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A good analysis of the success factors in the university entrance exam, which is an important step for academic careers of students, is believed to help them manage this process. Properties such as self-regulation and learning approaches adopted by students undoubtedly influence their academic achievement as well as their success in university entrance exams. However, it is not exactly known how the direct and indirect relations between these variables are, and which variable has more effect on success. This research aims to determine the extent to which university entrance exam score as dependent variable; and academic achievement, deep, surface and strategic learning approaches, four sub-dimensions of self-regulatory learning skills scale as independent variables to predict university entrance exam score directly and indirectly; to this end, a path model was developed. Within the scope of the research, the data obtained from 445 students in the 4th class of the state-affiliated high schools in the 2016-2017 academic year were used. As a result of the research, the most important factor affecting the success of university entrance exam was found to be diploma grade; while diploma grades raise by using deep learning approaches, they fall by using surface learning approaches. It was detected that the use of the strategic learning approach reduces university entrance exam scores.

This study aimed to investigate relationships between Turkish middle school students' perceptions of parental involvement, students' basic psychological needs, and their engagement in science. Parental involvement was addressed with four dimensions: parents' educational aspiration, parental communication, parents' participation, and parental autonomy support. Students' basic psychological needs incorporated autonomy, competence, and relatedness. Additionally, students' engagement consisted of behavioral, cognitive, emotional, and agentic engagement. The sample of the study included 926 sixth, seventh, and eight grade students educated in one of the largest cities located in eastern part of Turkey. A path analysis using LISREL 8.8 programme was conducted to examine the hypothesized relations among variables of the study. Analysis results showed that parent educational aspiration, parental communication, parent participation, and parent autonomy support were statistically significantly and positively related to basic psychological needs. Besides, students whose basic psychological needs were met demonstrated more behavioral, cognitive, emotional, and agentic engagement in science.

This study addresses the mediator role of spousal self-disclosure in the relationship between the spousal support and satisfaction with the marriage. For this purpose, data was collected from 549 married volunteers who lived in Ankara, had a wage-earning job, and who were at least high-school graduates. The married participants of the study were applied the data collection instruments of "Marital Life Scale", "Spousal Support Scale" and "Self-Disclosure to Spouse Scale". A relational screening model was used to study the relationship among the variables of spousal support, satisfaction with the marriage, and spousal self-disclosure. The mediator role of spousal self-disclosure in the relationship between spousal support and satisfaction with the marriage was tested by a structural equality model. The software LISREL 8.8 was used to test the model of the study. The relations among the variables were analyzed by path coefficients. Based on an examination of the path coefficients, the hypothesis that the mediator role of spousal self-disclosure in the relationship between the latent variable of spousal support and marital satisfaction is statistically significant was accepted. In sum, the mediation effect of the variables of spousal self-disclosure and the spousal support explain marital satisfaction. The findings of the study revealed that the variable of spousal self-disclosure has a full mediator role in the relationship between marital satisfaction and spousal support. As a result of these findings, it is fair to say that married couples who disclose themselves more deeply and sincerely to each other have a stronger and more effective perception of intimacy and support, thus married couples are able to display more flexible and appropriate behaviors to their spouse, improving the quality of their support with the advantages of self-disclosure. One can say that a healthy self-disclosure between the couples makes the social support that the spouses perceive from each other clear, fluent and fit for the needs, and increase their marital satisfaction. In this study, marital satisfaction was analyzed under a structural model with the variables of spousal support and spousal self-disclosure. Marital satisfaction may be examined with different variables that may be supported with theoretical grounds to plan new research.

Teachers are expected to update their instructional strategies. Teaching learning approaches and epistemological beliefs may affect teaching practices. The aim of this study is analyzing the relation of variables that effect epistemological beliefs and teaching learning approaches of teacher candidates on a statistical model. According to literature, self-efficacy perceptions, individual innovativeness positions, gender and English success levels, are expected to have direct or indirect effects on epistemological beliefs and teaching learning approaches. Many studies examined these relations, but there is not any study examining all of these relations on a statistical model. In addition, the effect of individual innovativeness on epistemological beliefs and teaching learning approaches was not examined on any model previously. A theoretical model established in line with the literature and has been tested with path analysis method. Results indicate that the model gave fit with the data within acceptable limits. According to the model, learning teaching approaches of individuals with sophisticated epistemological beliefs are more constructivist. In this case epistemological belief, individual innovativeness, general self-efficacy, gender, English success level and alma mater can be said to have direct or indirect effects on teaching learning approaches of teacher candidates.

In the study, the effect of school principals' authentic leadership behaviors on teachers' perceptions of school culture was tested with the structural equation model. The study was carried out with the correlation research design. Authentic leadership behavior was taken as the independent variable, and school culture was taken as the dependent variable. The participants in the study were 256 teachers from 15 elementary schools. In the study, the research data were collected with the Authentic Leadership Scale (Walumbwa, Avolio, Gardner, Wernsing & Peterson, 2008) and the Organizational Culture Scale (Karadag, 2009). The Authentic Leadership Scale included the factors of (i) self-awareness, (ii) transparency in relations, (iii) balanced processing and (iv) internalized ethical viewpoint; as for the Organizational Culture Scale, it was made of such factors as (i) managerial and (ii) aim. In the study, in order to test the structural equation model formed theoretically, path analysis was conducted to investigate the appropriate models and to combine the measurement error in both latent and observed variables. The findings obtained demonstrated that the school principals' authentic leadership behaviors had positive effect on teachers' perceptions of school culture.

