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Neocoleroa metrosideri is described as a new species and phylogenetically it is shown to belong in the Sympoventuriaceae, a recently established family, sister to the Venturiaceae. No other sequences are available for Neocoleroa but this new species is morphologically typical of the type species, with distinctive lobed to dichotomously branched, blunt-tipped setae on the superficial pseudothecia. The genus has previously been placed in the Pseudoperisporiaceae. This leaf spotting fungus is known from only a single specimen in an urban park but the same fungus has been detected also from two natural forest sites as an OTU in 454-based high throughput amplicon sequencing from DNA extracted from living leaves of Metrosideros excelsa.

We constructed several multilocus DNA sequence datasets to assess the phylogenetic diversity of insecticolous fusaria, especially focusing on those housed in the Agricultural Research Service Collection of Entomopathogenic Fungi (ARSEF), and to facilitate molecular identifications of unknowns via the FUSARIUM-ID and Fusarium MLST online databases and analysis packages. Analyses of a 190-taxon two-locus dataset, which included 159 isolates from insects, indicated that: 1) insect-associated fusaria were nested within 10 species complexes spanning the phylogenetic breadth of Fusarium, 2) novel, putatively unnamed insecticolous species were nested within 8/10 species complexes, and 3) Latin binomials could be applied with confidence to only 18/58 phylogenetically distinct fusaria associated with pest insects. Phylogenetic analyses of an 82-taxon three-locus dataset nearly fully resolved evolutionary relationships among the 10 clades containing insecticolous fusaria. Multilocus typing of isolates within four species complexes identified surprisingly high genetic diversity in that 63/65 of the fusaria typed represented newly discovered haplotypes. The DNA sequence data, together with corrected ABI sequence chromatograms and alignments, have been uploaded to the following web-accessible sites dedicated to identifying fusaria: FUSARIUM-ID (http://isolate.fusariumdb.org) at The Pennsylvania State University's Department of Plant Pathology and Fusarium MLST (http://www.cbs.knaw.nl/fusarium) at the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures (CBS-KNAW) Fungal Biodiversity Center.

Although only recently described, Colletotrichum boninense is well established in literature as an anthracnose pathogen or endophyte of a diverse range of host plants worldwide. It is especially prominent on members of Amaryllidaceae, Orchidaceae, Proteaceae and Solanaceae. Reports from literature and preliminary studies using ITS sequence data indicated that C. boninense represents a species complex. A multilocus molecular phylogenetic analysis (ITS, ACT, TUB2, CHS-1, GAPDH, HIS3, CAL) of 86 strains previously identified as C. boninense and other related strains revealed 18 clades. These clades are recognised here as separate species, including C. boninense s. str., C. hippeastri, C. karstii and 12 previously undescribed species, C. annellatum, C. beeveri, C. brassicicola, C. brasiliense, C. colombiense, C. constrictum, C. cymbidiicola, C. dacrycarpi, C. novae-zelandiae, C. oncidii, C. parsonsiae and C. torulosum. Seven of the new species are only known from New Zealand, perhaps reflecting a sampling bias. The new combination C. phyllanthi was made, and C. dracaenae Petch was epitypified and the name replaced with C. petchii. Typical for species of the C. boninense species complex are the conidiogenous cells with rather prominent periclinal thickening that also sometimes extend to form a new conidiogenous locus or annellations as well as conidia that have a prominent basal scar. Many species in the C. boninense complex form teleomorphs in culture.Taxonomic novelties:New combination - Colletotrichum phyllanthi (H. Surendranath Pai) Damm, P.F. Cannon & Crous. Name replacement - C. petchii Damm, P.F. Cannon & Crous. New species - C. annellatum Damm, P.F. Cannon & Crous, C. beeveri Damm, P.F. Cannon, Crous, P.R. Johnst. & B. Weir, C. brassicicola Damm, P.F. Cannon & Crous, C. brasiliense Damm, P.F. Cannon, Crous & Massola, C. colombiense Damm, P.F. Cannon, Crous, C. constrictum Damm, P.F. Cannon, Crous, P.R. Johnst. & B. Weir, C. cymbidiicola Damm, P.F. Cannon, Crous, P.R. Johnst. & B. Weir, C. dacrycarpi Damm, P.F. Cannon, Crous, P.R. Johnst. & B. Weir, C. novae-zelandiae Damm, P.F. Cannon, Crous, P.R. Johnst. & B. Weir, C. oncidii Damm, P.F. Cannon & Crous, C. parsonsiae Damm, P.F. Cannon, Crous, P.R. Johnst. & B. Weir, C. torulosum Damm, P.F. Cannon, Crous, P.R. Johnst. & B. Weir. Typifications: Epitypifications - C. dracaenae Petch.

