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Research has shown that personality develops over time, generating changes and continuity in the pattern of functioning across the lifespan. We investigated the evidence of consistency in the ranking of personality traits over time. A group of 170 adults between the ages of 51 and 93 participated in the study (M = 69, SD = 9.05) and retrospectively answered the Big Five Inventory-2 and the Big Five Inventory. We performed test-retest correlation and the ANOVA procedure with repeated measures. We found that personality scores at 30-35 years of age are associated with the scores at age 70-80, indicating stability in the pattern of individual functioning in the long term. This research complements the few studies on personality development in Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Measurement models traditionally make the assumption that item responses are independent from one another, conditional upon the common factor. They typically explore for violations of this assumption using various methods, but rarely do they account for the possibility that an item predicts the next. Extending the development of auto-regressive models in the context of personality and judgment tests, we propose to extend binary item response models—using, as an example, the 2-parameter logistic (2PL) model—to include auto-regressive sequential dependencies. We motivate such models and illustrate them in the context of a publicly available progressive matrices dataset. We find an auto-regressive lag-1 2PL model to outperform a traditional 2PL model in fit as well as to provide more conservative discrimination parameters and standard errors. We conclude that sequential effects are likely overlooked in the context of cognitive ability testing in general and progressive matrices tests in particular. We discuss extensions, notably models with multiple lag effects and variable lag effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Psilocybin Therapy (PT) is being increasingly studied as a psychiatric intervention. Personality relates to mental health and can be used to probe the nature of PT's therapeutic action. Methods: In a phase 2, double-blind, randomized, active comparator controlled trial involving patients with moderate-to-severe major depressive disorder, we compared psilocybin with escitalopram, over a core 6-week trial period. Five-Factor model personality domains, Big Five Aspect Scale Openness aspects, Absorption, and Impulsivity were measured at Baseline, Week 6, and Month 6 follow-up. Results: PT was associated with decreases in neuroticism (B = −0.63), introversion (B = −0.38), disagreeableness (B = −0.47), impulsivity (B = −0.40), and increases in absorption (B = 0.32), conscientiousness (B = 0.30), and openness (B = 0.23) at week 6, with neuroticism (B = −0.47) and disagreeableness (B = −0.41) remaining decreased at month 6. Escitalopram Treatment (ET) was associated with decreases in neuroticism (B = −0.38), disagreeableness (B = −0.26), impulsivity (B = −0.35), and increases in openness (B = 0.28) at week 6, with neuroticism (B = −0.46) remaining decreased at month 6. No significant between-condition differences were observed. Conclusions: Personality changes across both conditions were in a direction consistent with improved mental health. With the possible exception of trait absorption, there were no compelling between-condition differences warranting conclusions regarding a selective action of PT (v. ET) on personality; however, post-ET changes in personality were significantly moderated by pre-trial positive expectancy for escitalopram, whereas expectancy did not moderate response to PT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies have reported significant associations between personality scales of broadband psychometric testing to bariatric surgical outcomes; however, the literature falls short in outlining how these instruments can be best utilized to optimize weight loss milestones after surgery. The purpose of this scoping review is to analyze the literature utilizing broadband personality tests in the bariatric surgical population with relation to weight loss outcomes to identify gaps in research and summarize results to guide American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery practices and future research. Six databases were searched for broadband personality assessments, bariatric surgery, and weight loss outcomes terms. Studies included were peer-reviewed, published in English, and compared psychological assessments and weight loss outcomes. Five hundred nineteen studies were reviewed, with 20 included in the full-text analysis. Studies used at least one of six defined broadband personality assessments. Elevated scores for depression were associated with lower weight loss with three of the assessments. Anxiety was inconsistently associated with postoperative weight loss, but this may be dependent on follow-up time Preoperative broadband personality assessments may support identifying behaviors that help patients reach their postoperative weight loss goals. Inconsistencies in the reporting of weight loss outcome measures across the literature make it difficult to draw significant conclusions. The American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery recommends standardization of outcome reporting, further highlighting a need in research to identify scales that are consistent predictors of weight loss outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The European hedgehog is a generally welcomed but nowadays less common guest in residential gardens, as the species is in decline. Sharing habitats with humans comes at a cost: a residential garden holds many potential dangers for hedgehogs. Previous research has shown that certain models of robotic lawn mowers may harm hedgehogs. This study sought to investigate the personality and reactions of live hedgehogs towards a disarmed, approaching robotic lawn mower. Personality tests revealed that the hedgehogs could be divided into categories of "shy" and "bold" individuals, independently of age and sex. The encounter tests with a disarmed robotic lawn mower showed that they behaved and positioned themselves in seven different ways, and the individuals with a bold personality reacted in a more unpredictable way. Adult hedgehogs tended to react in a shyer manner, and the tested hedgehogs, generally, acted less boldly the second time they encountered a robotic lawn mower. This knowledge will be used in the process of designing a standardised hedgehog safety test to eventually produce and approve hedgehog-friendly robotic lawn mowers that pose no hazards to hedgehogs, ultimately, serving to eliminate their influence on hedgehog survival and, thereby, improve hedgehog conservation. The populations of European hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus) are in decline, and it is essential that research identifies and mitigates the factors causing this. Hedgehogs are increasingly sharing habitats with humans, being exposed to a range of dangers in our backyards. Previous research has documented that some models of robotic lawn mowers can cause harm to hedgehogs. This study explored the personality and behaviour of 50 live hedgehogs when facing an approaching, disarmed robotic lawn mower. By combining a novel arena and novel object test, we found that 27 hedgehogs could be categorised as "shy" and 23 as "bold", independently of sex and age. The encounter tests with a robotic lawn mower showed that the hedgehogs positioned themselves in seven different ways. Personality did not affect their reactions. Adult hedgehogs tended to react in a shyer manner, and the hedgehogs, generally, acted less boldly during their second encounter with the robotic lawn mower. Additionally, our results show that bold individuals reacted in a more unpredictable way, being more behaviourally unstable compared to the shy individuals. This knowledge will be applied in the design of a standardised hedgehog safety test, eventually serving to produce and approve hedgehog-friendly robotic lawn mowers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to investigate the distinctive personality traits and characteristics of individuals with borderline intellectual functioning (BIF) and mild intellectual disability (MID) within specialized centers for MID-BIF treatment and