The major purpose of this study was to create a path analysis model of academic success in a group of university students, which included the variables of academic confidence and psychological capital with a mediator variable--academic coping. 400 undergraduates from Marmara University and Istanbul Commerce University who were in sophomore, junior and senior years participated in the study. The Academic Behavioral Confidence Scale, the Academic Coping Strategies Scale and the Psychological Capital Test Battery composed of the Academic Self-Efficacy Scale, the Life Orientation Test, the Hope Scale and the Resilience Scale were utilized to disclose the predictive roles of these variables on academic success. The results of path analyses showed that academic confidence and psychological capital had pivotal direct and indirect effects on academic success via the mediator variable--academic coping. Academic coping also had a direct influence on academic success. The findings of the study are essential for telling both vocational counselors and educational psychologists the fact that career interventions for university students should consider the non-cognitive factors on their academic achievements.

The aim of this study was to test a mindfulness model for flourishing along with mediating roles of self-compassion and valued living. Participants of the study were 327 undergraduate students (236 female, 91 male) with the mean age of 20.3 (SD=1.4). The results of path analysis yielded that mindfulness has positively direct relations with self-compassion and valued living. As well, the direct effects of self-compassion and valued living on flourishing were found positively significant. Both of the indirect paths from mindfulness to flourishing through self-compassion and valued living were also emerged statistically significant. The proposed model of mindfulness came by accounting for 37% of the variance of flourishing in the current study.

Mathematics is the only subject that cut across all sciences; hence the need for students' positive attitudes toward mathematics cannot be underestimated. Students' motivation has been found to be having a positive relationship with the students' attitudes toward mathematics. The aim of the study was to use path analysis to investigate the type of direct effects the motivational factors have on the students' attitudes toward mathematics. To do this, twelve senior secondary schools were randomly selected from the Edo State South Senatorial District. Thirty students were randomly selected from each of the schools and a total of three hundred and sixty students were used for the study. A self-designed four-Likert scale questionnaire titled "Students' Motivational factors and Attitudes toward mathematics" was used to gather information from the subjects. Pearson Moment correlation and Regression analysis were used to analyse the data obtained from the questionnaire. The findings of the study revealed that intrinsic, home environment and teacher factors have positive direct effects on the students' attitudes toward mathematics with intrinsic factor having the strongest and the most significant effect on students' attitudes toward mathematics. The findings also revealed that peer group factor and school environment factor have negative effects on students' attitudes toward mathematics. It was also discovered that all the motivational factors have positive and significant relationship with each other except intrinsic and school environment factors that have negative relationship with each other.

Maternal gatekeeping is characterized by the extent to which mothers engage in behaviors that ultimately serve to inhibit (i.e., gate close) or encourage (i.e., gate open) father involvement in childrearing. This study considered direct and indirect associations between observed and reported maternal gatekeeping and children's social-emotional difficulties. Data come from a sample of 182 parents who transitioned to parenthood in 2008-2010 and their young children. Results of longitudinal path analyses indicated mothers' perceptions of maternal gate closing at 3-months postpartum were associated with greater dysregulation ([beta] = 0.21, 95% CI [0.08, 0.35], p = 0.002) and externalizing ([beta] = 0.25, 95% CI [0.10, 0.41], p = 0.001) in 26-month-old toddlers. Observed maternal gate opening at 3-months postpartum predicted lower dysregulation ([beta] = -0.18, 95% CI [-0.32, -0.05], p = 0.008) in 26-month-old toddlers. Observed fathers' parenting quality did not mediate associations between maternal gatekeeping and child social-emotional difficulties. However, a statistically significant interaction between infant negative affect and observed maternal gate opening emerged as a predictor of toddler dysregulation, such that the adjusted negative effect of observed maternal gate opening on toddler dysregulation was strongest when infant negative affect was loslew. Statistically significant interactions between fathers' perceptions of gate closing and infant negative affect also emerged as predictors of toddler dysregulation and externalizing. Infants high in negative affect exposed to maternal gate closing were at the greatest risk for externalizing and dysregulation difficulties. Implications for maternal gatekeeping theory and research are discussed.

This study explored associations among children's prior attitudes, prior mathematics knowledge, and frequency of digital game use, with children's perceptions of game affordances, and transfer to out-of-game performance when interacting with digital math games, with respect to gender. Participants were 187 children (ages 8-12). An SEM mediation path analysis using MPLUS software showed significant direct effects for all pathways for all children, and significant indirect effects on all pathways for male children and five of six pathways for female children. More favorable attitudes, prior math knowledge, and perception of the helping affordances were associated with increased posttest performance, while increased frequency of digital game use and stronger perception of the hindering affordances was associated with decreased posttest performance. The model showed stronger connections for male children between frequency of digital game use, prior mathematics knowledge, and hindering affordances to the posttest, while female children showed stronger connections between attitude and perception of helping affordances to the posttest.

In a previous study, reactive criminal thinking or cognitive impulsivity mediated the relationship between parental knowledge and delinquency. This study sought to determine whether cognitive impulsivity also mediated the relationship between parental knowledge and childhood aggression. A path analysis was performed on a sample of 438 early adolescent boys (n = 206) and girls (n = 232) from the Illinois Study of Bullying and Sexual Violence using three waves of non-overlapping data. As predicted, cognitive impulsivity mediated the relationship between parental knowledge and childhood aggression, but cognitive insensitivity did not. The results of this study provide ongoing support for the general conceptual argument that childhood aggression parallels delinquency in certain respects and that parental knowledge deters both future delinquency and childhood aggression by reducing the cognitive impulsivity that is central to the behavioral patterns of delinquency and childhood aggression.