Single-ascospore isolates from perithecia belonging to a species of Gibberella found on diseased gorse ( Ulex europaeus ) plants produced an anamorph in culture identified as Fusarium tumidum . A teleomorph has not previously been reported for F. tumidum and it is described as Gibberella tumida sp. nov. ascospore size distinguishing it from all previously described species.

This note proposes the recombination of Chaetoscypha nidulans in Pirottaea, and places Pirottaeafalcata in synonymy with that species. As C. nidulans is the type species of Chaetoscypha Syd. 1924, this genus is now a synonym of Pirottaea Sacc. 1878.

Two new pathogens, Guignardia korthalsellae and Rosenscheldiella korthalsellae, are described from New Zealand's pygmy mistletoes (Korthalsella, Viscaceae). Both form ascomata on living phylloclades with minimal disruption of the tissue. Fungal hyphae within the phylloclade are primarily intercellular. Guignardia korthalsellae disrupts a limited number of epidermal cells immediately around the erumpent ascoma, while the ascomata of Rosenscheldiella korthalsellae develop externally on small patches of stromatic tissue that form above stomatal cavities. Rosenscheldiella is applied in a purely morphological sense. LSU sequences show that R. korthalsellae as well as another New Zealand species, Rosenscheldiella brachyglottidis, are members of the Mycosphaerellaceae sensu stricto. Genetically, Rosenscheldiella, in the sense we are using it, is polyphyletic; LSU and ITS sequences place the two New Zealand species in different clades within the Mycosphaerellaceae. Rosenscheldiella is retained for these fungi until generic relationships within the family are resolved. Whether or not the type species of Rosenscheldiella, R. styracis, is also a member of the Mycosphaerellaceae is not known, but it has a similar morphology and relationship to its host as the two New Zealand species.Taxonomic novelties:Guignardia korthalsellae A. Sultan, P.R. Johnst., D.C. Park & A.W. Robertson, sp. nov.; Rosenscheldiella korthalsellaeA. Sultan, P.R. Johnst., D.C. Park & A.W. Robertson, sp. nov.

An abundance of novel fungal lineages have been indicated by DNA sequencing of the nuclear ribosomal ITS region from environmental samples such as soil and wood. Although phylogenetic analysis of these novel lineages is a key component of unveiling the structure and diversity of complex communities, such analyses are rare for environmental ITS data due to the difficulties of aligning this locus across significantly divergent taxa. One potential approach to this issue is simultaneous alignment and tree estimation. We targeted divergent ITS sequences of the earth tongue fungi (Geoglossomycetes), a basal class in the Ascomycota, to assess the performance of SATé, recent software that combines progressive alignment and tree building. We found that SATé performed well in generating high-quality alignments and in accurately estimating the phylogeny of earth tongue fungi. Drawing from a data set of 300 sequences of earth tongues and progressively more distant fungal lineages, 30 insufficiently identified ITS sequences from the public sequence databases were assigned to the Geoglossomycetes. The association between earth tongues and plants has been hypothesized for a long time, but hard evidence is yet to be collected. The ITS phylogeny showed that four ectomycorrhizal isolates shared a clade with Geoglossum but not with Trichoglossum earth tongues, pointing to the significant potential inherent to ecological data mining of environmental samples. Environmental sampling holds the key to many focal questions in mycology, and simultaneous alignment and tree estimation, as performed by SATé, can be a highly efficient companion in that pursuit.

