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Visibility is central to surveillance, but the term is both complex and ambiguous. This article seeks to add to that complexity and prdocutively investigate the ambiguity by putting forward the concept of the 'unvisible' represented in China Mieviile's recent dystopian novel, The City & The City. Mieville's fiction depicts a world in which characters live in two cities that occupy the same space--are, in the novel's terms, 'topolgangers'. In order to maintain this curious situation, people from one city are required to unsee those from the other, to make them unvisible. Failure to do so incures punishment from a surveillance force. These and other inventive notions challenge what constitutes visibility. Briefly addressing ideas on visibility by surveillance theorists, the article argues that The City & The City usefully tests out those ideas. Gary T. Marx has written about the potential 'gradations' between the visible and the invisible. Through a detalied reading of the novel, the article argues for the potential value of the 'unvisible' in those gradations.

Reflection is an essential ingredient of academic education in Public Administration, both for an academic and a professional career. Making a distinction between reflectivity and reflexivity we identify 30 foci of reflection. The main question of the article is how these forms of reflection can be taught and learned in PA programs, especially in post-experience PA programs. To answer this question, we studied de program and interviewed the teaching staff op the post-experience MPA program at Erasmus University in Rotterdam to describe what is actually done in the to teach students reflection competences and to identify success and limitations of these efforts. We present our findings and describe how we, in consultation with the teaching staff, developed a number of feasible options for improvement. We discuss these options and present a strategy to actually get these implemented.

One of the main challenges facing contemporary society is to understand how people can make decisions together. Understanding Collective Decision Making builds on evolutionary theories and presents an analytical tool to analyse and visualise collective decision making. By combining theoretical research with real world case studies, the authors provide a coherent and conclusive solution to the often fragmented and dispersed literature on the subject.

Research and teaching are core business of academic institutions. The research context is thought to be fruitful for teaching and learning, and students may contribute to research. But how exactly does the interplay between research and teaching take place and how, in what respects and under which conditions, does this contribute to the quality of research and teaching? The article makes an inventory of functions of research in teaching in public administration curricula. It elaborates on conditions and mechanisms for effective realization of these functions, based on the contributions to this special issue, literature and our own insights and experiences. We evaluate and reflect on different functions and modes of linking research and teaching and to explore relevant conditions for their use.

Most definitions of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) allow some intake of alcohol but little attention has been paid to the possible contribution of alcohol-derived calories in the overall daily intake. The aim of the present study was to determine whether, in a group of 144 patients referred to liver outpatients with NAFLD, a more structured questioning of dietary habits and alcohol consumption would provide better information on alcohol-derived and dietary-derived calorie intake and the relationship with the BMI.Both food intake and calories resulting from alcohol ingestion were frequently underestimated as was the percentage of patients who were drinking excessively (30 U a week), which was surprisingly high at 40%. The substantial calorie intake resulting from alcohol consumption in this group was associated with a reduction in dietary calorie intake, so that the total daily calorie intake remained similar to those with low-to-moderate or no alcohol consumption. The findings also showed that the BMI, although still elevated, was significantly reduced in those drinking heavily compared with low and nondrinkers.Patients with NAFLD can have substantially higher levels of alcohol consumption than usually recognized. The additional calorie intake resulting from this is to some extent balanced by a reduction in dietary calorie intake with less elevation in BMI, and a clear distinction from an alcohol-induced steatosis may be difficult.

This article focuses on the nodal orientation of the Dutch police, which is an innovative and controversial target of Dutch policing. This target states that the police should focus on flows and on places where the various flows coincide. The Dutch interpretation of the nodal orientation combines a perspective on policing in infrastructural networks with one that considers the police as a player in (social) security networks. Nodal policing in the Netherlands has been introduced as a ‘sensitizing’ and evolving concept. This article describes a selection of evolving nodal policing practices and discusses the strategic and normative implications for Dutch policing that arise from these practices.

Background Experience with miniaturized coronary artery bypass (CAB) systems in coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery on the beating heart is limited. We used a relatively new miniaturized cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) system, which we termed assisted CAB (ACAB), to perform CABG on the beating heart in 110 patients, and we analyzed clinical outcomes in this patient group. Methods Between January 2004 and September 2006, we used ACAB to perform CABG on the beating heart in 110 patients. The mean patient age was 73 +/- 8.1 years. The ACAB system uses a small prime volume of only 500 mL, and the circuit is shorter than that used in conventional CPB. In addition, the tubing and oxygenator systems were surface-coated with phosphorylcholine. The initial heparin dose was 150 IU/kg, with a target activated clotting time of >250 seconds. With this management, none of the patients experienced system thrombosis. We did not use cardioplegia or aortic crossclamping and did not routinely retransfuse cardiotomy blood. Observational data for the 110 patients were analyzed. Results The mean number of anastomoses performed was 2.67. The rate of perioperative infarction was 1.8% (2 patients). Perioperative mortality was 7% (8 patients). The mean EuroSCORE for all patients was 6.4 +/- 4, whereas it was 13.75 +/- 6.18 for the patients who died. Mean CPB time was 64.96 +/- 16.66 minutes. Conclusion In our experience, beating heart CABG supported by a miniaturized CPB is a safe procedure with acceptable perioperative results.