care compared with individuals without MID-BIF diagnosis gathered from general mental health care (GMH) settings. Design/methodology/approach: Patients classified with MID-BIF (n = 58), most with comorbid psychopathology, were thoroughly interviewed by trained clinicians who afterward completed the Shedler–Westen Assessment Procedure (SWAP-200) about the patient. The authors compared SWAP-200 profiles of MID-BIF patients with profiles of GMH individuals. In addition, the authors have compared these profiles for the MID and BIF groups (differentiated based on previously known intelligence quotient scores). Findings: Results show significantly higher scores for the MID-BIF group than the GMH group on scales encompassing emotional instability, impulsivity and antagonism. On scales containing constraint and healthy traits, significantly lower scores were found for the MID-BIF group than for the GMH group. Importance of including SWAP-200 personality assessment for a more comprehensive understanding and treatment planning for individuals with MID-BIF is discussed. Originality/value: This study offers insights into personality within individuals with an MID-BIF diagnosis, compared with individuals in a GMH setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Salud, Ciencia y Tecnología is the property of Fundacion Salud, Ciencia y Tecnologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper considers how a particular understanding of personality, as manifest in the way discourses about personality types are circulated and employed, may serve as a foundation for rationalizing the logic of human capital and its concomitant inequalities. Focusing on the recent popularity of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) in South Korea and the way it is adopted in online content offering advice on English language learning, this paper suggests that a conceptualization of personality as simultaneously enduring and inherent, on the one hand, and standardized and technologized, on the other, allows personality testing and personality type to serve as moral technologies of self that conceal the contradictions underlying the promotion of English language learning as a key to developing one's human capital in neoliberal Korean society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the interrater reliability, convergent and divergent validity, incremental validity, and clinical prognostic utility of the Clinical Assessment of Prosocial Emotions (CAPE; Frick, 2013) for assessing limited prosocial emotions (LPE). Participants were 232 young children (Mage = 3.94 years, SD = 1.46, range = 2–8; 74.6% boys) clinic-referred for conduct problems. We scored the CAPE using binary and dimensional scoring approaches and measured outcomes using parent-report and child laboratory measures. CAPE LPE symptom ratings had good interrater reliability. Children diagnosed with pretreatment LPE had more severe externalizing problems and lower empathy than children without LPE but did not differ in emotion recognition accuracy or anxiety. Dimensional CAPE symptom sum scores were associated with criterion variable scores in expected ways and offered incremental validity beyond scores on the parent-report Inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits for predicting conduct problem severity, aggression, empathy deficits, and global emotion recognition accuracy. Among children who completed parent management training (n = 44), those diagnosed with LPE ended treatment with more severe aggressive behavior than those without LPE. Overall, children diagnosed with CAPE LPE have severe externalizing problems and achieve reduced benefits from standard parent management training, supporting the need for tailored and intensive interventions to maximize treatment outcomes. Public Significance Statement: Limited prosocial emotions (LPE) diagnosed using the Clinical Assessment of Prosocial Emotions (CAPE) identifies young clinic-referred children between 2 and 8 years old with more severe externalizing problems that do not normalize with traditional forms of parent management training, supporting the need for tailored and intensive interventions to maximize outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inconsistent or careless responding is a significant threat to the validity of self-reported personality data. Using archival samples of undergraduate and community participants, we developed an inconsistent responding scale using items that appear on both the 60- and 100-item versions of the HEXACO Personality Inventory-Revised—two widely used measures of the HEXACO model of personality trait structure. We identified pairs of correlated HEXACO items in Sample 1 and created a total inconsistent responding score by summing absolute differences between each item pair. The Brief Response Inconsistency Evaluation (BRIE) for the HEXACO effectively differentiated between genuine and randomly generated responses across samples. The BRIE also correlated as expected with other measures of careless responding and relevant personality traits (e.g., conscientiousness). Tentative cut scores for the BRIE that appear to provide a reasonable balance between sensitivity and specificity in Sample 1 were investigated. Future research should examine the BRIE with different populations and translations of the HEXACO inventories and further investigate the effectiveness of the recommended cut scores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Building on the comparative nonpatient study of Pianowski et al., we examine data from the Rorschach Performance Assessment System (R-PAS) and Comprehensive System (CS) in 100 nonpatients and 100 patients, 50 of each per system. Replicating their results but now in a patient sample, R-PAS produced more patient protocols having an optimal number of responses (R) for interpretation and eliminated the need for readministration due to low R. The R-PAS protocols were also much less variable in R, despite having about 2.5 more responses. Extending their results, we document that the primary markers of psychopathology in each system validly differentiate patients from nonpatients. However, R-PAS produced stronger effects. Finally, Complexity added to the valid discrimination of patients from nonpatients just for R-PAS, with patients producing less complex and rich records. The more erratic variability in R for the CS produced larger Complexity standard deviations (SDs) that obscured these genuine differences in people. We discuss implications for research and applied practice, along with directions for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study compared four different intervals between three simulated soccer matches for changes in muscle damage and performance parameters. Thirteen well-trained female university soccer players performed three bouts of 90-min Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test (LIST) with four different intervals between bouts; one (1d), two (2d), three (3d) and four days (4d), with >12-weeks between conditions in a counterbalanced order. Heart rate, blood lactate, rating of perceived exertion and distance covered in each LIST were measured. Changes in several muscle damage markers (e.g., maximal voluntary isometric torque of the knee extensors: MVC-KE, muscle soreness), performance parameters (e.g., Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 1: Yo-Yo IR1), and blood measures (e.g., osmolality, high sensitivity cardiac troponin T) before the first LIST, 1 h after each LIST, and one to five days after the third LIST were compared among the conditions. The total distance covered during the first two LISTs was not different among the conditions, but that during the third LIST was shorter (P < 0.05) for the 1d (9,416 ± 885 m) and 2d conditions (9,737 ± 246 m) than the 3d (10,052 ± 490 m) and 4d conditions (10,432 ± 538 m). Changes in all measures were smaller (P < 0.05) in the 3d and 4d conditions (e.g., the decrease in MVC-KE at one day after the third LIST was -13 ± 4% and -10 ± 3%, respectively) when compared with the 1d and 2d conditions (-20 ± 7%, -18 ± 5%). Performance parameters showed smaller (P < 0.05) changes in the 4d (e.g., the decrease in Yo-Yo IR1 at one day after the third LIST was -9 ± 3%) and 3d (-13 ± 6%) conditions when compared with the 1d (-19 ± 4%) and 2d (-20 ± 8%) conditions. These results suggest that muscle