A diverse collection of isolates identified as Colletotrichum acutatum, including a range of fruit-rot and foliar pathogens, was examined for mtDNA RFLPs and RFLPs and sequence variation of a 900-bp intron of the glutamine synthetase (GS) gene and a 200-bp intron of the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) gene. RFLPs of mtDNA, RFLPs of the 900-bp GS intron and sequence analysis of each intron identified the same seven distinct molecular groups, or clades, within C. acutatum sensu lato. Sequence analysis produced highly concordant tree topologies with definitive phylogenetic relationships within and between the clades. The clades might represent phylogenetically distinct species within C. acutatum sensu lato. Mating tests also were conducted to assess sexual compatibility with tester isolates known to outcross to form the teleomorph Glomerella acutata. Mating compatibility was identified within one clade, C, and between two phylogenetically distinct clades, C and J4. The C clade represented isolates from a wide range of hosts and geographic origins. J4 clade contained isolates from Australia or New Zealand recovered from fruit rot and pine seedlings with terminal crook disease. That isolates in two phylogenetically distinct clades were capable of mating suggests that genetic isolation occurred before reproductive isolation. No other isolates were sexually compatible with the mating testers, which also were in groups C and J4. Certain clades identified by mtDNA and intron analysis (D1, J3 and J6) appeared to represent relatively host-limited populations. Other clades (C1, F1 and J4) contained isolates from a wide range of hosts. Isolates described as C. acutatum f. sp. pineum were clearly polyphyletic.

Lophodermium comprises ascomycetous fungi that are both needle-cast pathogens and asymptomatic endophytes on a diversity of plant hosts. It is distinguished from other genera in the family Rhytismataceae by its filiform ascospores and ascocarps that open by a longitudinal slit. Nucleotide sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of nuclear ribosomal DNA were used to infer phylogenetic relationships within Lophodermium. Twenty-nine sequences from approximately 11 species of Lophodermium were analyzed together with eight sequences from isolates thought to represent six other genera of Rhytismataceae: Elytroderma, Lirula, Meloderma, Terriera, Tryblidiopsis and Colpoma. Two putative Meloderma desmazieresii isolates occurred within the Lophodermium clade but separate from one another, one grouped with L. indianum and the other with L. nitens. An isolate of Elytroderma deformans also occurred within the Lophodermium clade but on a solitary branch. The occurrence of these genera within the Lophodermium clade might be due to problems in generic concepts in Rhytismataceae, such as emphasis on spore morphology to delimit genera, to difficulty of isolating Rhytismataceae needle pathogens from material that also is colonized by Lophodermium or to a combination of both factors. We also evaluated the congruence of host distribution and several morphological characters on the ITS phylogeny. Lophodermium species from pine hosts formed a monophyletic sister group to Lophodermium species from more distant hosts from the southern hemisphere, but not to L. piceae from Picea. The ITS topology indicated that Lophodermium does not show strict cospeciation with pines at deeper branches, although several closely related isolates have closely related hosts. Pathogenic species occupy derived positions in the pine clade, suggesting that pathogenicity has evolved from endophytism. A new combination is proposed, Terriera minor (Tehon) P.R. Johnst.

Sixty-three species of Rhytismataceae have been reported from New Zealand, on 76 host genera, eight of which are introduced. The species are listed with references to their original publication, additional descriptions and illustrations where appropriate, and host species. In an attempt to make this group of fungi more accessible to those who are not experts in the group, for each host genus a key is provided for the identification of all species of Rhytismataceae known from that host. Two additional keys are provided, one to the nine most common, plurivorous species with a probably incompletely known host range, and another to the genera of Rhytismataceae known from New Zealand. Notes are included on the geographic distribution and ecology of indigenous New Zealand species, and species introduced to New Zealand with their exotic hosts.

A new genus, Claviradulomyces, morphologically typical of Odontotremataceae, is proposed to accommodate the new species Claviradulomyces dabeicola. The genus is characterised by its ornamented periphysoids, and long-cylindric, sigmoid, acuminate ascospores. Genetically, C. dabeicola falls within the Ostropales, but the Odontotremataceae have been very poorly sampled genetically and their phylogenetic relationship within the order is unclear. C. dabeicola has been collected consistently and exclusively on the rainforest tree Erythroxylum mannii in the Cote d'Ivoire and Ghana, where it is associated with bark abnormalities on branches and stems of living trees.

