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كتب قانونية اكاديمية

This collection reflects on contemporary and contentious issues in international rulemaking in regards to pharmaceutical patent law. With chapters from both well-established and rising scholars, the collection contributes to the understanding of the regulatory framework governing pharmaceutical patents as an integrated discipline through the assessment of relevant laws, trends and policy options. Focusing on patent law and related pharmaceutical regulations, the collection addresses the pressing issues governments face in an attempt to resolve policy dilemmas involving competing interests, needs and objectives. The common theme running throughout the collection is the need for policy and law makers to think and act in a systemic manner and to be more reflective and responsive in finding new solutions within and outside the patent system to the long-standing problems as well as emerging challenges

The apparent contradiction between intellectual property (IP) rights (particularly patents) and competition is often noted: in ostensibly aiming to promote innovation and long-term competition, the patent system in fact provides a temporary right to exclude. Is it possible to adjust patent policies to better account for the trade-off between static and dynamic welfare, and minimize the risks of anticompetitive behaviour implemented through the misuse of patents? With a focus on the pharmaceutical sector, this book, the first to deal with this issue on a global basis, tackles the clashes of case law by Courts and antitrust enforcement by competition authorities that undermine the predictability of solutions to this problem and increase the risk of fundamental rights violations and excessive transitional costs for enterprises. Examining the approaches to both competition and IP regulation in fourteen leading jurisdictions, the analysis provides a comparative perspective on recent relevant regulations and case law in the pharmaceutical sector. Thirty-one contributions by internationally known experts in both fields – judges in specialized courts, chairmen and board members of national competition authorities, and well known scholars and practitioners – focus on the salient topics and on the interplay between patent law and competition law, with an insight into the human rights issues that arise. Among the topics covered are the following: - balancing the human right to health with competition law and IP law; - patent lifecycle strategies; - reverse payment settlements; - abusive litigation; - damages for patents and antitrust infringements; - co-marketing and co-promotion agreements; and - the role of the Unified Patent Court. The jurisdictions covered are Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, Greece, India, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Russia, South Africa, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The book's ultimate and challenging proposal identifies the pharmaceutical sector itself as a starting point for reshaping a more procompetitive and harmonized system of regulation. In its dedication to striking the right balance between static (short-term) and dynamic (long-term) efficiency, and thus opening the way to a more balanced approach and a higher standard of harmonization in the pharmaceutical sector, this book has no peers. As a detailed comparative analysis and clarification of current trends worldwide in regulation and jurisprudence at the crossroads between IP and competition law, it suggests new ground for steps forward in an essential area for modern economies. It will be of great value to lawyers, economists, and policymakers in both fields of IP and competition law.

Although the pivotal role of the inventiveness requirement in patent law is broadly accepted, it has long remained an ill-defined concept, and in current debates the question is often raised whether the requirement is capable of functioning as an adequate ‘gate-keeper'. By providing a broad and historical perspective on the inventiveness concept in patent law, this groundbreaking work lays a very thorough conceptual basis for further and more in-depth discussions on current standards of inventiveness. In a method guided by geography and chronology, the author weaves developments in numerous countries – focusing primarily on the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, and the Netherlands – into a fullscale analysis of the inventiveness concept. Among the questions raised and examined are the following: - How do industrial–economic considerations influence the requirement? - Are there different doctrinal ‘schools of thought'that can be distinguished? - Should the current requirement stay in close relationship with its predecessors or is it fundamentally different? - Which socio-economic and political forces have influenced or diverted the evolution of the requirement? - What are the most conspicuous similarities and dissimilarities among the jurisdictions under examination? And how can they be explained? - To what extent is the ‘inventive step'requirement applied in a uniform manner within the European Patent Convention area? - To what extent has the enormous recent growth of patent grants been brought about by relaxation of the inventiveness requirement? This book provides crucially important fundamental commentary for lawyers, jurists, and scholars coming to grips with a hugely complex legal phenomenon: the dramatic growth worldwide in recent years of patents as instruments for the protection of industrial property. Particularly welcome in these times of intensifying scrutiny of patent law, this incomparable analysis will quickly become a cornerstone resource for intellectual property lawyers, patent officers, in-house counsel in multinational manufacturing companies, and other interested practitioners.

