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Self-distancing has been linked to reductions in negative emotional experience (i.e., lower anger and sadness) as well as changes in appraisal processes (i.e., more reconstrual/less recounting; more challenge/less threat). We examined whether self-distancing also influences the self-concept, specifically its affective component (i.e., self-esteem). In a series of four experiments (total N = 2301), we investigated how distanced self-talk affects self-esteem relative to immersed self-talk, which involves using non-first versus first-person pronouns, respectively, in reference to the self during introspection. Study 1 employed implicit and explicit measures to test condition differences in self-esteem. Compared with immersed participants, those who distanced demonstrated higher implicit self-esteem but did not differ in explicit measures. Study 2 aimed to replicate the effects on implicit self-esteem and discern whether positive associations with the self were increased or maintained during Study 1. This study did not replicate Study 1, as implicit self-views did not differ by self-talk condition. Studies 3 and 4 addressed limitations in Study 1 that may have contributed to null explicit self-esteem findings, but did not provide evidence that distanced self-talk influences explicit self-views. Finally, a meta-analysis (Study 5) indicated that across all our studies, relative to immersed self-talk, those who distanced did not experience significant changes in self-esteem. Together, these findings indicate that although distanced self-talk may be an effective method for engaging more adaptive evaluations of emotional experiences, this emotion regulation strategy does not influence how one affectively evaluates the self.

The majority of people around the world report wanting “the good life.” But how do they achieve it? Most research in well-being science operationalizes “the good life” as subjective well-being, which is comprised of positive affect, negative affect, and life satisfaction. This project uses a nationally representative publicly available dataset from the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) project (N = 4,378) to investigate predictors of subjective well-being. Importantly, this dataset contains measures of most of the previously identified predictors of subjective well-being. In addition to determining which predictors are stronger than others, this project also explores the utility of machine learning models and propensity score methods. Machine learning models are used in this project to determine the extent to which non-linear and interaction effects predict subjective well-being. I also evaluate the value of a propensity score method for identifying causal effects on subjective well-being. Linear effects accounted for the vast majority of variance in subjective well-being. Machine learning models that could model non-linear and interaction effects predicted subjective well-being approximately as accurately as linear multiple regression models that only allowed for linear effects. Furthermore, linear multiple regression models appeared well-suited to model non-linear and interaction effects via variable transformations. Indeed, these models predicted subjective well-being as accurately or more accurately than machine learning models. Unfortunately, a propensity score method provided little value in identifying causal effects because it failed to eliminate relationships between a predictor of interest and other predictors. The role (or lack thereof) that machine learning and propensity score techniques could play in subjective well-being research is discussed. Replicating previous research, sociability, physical health, disengagement from goals, sex life quality, wealth, and religious activity were among the strongest predictors of subjective well-being. Consistent with previous research in the U.S., demographic factors appeared to be relatively weak predictors of subjective well-being. Finally, control over one’s life—and financial and work matters in particular—was a strong predictor of subjective well-being, an effect that previous research may have downplayed.

В статье исследуется проблема соотношения теологии и психологии. В частности, делается критический обзор мнений известных психологов по вопросу доминации одной или другой из наук. В статье обнаруживается различие в отношении к теологии между академической и популярной психологией. В итоге исследования делается вывод, что хотя современная психология и использует терминологический аппарат теологии, её область исследования в большей степени относится к вопросам исследования разума, чем духовного опыта, который является областью исследования теологии. Тем не менее психология, очевидно, упирается в свой «потолок» эмпирических исследований, когда появляется необходимость объяснения явлений духовного характера за чертой консервативной психологической науки., The article explores the problem of the correlation between theology and psychology. In particular, a critical review is made of the opinions of famous psychologists on the issue of dominance of one or the other of the sciences. The article finds a difference in the attitude towards theology between academic and popular psychology. The study concludes that although modern psychology uses the terminological apparatus of theology, its field of enquiry is more concerned with questions of the study of the mind than with spiritual experience, which is the field of enquiry of theology. Nevertheless, psychology is apparently hitting its "ceiling" of empirical research when the necessity of explaining phenomena of a spiritual nature beyond the line of conservative psychological science arises., Международный научно-исследовательский журнал, Выпуск 7 (133) 2023

