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A penalty finite element analysis with bi-quadratic elements is performed to investigate the influence of uniform and non-uniform heating of bottom wall on mixed convection lid driven flows in a square cavity. In the present investigation, bottom wall is uniformly and non-uniformly heated while the two vertical walls are maintained at constant cold temperature and the top wall is well insulated and moving with uniform velocity. A complete study on the effect of Gr shows that the strength of circulation increases with the increase in the value of Gr irrespective of Re and Pr. As the value of Gr increases, there occurs a transition from conduction to convection dominated flow at Gr = 5 � 103 and Re = 1 for Pr = 0.7. A detailed analysis of flow pattern shows that the natural or forced convection is based on both the parameters Ri (frac(Gr, Re2)) and Pr. As the value of Re increases from 1 to 102, there occurs a transition from natural convection to forced convection depending on the value of Gr irrespective of Pr. Particularly for higher value of Grashof number (Gr = 105), the effect of natural convection is dominant upto Re = 10 and thereafter the forced convection is dominant with further increase in Re. As Pr increases from 0.015 to 10 for a fixed Re and Gr (Gr = 103), the inertial force gradually becomes stronger and the intensity of secondary circulation gradually weakens. The local Nusselt number (Nub) plot shows that the heat transfer rate is very high at the edges of the bottom wall and then decreases at the center of the bottom wall for the uniform heating and that contrasts lower heat transfer rate at the edges for the non-uniform heating of the bottom wall. It is also observed that Nul shows non-monotonic behavior with both uniform and non-uniform heating cases for Re = 10 at higher value of Pr. The average Nusselt number plot for the left or right wall shows a kink or inflexion at Gr = 104 for highest value of Pr. Thus the overall power law correlation for average Nusselt number may not be obtained for mixed convection effects at higher Pr. � 2008 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Based on the primary data for 499 patients, 135 IPD and 364 OPD, in 62 hospitals across all the 20 districts in Punjab, the study discovered that contrary to the popular notion, the satisfaction level of the patients with the services delivered at hospitals managed by Punjab Health Systems Corporation (PHSC) was significantly high on most of the parameters. Both outdoor patients and indoor patients found the location of the hospitals accessible, diagnostic facilities in order, and quality of medical care satisfactory. There were, of course, some difficulties faced in respect of availability of medicines from within the hospitals, delay in obtaining the reports of diagnostic tests, and laxity in emergency cases. Many of the identified areas for quality improvement are related to the time factor and non-availability of medicines at the hospitals. The escalating costs involved in the purchase of medicines from the market emerged as a cause of worry for every patient. Indications are that the institutions like PHSC can be more effective than the conventional Health Departments in the delivery of health services especially to the patients belonging to the poor strata of society. This is endorsed by nine out of every ten patients who felt that the services offered at the private hospitals were unaffordable and beyond their reach. Moreover, a mismatch between the huge amount of money spent and the quality of services received impelled many of them to seek the services of a government hospital. The indispensability of the role of the public sector in health care in the Indian context cannot be missed.

This communication investigates the effect of free convection on the heat transfer and the flow through a highly porous medium bounded by two vertical parallel porous plates. It is assume that free stream velocity oscillates in times about a constant mean. Assuming periodic temperature at the moving plate, the approximate solutions for velocity field, emperature field, skin-friction and the rate of heat transfer are obtained and discussed with the help of graphs and tables.

This paper examines the status of women in Punjab in the light of some selected important gender-related indicators covering a wide spectrum of access to amenities and demographic and reproductive health status of women. The main aim of the paper is to examine the inter district variations in the status of women in respect of various selected variables under study. Data from various sources, including Census and DLHS-4 and NFHS-4 surveys, had been put to use to calculate Z scores and generating a correlation matrix. The average score of each component was summed up for all districts and a quantitative measure of the status of women was obtained.

The problem of three dimensional unsteady convection flow through a porous medium, with effect of mass transfer bounded by an infinite vertical porous plate is discussed, when the suction at the plate is transverse sinusoidal and the plate temperature oscillates in time about a constant mean. Assuming the free stream velocity to be uniform, approximate solutions are obtained for the flow field, the temperature field, the skin-friction and the rate of heat transfer. The dependence of solution on Pr (Prandtl number), Gr (Grashof number based on temperature), Gc (modified Grashof number based on concentration difference), Sc (Schimdt number), the frequency and the permeability parameter is also investigated.

Two cases of tuberculosis of the patella presenting as an osteolytic lesion with sequestrum are described. Timely diagnosis helped in successful management of both these cases, resulting in complete resolution of symptoms with a functional knee without need for patellectomy. Clinicians must consider the possibility of diagnosis of isolated patellar tuberculosis in patients presenting with an osteolytic lesion in patella especially in areas where tuberculosis is endemic and in immunocompromised patients.