A recently presented solution method for the bidomain model (Johnston et al. 2006), which involves the application of direct current for studying electrical potential in a slab of cardiac tissue, is extended here to allow the use of an applied alternating current. The advantage of using AC current, in a four-electrode method for determining cardiac conductivities, is that instead of using 'close' and 'wide' electrode spacings to make potential measurements, increasing the frequency of the AC current redirects a fraction of the current from the extracellular space into the intracellular space. The model is based on the work of Le Guyader et al. (2001), but is able to include the effects of the fibre rotation between the epicardium and the endocardium on the potentials. Also, rather than using a full numerical technique, the solution method uses Fourier series and a simple one dimensional finite difference scheme, which has the advantage of allowing the potentials to be calculated only at points, such as the measuring electrodes, where they are required. The new alternating current model, which includes intracellular capacitance, is used with a particular four-electrode configuration, to show that the potential measured is affected by changes in fibre rotation. This is significant because it indicates that it is necessary to include fibre rotation in models, which are to be used in conjunction with measuring arrays that are more complex than those involving simply surface probes or a single vertical probe.

The genus Hypoderma is redefined, based primarily on features associated with ascomatal development, rather than on ascospore shape. Twelve species are reported from New Zealand of which eleven are described as new: H. alborubrum, H. bidwillii, H. bihospitum, H. campanulatum, H. carinatum, H. cookianum, H. cordylines, H. dundasicum, H. obtectum, H. sigmoideum, and H. sticheri. H. rubi is newly recorded. In addition to descriptions and illustrations of all species, dichotomous and multiple entry keys, and a table summarising host plant distributions, are provided.

The potential for fungi to control 14 important weeds in New Zealand is reviewed. Information provided includes the fungi already known from these weeds in New Zealand, fungi recorded from the native ranges of the weeds, and past work on the control of these weeds using fungi, both in New Zealand and elsewhere. The 14 weeds are: Berberis spp.; Buddleja spp.; Calluna vulgaris; Carduus spp.; Cirsium arvense; Clematis vitalba; Cytisus scoparius; Hakea spp.; Hieracium pilosella; Rubus fruticosus agg.; Senecio jacobaea; Silybum marianum; Solanum mauritianum; and Ulex europaeus. It is concluded that of the 14 weeds, those best suited as targets for biological control using fungi may be Calluna vulgaris, Carduus spp., and Senecio jacobaea, using the classical approach to biological control, and Cirsium arvense, Clematis vitalba, and Cytisus scoparius, using the mycoherbicide approach. Hakea spp. may be suited to both approaches.

Morphological and phylogenetic data are used to revise the genus Torrendiella . The type species, described from Europe, is retained within the Rutstroemiaceae . However, Torrendiella species reported from Australasia, southern South America and China were found to be phylogenetically distinct and have been recombined in the newly proposed genus Hymenotorrendiella . The Hymenotorrendiella species are distinguished morphologically from Rutstroemia in having a Hymenoscyphus -type rather than Sclerotinia -type ascus apex. Zoellneria , linked taxonomically to Torrendiella in the past, is genetically distinct and a synonym of Chaetomella .

The endophytic lifestyle has played an important role in the evolution of the morphology of reproductive structures (body) in one of the most problematic groups in fungal classification, the Leotiomycetes (Ascomycota). Mapping fungal morphologies to two groups in the Leiotiomycetes, the Rhytismatales and Hemiphacidiaceae reveals significant divergence in body size, shape and complexity. Mapping ecological roles to these taxa reveals that the groups include endophytic fungi living on leaves and saprobic fungi living on duff or dead wood. Finally, mapping of the morphologies to ecological roles reveals that leaf endophytes produce small, highly reduced fruiting bodies covered with fungal tissue or dead host tissue, while saprobic species produce large and intricate fruiting bodies. Intriguingly, resemblance between asexual conidiomata and sexual ascomata in some leotiomycetes implicates some common developmental pathways for sexual and asexual development in these fungi.