damage and fatigue accumulate when soccer matches are performed three consecutive days or every other day, but if more than three days are inserted between matches, this could be minimized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Portuguese Journal of Mental Health Nursing / Revista Portuguesa de Enfermagem de Saúde Mental is the property of Portuguese Society of Mental Health Nursing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The strategies for recruitment and selection of candidates are increasingly evolving as the main factors for the successful employment of candidates. In a society where companies compete for suitable candidates, recruiters have the responsible role of representing the company and making the first impression. The recruiters are the link between the labour population and the labour market. The abilities that recruiters possess and the selection strategies they use are a crucial part of this interconnection. The aim of the paper is to analyse what methodology recruiters use in the selection process, as well as the main abilities they must possess as a factor to create a match between suitable candidates and the job position. By studying the point of view of recruiters and candidates, we describe the variety of strategies used in the process of hiring candidates. With the scope of ensuring a positive candidate experience as well as a pleasant recruitment process in a limited labour market such as the current one, recruiters need to possess strong soft skills, especially in terms of communication, active listening, and empathy. When deciding upon the methodology they need to work closely together with the hiring managers and HR managers and choose the most adequate steps such as interviews, personality tests, and various tasks. Empirical results from the study give a glimpse of the methodology and tools used in sourcing and selecting suitable candidates and provide consideration of other practices to be developed in the recruitment process in order to increase and improve employment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study utilized a mixed model approach, incorporating k-means clustering analysis for data examination, discriminant analysis for classification, and multilayer perceptron neural network analysis for prediction. After removing inadequate samples and outliers, the total number of observations was 19,692 for this study, which was collected through an interactive online personality test (i.e., Big Five Personality Traits) in 2012. The empirical results based on the k-means clustering analysis identified four different personality clusters using the total score of Big Five Personality Traits (Extraversion, Neuroticism, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, and Openness to Experience). The empirical results obtained from the k -means clustering analysis revealed the presence of four distinct personal clusters, determined by the total scores of the Big Five Personality Traits. The accuracy of the clustering analysis was further tested using discriminant analysis, which indicated significant difference among the cluster means and correctly classified 95.5% of the original grouped cases. For predictive modeling, a multilayer perceptron neural network framework was used. The network had a 5-6-4 structure and was employed to determine the personality classification of participants. Notably, the model achieved 99.4% accuracy in correctly classifying the training grouped cases and 99.2% accuracy for the testing grouped cases. The results of this study offer valuable insights into understanding the personalities of participants, with implications for various domains such as psychology, social sciences, cultural studies, and economics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Overclaiming questionnaires (OCQs) were proposed as a means to counteract social desirability bias by capturing individual differences in participants' self-enhancement tendencies in self-report assessments. Previous studies that evaluated OCQs reported mixed results. However, fit between the content of an OCQ in terms of its items and the context in which the measure is presented has not been tested systematically. In a mock application study (N = 432), we compared different levels of content-context fit between conditions. Results show that the utility of a general knowledge OCQ varied as a function of its content fit to different application contexts. Expectedly, overclaiming was most pronounced in an application context with optimal content fit to the OCQ, followed by a context with lower fit and an honest control condition without application context. Furthermore, participants in the application conditions were shown to successfully fake on conventional personality scales while incorporating specific requirements of the application context into their faking behavior. Our results thus corroborate previous findings suggesting a high susceptibility of personality scales to deliberate faking. In contrast, when content-context fit is taken into account, OCQs may be a promising method for assessing applicant faking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic onset necessitated remote administration of psychological instruments, including the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory–3 (MMPI-3). Although previous evidence has demonstrated that MMPI scale scores are robust across administration modalities, the specific effects of remote administration on the psychometric properties of MMPI-3 scale scores must be investigated. Distinguishing psychometric differences due to administration modality from substantive changes in psychological symptoms due to the COVID-19 pandemic is also important. Thus, goals of the present study include evaluating the psychometric comparability of MMPI-3 scores derived from in-person and remote administration modalities and examining substantive scale scores changes associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. Using a large sample of college students (n = 2,503), rates of protocol invalidity, mean scale scores, reliability, and criterion validity were compared across participants completing the MMPI-3 in-person (both prior to and after the onset of COVID-19) and via remote administration. Results demonstrate comparably low rates of protocol invalidity, negligible differences in reliability, and similar patterns of criterion validity for MMPI-3 scale scores across administration modalities. Results also indicate that mean MMPI-3 scale scores pre- and post-COVID-19 onset substantially differ on select scales, but that scores on remote and in-person protocols administered post-COVID-19 have negligible differences. Remote MMPI-3 scale scores also demonstrated expected patterns of correlations with external criteria, supporting the validity of remote scores. Overall, the present study demonstrates that MMPI-3 protocols administered remotely and in-person are extremely psychometrically similar, although scores have generally increased post-COVID-19 onset for reasons independent of administration modality. Public Significance Statement: This research compares in-person and remote versions of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory–3 (MMPI-3), a commonly used test of personality and psychological disorder symptoms, and examines the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on MMPI-3 scores. Results indicate that the properties of MMPI-3 scores are very similar, regardless of whether the test was administered remotely or in-person, while scores on select scales on the instrument are meaningfully higher after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Psychological assessment underwent substantive challenges and changes when the COVID-19 pandemic began, and these changes are likely to endure given the rapid growth of telehealth clinical practice and assessment research using virtual procedures. COVID-19-related changes to assessment practices have impacted accordingly how we study overreporting scale functioning, including the modality through which we administer measures. No available research provides direct comparisons of overreporting scale effectiveness within simulation research across in-person and telehealth modalities, despite early support for novel instruments relying on remote procedures within the historic context of the pandemic. We used simulated feigning conditions collected using best telehealth practices to examine if, and how, overreporting scales differed in effectiveness by evaluating mean scores, elevation rates, and classification accuracy statistics, relative to parallel in-person conditions. Results indicate no meaningful differences in scale effectiveness, particularly when exclusion procedures included a posttest questionnaire. Our findings support telehealth assessment practice and the integration of research collected virtually into the traditional, in-person feigning literature. Limitations and future directions are discussed. Public Significance Statement: This study evaluates how research on feigning conducted on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory–3 (MMPI-3) using virtual platforms generalizes to in-person studies. Understanding this generalization of knowledge is important because the MMPI-3 was released early during the COVID-19 pandemic, resulting in most early feigning research being conducted virtually. This use of virtual methods was a notable change as prior feigning research on earlier versions of the MMPI was conducted in person. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thanks to the publication of ChatGPT, Artificial Intelligence is now basically accessible and usable to all internet users. The technology behind it can be used in many chatbots, whereby the chatbots should be trained for the respective area of application. Depending on the application, the chatbot should react differently and thus, for example, also take on and embody personality traits to be able to help and answer people better and more personally. This raises the question of whether ChatGPT-4 is able to embody personality traits. Our study investigated whether ChatGPT-4’s personality can be analyzed using personality tests for humans. To test possible approaches to measuring the personality traits of ChatGPT-4, experiments were conducted with two of the most well-known personality tests: the Big Five and Myers–Briggs. The experiments also examine whether and how personality can be changed by user input and what influence this has on the results of the personality tests.

Background: In May 2019, the World Health Organization (WHO) added burn out to the list of occupational phenomena in the 11th Revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD‐11). Soon thereafter, in March 2020, a global pandemic of SARS‐COV‐2 was declared. Objective: To investigate the interplay between transformational leadership, a proactive personality, employee proactive behaviors, and burn out in the field of physiotherapy during the SARS‐COV‐2 pandemic. Methods: Physiotherapists working at the Meuhedet Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) were asked to fill an online cross‐sectional survey, in which they were asked to evaluate the transformational behavior of their manager and to assess their own burn out rate, degree of self‐efficacy, proactive personality, and proactive behaviors. Eighty‐one physical therapists (average age of 37.3 years (SD = 9.0)) responded to the survey, most of whom were female (67.9%, n = 55). Results: Transformational leadership and proactive personality were negatively associated with occupational burn out (β = −0.231, p < 0.05, β = −0.243, p < 0.05, respectively) among physiotherapists. The effect of the interaction between transformational leadership and proactive personality on proactive behaviors at work was not significant. However, a strong, significant positive relationship was found between proactive personality and proactive behaviors (β = 0.425, p < 0.001), and between self‐efficacy and proactive behaviors (β = 0.479, p < 0.001). Conclusions: This up‐to‐date survey of transformational leadership and proactive personality among physiotherapists highlights these traits' important impact on burn out and proactive behaviors during the SARS‐COV‐2 pandemic. Furthermore, the transformational manager plays an important role in reducing burnout levels among physiotherapists, especially during a crisis such as the SARS‐COV‐2 pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Cognitive models of mental contamination (feelings of dirtiness/washing behaviour that arise without direct contact with a contaminant) highlight the central role of perceptions of violation in the onset and maintenance of these feelings. Little research has been done to clarify violation-specific appraisals relevant to mental contamination. Perceptions of violation of one's moral self-concept may represent one such appraisal domain. This experiment aimed to examine the impact of these appraisals on feelings of mental contamination. Methods: One hundred and fifty participants received false feedback that they scored high on a morality subscale of a bogus personality test. They then completed a writing task wherein their degree of moral self-violation was manipulated. They received a writing prompt corresponding to one of three randomly assigned conditions (violated self (VS), bolstered self (BS), general negative (GN)). Finally, participants completed measures of mental contamination. Results: The manipulation was effective at violating participants' moral self-concept. Those in the VS condition reported significantly higher levels of feelings of mental contamination than those in the BS or GN conditions. There were no significant differences between conditions regarding urges to wash. Conclusions: Findings highlight the relevance of moral self-violation in the understanding and treatment of mental contamination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Differing perspectives on the operationalization of schizotypal personality pathology (STPP) have led to numerous multidimensional assessment measures. The current study applied the interpersonal construct validation approach to self-report data from 856 undergraduate students to formally examine the interpersonal content, similarities, and differences in the subscales of four measures of STPP within and across two interpersonal circumplex surfaces using a bootstrapping methodology for computing confidence intervals around circumplex structural summary method parameters. Results suggested that negative-like expressions of STPP are prototypically and distinctively interpersonal constructs associated with cold and socially avoidant interpersonal problems and hypersensitivity to others' warmth and affection. Positive-like expressions of STPP as assessed by two out of four measures were prototypically and distinctively interpersonal constructs associated with vindictiveness. Across four measures, there was notable overlap in interpersonal correlates among related subscales, suggesting convergent validity. However, subscales containing social anxiety content were associated with more submissive (i.e., socially avoidant) interpersonal problems than subscales without social anxiety content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Mental imagery interventions are a cost-effective way of promoting health behaviour change. We tested a mental imagery intervention designed to promote adherence to wearing face coverings during the COVID-19 pandemic.Design: A four-arm randomised controlled trial to explore potential mechanisms of action. Main outcome measures: Measures of behaviour (frequency of self-reported face covering adherence), theory of planned behaviour constructs (i.e. intention, attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control), personality traits, imagery ability and barrier self-efficacy were measured at baseline (T1). Behaviour was also assessed at four-week follow-up (T2).Results: Of 297 participants, a majority always wore face coverings (N = 216, 73% overall sample). Logistic regression analyses revealed no intervention effects on changes in adherence to wearing face coverings, though T1 wearing of face coverings and being male predicted T2 behaviour. Subgroup analysis of participants self-reporting 'suboptimal T1 adherence, revealed that T2 non-adherence was predicted by being a non-student and by subjective norms and lower T1 intention to wear face coverings.Conclusion: Imagery-based interventions to increase face covering wearing adherence may exert significant public health effects but only when conducted on a very large scale. Our findings suggest that interventions should target men and disrupt habitual past behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the current study was to utilize a well-known trust versus lottery paradigm to evaluate interpersonal trust in adolescents with borderline personality disorder (BPD). The study included 126 healthy controls, 59 inpatient adolescents with a diagnosis of BPD, and 137 inpatient adolescents without BPD. Alongside diagnostic measures, a questionnaire-based measure for assessing trust beliefs was administered to probe group differences in trust beliefs and associations between game behavior and trust beliefs. No main effect for group or condition was found. A significant interaction of trial and group was noted, suggesting that across games, psychiatric controls demonstrated the steepest increase in trust over time, followed by the BPD and healthy control groups. Healthy controls evidenced significantly higher levels of trust beliefs compared to BPD and psychiatric controls. Reasons for nonreplication of previously demonstrated anomalous game behavior in adults in this adolescent sample are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Peruana de Investigación Materno Perinatal is the property of Peruvian Journal of Maternal Perinatal Research / Revista Peruana de Investigacion Materno Perinatal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Although teacher's personality is an essential component of successful classroom learning, most teacher education programs accept students solely on the basis of scholastic ability scores such as school grades, national test scores (SAT, GRE) or undergraduate college transcripts. To ensure suitability to teaching, a personality-evaluation system was developed in Israel for teacher education candidates. This evaluation system includes non-cognitive measures, such as group dynamic exercises, simulations, a teaching exercise, situational judgement tests, personality tests and an inter-personal interview, all performed face-to-face (FTF) at a testing center. The outbreak of COVID-19 in 2020 brought about lockdowns and social distancing, precluding the administration of this FTF evaluation system. Therefore, the development team adapted the system to online remote testing, using Zoom technology. The present study examined the effect of this transition to remote evaluation on the quality of selection for teaching, looking at suitability-to-teaching scores and the subjective views of applicants and evaluators. A comparison of the 2020 remote scores with the 2019 FTF scores revealed that scores on remote evaluation were slightly lower than FTF scores, and were more centralized. While the candidates found that remote evaluation provided fewer opportunities to express themselves, both candidates and evaluators were satisfied with the administration and convenience of the evaluation day. The Discussion chapter summarizes the unique affordances and constraints of remote evaluations and presents suggestions for changes which might be made when moving an assessment online that could take advantage of this new environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Paying attention to psychological issues and characteristics of military service is one of the points that senior planners and commanders must assess. This study aimed at comparison of mental health, personality traits, and psychological empowerment in the two groups of newly arrived and discharged soldiers. Material and Method: In the present correlational cross-sectional study, 604 soldiers serving in the barracks of Kerman province in 2021 were studied. Cluster sampling was used to select the statistical sample from the two barracks of Martyr Ashraf Ganjavii and Martyr Bahonar of the police force. Three characteristics of Mental Health, Personality Traits, and Psychological Empowerment were compared in the two groups. The Chi-Squared and independent t-tests were used in data analysis. Results: Two hundred fifty-seven people (42.5%) were in the group of newly arrived soldiers, and 347 people (57.5%) were in the other group. The average scores of the discharged group in all aspects of mental health were lower than those of the newly arrived group (p<0.05). The average scores of two dimensions of neuroticism and extraversion in the discharged group were significantly higher than that of the newly arrived group (p<0.05). Also the two groups had a significant difference in competence score (p=0.048). Conclusion: The mental health score in the discharged group was significantly lower than that of the newly arrived group. Consequently, it may be better to use psychological and clinical consultants and doctors for appropriate interventions to increase mental health, such as education, counseling, and psychotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While personality studies have been growing in number for various animal taxa, some groups have been underrepresented in the literature. Even if individual differences have been acknowledged, reptiles have been severely overlooked for behavioral studies potentially due to the challenges arising when studying their behavior. This study investigated personality in wild western diamond-backed rattlesnakes (Crotalus atrox) across five axes: activity, exploration, boldness, sociability, and reactivity. The objectives of this study were to develop a protocol to successfully test personality traits in rattlesnakes following these axes and to determine whether Crotalus atrox exhibits repeatable personality traits and behavioral syndromes. To do so, 22 wild rattlesnakes were captured and submitted to a series of captive behavioral trials. Crotalus atrox exhibited individual differences that were repeatable through time across the five previously mentioned axes. Activity was the only axis that was sex-dependent, with males moving more than females on average. Moreover, these axes were grouped into three personality dimensions: reactivity, exploration, and activity-boldness-sociability. This last personality dimension provides evidence for the presence of a behavioral syndrome within this species. This study provides a repeatable and ecologically relevant protocol to study personality in rattlesnakes. Crotalus atrox exhibits individual behavioral differences consistent through time and behavioral syndromes comparable to other species. This study provides a baseline to answer questions pertinent to personality in rattlesnakes such as conflict management and will help gain insights into the secretive life of serpents. Significance statement: Reptiles represent one of the most ecologically, morphologically, and behaviorally diverse groups of vertebrates. Furthermore, reptiles play important ecological roles such as seed dispersal, ecosystem engineering, and nutrient cycling. Despite these facts, reptiles and especially snakes have been understudied for a wide array of biological concepts. Addressing these knowledge gaps is necessary to understand their importance. This is one of the only studies to examine personality in rattlesnakes. Crotalus atrox exhibits individual behavioral differences consistent through time and behavioral syndromes comparable to other species. These preliminary results demonstrate that despite the lack of publications about their personality, snakes should be considered for furthering the comprehension of these individual differences. Furthermore, providing new insights into rattlesnake personalities has the potential to help understand personality and behavior in a broader context by expanding the breadth of taxa used in these studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to compare the academic procrastination patterns of gifted students (GS) and typically developing students (TDS) in light of their temperamental characteristics. It is well established that academic procrastinating behavior has a wide range of repercussions on students' lives, school life, family relationships, and job choices. In addition to identifying potential variables that might be employed in causal analysis and intervention, it is critical to address and explain the factors that impede personal growth and performance. Academic procrastination is a widespread issue, psychosocial therapies to address it will not only promote students' academic growth but also improve the effectiveness of students, families, and educational professionals. In order to accomplish the aforementioned goals, a study involving 540 GS and 