As a result of the incorporation of computer software into countless commercial and industrial products, the patentability of software has become a vital issue in intellectual property law. This indispensable book provides an overview on the current status of computer-implemented inventions in patent law across Europe and major jurisdictions worldwide. A hugely practical field research tool with guidance based on case law, it examines the major hurdles in each particular country and describes the best practice to be adopted. Clearly showing how enforceable software patent applications can be competitively drafted and how a patent portfolio for computer-implemented inventions can be established in several countries without spending money unnecessarily on problematic examination proceedings, this book covers such issues and topics as the following: • claim categories for patent applications; • sufficient level of abstraction/breadth of the claimed invention; • fundamental terms of computing and terminological traps; • probability for patents dependent on software application areas; and • patents in core areas of computing. With separate chapters for the key countries, Germany, the United Kingdom, France, the United States, China, Korea, Japan, India, and the European Patent Office the legal situation for computer-implemented inventions in each country or region, this book includes guidance on prosecution under national law, analyses of relevant court decisions, practice checklists, and an outlook on future developments.. The authors describe claim formulation based on actual cases and on principles of computer science in order to show what might be or might not be patentable in each jurisdiction. With this incomparable resource, patent attorneys and patent professionals in companies will get a basis for making decisions about the most appropriate jurisdictions in which to file patent applications. This book will also be of great value to computer professionals who are affected by the protection of software or who are actively involved in the protection of software by patent law.

In den letzten Jahren häuften sich sowohl in der deutschen als auch in der internationalen Presse Schlagzeilen über auslaufende Patente in der Pharmabranche, welche die derzeitige Situation in der Pharmaindustrie widerspiegeln. Blockbuster-Medikamente stellen einen erheblichen Anteil am Gesamtumsatz der großen Pharmakonzerne. Bei einer Vielzahl dieser Medikamente ist aber in jüngster Zeit das zugrundeliegende Patent abgelaufen oder dieses Ereignis steht kurz bevor. Die dadurch auf den Markt strömenden Generika-Anbieter können das Medikament zu erheblich günstigeren Preisen anbieten und damit für gravierende Umsatzeinbrüche bei den Blockbuster-Medikamenten sorgen. Verschärft wird dieser Zustand durch relativ schwache Forschungs- und Entwicklungs- (F&E-) Pipelines der jeweiligen Konzerne, insbesondere in Hinblick auf Wirkstoffe, die kurz vor der Marktzulassung stehen. Die an Marktanteil verlierenden Blockbuster-Medikamente können in der Folge meist nicht durch nachrückende Produkte ausgeglichen werden. Die Konsequenz für die betroffenen Unternehmen sind Umsatzeinbußen im Milliarden-Bereich. Die vorliegende Untersuchung arbeitet diese Situation vor dem Hintergrund des ressourcenbasierten Strategieansatzes theoretisch auf, um sie anschließend anhand ausgewählter Unternehmensbeispiele empirisch zu analysieren. Einerseits sollen die betroffenen Unternehmen und Blockbuster-Medikamente einer Tiefenanalyse unterzogen werden, sodass Erfolgskriterien abgeleitet werden können. Andererseits sollen die von den Konzernen gewählten Wachstumsstrategien angesichts der Bedrohung durch die ablaufenden Patente untersucht und miteinander verglichen werden. Hierbei wird im Kontext der Inhouse-Strategien besonderes Augenmerk auf die Entwicklung und Ausgestaltung der eigenen F&E-Aktivitäten gelegt. Hinsichtlich der Outhouse-Strategien ist insbesondere die Betrachtung von M&A-Transaktionen sowie von Lizenzierungsaktivitäten von Interesse.