We use detailed assessments of CEO personalities to explore the nature of CEO overconfidence as it is commonly measured. Longholder, the option-based measure of CEO overconfidence introduced by Malmendier and Tate (2005a) and widely used in the behavioral corporate finance and economics literatures, is significantly related to several specific characteristics that are associated with overconfident individuals as well as individuals with lower ability. Similar relations hold for overconfidence measures based on CEOs’ earnings guidance. Investment-cash flow sensitivities are larger for both Longholder and less able CEOs. After controlling for ability and other characteristics, Longholder CEOs’ investments remain significantly more sensitive to cash flows. These results suggest that overconfidence, as measured by Longholder, is correlated with lower ability but still reflects empirically distinct aspects of overconfidence.

Allport’s (1927) distinction of personality devaluated (personality) and personality evaluated (character) can still be found in today’s psychological landscape. The present study compares the Five-Factor Model of personality and the VIA-classification of character strengths across two methods (self- and peer-reports) and across two levels of abstraction (domains/factors and scales/facets). A sample of 152 participants and 152 peer-raters completed the NEO-Personality Inventory Revised and the VIA Inventory of Strength. Personality and character were found to strongly overlap, yet the different operationalizations were rarely redundant (except for 3 personality facets). Multitrait-multimethod analyses mostly supported the convergent and discriminant validity of personality and character. Interpersonal strengths (e.g., teamwork) and abstract character factors lacked discriminant validity to personality facets. The present investigation contributes to a better understanding of the interplay between personality and character and provides an impetus for future research on the “virtue gap” between devaluated and evaluated personality traits.

People are not impassive bystanders to their emotional experiences. Instead, people tend to judge their emotions as good or bad. In this research, I examined individual differences in emotion judgments and their implications for emotional responses and psychological health. In Study 1 (N = 1,136), I developed a questionnaire to assess four types of habitual emotion judgments. The four types of emotion judgments differed according to the valence of the emotion being judged (positive or negative) and the valence of the judgment (positive or negative). In Study 2 (81 participants and 2,999 observations), I examined the relationship between habitual emotion judgments and emotion judgments in daily life. Emotion judgments were common in daily life and were predicted by habitual emotion judgments. In Study 3 (same participants as in Study 1), I examined cross-sectional associations between habitual emotion judgments and psychological health. Positive judgments of positive emotions were associated with greater psychological health and negative judgments of negative emotions were associated with poorer psychological health, above and beyond other types of emotion judgments and key confounds. In Study 4 (111 participants and 835 observations), I examined prospective links between habitual emotion judgments and psychological health over one month and the mediating role of net emotions (emotions that linger after an emotional event has passed). Negative judgments of negative emotions were associated with worse psychological health one month later, and this relationship was partially mediated by daily net emotions. In sum, individuals differ in the types of emotion judgments that they tend to make and these individual differences appear to powerfully shape daily emotional responses and in turn, psychological health.

Precrastination is doing something early at an extra cost. That cost may impact financial well-being, health, or physical or mental effort. Although the scientific community is developing interest in this new phenomenon, it has yet to be related to individual differences. Using 300 participants, I replicated one of the designs found in the study that first described the phenomenon (Rosenbaum et al., 2014) and added a wide array of personality measures. Participants were asked to walk along a path and to pick up a bucket on the way to the end of the walking path. Before participating in this part of the study, howeverBecause there was no guidance in the literature regarding the relationships between personality traits and precrastination, a broad, exploratory approach was taken. Self-report measures assessed: the Big Five traits, a separate set of 100 broad personality items, procrastination, intolerance of uncertainty, ego-resiliency, impulsiveness, and coordination. These constructs come from the literature on procrastination. I found that precrastination was positively related to conscientiousness and the extraversion facet of energy. I also found that precrastination was not related to impulsiveness and procrastination, suggesting that the choice to precrastinate is not an illogical choice. Further evidence supporting this inference is that those in my study who rated themselves as uncoordinated were less likely to choose the first bucket. That is, participants who rated themselves as clumsy minimized the time that they were carrying a weighted object.