The career adaptation model helps to explain the process of transitioning from university to employment among college students. This study tested the invariance of the model for gender and for Portuguese and Brazilian cultural contexts. Participants included 638 students (69% women, 66.1% Brazilian), aged 18 to 56 (M = 23.78, SD = 20.33). Individuals' adaptability resources, adapting responses, and adaptation results were considered and assessed. Multigroup path analysis results indicated invariance of the model only for contexts, indicating that the adaptation process, in university to employment transition, is equivalent in Portugal and Brazil, guiding career interventions in both contexts.

Meta-analytic structural equation modeling (MASEM) refers to fitting structural equation models (SEMs) (such as path models or factor models) to meta-analytic data. Currently, fitting MASEMs may be challenging for researchers that are not accustomed to working with R software and packages. Therefore, we developed webMASEM; a web application for MASEM. This app implements the one-stage MASEM approach, and allows users to apply MASEM in a user-friendly way. The aim of this article is to provide a tutorial on one-stage MASEM and a practical guide to webMASEM. We will pay specific attention to how the data should be structured and prepared for webMASEM, because mistakes in this step may lead to faulty results without receiving an error message. The use of webMASEM is illustrated with an analysis of a meta-analytic path model in which the path coefficients are moderated by a study-level variable, a meta-analytic factor model in which the factor loadings are moderated by a study-level variable, and a meta-analytic panel model in which the effects are moderated by a study-level variable. All used datafiles and R scripts are available online.

The purpose of the current study was to explore whether depression symptoms mediate the relationships between perceptions of social support from three sources; namely parents, teachers, and peers, and non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) and suicidal ideation. We also tested the interactions between the different sources of support. Focusing on the Arab-Israeli population is unique as it is an ethnic minority characterized with strong familial support, and less access to mental health services compared to the ethnic majority. Adolescents (N = 276; 65.6% girls; mean age 15.1 years) from the Arab minority in northern Israel were sampled (74% response rate). Participants were evaluated using validated scales assessing perceived social support, NSSI and suicidal ideation. Path analysis with Bayesian estimation supported the hypothesized model. Depression symptoms fully mediated the relationships between school-related social support (i.e., teachers and peers) and NSSI, and partially between parents' support and suicidal ideation. Interactions between the social support sources were not significant, and cluster analysis indicated that each source is independently essential to understand NSSI and suicide ideation. This model emphasizes the importance of school-related factors in adolescents' particular aspects of mental health, and suggests that one source of social support may not compensate for a lack of another.

This study aimed to test three competing hypotheses concerning the strength of the cross-language relationship in listening comprehension proficiency in emergent bilinguals: Cummins's developmental linguistic interdependence hypothesis, Proctor, August, Snow, and Barr's interdependence continuum hypothesis, and Goodrich, Lonigan, Kleuver, and Farver's language independence hypothesis. We assessed 75 Turkish-Dutch bilingual children attending Dutch-medium schools using a two-wave design. This involved an assessment of sentence comprehension when the children were in preschool, followed by an assessment of their discourse comprehension in 1st grade. Correlational, multiple regression, and path analyses indicated significant positive and medium-sized L1-L2 relationships between listening comprehension proficiency at the two points in time yet not over time. These findings were consistent with the developmental linguistic interdependence hypothesis for sentence comprehension and with the developmental linguistic interdependence and the language independence hypotheses for discourse comprehension. We advocate a multidimensional explanatory framework to explore the moderating role of type of skill in determining the strength of the cross-language relationship.

The difference in economic development among nations entirely emanates from difference in human capital development as it is the priority pathway out of poverty, diverse socio-economic and environmental crises. Although, huge investment in human capital development has long been made, mere investment will never lead to quality labor force unless paths for quality education are well substantiated. This study identifies viable paths to quality education using cross-sectional survey design by making data acquisition from 150 students selected using multistage sampling. Factor analysis and path analysis were employed to identify principal components explaining most of the variation in academic performance and to identify statistically significant paths leading into and out of quality education, respectively. Accordingly, labor market demand (unemployment), student's learning-attitude, communication skill, curriculum teaching method and learning facility are statistically significant factors, together explaining 74% of the variation in academic performance of students. Path analysis result indicated that the availability of learning facilities and macroeconomic situations (perceived unemployment and perceived employment-by-chance) is statistically significant. Thus, paradigm shifts in both internal (students and institutions) and external forces are needed. Specifically, ensuring cumulative grade point average (CGPA)-based employment as compared to chance-based employment followed by fulfillment of learning facilities will equip students for better academic results. Besides, the interaction of curriculum revision and learning facilities, and assisting students from lowincome family are necessary policy synergy interventions to realize the quest of "quality education-quality labor force for economic development" if implemented with greater inter-sector integration from micro to macro levels.