This comprehensive book is the first of its kind to take scientists and engineers beyond simply getting a patent granted. Through the author's extensive technical background and experience in intellectual property licensing, it ties the many technical, legal and business aspects of patent enforcement to the innovation and patenting stage in the patent value chain, with the objective of helping inventors to create valuable patents that can be capitalized.In easy-to-understand language, this book covers various aspects, including basic concepts of patent laws and rules, innovation protection, patenting, patents post-granting and patent licensing. With over 40 tables, 70 figures, nearly 100 cases and examples, and a comprehensive index table, it serves as a practical handbook for inventors and patent practitioners.This second edition incorporates the latest changes in the America Invents Act (AIA), with additional case studies and illustrations throughout the book. For inventors who want to file patents by themselves, this new edition provides guidelines and step-by-step instructions on preparing and filing a US provisional patent application, while avoiding the pitfalls that commonly occur in do-it-yourself patenting.

Intellectual Property (IP) is often a company's single most valuable asset. And yet IP is hard to value, widely misunderstood and frequently under-exploited. IP accounts for an estimated 5trn of GDP in the US alone. It covers patents, trademarks, domain names, copyrights, designs and trade secrets. Unsurprisingly, companies zealously guard their own ideas and challenge the IP of others. Damages arising from infringements have fostered a sizeable claims industry. But IP law is complex, and the business, financial and legal issues around it are difficult to navigate. Court decisions and interpretation of IP laws can be unpredictable, and can dramatically change the fortunes of businesses that rely on their IP - as demonstrated in the pharmaceutical industry's battle with generic drugs. This comprehensive guide to intellectual property will help companies, investors, and creative thinkers understand the scope and nature of IP issues, pose the right questions to their advisers and maximize the value from this crucial intangible asset.

Perspectives on Patentable Subject Matter brings together leading scholars to offer diverse perspectives on the question of which types of subject matter are even eligible for patent protection, setting aside the widely known requirement that a claimed invention avoid the prior art and be adequately disclosed. Some leading commentators and policy-making bodies and individuals envision patentable subject matter to include anything under the sun made by humans, others envision a range of restrictions for particular fields of endeavor, from business methods and computer software to matters involving life, such as DNA and methods for screening or treating disease. Employing approaches that are both theoretically rigorous and grounded in the real world, this book is well suited for practicing lawyers, managers, lawmakers and analysts, as well as academics researching or teaching in law schools, business schools, public policy schools, and in economics and political science departments.

Elisabeth Eppinger erforscht in diesem Buch aktuelle Patentpools, ihre Eigenschaften und alternative Lösungen zur gemeinsamen Nutzung von Patenten. Patentpools haben das Potenzial, Patentblockaden zu lösen und Innovationen zu fördern. Die Autorin diskutiert die Rolle von Patentkooperationen im Rahmen des strategischen Technologie- und Innovationsmanagements sowie der Innovationsförderung. Es wird gezeigt, welche strukturellen Faktoren, Motive und Charakteristika von Akteuren unterschiedliche Patentpools begünstigen.

Standardisierung ist ein wesentliches Instrument zur Förderung von Innovation und Wettbewerb, was wiederum sowohl Verbrauchern als auch Unternehmen zu Gute kommt. Doch aufgrund der Tatsache, dass die Normen in der Regel durch Standardessentielle Patente (SEP) geschützt sind, kann die Standardisierung den Zugriff auf die Technologie behindern und denjenigen den Eintritt in den Markt erschweren, die nicht Patentinhaber sind.Normungsorganisationen (SSPs) haben die Aufgabe das Gleichgewicht zwischen den Patentinhabern und den Nutzern herzustellen. Die Patentinhaber sollen von den Nutzern eines Standards Gebühren erhalten, die die Akzeptanz des Standards nicht unnötig gefährden.Recht häufig kommt es zu kostspieligen und zeitraubenden Rechtsstreitigkeiten, weil die Parteien nicht in der Lage sind, angemessene und nicht diskriminierende Lizenzbedingungen (FRAND) zu vereinbaren. Eine solche Situation behindert zwangsläufig die Umsetzung der standardisierten Technologie und führt zu der Frage, welche Funktion die SSOs während des Standardisierungsprozesses und bei der Festlegung des Standards haben.