The five-dimensional curiosity-scale revised (5DCR) by Kashdan et al. (Citation2020) is the most comprehensive curiosity inventory available to date. 5DCR measures six facets of curiosity with four items each. Here, we present a German-language adaptation of the 5DCR and comprehensively validate this adaptation in a diverse sample of adults from Germany (N = 486). Moreover, we provide new evidence on the original English-language 5DCR in a parallel sample from the UK (N = 483). In both countries, we investigate the six facets' reliability, factorial validity, and convergent and discriminant validity with a large set of individual-differences constructs. In addition, we analyze the measurement invariance of the curiosity facets across the UK and Germany and across socio-demographic subgroups defined by age, sex, and education. Findings demonstrate that the new German-language adaptation of 5DCR and its English-language source version show psychometric properties similar to the original studies by Kashdan et al. (Citation2020) in the United States. All six curiosity facets reach at least partial scalar invariance across cultures, sex, education, and mostly also across age groups. The findings support the six-faceted theory of curiosity and show that 5DCR allows for a valid assessment of curiosity across cultures.

It is imperative for health care organizations to foster leadership skills in their workforce. Leadership development programs offer a potential mechanism to achieve this goal. These development programs are likely not equally effective for all participants. This study evaluates the efficacy of one such program and determines personality predictors of its efficacy. Before and after a 12-month leadership development program, 28 physicians from various disciplines completed self-reported measures of leadership knowledge across 3 domains. At baseline, participants also provided personality data across the Big-5 factors of personality as well as 2 narrow facets (learning-goal orientation and preference for collaboration). Results suggest that leadership development programs can increase knowledge across leadership domains. Extraversion and conscientiousness predict changes in knowledge. Learning-goal-orientation and preference for collaboration personality facets provide incremental predictive power. Leadership development programs can improve self-rated knowledge across a range of leadership domains and is differentially effective for people based on their personalities.

The focus of this article is on the theme of fostering the faith of young Catholics in the face of identity crisis. The purpose of this study is to find out the answer to the question: what is the situation and dynamics of young people? What is an identity crisis and its accompanying consequences? How important and urgent is the fostering of faith in young Catholics facing the brink of an identity crisis? The results suggest that young people are in a transition to adulthood. They begin to think of abstract things and let go of childhood thinking. Restraints and prohibitions will make them inauthentic personalities. An identity crisis is a phase in which a person experiences confusion to determine one's identity. The consequences that occur when a person experiences an identity crisis are depression, delinquency and drug abuse. Young people desperately need the support of authoritative adults. A young person's companion must be a person who is in love with young people, mobilizer and persuasive. A good shepherd figure is a longing for them to get edification and injections of spirit, as well as bring positive energy. The study of this theme uses theological discourses and positive sciences. The method used is critical analysis and reading from various sources such as Church documents and sources from other positive science. The findings in this study are the usefulness of the development and mentoring of faith in young Catholics in the face of the dangers of identity crisis

Self-enhancement, the tendency to view oneself positively, is a pervasive social motive widely investigated in the psychological sciences. Relatively little is known about the neurocognitive mechanisms underlying this motive, specifically in social-evaluative situations. To investigate whether positive emotion regulation circuitry, circuitry involved in modulating positive affect, relates to the self-enhancement motive in social contexts, we conducted an functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study in a healthy young adult sample. We hypothesized that self-enhancement indices (state and trait self-esteem) would relate to greater functional connectivity between right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (RVLPFC), a region implicated in emotion regulation, and the ventral striatum (VS), a region associated with reward-related affect, during a social feedback task. Following social evaluation, participants experienced stable or decreased state self-esteem. Results showed that stable state self-esteem from pre- to post-scan and higher trait self-esteem related to greater RVLPFC–VS connectivity during positive evaluation. Stable-state self-esteem also related to greater RVLPFC–VS connectivity during negative evaluation. Moreover, RVLPFC activation during all types of feedback processing and left VS activation during negative feedback processing was greater for participants with stable-state self-esteem. These findings implicate neurocognitive mechanisms underlying emotion regulation in the self-enhancement motive and highlight a pathway through which self-enhancement may restore feelings of self-worth during threatening situations.