Three new species of Phaeoacremonium (Pm.) found in discoloured wood of grapevine are described and named Pm. armeniacum, Pm. globosum and Pm. occidentale. Phaeomoniella chlamydospora was isolated from the same vines, but no other Phaeoacremonium spp. were present. Phaeoacremonium spp. have been associated with Petri and esca diseases in grapevine. In pathogenicity trials, the new Phaeoacremonium spp. consistently caused brown discolouration in the inoculated wood. All species caused mortality of cv. 101–14 rootstock cuttings, 22–60% of cuttings surviving 10 weeks after inoculation. Rootstock cv. 5C was less susceptible, with 80–100% of cuttings surviving. The three new species of Phaeoacremonium are genetically distinct from all those previously described and also show subtle morphological differences in the structure and size of the phialides and conidia. Phylogenetic analysis of b-tubulin and actin genes showed that the new species Pm. globosum and Pm. armeniacum are closely related to Pm. argentinense from Argentina, while Pm. occidentale is more closely related to Pm. mortoniae from vineyards in the northern hemisphere. The new species were isolated from rootstock imported into New Zealand ∼25 years ago from California. They are not closely related to species known from grape in California, and no conclusion can be made about whether they were imported in the recent past on infected plants, or if they are indigenous to New Zealand. Many Phaeoacremonium species have a broad host range, and more intensive surveys of the native New Zealand flora and vineyards are needed before their origin can be determined. Additional keywords: Togninia, Vitis vinifera.

Six species of Marthamyces are reported for Australia. Three of the species are described as new, the others had previously been reported from Australia as species in the genera Propolis and Naemacyclus. Most of the Australian species are host-specialised: M. emarginatus is known only from Eucalyptus, M. gilvus from Cyperaceae, M. hakeae from Hakea, and M. oritis from Orites. Marthamyces barbatus, common on Eucalyptus, is known also from a single collection on Richea. Marthamyces quadrifida, although known from only a few Australian collections, is a widespread tropical species and is likely to be common on a range of hosts in northern Australia. All species are described and illustrated, and a key to the Australian Marthamyces species is provided.

Elsinoe dracophylli sp. nov. is described and illustrated from Dracophyllum pyrimidale and D. traversii. It is the first Elsinoe species to be described from a member of the Epacridaceae, and is distinguished from the Ericaceae-inhabiting species by ascospore size.

The Rhytismatales are both genetically and biologically diverse in Australasia. Although taxonomically one of the better known groups of ascomycetes from the region, almost all knowledge on the group is confined to species from south-eastern Australia and New Zealand. The indigenous Australasian species show two distinct patterns of geographic relationship—one group comprises species with a broad tropical distribution, the other comprises species that have close relatives on phylogenetically related hosts in other parts of the temperate Southern Hemisphere. While the widespread tropical species have a broad host range, the others tend to be specialised toward a single host. Further research required includes alpha-taxonomic studies from other parts of Australasia, study of the biological roles these fungi play in Australasian forests and molecular studies on the origin of the genetic diversity of the order in this region.

Thirteen species of Coccomyces are reported for Australia; a further species is recognised but not described because of insufficient material. Six of the species are described as new. Most of the Australian species are C. leptosporus-like in morphology, a characteristic of most Coccomyces spp. from tropical and Southern Hemisphere regions. One of the new species, C. cunninghamii, found on Nothofagus cunninghamii, is morphologically similar to Lophodermium medium, a species occurring on N. menziesiiin New Zealand. The seven previously described species also occur in New Zealand, and three of them are widespread in tropical Asia and tropical America. All species are described and illustrated, and a key to the Australian Coccomyces species is provided.

Many filter media, composed of a random array of solids, have larger pores on one face than on the other. The face receiving the feed stream is less densely packed than the bottom face. Explained here is a method of determining the differences in the pore-size distributions between the separate faces. The method starts from the knowledge that the most probable pore-size distribution in a thin plane of randomly-arrayed solids is such that the ratio of the standard deviation to the mean is fixed, no matter the value of the mean. In turn, the mean is a function of porosity (the ratio of void volume to bulk volume). Thus, with knowledge of the porosities of the two separate faces, we can deduce the differences between the mean pore sizes, and, thus, the distributions. Methods are suggested for determining the porosities of the separate faces.