540 TDS from the senior year of high was carried out. According to their desire to participate and their placement in the pertinent cluster, which was established by using the Persona 360 School program in objective psychological tests, participating students were added to the study. The Functional Procrastination Scale, the Aitken Academic Procrastination Scale, and Temperament-Enneagram 9-Factor Personality Test were used to gather the data. Using the IBM SPSS 22.0 software suite, factor analysis and discriminant analysis were used in the analyses. The results showed that GS and TDS had different inclinations in terms of academic procrastination practices. Furthermore, it was discovered that, depending on their psycho-social traits and behavioral orientations, students' temperament and personality types affected the clustering pattern of procrastinating behavior. The findings were addressed in a context that would benefit parents, school counselors, and instructors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Situational judgement tests (SJTs) are a recognised assessment method for admission into medical school, selection into postgraduate training programs, and postgraduate competency assessment. More recently, however, SJTs have been used during undergraduate medical training (UMT). This systematic review identifies, describes, and appraises the evidence for SJTs in UMT to determine educational associations and outcomes. MEDLINE, EMBASE, ERIC, PsycINFO, SCOPUS, Web of Science, and grey literature were searched for original research studies evaluating SJTs implemented within UMT to 1 November 2022. Studies reporting evaluation outcomes were included. Narrative data syntheses were undertaken. Risk of Bias was appraised using the Quality in Prognosis Studies tool. 24 studies were included. National database-derived SJTs (n = 14) assessed against professionalism, postgraduate attainment, construct of medical degree, medical school admissions scores, personality attributes, and declaration of disability. In-house derived SJTs (n = 10) assessed against professionalism, clinical skills, and personality attributes. Most evidence evaluated and reported inverse SJT associations with professionalism and were moderate risk of bias. SJTs may have utility for developing professional behaviours in medical students. However, further research testing SJT robustness, standard setting methodologies, and prospectively evaluating SJTs against objective outcome measures within the context of UMT is warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Child Problematic Traits Inventory (CPTI) enables the assessment of psychopathy dimensions as early as age three. The current study employs a multi-informant approach (i.e., fathers, mothers, and teachers) to further investigate the unique associations between psychopathy dimensions, as measured by the CPTI, with theoretically relevant constructs of interest, such as conduct problems, oppositionality, empathy, and social relations, in early childhood (N = 1283, M age = 6.35). Although associations with conduct, aggressive, and oppositional behaviours differed in strength, our findings supported the importance of all psychopathy dimensions in predicting behavioral problems. Our findings also suggested a unique association of the callous-unemotional dimension with affective empathy. Furthermore, stronger associations were identified between the callous-unemotional and impulsive need for stimulation dimensions with social problems (e.g., peer and family relations) compared to the grandiose-deceitful dimension. Current findings can inform prevention and intervention efforts aiming to alter the development of psychopathic traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Managing stress in the post-COVID world requires a program that can efficaciously and cost-effectively address a large number of people who have differing experiences and needs and can also be adapted for internet presentation. The purpose of this paper is to share observations, collected over more than forty years, of group stress management training in university and community settings. The specific data reported are from a subgroup that is representative of the other groups. An in-person group stress-management program of 141 adults in community clinics with approximately 15 to 20 per group attended 10 training sessions across 5 weeks with pre-post personality measures. The group also documented 5 weeks of home practice, symptoms, and medication use. The average group improvement in well-being was 80%, following training in breathing, progressive muscle relaxation, autogenic training, visualization, quieting response, and alphagenics, with individual temperature biofeedback having been provided during the last 5 classes. A pre- to post-two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) trait anxiety and Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI) neuroticism significantly decreased. EPI extraversion increased only in females. Males and females equally preferred autogenic training (55%). The most successful males and females were older, practiced more, reported greater increases in self-confidence, and attributed more of their success to the group and/or instructor. The success of a program may also be associated with excellent home practice compliance, being a part of a group, and increases in self-confidence/efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives Narcissism has been associated with poorer quality social connections in late life, yet less is known about how narcissism is associated with older adults' daily social interactions. This study explored the associations between narcissism and older adults' language use throughout the day. Methods Participants aged 65–89 (N = 281) wore electronically activated recorders which captured ambient sound for 30 s every 7 min across 5–6 days. Participants also completed the Narcissism Personality Inventory-16 scale. We used Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count to extract 81 linguistic features from sound snippets and applied a supervised machine learning algorithm (random forest) to evaluate the strength of links between narcissism and each linguistic feature. Results The random forest model showed that the top 5 linguistic categories that displayed the strongest associations with narcissism were first-person plural pronouns (e.g. we), words related to achievement (e.g. win, success), to work (e.g. hiring, office), to sex (e.g. erotic, condom), and that signal desired state (e.g. want, need). Discussion Narcissism may be demonstrated in everyday life via word use in conversation. More narcissistic individuals may have poorer quality social connections because their communication conveys an emphasis on self and achievement rather than affiliation or topics of interest to the other party. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Ciencias de la Salud is the property of Colegio Mayor de Nuestra Senora del Rosario and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Classroom observation has been long considered a powerful tool for evaluating and monitoring teachers' performance and progress. Teachers can benefit from the feedback during the postobservation conference but giving feedback is not a simple skill and needs knowledge and training. Research on tackling postobservation problems remains emerging and the aim of this study is to explore the role that a teacher's personality type–based on DiSC personality test‐ might play in postobservation conferences and reaction to receiving feedback from the supervisor. To gather data, 20 nonnative EFL teachers were asked to take the DiSC personality test to have their personality types identified, then they were observed three times, and each time they received feedback on their classroom management techniques. Results indicate that teachers with different personality types act differently during the postobservation conferences. While D and i styles are active and tend to employ feedback moderately and strongly in their classes, S and C styles are mostly passive with the tendency of employing feedback moderately and weakly. The findings contribute to a better understanding of the role of personality types in teachers' tolerance of criticism and their tendency to apply the received feedback in their future classes. Practitioner points: Teachers with different personality types act differently during the postobservation conferences.Teachers with the same personality types act mostly similarly during the postobservation conferences.The findings facilitate the process of feedback giving by owning several assumptions about each personality type. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The "competition" ("oposición" in Spanish) is the method of personnel selection for the higher Corps of the Spanish civil service, and hundreds of thousands of candidates participate in the competitive examinations each year. Despite this, its predictive validity and its potential effects on equal treatment for men and women remain unknown. This article presents two independent studies devoted to establishing the predictive validity and the degree of equal treatment of the "competition". In the first one, the validity was examined with candidates for the Corps of Treasury Technicians. The results indicated an operational validity ρ =.54 (N = 392) and an average Cohen's d value of.14 for equal treatment favorable to men. The second study was conducted with candidates for the Corps of Senior Treasury Inspectorate and the operational validity was ρ =.50 (N =.70) and Cohen's d of.33 favorable to women. The results indicate that the "competition" shows similar or superior validity to that of the best personnel selection instruments. Finally, implications for practice are discussed and recommendations are made to improve this system of access to the civil service. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: We examined positive behavioral resources and characteristics that might distinguish resilient personality prototypes among persons with chronic spinal cord injury/disorder (SCID). Positive psychology variables with clear linkages to existing psychological interventions were examined as potential mediators of the resilience–well-being relationship. Research Method and Design: A cross-sectional, self-report study was conducted. Two hundred and ninety-eight consenting members of the Paralyzed Veterans of America (268 male; 236 self-identified as white) provided useable survey data for analysis (including 161 veterans with tetraplegia, 107 with paraplegia, 30 with cauda equina). Cluster analysis of Big Five personality traits identified resilient and nonresilient personality profiles. Tests of mean differences between resilient and nonresilient participants on behavioral resources and characteristics were performed. Path models predicting well-being and health-related quality of life (HRQL) were conducted. Results: One hundred and sixty-three respondents had resilient personality profiles and 135 had nonresilient profiles. Resilient individuals reported significantly more optimal scores on every positive psychology variable, and greater well-being and HRQL than nonresilient respondents. Path models found the relationship of resilience to well-being was explained through its beneficial associations with psychological flexibility, use of personal strengths, meaning in life (MIL), and gratitude. Psychological flexibility also mediated the resilience–HRQL relationship. Cauda equina was significantly associated with higher pain interference and lower HRQL. Conclusions: Higher gratitude, MIL, use of personal strengths, and psychological flexibility appear to characterize resilience and well-being among persons with chronic SCID. Further studies are needed to understand the impact of pain interference on HRQL among individuals with cauda equina. Impact and Implications: The present study documents several positive behavioral resources and characteristics that typify resilience among persons with chronic spinal cord injury/disorder. The results should prompt rehabilitation psychologists to consider further study of the positive psychology variables examined in this paper, and the potential use of the existing interventions associated with each one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mechanisms underlying a tendency among individuals with depression to report personal episodic memories with low specificity remain to be understood. We assessed a sample of undergraduate students with dysphoria to determine whether depression relates to a broader dysregulation of balancing accuracy and informativeness during memory reports. Specifically, we investigated metamnemonic processes using a quantity-accuracy profile approach. Recall involved three phases with increasing allowance for more general, or coarse-grained, responses: (a) forced-precise responding, requiring high precision; (b) free-choice report with high and low penalty incentives on accuracy; (c) a lexical description phase. Individuals with and without dysphoria were largely indistinguishable across indices of retrieval, monitoring, and control aspects of metamemory. The results indicate intact metacognitive processing in young individuals with dysphoria and provide no support for the view that impaired metacognitive control underlies either memory deficits or bias in memory reports that accompany dysphoria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a previous study, it was reported that the typically replicable factor structure of the Personality Inventory for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (PID-5) was noninvariant across samples of Black American and White American university students. The investigators of that study attributed this noninvariance across these two racial groups to Black American racialization, defined as Black individuals living in a predominantly non-Black society. In the current investigation, we examined further the effects of Black racialization by examining PID-5 factor structure invariance using a sample of nonracialized Black (Nigerian) university students (i.e., Black people living in a primarily Black society) and a sample of White American students. The factor structure of the PID-5 across the samples indicated overall configural invariance, suggesting that the same PID-5 facet traits, for the most part, load on the same factors for the nonracialized Black people and White Americans. This result is consistent with the view that Black racialization likely contributes to PID-5 factor structure noninvariance across White and Black Americans. There were some differences, however, between the Nigerian and White American students with respect to metric invariance and scalar invariance, suggesting the facet-to-factor loadings have different magnitudes of association across groups and that domain scale score elevations in Nigerian and White American students are not comparable; this was particularly prominent for the disinhibition domain. Public Significance Statement: In this study, we evaluate further the effects of Black racialization previously demonstrated to affect a commonly used measure of personality dysfunction in racialized Black Americans. We found no such compromise in nonracialized Black people (i.e., Nigerians). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Child Attachment Interview (CAI) was designed to assess attachment representation in middle childhood—filling a gap between behavioral paradigms and adult interviews—and has demonstrated adequate psychometric properties in middle childhood and adolescence. To date, the CAI has not been available in Spanish, given the absence of an accepted translation and psychometric data. Spanish is the second most spoken language in the world, and assessment of attachment in an individual's native language is critical given differences in emotional processing, memory, and disclosure in first versus second languages. We translated the CAI (with consultation from its creator) utilizing standardized translation and back-translation procedures and examined its psychometric properties in a sample of Spanish-speaking high school students. In this study, we report on that process and data gathered from N = 94 Spanish-speaking adolescents in grades 9–12; 20% were double-coded and interrater reliability was acceptable. Findings support the single factor "Security-Dismissal" model, and relations between classifications and subscales were consistent with previous findings. Support for convergent and discriminant validity was provided for both classifications and subscales; however, concurrent validity varied across classifications and subscales. In sum, our translation demonstrates