Assistive Technology is playing an enabler role in the life of Down Syndrome. Assistive Technology can allow Down Syndrome to engage in the normal life activities and be more social and independent. The Arab countries are providing vital effort on facilitating the life of Down Syndrome and encouraging their engagement in normal social life. However, there is a lack in utilizing Assistive Technology in supporting such segment of people in these countries. The main aim of the current research is to investigate the current situation regarding the adoption of AT in the teaching and learning processes of Down Syndrome students in inclusion schools and rehabilitation centers in Kingdom of Bahrain. In addition, the impacts of AT in enhancing the independence, performance and social interaction of Down Syndrome students were examined. To achieve these objectives, two different questionnaires were administered to a non-random sample of teachers or specialists and families of Down Syndrome at Kingdom of Bahrain. In general the results show that the adoption of AT in teaching and learning of Down Syndrome students can enable them to be more social and independent person. AT can enhance the Down Syndrome communication which in turn can improve their independence, social interaction, and performance. However, to perceived the greatest and sustainable advantage on using AT, there is still a need for enhancing the capabilities and skills of the teachers/specialists and families to be able to adopt the AT for getting the best results. The research outcomes address several recommendations to enhance the educational process for the Down Syndrome students and other disabled people in Kingdom of Bahrain. Moreover, the study has a vital contribution to the theoretical literature and knowledge by building new model for examining the impact of AT on the Down Syndrome which is rarely develop by previous literature. In addition, it has developed new measurements which can be adopted in further studies in the same field.

Metacognitive awareness constitutes a part of thinking skills to continuously retain and develop. One of efforts to increase metacognitive awareness is conducting training through lecture integrated in active learning. Self and peer-assessments encourage students to be more responsible for their performance improvement and learning. The population comprised students attending Natural Science course in Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, University of Muhammadiyah Malang; while the samples were all members of the population taken by means of saturation sampling technique. The technique of data collection was by means of Schraw and Dennison MAI (Metacognition Awareness Instrument), written test, and document analysis. The result path analysis showed: 1) there are influences of self and peer assessment in active learning towards awareness of Metacognition and cognitive ability; 2) cognitive knowledge, regulation of cognitive, and combined both contributed to its influence on Metacognition awareness; 3) cognitive knowledge, regulation of cognitive, and combined both contributed to its influence on cognitive variables; and 4) metacognitive awareness variables have a direct contribution to cognitive variables that are the influence of factors outside the metacognitive awareness variable.

The purpose of this study was to verify a Chinese version of Community of Inquiry (CoI) instrument with learning presence and explore the causal relationships of the factors in the instrument. This study first examined the reliability and validity of the instrument. All four presences had acceptable levels of reliability (all Cronbach's a > 0.765 or higher). The confirmatory factor modeling approach was used to assess its validity. Then, the study used path analysis and regression analysis to explore the causal relationships of the presences. The key findings showed that teaching and social presences directly influenced the perceptions of learning presence. Learning presence was a partial mediating variable of interactional relationship within CoI constructs.

The objective of the present study is to examine the correlation between the five factor personality traits of pre-service teachers and their attitudes towards the teaching profession and to test the mediating role of the pre-service teachers' self-efficacy beliefs. The study population included pre-service teachers that attended the "pedagogical formation course" instructed/applied in Inönü University, Faculty of Education, Department of Educational Sciences in 2015-2016 academic year. The survey sample included 382 pre-service teachers who voluntarily responded to the measurement instruments utilized in the study. The study data were collected with the "five factor personality scale," "attitudes towards the teaching profession scale" and "teacher self-efficacy scale." The obtained data were analyzed with path analysis of structural equation modeling. In conclusion, it was observed that there was a significant positive correlation between the five factor personality traits of extraversion, conscientiousness, openness and agreeableness and teacher self-efficacy belief, and there was a significant negative correlation between neuroticism personality trait and teacher self-efficacy belief. It was observed that the self-efficacy beliefs of pre-service teachers played a full mediating role between their neuroticism, openness and extraversion personality traits, and the same played a partial mediating role in the correlation between conscientiousness and agreeableness personality traits and the attitude towards the teaching profession. The implementation of a curriculum in pre-service teacher training that would increase the self-efficacy beliefs on teaching would also improve their attitudes towards the profession positively.

Turkey is now on its way to reforming compulsory education and having a more effective and efficient education system by creating more accountable schools. This research has been designed in a causative pattern to discover the effects of external academic performance pressures on school accountability policies and school accountability responses based on quantitative data obtained both from teachers and school administrators. First, account-giving behaviors related to teaching activities among school teachers and administrators directed at themselves and created by academic performance pressures coming from school shareholders, the local socio-environment, and upper bureaucracy respectively were discovered. Second, academic performance pressures from school shareholders create more support for schools' policy on market accountability, whereas bureaucratic performance pressures create resistance to the policy on performance accountability. Third, those who favor obeying the rules for teaching are more inclined to give an account of their deeds to the upper bureaucracy.

The present study employs social cognitive theory (SCT) and social capital as the guiding frameworks to explain online interaction quality among learners in a blended learning program (N = 179). Capturing performance expectancy by perceived learning benefits and online interaction quality with nuanced cognitive measures, the study aims to validate how the SCT and social capital, which are mostly used in predicting online interaction quality in virtual settings, are applicable in an academic setting. More specifically, we investigate the relationship between trust, norms of reciprocity, sense of belonging, altruism, perceived learning benefits and learners' perception of online interaction quality. Data were collected quantitatively by means of a questionnaire. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and path analysis were employed to validate the instrument and answer the research question respectively. The findings show that only sense of belonging and perceived learning benefits significantly account for a moderate variance in online interaction quality (R[superscript 2] = 0.46). Based on the findings, implications for instructional practice and further research are suggested.