The analysis of three characters corresponding to different spaces and times shows the close link between literature and the history of medicine. On one hand, Don Quixote of La Mancha, who reflects the thought of the last years of the Renaissance and that has been assimilated in contemporary Mexico. On the other hand, Doctors Miguel Francisco Jiménez and Rita Levi Montalcini, who lived in the 19th and 20th centuries, respectively. Despite the years that separate these three personalities, many elements in common are observed that do not lose their validity: the value that is given to health, ethics, tenacity and experience to attain successful results. All three characters refer to the medicine of their time, their achievements and the promotion of humanism, always inherent to medicine.El análisis de tres personajes correspondientes a espacios y tiempos diferentes muestra el estrecho vínculo entre la literatura y la historia de la medicina. Por un lado, don Quijote de la Mancha, quien refleja el pensamiento de los últimos años del Renacimiento y ha sido asimilado en el México contemporáneo. Por otro lado, los doctores Miguel Francisco Jiménez y Rita Levi Montalcini, quienes vivieron en los siglos XIX y XX, respectivamente. A pesar de los años que separan a los tres personaje, se advierten numerosos elementos en común que no pierden vigencia: el valor que se otorga a la salud, la ética, la tenacidad y la experiencia para obtener resultados exitosos, entre otros. Los tres personajes aluden a la medicina de su tiempo, los logros alcanzados y la promoción del humanismo, siempre inherente a la medicina.

Please refer to: Tang, K. T. Y., Mungall, L., Blais, J., & Pruysers, S. (2022, October 24). Dark Triad Traits and Cyberbullying: Addressing Current Limitations in Dark Triad Studies. Retrieved from: osf.io/skd7y

We administer a survey to thousands of affluent Americans about their personalities and investments. The Big Five personality traits can explain the heterogeneity among investors in their beliefs about the stock market and economy, risk preferences, and social-interaction tendencies. Two personality traits---Neuroticism and Openness---stand out in their explanatory powers for equity investments. Both investors with high Neuroticism and those with low Openness tend to allocate less to equity. While the former behavior is due to pessimism about future stock returns, the latter is due to high risk aversion. We find consistent out-of-sample evidence in a representative panel of Australian households.

In this chapter we will consider the ways in which the typical person tends to change in personality through different stages of life. We will also examine the extent to which people’s levels of personality characteristics—relative to other people of their own age cohort—tend to be stable across long periods of time. In a separate section, we will investigate these same questions in relation to children’s personalities, whose measurement poses some special challenges for the researcher.

The COVID-19 pandemic has been a source of incredible distress for people of all backgrounds and roles. For college students who were in their first year during the initial COVID-related shutdowns, their college careers have been defined by the major disruptions and lingering impacts of this pandemic on them, their college performance, their career outlooks, and the relationships important to their lives. We have been tracking what were initially first-year students from multiple US colleges over the past four years, from shortly after Spring 2020 college shutdowns to the spring before many of these students moved to graduation. We have been interested in both ongoing changes in students' reports of development and adjustment (i.e., college functioning, identity development, mental health) and in the ways that students' narrative reasoning of their lives--the ways they attached insights between what they've experienced over the college career--informed aspects of students' development and adjustment over the course of their college careers and against the backdrop of the pandemic.