This communication investigates the unsteady flow of viscous incompressible fluid through porous medium induced by periodically heated half filled concentric cylindrical annulus placed horizontally. The boundaries of the annulus are rotating periodically with different angular velocities in the same or opposite directions about their common axis. The governing equations are expressed in terms of stream function and vorticity functions. The analytical solutions have been obtained by expanding the variables in a power series of the annulus aspect ratio. The expressions for streamlines, temperature distribution and rate of heat transfer are obtained and the effects of various parameters upon them have been examined. Key words: Incompressible fluid, porous medium.

Finite element simulations have been performed to investigate the influence of linearly heated side wall(s) or cooled right wall on mixed convection lid-driven flows in a square cavity. It is interesting to note that multiple circulation cells appear inside the cavity with the increase of Pr for Re = 10 and Gr = 10 5 in the case of linearly heated side walls. For Pr = 0.015 , only two circulation cells are formed inside the cavity. As Pr increases to 0.7, three circulation cells are formed inside the cavity. Further increase in Pr to 10, leads to the formation of four circulation cells inside the cavity. On the other hand, only two circulation cells are formed inside the cavity for the case of cooled right wall. A detailed analysis of flow pattern shows that as the value of Re increases from 1 to 10 2 , there occurs a transition from natural convection to forced convection depending on the value of Gr irrespective of Pr. It is observed that the secondary vortex at the top left corner disappears for Re = 10 2 and Gr = 10 5 due to enhanced motion of the upper lid in the case of cooled right wall while a small secondary vortex exist at the bottom right corner in the case of linearly heated side walls. The local Nusselt number ( Nu b ) plot shows that heat transfer rate is equal to 1 at the edges for the case of linearly heated side walls case and that is zero at the left edge and thereafter that increases for the case of cooled right wall. It is interesting to observe that Nu b is large within 0.4 ⩽ X ⩽ 0.6 due to compression of isotherms for Pr = 0.7 and 10 in the case of linearly heated side wall. It is also observed that Nu r or Nu l exhibits oscillations especially for Pr = 10 at higher Gr due to the presence of multiple circulations. It is also observed that Nu r ¯ or Nu l ¯ vs Gr plots show oscillation for two case studies. Average Nusselt numbers at the bottom and right walls are strong functions of Grashof number at larger Prandtl numbers whereas average Nusselt number at the left wall at a specific Pr is a weaker function of Gr.

The present study investigation entitled “A study of new business opportunities for Reitzel Products in Jammu and Kashmir” Hugo Reitzel offers a full range of the highest quality condiments, mustards, oils and dressings. A creator by vocation, Hugo Reitzel constantly introduces new specialties, driving the market towards more innovation and even higher standards of quality and customer satisfaction. The study was carried out on the basis of primary and secondary data. The present study has been conducted in Jammu and Kashmir to identify the market potential of the company, ten prominent hotels has been selected from each city. Thus in total 20 samples have been drawn from the study area. The study used Henry Garret ranking technique for knowing the preference towards food stuff in streamlining company's base to market its products. The study revealed that the Indian food stuff has occupied 1st rank, Chinese 2nd rank, Italian 3rd rank, Germany 4th rank, Spanish 5th rank, and French 6th rank in terms of preference respectively and thus streamlined high demand of the Reitzel products in the markets at Jammu and Kashmir. Out of 20 hotels, 16 were using Jalapenos (80.0 per cent) and rest of them are not using jalapenos and in case of Gherkins 12 are using (60.0 per cent) in Italian food. In Chinese food, out of 20 hotels, 17 were using Jalapenos (85.0 per cent) and 5 were using Gherkins (25.0 per cent) and in Indian food out of 20 hotels, 12 were using Jalapenos (60.0 per cent) and 15 were using Gherkins (75.0 per cent).

Emergence and growth dynamics of sunflower were studied at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during spring seasons of 2014 and 2015. The experiment consisted of three sowing dates (D1-January 20, D2-February 10 and D3-March 2), two intra row spacing (S1–30 cm and S2-24 cm) and four nitrogen (N) doses (N0-0, N45-45, N60-60 and N75-75 kg ha−1). Results revealed reduction in number of days taken for initiation and completion of emergence vis-a-vis emergence percentage with concomitant increase in emergence rate and vigour index due to delayed sowing. Late sown crop (D3) exhibited higher absolute growth rate (AGR), crop growth rate (CGR) and specific leaf weight (SLW) during initial phases of crop growth but early sown crop (D1) surpassed the late sown crop 50 days onward up to maturity. Early sown crop maintained higher relative growth rate (RGR) throughout the crop growth. Wider sown crop showed higher AGR, whereas CGR was higher under closer sowing. Application of N improved the AGR, CGR and RGR but SLW was improved during later growth stages (50 days onwards) only. Net assimilation rate (N AR) decreased progressively due to each delay of sowing during later growth stages. Application of N improved the NAR up to 75 DAS but between 75 DAS and maturity, application of N lowered NAR as compared to control. Correlation studies indicated significant positive correlation of seed yield with AGR, CGR and RGR between 50 and 75 DAS, emphasizing the importance of higher growth rate during grand growth period for best yield accrual in sunflower.