A recently validated trait personality framework is the HEXACO (honesty-humility, emotionality, extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness to experience). Little is yet known about how the HEXACO personality dimensions and its subsets--particularly the dimension of honesty-humility--relates to physical activity and body size dissatisfaction as a function of gender. This study tests these relations across men and women through a proposed path model wherein personality and physical activity relate indirectly through lower body size dissatisfaction and perceived fitness in 315 university students. Results pertaining to honesty-humility revealed that women were higher in honesty-humility, emotionality, and conscientiousness. Women with higher honesty-humility (notably sincerity) were prone to lower body size dissatisfaction whereas lower levels of modesty predicted physical activity levels in men. The proposed path model had an excellent fit in both men and women although significant pathways were more prevalent in women than in men. The role of body size dissatisfaction seems to be more salient in explaining the relationship between the HEXACO personality dimensions and perceived fitness and physical activity in women than men. We recommend that practitioners particularly note the vulnerability of women university students who are high in emotionality and low in honesty-humility (especially sincerity) and agreeableness.

The aim of this study is to investigate the moderating effects of attachment styles and gender on the predictive strength of marital adjustment on psychological symptoms among Turkish married individuals. Correlational model was used and the sample consisted of 178 married individuals. The data was gathered through online survey. The Turkish form of Brief Symptom Inventory (BFI) was used to measure psychological symptoms. The Turkish form of Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS) was used to measure marital adjustment and the Turkish form of Relationship Scales Questionnaire (RSQ) was used to measure attachment styles. The hypothetical model was formed and tested through path analysis technique of structural equational modeling. Results showed that secure, dismissing and fearful attachment styles and gender moderated the predictive strength of marital adjustment on psychological symptoms. It was found that the relationship between marital adjustment and psychological symptom is stronger among individuals who have secure attachment style.

The main purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of ethical leadership on teachers' job satisfaction, and affective commitment in an education sector. This study proposes that ethical leadership has a significant and positive effect on overall job satisfaction and affective commitment. Moreover, it suggests that ethical leadership has an influence on overall job satisfaction and affective commitment. In this study, the relationships among the variables were evaluated using correlation, and regression analysis. The results which is based on a sample of 150 teachers from four private schools in Pakistan demonstrate that overall job satisfaction has a significant and positive influence on affective commitment, whereas, marriage as a demographic variable has a positive effect on overall job satisfaction and affective commitment.

The objective of study is the underlying to relationship between emotional self-efficacy and educational stress with a structural equation model. The research was conducted on 232 secondary school students. Emotional self-efficacy scale and educational stress scale were used in the study. It was found that there was a negative correlation between emotional self-efficacy and educational stress. Findings obtained from the structural equation model; educational stress were negatively predicted by emotional self-efficacy. The fit index obtained from the structural equation model show that the model fits well. Findings are discussed depending on the literature.

The purpose of this study is to verify the causal relationship between middle school students' critical reading skills, science literacy skills and attitudes towards science literacy with research data according to the default model. Through the structural equation modeling, path analysis has been applied in the study which was designed in correlational model. The sample of the study consists of 1170 students enrolled in 18 schools determined based on socio-economic status. However, the results showed that validity criteria was satisfied with the 1130 participants. As data collection tool, the scale of critical reading skills, science literacy skills test, and the attitude scale toward science literacy were used. Descriptive statistics, Pearson product moment correlation analysis technique and path analysis were employed for the data analysis. The findings of the research show that there are significant and positive relations between critical reading skills, science literacy skills and attitudes towards science. In addition, critical reading skills have a statistically positive predictive effect on science literacy skill. It has also been founded that science literacy skills predict the attitudes towards scientific literacy in a meaningful way. Moreover, critical reading skills directly predict the scientific literacy in a meaningful, positive direction. It has been revealed that science literacy skill, which exists in the model, acts as partial mediating variable. As a result, as put forward in theory, critical thinking, critical reading skill, and science literacy skills and attitudes have been found to be closely related.

This study aims to identify and examine the role of organizational culture on teacher performance. In the present study examined the role of organizational culture with teacher performance. In accordance with the study design, namely the survey, the data collected in this research is quantitative data. The data is extracted and obtained through the views of teachers through questionnaires. To test the hypothesis formulated likert scale instrument is required to generate the data interval. These results indicate there is no significant effect between Organizational Culture on Teacher Performance. The value of the coefficient is positive, which means that the better the organizational culture will lead to better teacher performance, and vice versa, the less good organizational culture will lead to a decrease in teacher performance. Role between the two is not significant, because it has a relatively weak role as well as through other variables.

The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of teacher candidates' critical literacy levels on their media literacy levels. In the study, general survey model was used. The working group consists of 565 students studying at various departments of Bartin University, Faculty of Education. "Media Literacy Level Determination Scale" developed by Karaman and Karatas (2009) and "The scale of Critical Literacy" developed by Yilmaz (2013) were used in this study. According to the results of the path analysis which is conducted to determine the effect of the critical literacy of teacher candidates on their media literacy, it is seen that the t values related to the variables of media literacy and critical literacy are significant at 0.05 level. In addition, it is seen that p value related to x[superscript 2] value is significant in the model which critical literacy affects media literacy.

Purpose: Student motivation for positive academic outcome and persistence at school is significantly affected by personal and environmental factors. Anchored in self-determination theory, this study tested a motivational model which looked at how support in terms of perceived teacher autonomy and from school administration constituted the key factors in explaining school climate. The study was also primarily concerned with how these crucial factors would help predict student motivation and perceived competence, and how they in turn, would affect student school performance and help predict student drop out intentions. Methodology: This model was tested on 277 first year vocational college students in Hanoi, Vietnam. Data was collected through a self-report questionnaire. The hypothesized relationships were tested using partial least squares (WarpPLS 3.0). Findings: The structural model analysis carried out suggested that all the hypothesized relationships were statistically significant. Student experience of autonomy support from teachers and administrators predicted motivation and perceived competence, which in turn predicted student school performance and intentions to drop out from school. Significance: The findings and its implication were discussed in relation to the type of teacher classroom behaviour and the nature of school administration style that would be required to facilitate autonomy support for the students to enhance their motivation and help them gain competence.