Newly recorded plant pathogenic fungi from the Chatham Islands are listed. These include six fungi (Cercospora solanicola, Claviceps nigricans, Pestalotiopsis leucopogonis: Puccinia ernbergeriae, Ramularia beticola, Septoria betae) and 46 host/pathogen records which are new for New Zealand.

Bivallum gen. nov. is described with the type species B. zelandicum sp, nov. and five other species: B. diselmatis sp. nov.; B. heterosporum (Butin), comb. nov.; B. microstrobi sp. nov.; B. pilgerodendri (Butin), comb. nov.; B. podocarpi (Butin), comb. nov. The genus is southern hemisphere is distribution, being found on Cupressaceae and Podocarpaceae in Chile, New Zealand and Tasmania.

Ten species of Coccomyces and four species of Propolis are reported from New Zealand. In addition to C. crystalligerus Sherwood, C. limitatus (Berkeley & Curtis) Saccardo, C. radiatus Sherwood, P. emarginata (Cooke & Massee) Sherwood, and P. quadrifida (Leveille) Montagne, there are nine newly described species, C. clavatus, C cupressinum, C. globosus, C. lauraceus, C libocedri, C. longwoodicus, C. phyllocladi, P. dendrobii, and P. dracophylli. Pycnidial anamorphs are described for C. crystalligerus, C. cupressinum, C. globosus, C libocedri, C. limitatus, and C. longwoodicus. P. emarginata, previously known only from Eucalyptus species, is reported from Metrosideros species. Notes are included on other Rhytismataceous taxa which have been found on the same host plants as the Coccomyces and Propolis species. Synoptic and dichotomous keys are provided to the New Zealand species of Coccomyces, and a dichotomous key is provided to the New Zealand species of Propolis

Asci of most members of the Coryneliaceae were examined. All species of Corynelia, Coryneliospora Fitzpatrickiella, Lagenulopsis , and Tripospora , and representative species of Caliciopsis and Coryneliopsis were studied by light microscopy. Two species of Corynelia were also examined using transmission electron microscopy. Except in Coryneliopsis , all had asci with more than one functional wall layer with the outer layer breaking during ascus elongation, long before ascospores are ready to be released. It is concluded that the order Coryneliales, containing the single family Coryneliaceae, should be retained, and that Coryneliopsis should probably be removed from the family.

Twenty-one species of Lophodermium are reported from New Zealand. Sixteen species are described as new: L. asteliae L. atrum L. brunneolum L. croesicum L. hauturuanum L. inclusum L. irregulare L. kaikawakae L. mahuianum L. mangatepopense L. medium L. nigrofactum L. rectangulare L. rubrum L. tindalii,. L. unciniae and L. breve (Berkeley) de Notaris L. agathidis Minter & Hettige,. L. multimatricum Johnston were previously known,. L. gramineum (Fries) Chevallier. L. richeae Petrak are newly recorded. A key to these species, and a table summarising host plant distributions are provided.

Polymer of 1200 molecular weight was prepared from tetrahydrofuran by using a catalyst mixture of ethylene oxide, BF3, and water. Fractionation was accomplished by washing a cyclohexane-toluene solution with mixtures of methanol and water. Results, plotted on Poisson probability paper, showed that the distribution is somewhat broader than the Poisson.

Tetrahydrofuran (THF) was polymerized with cocatalysts of ethylene oxide (EO) and BF3, using THF as the solvent. The yield of polymer, based on the amount of catalyst, was very low. With water present (0.5 mole per mole of BF3 and EO) the yield increased fourfold. Polymerization was stopped by the addition of a large amount of water; the addition of water also provided the polymer with terminal hydroxyl groups. The polymer had a molecular weight of 1000 and was a clear, colorless, viscous liquid.