On January 5, 2008, the National Association of Forensic Economics (NAFE) sponsored its third symposium on “hedonic damages,” this time entitled “Hedonic Damages – One More Time.” The first symposium on hedonic damages was presented at the December 1989 Allied Social Sciences meetings in Atlanta, Georgia with the title “Hedonic Damages and the Value of Life.” Papers from that session by W. Kip Viscusi, Ted R. Miller, Stan V. Smith, and William T. Dickens were published in Volume 3, No. 3 of this journal (1990). The second symposium on hedonic damages was presented at the January 2000 Allied Social Sciences meetings in Boston, Massachusetts with the title “Hedonic Damages Ten Years Later.” Papers from that session by W. Kip Viscusi, J. Paul Leigh and Jorge A. Garcia, Ted R. Miller, Stan V. Smith and Thomas R. Ireland, along with an introduction by Peter Marks and Thomas R. Ireland were published in Volume 13, No. 2 of this journal (2000). W. Kip Viscusi and Ted R. Miller returned as presenters for a third time at the January, 2008 symposium, along with Brian McDonald and John O. Ward. Thomas Ireland acted as the organizer of the 2008 symposium and Peter Marks served as its chair. The term “hedonic damages” first entered general public consciousness on December 12, 1988 with a front page story in the Wall Street Journal by Paul M Barrett on “The Price of Pleasure,” featuring Stan V. Smith and his successful presentation of hedonic damages testimony in the case of Sherrod v. Berry (1985, 1987, and 1988). Two federal judges in Illinois had commented favorably about Smith’s testimony in the original opinion and one of the appeals decisions before the case was reversed on other grounds in 1988. The NAFE symposium in December of 1989 was designed to explore this interesting new development in the field of forensic economics. As of the 2000 symposium hedonic damages testimony had enjoyed several successes in individual states, but had been rejected by the courts in a number of reported decisions, particularly at the federal level. The threat of Daubert and Frye standards for admission of expert testimony being applied negatively to hedonic damage testimony had become one of the central features in the debate over this concept. As of 2008 hedonic damages testimony had become much more specialized. Because hedonic damages testimony had been rejected in a number of legal decisions, fewer and fewer forensic economists were involved, but Stan Smith, Robert Johnson, Brian McDonald, as well as several other economic experts

In the last couple of years, public attention has shifted toward fighting crime and ensuring safety. A reason for this shift is an increasing feeling and/or awareness among citizens that they are not safe, especially in the larger cities of the Netherlands. Public safety policies have been on both the national and local political agendas for quite some time. In the mid-1980s, the Dutch government began thinking about a more integrated public safety policy; this resulted in the first integrated public safety policy with its main focus on public safety in the mid-1990s (Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken 1999). During the government formation of 1994, the four largest cities in The Netherlands (Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague and Utrecht) requested more attention for problems specific to large cities. Consequently, they were asked to set up workable plans that addressed employment, safety and livability. Together with the remaining fifteen largest cities, certain action programs were formulated (Haan 1997, 8-16). The action program contained three goals: ‘reduction of long-term unemployment in deprived areas, change the objective (measurable) and subjective (experienced) degree of safety on the street, and increase the livability of deprived areas and improve care for the most vulnerable.’ (Haan 1997, 15-16) This thinking about integrated public safety policy resulted in the first integrated safety program in 1999 (Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken 1999).

One of the few studies to examine judgments of personal control in a contingency situation found that participants did not overestimate their control on a task where actual control was possible. However, that study used a design that confounded control and reinforcement. In this study, control (none, medium, high) and reinforcement (low, high) were independently manipulated. College students (N = 100) participated in a computer task in which they pressed or did not press the space bar, after which a target or nontarget screen appeared. Participants rated their control over the appearance of the target screen. Support was found for the idea that in some situations of actual control, illusions of control are found: high-control participants with high reinforcement overestimated their control. Results also indicated that underestimators, accurate estimators, and overestimators used different information when estimating their levels of control. Causes and implications are discussed.