This research aims to know the influence of the allowances and the creativity of work on the performance of Secondary Vocational School teacher (SMK) in the Province of East Nusa Tenggara (Province NTT). Implementation of the survey method, i.e. to know the obvious problems with the picture of samples in field. The sample selected by random sampling technique of 4 County and 1 City in the Province of East Nusa Tenggara (Province NTT). The instruments used in this study is a questionnaire about: benefits, Working and performance and teacher creativity, who each totaled 30 items and 25 reserved. The obtained data were analyzed using path analysis. The study found the following results: 1). Evaluation of the Allowances received by SMK teachers in NTT province did not give a positive direct effect on teacher performance, this is shown from the correlation coefficient between the allowance received by the teacher and the teacher's performance of -0.013 and the path coefficient of -0.08. This can be interpreted that the high performance of a vocational school teacher in NTT Province is not influenced by the size of the allowance received by the teacher, 2). The evaluation of creativity gives a positive direct effect on the performance of SMK teachers in NTT Province, this is shown from the correlation coefficient between work creativity with teacher performance of 0.390 and the path coefficient of 0.403. This means that the higher the creativity of work the higher the performance, and conversely the lower the creativity of work, the lower the performance, and 3). Allowances received by SMK teachers in NTT Province give positive indirect effect on teacher performance through work creativity, this is shown from correlation coefficient between allowance received by teacher with teacher performance equal to -0.013 and path coefficient equal to -0.08 and correlation coefficient Between creativity of work with teacher performance equal to 0.390 and path coefficient 0.403. The coefficient of combined path (indirectly) is 0.067; Meaning the higher the allowance received by the teacher indirectly through the creativity of the work the higher the performance of the teacher. The research concluded that the allowances do not affect work directly against the performance of teachers. Affect the work will support the work of teachers' creativity that would have an impact on performance, The teacher SMK in Province NTT. Therefore allowances work gives an indirect influence on performance through increased teacher creativity works.

Purpose: Health warnings printed on cigarette packets are an important vehicle in that they demonstrate and inform people of the threats and health risks related to smoking. Increasing the effectiveness of this vehicle is one of the purposes of this study. Research Methods: Since this research aims to describe the associations between dependent and independent variables and determine whether or not independent variables influence dependent variables, it is a correlational study in the category of descriptive research. The research group was composed of 848 randomly chosen undergraduate students. The data were collected through a questionnaire used in similar research. Path analysis and logistic regression analysis were employed in the analysis of the data. Findings: According to the findings, the variables of response efficacy, self-efficacy, probability of harm and the severity of harm have high rates of explanation in both groups, but are higher in the combined warning group. It is apparent that the severity of harm and probability of harm will not be influential in behaviours in both groups without the variable of the instrument of fear. The reason for this is that fear can be associated with the function of the moderator. Implications for Research and Practice: In conclusion, it may be stated that the written text warnings and combined warnings printed on cigarette packets can be influential (and combined warnings are more influential) in preventing individuals from smoking. Enlarging this project and applying it to different groups is important in terms of understanding the durability of the relevant behaviour.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to determine the predictive and explanatory relationship model between procrastination, motivation, anxiety and academic achievement of university students. Research Methods: In this study, a causal research design was used. The study group consisted of 211 participants. In order to determine their motivation levels, Academic Motivation Scale (AMS); their anxiety levels, Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety Scale (FLCAS) and their procrastination levels, Aitken Procrastination Inventory (API) were all applied. Students' grades during the term were considered as the criteria for academic achievement. Data were obtained through Structural Equation Model (SEM). Findings: Within the theoretical background, the proposed model was tested, and after path analysis it was modified and verified by testing through fitness indexes. The values confirmed that the model is compatible and the goodness-of-fitness values are within the limits. Findings reveal that, there is not a significant relationship between anxiety and academic achievement. However, both the relationship between academic procrastination and academic achievement and the relationship between motivation and academic achievement are significant. According to findings, the relationship between academic procrastination and motivation is significant and negative. Considering the findings, the predictive and explanatory relationship pattern between procrastination, motivation anxiety and academic achievement was suggested as a model. Implications for Research and Practice: Procrastination and motivation are significant variables in predicting academic achievement. Future studies could focus on other affective variables that are thought to have relationship to academic achievement.

This research is a descriptive study based on the testing of a structural model developed by considering the effects of perceived social support and subjective well-being on adolescents' risky behaviors, and the possible mediating role of self-esteem. Participants consisted of 676 high school students attending formal education institutions, including 376 girls and 300 boys. Data collection employed the use of the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory-Short Form, Risky Behaviors Scale, Social Support Rating Scale for Children and Adolescents, Subjective Well-being Scale, and a personal information form. LISREL 8.51 software was used in the establishment of the structural model, and analyses revealed sufficient levels of model-data fit indices. Accordingly, subjective well-being and perceived social support, together with the mediating effect of self-esteem, explained 29% of the variation in risky behaviors.

A good vocational high school prepares students for developing capability of working independently, demonstrating professional attitude at work, and being productive which that require good learning results for the realization thereof. the learning results serve as the yardstick of students' success. The purpose of this article is to find out the contribution of factors influencing students' learning results comprising the learning discipline and motivation of vocational high school students. The sampling used was the industrial vocational high school students. The employment of path analysis was intended to find out the contribution of each variable. The results of the research showed that the learning discipline and motivation significantly contributed to students' learning. The high discipline elevated the learning motivation that leads up to the enhanced learning results. [The publication year printed on the PDF is incorrect, http://www.ijese.net/arsiv/157.]