Das Buch behandelt rechtliche Aspekte der Unterlizenz, speziell aus dem Bereich des Urheberrechts. Unter kritischer Würdigung der aktuellen höchstrichterlichen Rechtsprechung diskutiert der Autor anhand der Konstruktion der Lizenzkette aktuelle lizenzrechtliche Probleme. Er befasst sich mit der Rechtsnatur von Lizenzen, dem Verhältnis von Lizenz und Lizenzvertrag sowie dem Verhalten von Lizenzen in der Insolvenz. Basierend auf dem Konzept der beschränkten dinglichen Rechte des Sachenrechts entwickelt der Autor ein eigenes Konzept für immaterialgüterrechtliche Lizenzketten.

Patenschriften sind durch ihre juristische Prägung für Techniker teilweise schwer verständlich. Dem Leser wird gezeigt wie er Patente lesen sollte, um sie besser zu verstehen. Er erfährt nach welcher Methode die Prüfung einer Patentschrift erfolgt, wie Patentschriften gegliedert sind, wie die Verfahrensschritte beim DPMA sind, was der INID-Code besagt, was das Deckblatt eines Patentdokuments verrät, wie die Ablage von Patenten bei den Patentämtern strukturiert ist. Der Autor erklärt alle wichtigen Begriffe rund um das Thema Patente und Gebrauchsmuster, Innovation und Neuheit, erfinderische Leistung uvm. nach dem Motto „Patentrecht ohne Paragraphen'. Die Datenbanken des DPMA, des EPA und des USPTO enthalten jeweils mehr als 80 Mio. Patentdokumente, die im Deepweb frei zur Verfügung stehen. Das ist ein Wissensschatz den es zu heben gilt. Wichtige Internetseiten werden genannt in denen der Leser nach dem Rechtstand von Patenten und nach dem Stand der Technik recherchieren kann. Die für die einzelnen Datenbanken (Deutschland, Europa, USA) erforderlichen Suchvariablen und die notwendige Syntax werden anhand von Beispielen dem Leser näher gebracht. Dem Leser werden auch Methoden vorgestellt, mit denen er erfinderische Lösungen selbst erarbeiten kann. Schließlich erhält der Leser eine Vorlage zur Ausarbeitung der eigenen Patentbeschreibung.

This book features 15 country reports on the patent enforcement practice of the world's most litigated countries in Europe, Asia and the Americas. Litigation strategies for both right owners and alleged infringers are explained against the background of case law on: types of action, standing to sue, jurisdiction, obtaining evidence, provisional and final measures, trial practice, types of infringement, remedies and counterclaims, costs and issues of retrial, threats and wrongful enforcement. Special chapters cover the Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Agreement provisions on enforcement, enforcement issues in the European Community, international cross-border litigation and border measures. The reports are written by patent practitioners or academic experts in the field, and the homogenous structure of the country reports allows for an easy identification of best practices and strategic considerations on the choice of jurisdiction.

Patent Law in Global Perspective addresses critical and timely questions in patent law from a truly global perspective, with contributions from leading patent law scholars from various countries. Offering fresh insights and new approaches to evaluating key institutional, economic, doctrinal, and practical issues, these chapters reflect critical analyses and review developments in national patent laws, efforts to reform the global patent system, and reconfigure geopolitical interests. Professors Ruth L. Okediji and Margo A. Bagley bring together the first collection to explore patent law issues through the lens of economic development theory, international relations, theoretical foundations for the patent law system in the global context, and more. Topics include: the role of patent law in economic development; the efficacy of patent rights in facilitating innovation; patents and access to medicines; comparative patentability standards (including subject matter eligibility for biotechnology and software inventions); limitations and exceptions to patent scope and protection (including exhaustion, compulsory licensing, and research exceptions); patents on plants and other living organisms; and the impact of emerging economies on global patent system governance. The contributors provide a wealth of original insight and thought-provoking discussion that will be of great interest and benefit to scholars, policymakers, and practitioners alike.