Imagining Surveillance provides the first extensive and intensive study of surveillance as depicted and assessed in literature and film. Focusing on the utopian genre (which includes positive eutopias and negative dystopias), this book offers an in-depth account of how creative writers, filmmakers and thinkers have envisioned other worlds in which surveillance operates, for good and ill. It explores how surveillance scholars have utilized these fictional works in understanding the myriad implications of surveillance in the contemporary world. From Thomas More’s Utopia to recent novels and films such as Dave Eggers’ The Circle and Spike Jonze’s Her, Imagining Surveillance traces the long history of surveillance in imaginative texts well before and after George Orwell’s iconic Nineteen Eighty-Four. The book argues that creative texts have long offered subtle, complex and provocative readings of surveillance that investigate the human dimension of this fast-developing, at times invisible, and undoubtedly transformative element of twenty-first century life. Novels and films supply scenarios and narratives that prompt readers and viewers to consider the personal, ethical, social and political questions proliferating surveillance raises. With chapters on the relationships between surveillance and visibility, spaces, identities, technologies, and the shape of things to come, Imagining Surveillance establishes itself at the leading edge of the emerging cultural studies of surveillance.

This chapter argues for the importance of literature and film in understanding the human dimension of surveillance. It recognises that George Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-Four is the ‘go-to’ text when surveillance is discussed in the pubic arena, but it argues that, in a world of computer surveillance and Big Data, we need to move beyond Orwell if we are understand surveillance and respond imaginatively to it. It makes the case that the utopian genre has long presented a rich and provocative set of texts that encourage us to think imaginatively about surveillance. It also registers how surveillance scholars have often utilised such texts for illustrative purposes without fully exploring the rich generic links the current book analyses at length and in depth.

The association of surveillance with technology is longstanding and profound. In the contemporary world, the computer has supplemented the camera and the mobile phone. This chapter deals with relationships between types of technology and types of surveillance, recognising that in the world of Big Data information becomes a central monitoring source. Much computer surveillance is invisible to those under scrutiny, done at light speed, and potentially global in its reach. Repeated technological advances determine that surveillance endlessly morphs into new and unexpected directions, without due consideration of the personal, ethical and social consequences. This chapter also investigates texts that deal with the failure of technology, as in Kurt Vonnegut’s Player Piano, or Terry Gilliam’s Brazil, as well as the ways in which new technology can call into question the purpose and consequences of surveillance, as in Philip K. Dick’s A Scanner Darkly.

If surveillance involves the monitoring of people, it necessarily requires monitoring the spaces and places people inhabit. Utopian texts have the root word ‘topos’ (or place) encoded in their genetic DNA. And because utopias inevitably provoke comparisons between the spaces that people inhabit and those projected in utopian novels and films, the genre is ideally situated to investigate surveillance systems. Many utopias incorporate good (eutopian) and bad (dystopian) spaces within them, the borders between theses zones being key pinch points for monitoring, and with it inclusion and exclusion. So, the chapter looks at the ways in which borders between spaces and worlds are critical to surveillance in films such as Ridley Scott’s Blade Runner and Andrew Niccol’s Gattaca, as well as novels such Margaret Atwood’s Oryx and Crake and Ursula Le Guin’s The Dispossessed. The chapter also considers the ways in which degraded, dystopian spaces are prone to surveillance in order to separate them from eutopian spaces, a trope seen in Michael Winterbottom’s Code 46 and Alfonso Cuaron’s Children of Men. The chapter also ventures in cyberspace, evaluating the ways in which virtual spaces are monitored in William Gibson’s Neuromancer.

This chapter is devoted to George Orwell’s compelling and still-influential masterpiece of dystopian surveillance. It deals with Nineteen Eighty-Four’s dominant and unique place in the public imagination, while considering how surveillance theorists have dealt with the novel. It also traces connections between Nineteen Eighty-Four and previous utopias, showing how Orwell’s ideas were in different ways influenced by writers such as H.G. Wells, Jack London, Yevgeny Zamyatin, and Aldous Huxley. The chapter then presents a reading of the novel that stresses new ways of interpreting the treatment of surveillance, emphasising the limitations of monitoring in the novel: how the proles, who make up 85% of the population, are largely left alone, and how the countryside is a space seemingly surveillance-free. It also examines the distinct characters of Winston Smith and Julia, noting that, despite having lived under Party control all her life, when Winston meets Julia she is already consciously resistant to the putatively totalitarian ideology. The chapter also addresses the surprising extent and nature of resistance that Winston puts up, even in a world terrorised and warped by the Thought Police, telescreens, Newspeak, the Party, and Big Brother. Despite its efforts, the Party never really gets ‘inside’ Winston’s head in the sense of knowing his thoughts, reducing him to a compliant shell at the end of the narrative a hollow victory that marks the failure of Oceania’s surveillance regime.