Job pride and honor is affected by various causes. Elements of positive psychology can be pointed out as one of them that in recent years has played an important role in organizational development. Hence, this study is to provide a prediction model about the impact of hope and resilience on job pride and honor with an emphasis on mediator role of communication among faculty members of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. Background and aim: The aim of this research was to examine the effect of hope and resilience on job honor with an emphasis on the mediating role of communication. Materials and Methods: 250 faculty members of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences (Clinical Science and Basic Science Departments) were selected as the sample using Cochran's formula and random stratified sampling. Data were collected using a standard questionnaire and were analyzed in Smart PLS. Findings/ Conclusion: The results of path analysis showed the significant positive effect of communications, hope and resilience on job honor. The results also indicated the significant positive effect of communication on job honor. The proposed model adequately fit the data.

This study investigates the mediatory role of exercise self-regulation role in the relationship between personality traits and anger management among athletes. The statistical population of this study includes all athlete students of Shar-e Ghods College, among which 260 people were selected as sample using random sampling method. In addition, the analysis was done using structural equation modeling and path analysis through SPSS and Amous software. The results indicated that in investigating the effect of personality traits on anger management, neuroticism impacts on anger management positively and agreeableness and conscientiousness impact on anger management negatively. In response to the second question, it was concluded that exercise self-regulation impacts on anger management positively, so that with one increase in the standard deviation of exercise self-regulation scores, 0.224 standard deviation is added to anger management. Therefore, in response to the third research question, it was concluded that exercise self-regulation mediates the effect of agreeableness and conscientiousness on anger management significantly.

This quantitative research examined factors that affect elementary students' creativity and how those factors correlate. Aiming to identify significant factors that affect creativity and to clarify the relationship between these factors by path analysis, this research was designed to be a stepping stone for creativity enhancement studies. Data were gathered from 208 students in 3 fifth-grade classes and 3 sixth-grade classes in 5 different schools located in Seoul, Korea. Survey questions, asked through five-score Likert-scale items, focused on attentiveness in science class, creativity and scientific attitude, which has been shown by the literature to have positive influences on one another. The findings include that their scientific attitude, attentiveness, and creativity correlated with significance, where gender did not have an effect on the relationship. Gender and age of the students have shown no significant effect on their scientific attitude, attentiveness or creativity. Scientific attitude, attentiveness and creativity have demonstrated positive effects to each other, the effect being stronger from scientific attitude to creativity (0.659) than the other two, attentiveness & scientific attitude (0.32) and attentiveness & creativity (0.368). Scientific attitude affects creativity most directly (0.659), and attentiveness would affect creativity more as a cofactor next to the scientific attitude (0.213) rather than when it's by itself (0.154). That is, if a teacher devises a certain way to enhance attentiveness of students during their science class, their scientific attitude and attentiveness would increase, giving them a solid chance to enhance their creativity consequently.

This paper shows the results of a study based on path analysis about the predictive and mediator role of environmental awareness on the conceptions of Pre-service Primary teachers about science education. The model thus obtained is validated through a representative sample of 300 students from a four-year university degree for teacher training. The method of unweighted least squares is used to perform the analysis and the results show a good fit to the data model. Therefore, it is assumed that students with higher levels of environmental awareness may be more effective in their future teaching profession. Consequently, the increase in environmental practices in schools makes a small but important contribution to the overall improvement of the environment and the training of future citizens.

The study tests an integrative model that considers the plausible effects of different areas of work life on emotional exhaustion. It also tests the mediating effect of organizational trust on this relationship. More specifically, while perceived incongruence in six areas of work life (workload, fairness, reward, community, control and value) is treated as a predictor of emotional exhaustion, organizational trust is treated as a mediating factor in understanding the underlying mechanism of emotional exhaustion in academicians. Data were collected from 201 academicians working in public universities in Turkey and were analyzed using a structural equation model. Results provided partial support for the proposed conceptual model. Specifically, organizational trust mediated the link between four areas of work life (i.e., workload, fairness, reward, and value) and emotional exhaustion. Contrary to our expectations, the mediating effect of organizational trust was found to be insignificant for community and control. Findings suggest the importance of building organizational trust by focusing on six areas of work life in order to prevent burnout in academicians.

Previous research has shown that adolescent peer groups play a role in maintaining and exacerbating demographic differences in achievement. However, there is still limited knowledge about the malleable factors that contribute to these achievement disparities. This short-term longitudinal study examined one such malleable factor--namely, perceived norms. Participants were 710 Asian American and Hispanic/Latino students in Grades 9 and 10 followed over 1 year. Normative perceptions and academic engagement were measured with adolescent self-report. Grade-point averages and standardized test scores were obtained from school records. Path analyses showed that injunctive norms (perception of the acceptability of academic effort), but not descriptive norms (perception of peers' typical academic effort), significantly accounted for racial/ ethnic group differences in self-reported engagement and standardized test scores. This study indicates that perceived norms may contribute to racial/ethnic differences in educational outcomes.