Conventional folk wisdom insists study abroad is an inherently valuable educational experience for young people. While traditional study abroad programs were typically a semester or a full year in duration, short-term study abroad programs of only a couple weeks are now the most common type of sojourn abroad. Problematically, evidence is mounting that the so-called “immersion assumption,” the thrust of which is that being abroad leads to intercultural development, and which seems to permeate the administrative ethos of a majority of study abroad programs internationally, is a poor assumption indeed (Vande berg et al., 2012). Moreover, my review of the empirical literature on study abroad suggests to me that instrumentation used to measure intercultural development, much of which was popularized during the era when longer term study abroad was the norm, might not be as well-suited to the era of short-term study tours. Finally, very little research at the intersection of short-term study abroad, intercultural development, linguistic proficiency, and personality has been produced—particularly in the Japanese context. This study had three purposes. The first purpose was to establish evidence that short-term sojourns abroad can impact an aspect(s) of intercultural development in Japanese undergraduate students (N = 203) from two universities in western Japan. The second purpose was to explore how L2 English proficiency, speaking self-efficacy, and aspects of personality might promote or inhibit intercultural development for Japanese sojourners. The third purpose was to examine sojourner reflective journal entries and interview transcripts in order to explain the findings. To execute this study, I used an embedded correlational design in which pre-post-sojourn Intercultural Effectiveness Scale (IES) scores and cross-sectional pre-departure predictors (TOEIC, New Vocabulary Levels Test (NVLT), self-efficacy, and Big Five personality markers) were analyzed through the application of Welch’s t-tests and multiple regressions. Qualitative data were analyzed in order to explain the quantitative findings in greater detail and to ensure sojourner experiences abroad are given voice in the study. The results of this study indicated the following. First, sojourners scored statistically significantly higher than non-sojourners on Intercultural Effectiveness Scale Global Mindset at posttest. There was no significant difference between these groups on any other Intercultural Effectiveness Scale construct at posttest. This suggests that study tours positively contribute to the development of intercultural effectiveness, particularly in terms of knowledge acquisition. Second, none of the individual differences included in this study (extraversion, agreeableness, openness, linguistic proficiency, or self-efficacy in communication) demonstrated any significant predictive association with changes in Intercultural Effectiveness Scale scores pre- to post-sojourn. Third, study tour programs that included explicit opportunity for sojourners to engage with host nationals were4 associated with statistically significant changes in Intercultural Effectiveness Scale Relationship Interest at post-sojourn. Finally, qualitative analyses provided limited explanation as to why the Intercultural Effectiveness Scale constructs of Global Mindset and Relationship Interest changed pre- to post-sojourn. While FACET scores for sojourner reflective journals were positively correlated with Intercultural Effectiveness Scale Relationship Interest at post-sojourn, the content of the journals was idiosyncratic and no discernable pattern between the content of the journals and changes in Intercultural Effectiveness Scale scores was found. Case studies of eight sojourners further exemplify the complexity of trying to establish explanation(s) for why some sojourners’ Intercultural Effectiveness Scale scores increase, decrease, or remain unchanged. Several theoretical and pedagogical implications are drawn from this study. Theoretical implications relate primarily to the capacity for study tours to contribute to Japanese government goals of developing global human resources, a degree of support for the much-maligned immersion assumption, and my findings that individual differences did not demonstrate any capacity to predict sojourner change in intercultural effectiveness pre- to post-sojourn. Three pedagogical implications of these findings first include the necessity for study abroad administrators and educators to acknowledge that immersion abroad is beneficial to sojourners only insofar as it helps them increase their knowledge about their host culture. Second, with greater pedagogic intentionality, particularly in the form of structuring study tours to include extensive opportunities for contact with host nationals, is critical if students are to grow beyond the simple knowledge domain. Finally, reflective practices are highly valuable but, as the results of this study show, Japanese sojourners are likely to need substantial scaffolding and a clear imperative to reflect within a set framework and on subject matter that transcends the superficial.

Objective: Personality has long been assumed to be a cause of religiosity, not a consequence. Yet, recent research suggests that religiosity may well cause personality change. Consequently, longitudinal research is required that examines the bi-directionality between personality and religiosity. The required research must also attend to cultural religiosity—a critical moderator in previous cross-sectional research. Method: We conducted four-wave, cross-lagged panel models assessing the bi-directional effects between religiosity (measured as religious attendance) and the Big Five personality traits over 12 years in 14 samples (Ntotal = 44,485). Each sample used population-representative data from a different German federal state—states that vary widely in religiosity. Results: The findings were the following: (1) Agreeableness, openness, and conscientiousness were associated with changes in religiosity, with the latter two effects being culture-contingent. (2) Religiosity was associated with changes in agreeableness and openness, with the latter effect being culture-contingent. (3) The cross-lagged effects of personality on religiosity were overall stronger than the reverse effects. Conclusions: The directionality between the Big Five and religiosity seems to go both ways and culture matters for those effects. We discuss the power of religiosity to alter personality and the role of culture for this effect and for personality change more generally.