psychometric promise for the assessment of internal working models of attachment in Spanish-speaking high school students. Public Significance Statement: The Child Attachment Interview was designed to assess attachment representation in middle childhood—filling a gap between behavioral paradigms and adult interviews—and has demonstrated adequate psychometric properties in middle childhood and adolescence but has, until now, been unavailable in Spanish. This study provides the first translation and psychometric evaluation of this instrument in Spanish, thereby addressing a measurement gap regarding interview-based assessments of attachment in Spanish-speaking youth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Women in Culture & Art is the property of University of Tehran and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The general factor of psychopathology (GP, or p factor) and the Dysregulation Profile (DP) are two conceptually similar, but independently developed approaches to understand psychopathology. GP and DP models and their stability, antecedents and outcomes are studied in a longitudinal sample of 1073 children (49.8% female). GP and DP models were estimated at ages 8 and 14 years using the parent-reported Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and Youth Self Report (YSR). Early childhood antecedents and adolescent outcomes were derived using a multi-method multi-informant approach. Results showed that the general GP and DP had similar key symptoms and were similarly related to early-childhood antecedents (e.g., lower effortful control, higher maternal depression) and adolescent outcomes (e.g., reduced academic functioning, poorer mental health). This study demonstrates that GP and DP are highly similar constructs in middle childhood and adolescence, both describing a general vulnerability for psychopathology with (emotional) dysregulation at its core. Scientific integration of these approaches could lead to a better understanding of the structure, antecedents and outcomes of psychopathology.

Recent research supports the dual continuua model of mental health, i.e., the integration between the disease model or psychopathology and the psychological model or positive mental health. The aim of the present study was to develop and validate the Mental Wellness and Illness Scale (MWIS) and to explore its association with the Big-Five personality factors. A sample of 1418 Egyptian college students (618 men and 800 women) took part in this study. They responded, in Arabic to the MWIS. It consists of 20 brief items in two subscales (10 for mental health and 10 for mental illness). The scale has acceptable to good internal consistency, and criterion-related validity. Two high-loaded components were extracted and labelled "Mental health" and "Mental illness". Their inter-correlation was significant but modest. Gender differences were significant: men obtained the higher mean score on mental health, whereas women had the higher mean score on mental illness. The Mental Health Subscale scores were significantly correlated with extraversion, agreeableness, openness conscientiousness (positively), and neuroticism (negatively) for both sexes. The Mental Illness Subscale score was significantly associated with neuroticism (positively) and extraversion (negatively) in both men and women. The MWIS has Arabic and English equivalent versions. Based on its good psychometric characteristics, the MWIS is recommended to assess the dual continuum model of mental health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Advancements in the treatment of depression are pivotal due to high levels of non-response and relapse. This study evaluated the role of personality pathology in the treatment of depression by testing whether maladaptive personality traits (1) predict changes in depression over treatment or vice versa , (2) change themselves over treatment, (3) change differentially depending on treatment with schema therapy (ST) or cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), and (4) moderate the effectiveness of these treatments. Methods: We included 193 depressed inpatients (53.4% women, M age = 42.9, SD = 13.4) participating in an assessor-blind randomized clinical trial and receiving a 7-week course of ST or CBT. The research questions were addressed using multiple indicator latent change score models as well as multigroup structural equation models implemented in EffectLiteR. Results: Maladaptive traits did not predict changes in depressive symptoms at post-treatment, or vice versa. However, maladaptive trait domains decreased over treatment (standardized Δ μ range: −0.38 to −0.89), irrespective of treatment with ST or CBT. Maladaptive traits at baseline did not moderate the effectiveness of these treatments. Conclusions: Self-reported maladaptive personality traits can change during treatment of depression, but may have limited prognostic or prescriptive value, at least in the context of ST or CBT. These results need to be replicated using follow-up data, larger and more diverse samples, and informant-rated measures of personality pathology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research assessing the relationship of the five-factor model (FFM) to personality disorder symptomatology has generally been confirmatory, with three exceptions. The exceptions have been failures to confirm associations of conscientiousness with the obsessive-compulsive personality disorder, agreeableness with dependent, and openness with schizotypal. Haigler and Widiger demonstrated empirically years ago that this was occurring because the predominant FFM measure at that time, the NEO Personality Inventory–Revised, does not include a sufficient representation of maladaptive variants of the respective FFM personality trait domains. Research since their study has continued to fail to confirm the FFM hypotheses, using other measures of the FFM. The current study extended the work of Haigler and Widiger by considering three additional FFM measures, the Big Five Inventory–2 (BFI-2), the International Item Pool–NEO-120 (IPIP-NEO-120), and the Inventory of Personal Characteristics–5 (IPC-5). Data were obtained from a community sample of adults with experience of mental health treatment. The results confirmed an improvement in the FFM–personality disorder relationships when the experimentally manipulated versions of the BFI-2, IPIP-NEO-120, and IPC-5 were used. The implications of the findings for existing and future FFM–personality disorder research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Childhood trauma is negatively associated with depression severity in bipolar disorder; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We investigated whether personality traits (neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, conscientiousness) mediate the relationship between childhood trauma and the severity of bipolar depression. Methods: Data from 209 individuals with bipolar disorder recruited for the Prechter Longitudinal Study of Bipolar Disorder were analysed. Using structural equation modelling, we examined the direct and indirect associations between childhood trauma (Childhood Trauma Questionnaire) and depression severity (Hamilton Depression Rating Scale) – with the personality traits (NEO Personality Inventory–Revised) as mediators. Results: The direct effect of childhood trauma on depression severity (standardised β = 0.32, 95% bootstrap confidence interval [CI] = 0.20–0.45, p < 0.001) and the indirect effect via neuroticism (standardised β = 0.03, 95% bootstrap CI [0.002, 0.07], p = 0.039) were significant; supporting a partial mediation model. The indirect effect accounted for 9% of the total effect of childhood trauma on depression severity (standardised β = 0.09, 95% bootstrap CI [0.002, 0.19], p = 0.046). The final model had a good fit with the data (comparative fit index = 0.96; root mean square error of approximation = 0.05, 90% CI = [0.02, 0.07]). Conclusion: Personality traits may be relevant psychological mediators that link childhood trauma to a more severe clinical presentation of bipolar depression. Consequently, a person's personality structure may be a crucial operative factor to incorporate in therapeutic plans when treating individuals with bipolar disorder who report a history of childhood trauma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]