Standardisierung hat insbesondere in der kartellrechtlichen Diskussion an Bedeutung gewonnen. Ein Problem, das dabei besonderes Interesse geweckt hat, ist der Umgang mit immaterialgüterrechtlich geschützten Informationen, die Inhalt eines Standards werden sollen. Anhand einer Reihe von Fällen untersucht die Autorin Konstellationen, bei denen Patentinhaber das Standardisierungsverfahren manipulieren. Der Schwerpunkt der Arbeit liegt auf Lösungsansätzen der Standardisierungsorganisationen sowie auf nationalem, europäischem Kartell- und Patentrecht mit Bezügen zum US-amerikanischen Recht. Ziel ist es, die Unzulänglichkeiten der derzeitigen rechtlichen Ausgestaltungen aufzuzeigen und einen patentrechtlichen Lösungsausblick zu entwickeln.

Patentpools haben in einigen Sparten der Elektronikindustrie grundlegende Signifikanz, da sie Technologietransfer im Einzelnen überhaupt erst ermöglichen und zudem effizient gestalten. Durch die Bündelung und paketierte Lizenzierung von Patenten, die auf viele Inhaber verstreut und für eine Technologie wesentlich sind, wird bestehendes Patentdickicht gelöst und für Lizenzsucher die berechtigte Technologienutzung zu beherrschbaren Transaktions- und Lizenzierungskosten erreicht.Die Untersuchung befasst sich mit der ökonomischen und rechtlichen Analyse der vertraglichen Gestaltung des Patentpools im Innenverhältnis, der Lizenzierung und des Marktverhaltens. Hierbei beschränkt sich die Untersuchung nicht auf die Klärung der rechtlichen Vereinbarkeit mit dem europäischen, deutschen und U.S.-amerikanischen Recht in funktional rechtsvergleichender Perspektive; anknüpfend werden Lösungsansätze für die ökonomisch bestmögliche und rechtlich verträgliche Gestaltung des Patentpools erarbeitet.

The primary purpose of a patent law system should be to enhance economic efficiency, in particular by providing incentives for making inventions. The conventional wisdom is that patents should therefore be strictly exclusive rights. Moreover, in practice patent owners are almost never forced to give up their right to exclude others and receive only a certain amount of remuneration with, for instance, compulsory licensing. Other economically interesting patent-law objectives, however, include the transfer and dissemination of knowledge. Mechanisms exist by which the patent owner decides if he or she would prefer exclusive or non-exclusive rights, for instance the opportunity to declare the willingness to license and create patent pools. But it is questionable whether these mechanisms are sufficient and efficient enough in view of the existence of patent trolls and other problems. This work challenges the conventional wisdom to a certain extent and makes proposals for improvements.

Patent-Trolle verwenden die patentierte Erfindungsidee weder für eigene Produktionstätigkeiten noch sind sie erfinderisch tätig. Sie setzen die patentrechtlichen Ansprüche zwecks Aufbaus einer Drohkulisse strategisch ein. Ziel ist das Erreichen einer Situation, in welcher der Betroffene den Abschluss einer überhöhten Lizenzvereinbarung als die vorteilhafteste Lösung ansieht. Die Untersuchung widmet sich der Frage, ob das Patent-Trolling eine rechtsmissbräuchliche Verwendung des Patentrechtes darstellt. Hierzu werden anhand der patentrechtlichen Rechtfertigungstheorien und einer ökonomischen Betrachtung die Zielsetzungen des Patentrechtes herausgearbeitet, um die Auswirkungen des «Patent-Trollings» auf diese zu analysieren und Kriterien für einen Missbrauchstest zu entwickeln.

Die Entwicklung neuer Medikamente und deren Verbesserungen sind entscheidend, um deutliche Fortschritte in der Gesundheitsversorgung zu gewährleisten. Der Entwicklungsprozess ist lang und teuer, insbesondere der Aufwand,der betrieben werden muss,, um den hohen Regulierungsanforderungen gerecht zu werden.Im Gegensatz dazu verursacht die Nachahmung von Medikamenten vernachlässigbare Kosten und birgt deutlich weniger Risiken. Dies ist einer der Gründe, warum der Patentschutz für die die pharmazeutische Industrie von so großer Bedeutung ist.Trotz des bestehenden Patentsystems ist gerade während des letzten Jahrzehnts die Zahl der neuen Medikamente pro Jahr zurückgegangen. Im Vergleich dazu hat sich die Zahl der Patente und Produkte der zweiten Generation drastisch erhöht.Der Pharmaindustrie wird vorgeworfen, ihre ursprüngliche Aufgabe, die Entwicklung neuer Medikamente, zu vernachlässigen, indem sie Produkte der zweiten Generation erzeugt und die Einführung von Generika verhindert. Die Dissertation überprüft, ob diese Bedenken gerechtfertigt sind, und wenn ja, ob oder wie das Patentsystem den Konflikt zwischen Pharma-Unternehmen und der Gesellschaft im Hinblick auf eine bedarfsgerechte Arzneimittelversorgung lösen kann.