The next four chapters critically consider key aspects of surveillance represented in literature and film after Nineteen Eighty-Four. Given that surveillance by definition involves seeing things, chapter 4 deals with the question of visibility and the ways in which forms of scrutinising operate and are resisted. An important aspect of this chapter is the possibility of being invisible to surveillance technologies, systems and processes, and about the potential for consciously not seeing, something China Miéville in his speculative novel The City & The City labels making ‘unvisible’. The possibility of not being seen underscores the point Gary T. Marx makes: that all surveillance systems have blindspots or weaknesses that can be exploited. This chapter explores then the various driving forces behind surveillance in different projected works and worlds, foregrounding the ways in which characters manoeuvre successfully or unsuccessfully in these environments. It looks at forms of gendered monitoring (exemplified in Marge Piercy’s Woman on the Edge of Time and Margaret Atwood’s The Handmaid’s Tale), surveillance as visual entertainment in Peter Weir’s The Truman Show, and visualising future crimes in Steven Spielberg’s film of Philip K. Dick’s Minority Report.

This chapter deals with of recent novels and films that project forward into the near future, suggesting where surveillance might be heading. In Kim Stanley Robinson’s 2312, surveillance is figured into a future world of interplanetary environmentalism, in protecting planets and helping to monitor the ‘rewilding’ of an environmentally devastated Earth. Neill Blomkamp’s film Elysium fashions another Earth under environmental stress, patrolled by stringent surveillance operatives and systems that also screen the put-upon inhabitants from the eponymous eutopian space station literally and metaphorically above them. The film concentrates on the utopian urges of that population in their endeavour to overcome oppressive monitoring and receive medical treatment reserved for those on Elysium. Dave Eggers conjures up an apparently eutopian hi-tech company, The Circle, in his novel of the same name, representing how new technologies manipulate data and images for economic, social and political control. Spike Jonze’s film Her explores the relationship between surveillance and intimacy through the interaction between a human and an operating system. As with Eggers’ The Circle, Her investigates how data confuses definitions of identities as it allows for the fusion of surveillance and intimacy. These novels and films suggest some of the ways in which new forms of surveillance promise or threaten to fashion the worlds of the future. As with all such texts, they suggest options and present narratives and characters that enable readers and viewers to think and act so that the future approximates the eutopian rather than the dystopian.

This chapter surveys the history of the emerging academic subfield of surveillance studies, noting key developments in surveillance theory that start with the invocation of Nineteen Eighty-Four and George Orwell by James Rule. Surveillance theory moves, in the 1970s and 1980s toward the rich and generative work of Michel Foucault, and his revision of Jeremy Bentham’s notion of the ‘panopticon’, and then beyond Foucault into new territory. The chapters argues that an often-neglected link between these ideas is that of the utopian genre, which provides a challenging and illuminating set of texts through which to explore some of these notions. The chapter shows how these texts have been used, or might be used profitably to explore concepts raised by such foundational surveillance studies scholars as Gary T. Marx and David Lyon. It shows that more recent and important scholarship by, amongst others, Kevin Haggerty and Zygmunt Bauman, continues to invoke (even if negatively) utopian texts, suggesting the challenge and enlightenment such works still offer to surveillance studies more generally.

What can KM do for corporate memory, management thinking, and IS responsibility, as well as for overall business performance?

This chapter discusses the abstract notion that the contemporary 'joins times', is enacted through a sequence of suggestive genealogies of the present. 'Time Today', is headed with essays by Steven Connor and Peter Osborne, both of whom confront the predominant view that time and history have entered into crisis in the late twentieth century. Caroline Rooney is hunting for the ghostly echoes of an imperial past and its persistent imprint on the present in her chosen text, Ama Ata Aidoo's Our Sister Killjoy. The remnants of disappearing history could only be energised by movement in space, as in the 'travels in hyperreality' undertaken by Jean Baudrillard and Umberto Eco through America. Bill Ashcroft opens his essay by reminding us that the very notion of an English Literature is one key legacy of nineteenth-century imperialism, and one which continues to have effects on how different world literatures are conceived in relation to margins, centres and cultural identities.