The study aimed to explore cross-linguistic contributions of morphological awareness to Chinese reading acquisition among Chinese heritage language (CHL) learners who had grown up speaking Chinese at home, received English medium education throughout schooling, and were studying Chinese at the time of the study. The sample thus represents a growing number of heritage-language (HL) speakers in US schools whose literacy development is not yet well documented. Little is known, to date, as to how HL literacy development benefits from the linguistic and metalinguistic resources gained through early oral language exposure. In the study, college-level CHL students (N = 195) completed a series of reading measures in their dominant language (English) and heritage language (Chinese). Path analysis was employed to test the cross-linguistic relationships in morphological awareness and lexical inference ability. The findings showed that dominant-language morphological awareness was significantly related to lexical inference skills in two languages. More critically, the current study tested the direct and indirect contributions of dominant-language morphological awareness to HL lexical inference. The results showed that dominant-language morphological awareness contributed only indirectly to HL lexical inference through HL morphological awareness and dominant-language lexical inference. Based on the findings, four tentative conclusions can be drawn: morphological awareness and lexical inference skills transfer across languages; cross-linguistic interaction only occurs between corresponding subskills; transferred subskills are modified to accommodate the target language properties; and the benefits of transferred subskills are realized only through their corresponding subskills in the target language. Practical implications of the findings are also discussed regarding HL instruction and learning.

Pursuing creativity through collaboration with others is an important learning goal in education. The purpose of this study is to investigate how team goal orientations are related to team creativity and team achievement in collaborative learning contexts with the aim of providing a supportive environment for creative learning. Learning communities were chosen for the study because they provide a context for collaborative learning, which is considered a high-impact educational practice. A path model was proposed to test the direct and indirect relationships between team goal orientations (mastery, performance-approach, and performance-avoidance), team interaction, and team learning outcomes (team creativity and team achievement). In particular, based on the literature review, the interactive relationship between the team mastery and team performance-approach goal orientations was included in the model. Data were collected from 589 college students divided into 175 teams who participated in learning communities at a South Korean university; these data were aggregated and analyzed at the team level. The path analysis results indicated that team mastery goal orientation was positively related to increased team interaction and team creativity, and the team performance-approach goal orientation was positively related to team creativity and team achievement. Interestingly, a significant interaction effect between the team mastery and team performance-approach goal orientations on team interaction was revealed. Team interaction was significantly related to team creativity but not to team achievement.

Prosodic sensitivity--the rhythmic patterning of speech--is theorized to influence reading and spelling via vocabulary knowledge, phonological, and morphological awareness. Previously this conceptual model has been evidenced with children who can already read, however as orthographic knowledge can be used to complete phonological awareness tasks it cannot be said definitively that it is prosodic sensitivity influencing reading and spelling and not the reverse. Therefore, the present study sought to test the model in a longitudinal study conducted at the outset of reading development. A sample of 4- to 5-year-old English-speaking children (N = 101) were assessed for their prosodic sensitivity, vocabulary knowledge, phonological and morphological awareness, and 1 year later (N = 93) for their word reading and spelling. A path analysis revealed that the conceptual model provides an adequate fit to our sample data: prosodic sensitivity in pre-reading children predicts reading and spelling indirectly through other emergent literacy skills. The implications of these findings are discussed in relation to models of literacy development and literacy instruction.

This meta-analytic path analysis presents evidence that first-year academic performance (FYAP), measured by first-year grade point average (FYGPA) plays the major role in determining second-year student retention and that socioeconomic status (SES), measured by parental income, plays a negligible role. Based on large sample data used in a previous study, we conducted additional analyses that included corrections for measurement error and created path models using precollege academic achievement, measured by ACT Composite scores and high school GPA (HSGPA), and SES to predict FYAP and then second-year retention. Precollege academic performances had direct effects on FYAP, and FYAP fully mediated their effects on second-year retention. SES did not contribute to the prediction of FYAP, and it had only a trivial effect on second-year retention. The results of this study point to the criticality of FYAP, and supporting first-year student academic success may serve as the central vehicle for retention efforts.

Notwithstanding the importance of self-regulated learning (SRL), several studies have shown that schools and teachers struggle to promote SRL. Also, many students encounter difficulties with effectively regulating their learning. Therefore, the present study explores potential hampering and supporting factors for SRL implementation by investigating the interplay between determinants at the school, teacher, and student level. Survey data were gathered from 1,796 upper primary school students and their 110 teachers in 43 primary schools. The results of the multilevel path analyses underline the importance of reflective dialogue between team members because it is positively and directly related to teachers' SRL self-efficacy and indirectly to their self-reported SRL promotion. At the teacher level, a strong interrelatedness is shown between teachers' beliefs, self-efficacy, and SRL promotion. Finally, this study provides evidence for a significant but mostly negative relation between teachers' SRL promotion and students' metacognition and motivation, taking into account students' background characteristics.

This paper reports a study that investigated the dimensions underneath the construct of foreign language classroom enjoyment and explored the pattern in which these enjoyment dimensions affect foreign language achievement. To this end, 320 first language Chinese senior high school students, who were learning English as a foreign language (EFL), were invited to complete an adapted version of the Foreign Language Enjoyment Scale. These students' mid-term English examination scores were collected as a measure of foreign language achievement. Factorial analysis revealed a 3-factor solution for the adapted scale, including "Enjoyment of Teacher Support," "Enjoyment of Student Support," and "Enjoyment of Foreign Language Learning." Path analysis showed that "Enjoyment of Foreign Language Learning" had a direct effect on mid-term scores. "Enjoyment of Teacher Support" and "Enjoyment of Student Support" indirectly affected language achievement via "Enjoyment of Foreign Language Learning." There was no significant difference in the indirect effect of enjoyment of teacher and student support on English achievement. The findings are discussed and pedagogical implications are suggested.