PurposeStreaming video on demand (SVOD) services are comprised of digital media content creation and content distribution that provide a vast array of genre content playable on an assortment of different technology platforms. Additionally, these digital services are equipped to collect data and information on consumers. However, these services do not capture extensive consumer demographics, lifestyles or personalities information.Design/methodology/approachTo resolve this discrepancy, collecting external information such as complete demographics, personalities and lifestyles of consumers can be useful in advancing SVOD consumer behavior knowledge. This study examined how consumer demographics, lifestyles and personalities may predict SVOD genre consumption and SVOD platform consumption. A survey was executed and disseminated to collect consumer information across these dimensions. Multiple linear regressions and a structural equation model were formed to explicate variance.FindingsConsumer demographics, lifestyles and personalities’ information do predict SVOD genre consumption and SVOD platform consumption.Originality/valueMedia selection and trait theory have not been applied to understanding unexplained variance behind consumer media consumption, and are often used to predict media consumption variance among consumers. These findings illustrate that, while digital consumer touchpoints are necessary to collect and analyze, marketers should not lose sight of easily-obtainable consumer data, much of which dictates consumption choices.

Project-based learning (PBL) is one of most common teaching strategies in design education. With the complexity in design projects, PBL is usually accomplished in groups. The final project success depend on both technical capabilities and individual personalities: personality types and communication styles. Although previous studies have investigated the relationship between personalities and project success, the relationship between the composition of personalities and project success among design students has yet to be examined. Student personalities were studied based on students’ response to the personality assessments, Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) and the four-type communication model. Project success was recorded in both PBL and individual learning processes for comparisons. Results show that project success is positively correlated with group compositions that have a balanced proportion of Judging (J) and Perceiving (P) members, and negatively correlated with compositions that have an even proportion of Extrovert (E) and Introvert (I) members. Results also show that group compositions that have members with leadership qualities (the Rational temperament and the Director communication style) are more likely achieve success. Comparisons between project success in PBL and individual learning processes indicate that students with specific personalities (the Guardian and the Relator) perform significantly better in individual assignments than group assignments. The purpose of this study is therefore two-fold; first, to study how the different compositions of personalities could explain group dynamics and influence project success and second, to highlight that PBL might be more suitable for some students than others. This study concludes that with an understanding of students’ personalities, teachers can create groupings to maximize the potential of PBL and, at the same time, provide individual learning activities to enable equal opportunities for all students to achieve success.

There is little empirical research conducted on state-sponsored extremism (SSE). Yet, SSE can be seen in society from policy to policing that can lead to discrimination and aggression. The purpose ...

The article is devoted to the analysis of methodological manuals on the integration of gender approaches and the formation of gender competence in the specialist training system in the security and defence sector. The system of methodological approaches to the formation of gender consciousness, overcoming of gender stereotypes and implementation of ways to ensure equal rights and opportunities for women and men in the security and defence sector is considered. The authors make an accent on the importance of the task facing teachers of higher military education establishments to form gender competence among cadets (m) and cadets (w) to use the gender approach while performing their military-professional duties. It is proposed to employ the teaching didactics for gender-oriented topics or courses as part of social and humanitarian disciplines using a cross-cutting thematic link across all disciplines. The importance of introduction of gender equality principles while studying at higher military establishments is noted, thus directing the process of self-development and self-knowledge of modern personalities as well as forming military specialists capable of active social interaction and responsibility.

Personality types have a considerable impact on our understanding of the outer world, perception and energy. Personality influence on language learning and proficiency, however, is controversial. This study demonstrates the relationship between the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) profiles and L2 reading proficiency of L1 Arab undergraduates. First, learners' reading proficiency levels were associated with their Introversion/Extraversion preferences. Then, function pairs of both introverts and extraverts that contributes to the highest score of L2 reading proficiency were determined. As most reading tests are based on choice, it is very logical to consider the MBTI function pairs as they represent the mental functions used for decision-making and information gathering. Fifty (50) Arab male students from the College of Business Administration (Saudi Arabia) were randomly selected. Two instruments were used to collect data; MBTI as a personality instrument, and TOEIC Bridge as a reading test. Findings showed a lack of statistically significant relationship between Introversion/Extraversion and L2 reading proficiency. Yet, Intuitive personalities (NT/NF) preferences achieved higher scores in the TOEIC Bridge compared to their counterparts of the Sensing personalities (ST/SF). Personality types have undoubted influence on our lifestyle and attitudes. Yet, considering personality as a weighty factor in language learning and proficiency is still debatable.

