfa čestica brojani pomoću brojača iskri, AIST- 2V. Koeficijent osjetljivosti K određen je kalibracijom filmova u radonskoj komori i iznosi: K = 65 ± 23 Bq m-3 / tr cm-2 d-1. Detektori su izlagani u trajanju od 6 mjeseci (studeni 2020. – svibanj 2021.) u istim prostorijama u kojima je vršeno prethodno istraživanje iz 2014. godine. Rezultati su sljedeći: na Odjelu za fiziku srednje koncentracija radona povećana je s 44 ± 16 Bq/m^3 na 143 ± 51 Bq/m^3, dok je na Odjelu za matematiku također zabilježeno povećanje s 81 ± 29 Bq/m^3 na 263 ± 94 Bq/m^3. Zanimljivo je da je na oba Odjela faktor povećanja isti i iznosi 3, 5 puta. Međutim, dok je na Odjelu za fiziku koncentracija radona u svim prostorijama bila ispod preporučene vrijednosti od 300 Bq/m^3 [Pravilnik o granicama ozračenja, preporučenom doznom ograničenju i procjenjivanju osobnog ozračenja, NN 38/18, članak 15. i 16.], na Odjelu za matematiku uočeno je čak pet prostorija s koncentracijom radona iznad preporučene vrijednosti. Ovaj rezultat upućuje na daljnji monitoring radona u navedenim prostorijama, ali i na potrebu ovakvog kontrolnog mjerenja koncentracije radona u svim zgradama nakon završetka projekta energetske obnove zgrade.

Radon is a gas without color, taste and smell from the group of noble gases, so it is chemically almost completely inert. However, radon is also a radioactive gas which makes it dangerous to health if it accumulates in spaces that people use for work and stay. Increased radon concentrations are attempted to be reduced by airing and adsorption on suitable adsorbents such as activated carbon, i.e. more recently silica-gel and various forms of zeolite. The aim of this study was to investigate the properties of hematite (α-Fe2O3) as an adsorbent for radon in the air as well as the properties of activated carbon in the same conditions (Figure 1). The results were analyzed using models of adsorption isotherms (Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin-Radushkevich) and adsorption kinetics (pseudo-first order, pseudo- second order, intra-particle diffusion and Elovich). Hematite has been shown to have very similar characteristics in radon adsorption compared to activated carbon, but a more significant efficiency over a longer period of time which is 97% versus 56% on activated carbon. Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that hematite is also a possible effective radon adsorbent in the air.

Za određivanje 210Pb u organskim uzorcima malih masa, analiza uporabom beta brojača je često potrebna da bi se postigle željene granice detekcije. Za beta brojanje je pak potrebna radiokemijska separacija 210Pb od intereferirajućih radionuklida. U tu svrhu moguće je koristiti različite smole. U ovom istraživanju, napravljena je usporedba dviju smola: Sr smola, kao poznati krunasti eter korišten u radiokemijskim analizama više radionuklida te AnaLig®Sr-01, materijal temeljen na molekularnom raspoznavanju, a koji je manje zastupljen u radiokemiji. Obje vrsta smola, incijalno proizvedene za separaciju Sr, čvrsto vežu Pb iz različitih kiselih otopina. Stoga su ove dvije vrste smole ispitane na istoj vrsti organskog uzorka (uzorci gujavica) da bi se usporedile njihove mogućnosti izolacije 210Pb. Separacija 210Pb na Sr smoli je napravljena metodom opisanom u Štrok i Smodiš (2011), a na AnaLig Sr-01 smoli metodom Dulanska et al. (2011) koja je za potrebe ovog istraživanja bila modificirana. Prije radiokemijske separacije uzorcima je dodana poznata količina Pb nosača, a potom su razoreni mješavinom HNO3/HCl/H2O2 uz zagrijavanje. Uzorci su na obje smole naneseni u 2M HCl otopini. Sr smola je korištena samo jednom za svaki uzorak, dok je AnaLig smola regenerirana vodom i alkalnom otopinom EDTA. U obje metode 210Pb je taložen u obliku PbSO4, a kemijsko iskorištenje je određeno gravimetrijski. Dodatno, potencijalni gubitak Pb na AnaLig smoli je popraćen njegovim određivanjem u uzorku prije i poslije kolone uz pomoć atomskog apsorpcijskog spektrometra (AAS). Uzorci su čuvani 30 dana prije brojanja proporcionalnim beta brojačem. Na Sr smoli je analizirano ukupno 18 uzoraka, a na AnaLig smoli 9. Uzorci su bili u rasponu masa 0.04 – 0.62 g suhe tvari. Na Sr smoli, kemijsko iskorištenje je bilo u rasponu 16 – 35 %, s prosječnom vrijednosti od 22%. Na AnaLig®Sr-01 smoli gravimetrijski određeno iskorištenje je bilo u rasponu 16 – 90 %, prosječne vrijednosti 70 %. Međutim, iskorištenje određeno AAS-om je bilo u rasponu 63 – 100 %, s prosječnom vrijednosti od 87 %. Razlike između gravimetrijski i spektrometrijski određenog iskorištenja upućuju na postojanost AnaLig smole prilikom opetovane upotrebe, dok su dodatni gubici Pb mogući tijekom njegove depozicije u obliku sulfata. Osim većih kemijskih iskorištenja, otprilike tri puta manje količine reagensa su bile potrebne za separaciju 210Pb na AnaLig®Sr-01 u odnosu na Sr smolu.