Afield experiment was conducted at Ludhiana during rabi season2012-13. Asetof 27 treatment combinations including three dates of sowing, viz. 16th October (D1), 15th November (D2) and 15th December (D3) in main plot, three varieties (PL 172, PL 426 and PL 807) in sub plot and three nitrogen levels, viz. 75, 100 and 125% of recommended dose of nitrogen-RDN (62.5 kg ha−1) in sub-sub plot were evaluated in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Crop sown on 16th October took minimum days (3) for initiation of emergence, whereas the highest number of days (8) was taken by the crop sown on 15th December. Interaction effect of barley varieties and date of sowing on dry matter production was significant and progressive increase in dry matter production by variety PL 172 and PL 426 as the sowing was delayed from 16th October to 15th December through 15th November. At dough stage leaf area index of variety PL426 was significantly higher than other two varieties when crop sown on 16th October. It was found that the root mass density (0–15 cm) was the highest in crop sown on 15th December, which was significantly higher than crop sown on 16th October but was statistically at par with 15th November sown crop. Application of 125% of RDN crop resulted in significantly higher root density up to a depth of 15 cm than crop received 75% of RDN, but was statistically at par with crop sown with the application of 100% of RDN.

The field studies were carried out for identification of various insect pests of soybean at Lambapeepal village agriculture farm in Kota region. Study of insect pest complex was done from July 2010 to October 2010 by direct visual counting method. The investigations reveal that maximum population of green semilooper was observed on vegetative stage of Glycine max, while tobacco caterpillar was most frequent on flowering and pod stages. The order of frequency of pests at vegetative stage was green semilooper (1.2) > tobacco caterpillar (0.8) > grass hoppers (0.4) >, girdle beetle and Heliothis sp. (0.2 each) > white fly (0.1). The order of frequency of pests of flowering stage was, tobacco caterpillar (3.25) > green semilooper, Heliothis sp. and grass hopper (0.8 each) > girdle beetle (0.6) > white fly (0.4) > Bihar hairy caterpillar (0.3) > pollen feeder (0.2), while the frequency order at pod stages was tobacco caterpillar (2.75) > Heliothis sp. and grasshoppers (0.8 each) > girdle beetle and hairy caterpillar (0.5 each) > pollen feeder (0.4) > white fly (0.2).

A study has been conducted to observe the management practices adopted by broiler growers in Jammu district of Jammu & Kashmir state in the year 2014. The growers were categorized into three groups on the basis of number of birds namely; growers with less than 500 birds, 501–1000 birds and more than 1000 birds. The data from 60 growers were collected by selecting randomly 20 growers from each category. The socio-economic and management characteristics of broiler farms have been studied for each category which include family composition, educational status, occupational status, investment pattern, distance from input and output markets, training and experience of growers, system of housing, feeding, water, power etc. and the marketing channels adopted for sale of broilers.

International relations include exchange transactions, contracts, flow of information and resulting behavioral responses between and among separate organized societies. After disintegration USSR in December 1991, lot of changes has happened in the international relations. The concept of regional cooperation in the field of economic in the third world countries has assumed greater importance. After the end of cold war India and Afghanistan have established a strong relationship and is significant landmark event for their implications for Indo-Afghan relations as well as it is a new dimension in economic relations to enable both nations to integrate more effectively with the Indian economy and other economics in South Asian countries. Such alliance not only helps securing Afghanistan that can also boosts economic and trade cooperation among countries in the region. This paper highlights some of the important aspects related to international relation between Afghanistan and India such as economic and developmental relations.

Context: Truck drivers in India suffer from multiple health problems related to their long travelling and inadequate rest hours. Aims: The objective was to study the health problems and risk factors in a sample of truck drivers in Hyderabad city. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted during June 2011 among 59 truck drivers from a transport company, who were interviewed using a pretested proforma and examined by trained investigators. Lab results and medical consultations were provided the following day. Results were analyzed using Microsoft Access software. Results: The mean age of truck drivers was 28.46 ± 9.3 years. 54% suffered from low backache, 16.95% from visual problems, 45.76% had hypertension, 8.47% had anemia and 30.51% had high-risk body mass index. The prevalence of risk factors for metabolic disorders was lower compared to the general population. Conclusion: Proper road and job policies for truck drivers should be framed, aiming at subjecting them for periodic health evaluations to detect the diseases early.

Department of Chemistry, Kurukshetra University. Kurukshetra-132 119 Manuscript received 28 April 1993, accepted 19 October 1993 Hypervalent Iodine in Organic Synthesis : Convenient and General Procedures for α-Functionalisation of Ketones