The limit of the Colletotrichum gloeosporioides species complex is defined genetically, based on a strongly supported clade within the Colletotrichum ITS gene tree. All taxa accepted within this clade are morphologically more or less typical of the broadly defined C. gloeosporioides , as it has been applied in the literature for the past 50 years. We accept 22 species plus one subspecies within the C. gloeosporioides complex. These include C. asianum , C. cordylinicola , C. fructicola , C. gloeosporioides , C. horii , C. kahawae subsp. kahawae , C. musae , C. nupharicola , C. psidii , C. siamense , C. theobromicola , C. tropicale , and C. xanthorrhoeae , along with the taxa described here as new, C. aenigma , C. aeschynomenes , C. alatae , C. alienum , C. aotearoa , C. clidemiae , C. kahawae subsp. ciggaro , C. salsolae , and C. ti , plus the nom. nov. C. queenslandicum (for C. gloeosporioides var. minus ). All of the taxa are defined genetically on the basis of multi-gene phylogenies. Brief morphological descriptions are provided for species where no modern description is available. Many of the species are unable to be reliably distinguished using ITS, the official barcoding gene for fungi. Particularly problematic are a set of species genetically close to C. musae and another set of species genetically close to C. kahawae , referred to here as the Musae clade and the Kahawae clade, respectively. Each clade contains several species that are phylogenetically well supported in multi-gene analyses, but within the clades branch lengths are short because of the small number of phylogenetically informative characters, and in a few cases individual gene trees are incongruent. Some single genes or combinations of genes, such as glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and glutamine synthetase, can be used to reliably distinguish most taxa and will need to be developed as secondary barcodes for species level identification, which is important because many of these fungi are of biosecurity significance. In addition to the accepted species, notes are provided for names where a possible close relationship with C. gloeosporioides sensu lato has been suggested in the recent literature, along with all subspecific taxa and formae speciales within C. gloeosporioides and its putative teleomorph Glomerella cingulata . Taxonomic novelties:Name replacement - C. queenslandicum B. Weir & P.R. Johnst. New species - C. aenigma B. Weir & P.R. Johnst., C. aeschynomenes B. Weir & P.R. Johnst., C. alatae B. Weir & P.R. Johnst., C. alienum B. Weir & P.R. Johnst, C. aotearoa B. Weir & P.R. Johnst., C. clidemiae B. Weir & P.R. Johnst., C. salsolae B. Weir & P.R. Johnst., C. ti B. Weir & P.R. Johnst. New subspecies - C. kahawae subsp. ciggaro B. Weir & P.R. Johnst. Typification: Epitypification - C. queenslandicum B. Weir & P.R. Johnst.

WOS: 000209907000037, PubMed ID: 22679594, The Amsterdam Declaration on Fungal Nomenclature was agreed at an international symposium convened in Amsterdam on 19-20 April 2011 under the auspices of the International Commission on the Taxonomy of Fungi (ICTF). The purpose of the symposium was to address the issue of whether or how the current system of naming pleomorphic fungi should be maintained or changed now that molecular data are routinely available. The issue is urgent as mycologists currently follow different practices, and no consensus was achieved by a Special Committee appointed in 2005 by the International Botanical Congress to advise on the problem. The Declaration recognizes the need for an orderly transitition to a single-name nomenclatural system for all fungi, and to provide mechanisms to protect names that otherwise then become endangered. That is, meaning that priority should be given to the first described name, except where that is a younger name in general use when the first author to select a name of a pleomorphic monophyletic genus is to be followed, and suggests controversial cases are referred to a body, such as the ICTF, which will report to the Committee for Fungi. If appropriate, the ICTF could be mandated to promote the implementation of the Declaration. In addition, but not forming part of the Declaration, are reports of discussions held during the symposium on the governance of the nomenclature of fungi, and the naming of fungi known only from an environmental nucleic acid sequence in particular. Possible amendments to the Draft BioCode (2011) to allow for the needs of mycologists are suggested for further consideration, and a possible example of how a fungus only known from the environment might be described is presented., CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, The mycological community is indebted to Keith A Seifert and Robert A Samson for conceiving and organizing the One Fungus = One Name symposium. The CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre kindly provided logistical and financial support towards the organization of the symposium.