Wells’s generative genius also is traceable in a more recent novel, Margaret Atwood’s 2004 speculative fiction Oryx and Crake. Atwood deals with an array of social, cultural, biological and ecological possibilities in her novel, including the gene-splicing of animals to produce hybrids such as ‘wolvogs’ (which map wolves on to dogs) and ‘pigoons’ (a mixture of pig and racoon) and the creation of aposthuman species, the Crakers. As we will see, Wells had considered similar hybrids over a century earlier in The Island of Doctor Moreau (1896). But where Wells confined experiments to an island controlled by the eponymous doctor, beyond which his creatures never really roam, Atwood’s wolvogs and pigoons stalk malevolently around the post-apocalyptic world she fashions. This fits our sense of the contemporary Age of the Anthropocene, where human activity has massively influenced ecosystems around the globe, so that there is no ‘outside’ from which to invade. Everything is inside, including the invaders. The bodysplices in Oryx and Crake in a sense have been ‘homemade’ by humans-and in a traumatised environment where humans no longer dominate, some of these hybrid creatures are intelligent, vicious and hungry.

This chapter describes the introduction of intervention teams that were set up to tackle problems of public safety, order and social problems. This innovative coordination practice originated in the city of Rotterdam in the Netherlands. Since 2001, local intervention teams have been operating in the city in order to strengthen public safety and social cohesion and to provide services to citizens. The assumption is that public safety problems can sometimes be better tackled if the private situations of people that have trouble organizing their lives or cause nuisance are taken into account. A typical strategy to tackle such problems is through house calls (Istha, 2009). During such house calls several aspects are investigated in an integrated approach. Besides checking on the situation, care is also offered when necessary. This means that law enforcement and care are practiced in combination. The intervention teams are part of the so-called Collaborative Approach Enforcement Property & Person (CAE), which gathers several services of Rotterdam: Public Affairs, Social Welfare, City Development, Customs, City Surveillance and the Safety Directorate.

Aims: To test the hypothesis that regional variations in the prevalence of alcoholic liver disease are contributed to by regional variations in ‘softness’ of drinking water, i.e. its mineral content. Methods: Annual hospital admission rates for alcoholic liver disease per 100,000 population in the 28 Strategic Health Authorities (SHAs) existing in England over the period 2003–2006 were compared with regional measures of water hardness, alcohol consumption and social deprivation. As corroborative evidence, the same relations were examined for hospital admission rates for osteoporosis, a disorder with an already established link with calcium deficiency in drinking water (as well as with heavy drinking). Results: Hospital admissions rates for alcoholic liver disease were higher in predominant-soft-water SHAs than with hard water SHAs. These areas, with one exception, were also associated with high alcohol consumption, but not with greater social deprivation. Hospital admission rates for osteoporosis were found to vary in a way similar to that for alcoholic liver disease, with significant correlations with soft water and alcohol consumption. Conclusion: Given experimental evidence that magnesium deficiency can aggravate liver damage from alcohol, soft water with its low magnesium concentration may be a factor additional to alcohol consumption in the development of liver damage. The parallel findings with osteoporosis admissions, explainable by low calcium and magnesium levels present in soft water, along with the known effect of heavy drinking on bone metabolism, provide corollary support for the hypothesis linking soft water with the pathogenesis of these two diseases.

markdownabstract__Abstract__ 1977 was an important year for the Dutch police as it was then that a seminal strategy document called ‘A Changing Police was published that would set the course for the next three decades. The writers of the report felt that for the police to bridge the growing gap between them and the society they serve, they would have to be innovative, and think outside of their usual security paradigms. They found their solution in community policing and the strategy document laid out the framework for Community Policing (COP) in the Netherlands. This document was widely considered a milestone in the development of Dutch policing (see Cachet et al. 1998). However, by 2005, the Dutch Board of Chief Commissioners felt it necessary to publish a new strategy document to once again map out the future of Dutch Policing. After nearly three decades, the Dutch police was again in need of a shared philosophy that would serve as a foundation for their mandate. This new document was titled ‘The Police in Evolution’ (PIE) but it stayed true to the values of COP by once again focusing on the local community and stressing community policing. In this paper we explore the establishment and development of Dutch COP. We look at several distinct phases in the long term development of Dutch COP, and examine the factors that explain the shifts that have taken place in the way Dutch COP is carried out. We ask also about the prospects of Dutch COP in the future. The paper will consist of four sections. In the first Section, we examine the historical roots and the development of Dutch COP since its inception in 1977. In Section 2, we look at the current state of affairs for COP in the Netherlands. In the third section, we put forward several explanations for the significant shifts that have taken place over the course of the COP’s 30-year history. In the fourth section, we discuss the prospects for Dutch COP in the coming years. Section 5 presents our conclusions.