This research strives to explain the impact of personality type on the work-life balance of women academicians. With the positivist paradigm and quantitative approach, this study has been conducted with a survey methodology. Data was collected from 362 women academicians on adopted instruments and analyzed with multiple regression and ANOVA tests. Results revealed a positive effect of agreeableness, extraversion, and openness personality types on work-life balance. Those women academicians who are with agreeableness personalities are more in a capacity to manage their work-life balance. The results also show a difference in managing the work-life balance between those who are single and married, those who belong to a nuclear family, and those who belong to joint or extended families. This study will facilitate them to develop the personality type which has more capacity to manage work-life balance. It will help policymakers to facilitate women academicians to ensure better work-life balance.JEL Classification: M12How to Cite:Shahin, S., Baloch, M. N., Shaikh, N., Ibrahim, I., & Abbassi, A. A. (2021). Women in the Whirlpool: Traversing the Tie-up of Personality and Work-Life Balance of Pakistani Academicians. Etikonomi, 20(2), xx – xx. https://doi.org/10.15408/etk.v20i2.17272.

This study examines the effect of ability mixing (as opposed to ability grouping) in secondary education on long-term personality development. To address endogeneity and selection issues, we exploit a high school education reform implemented in Korea in the 1970s. This reform is the change in the admission system of general high school from ability grouping to ability mixing. The results show that ability mixing has significant influences on some personalities in adulthood. In particular, mixing treatment decreases agreeableness and conscientiousness. We also find that these impacts on personalities are more pronounced among females.

Individual personalities affect animal experiences of zoo environments, impact on an animal’s coping ability and have potential implications for welfare. Keeper assessments have been identified as a quick and reliable way of capturing data on personality in a range of species and have practical application in improving animal welfare on an individual level. Despite widespread recognition of the importance of animal personality within a zoo environment, there is a paucity of research into tiger personality and the potential impact of this on tiger experiences within zoos. This research investigated the personality of 34 tigers (19 Amur and 15 Sumatran) across 14 facilities in the UK using keeper ratings and identified changes keepers made in animal husbandry to support tiger welfare. Reliability across keepers (n = 49) was established for nine adjectives and a principal component analysis identified three personality components: ‘anxious’, ‘quiet’ and ‘sociable’. When subspecies were combined, there was no relationship between tiger scores on the personality components and age or sex of tigers (p > 0.05). Subspecies of tiger was not related to scores on the ‘quiet’ or ‘sociable’ components (p > 0.05). Sumatran tigers scored more highly than Amur tigers on the ‘anxious’ component (mean ± SD, Sumatran: 3.0 ± 1.7, Amur: 1.8 ± 0.6, p < 0.05). Analysis within subspecies found that male Amur tigers were more sociable than females (mean ± SD, males: 5.5 ± 0.707; females: 4.15 ± 0.55). Amur tiger age was also negatively correlated with scores on the sociable personality component (R = −0.742, p < 0.05). No significant differences were seen in Sumatran tigers. Keepers reported a number of changes to husbandry routines based on their perceptions of their tigers’ personality/needs. However, there was no significant relationship between these changes and tiger personality scores (p > 0.05). Despite significant evolutionary differences between Amur and Sumatran tigers, there are no subspecies specific guidelines for zoo tigers. This research has highlighted the potential for these two subspecies to display personality differences and we advocate further research into this area. Specifically, we highlight a need to validate the relationship between tiger personality, management protocols and behavioural and physiological metrics of welfare. This will enable a fuller understanding of the impact of personality on zoo tiger experiences and will enable identification of evidence-based best practice guidelines.