The patent has emerged as a dominant force in 21st century economic policy. This book examines the impact of the BRICS and other emerging economies on the global patent framework and charts the phenomenal rise in the number of patents in some of these countries.Guided by three of the world's leading thinkers on patent law and development, a group of experts from around the world, including the BRICS and key developed country patent powers, examine critical issues raised by patent globalization. Is increasing use of the patent system in China, India, Brazil and other emerging markets part of a deeper change in world technological leadership? Do the established patent powers of Europe, Japan and the USA continue to lead regulatory development of patent systems or are new models being formed in emerging markets? What are the effects of patent globalization on regions like the Middle East, Africa and lower income areas of Asia? Through the answers to these questions, the reader is furnished with a rounded understanding of 21st century patent globalization and emerging market dynamics.This book will appeal to patent law specialists, as well as scholars interested in the intersection between patents, innovation and economic development. In particular, the in-depth analysis would also be useful for policy analysts within government or research institutes working on patent policy issues.Contributors include: F.M. Abbott, D. Borges Barbosa, C.M. Correa, P. Drahos, M. El Said, C. Fink, P. Gehl Sampath, K. Karachalios, R. Kher, J. Kuanpoth, A. Kudlinski, T. Payosova, P. Roffe, S.K. Sell, Y. Tamura, G. Van Overwalle, Y.A. Vawda, H. Zhang, W. Zhuang

Der Schutz von Patentrechten ist wesentlich für die Entwicklung moderner Industrie- und Wissensgesellschaften. Für einen wirksamen Patentschutz reicht es dabei nicht aus, dass der betreffende Staat geeignete materiellrechtliche Schutzrechte zur Verfügung stellt. Vielmehr müssen die Durchsetzungsorgane auch imstande und willens sein, diese Schutzrechte zu verwirklichen. Bei der tatsächlichen Durchsetzung von Patentrechten ist Südkorea seinem Nachbarn China weit voraus. Die vorliegende Arbeit zeigt die Vollzugsdefizite im chinesischen Patentrecht auf und erforscht Möglichkeiten zu deren Behebung. Dabei kann Südkorea sowohl in rechtlicher als auch in sozioökonomischer Hinsicht als Modell für China dienen.

The most significant overhaul of the U.S. patent laws in decades occurred with the recent passage of the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act (AIA). Understanding the law that dictates what a patent is and how a patent is obtained and enforced, and the recent changes through statute or case law litigation presents unique challenges. This third edition o

Entering the post-industrial age, knowledge has become an important asset for sustained competitive advantage. In recent years, a new type of patent acquirers has emerged. These companies do not produce goods and therefore, do not need patents in their historical meaning, they acquire patents and aggregate patent portfolios and little is known about them. This book defines patent aggregating companies and explores their strategies, activities, and their evolution over time, as well as how producing companies can utilize them to leverage their patent portfolios.​

This empirical study uses a scientifically selected sample of patents to assess patent quality. The careful evaluation of the assumptions in alternative economic theories about the generation and diffusion of new knowledge demonstrates that the height of the inventive step is critical to effective and efficient patent policy.The book provides a practical introduction to the policy rules affecting the grant of patents, particularly the rules making the inventive step so low. It also offers insights into interactions between examiners and applicants during the patent application process. Finally, the book compares how the rules about inventiveness operate in the USPTO, the EPO and the Australian Patent Office, gives new insights into business method patenting and offers suggestions for raising the height of the inventive step.Patent Policy and Innovation will appeal to academics researching in the patent field, economists, innovation and industry policy advisors, patent policy makers, NGO policy advisors and patent practitioners.

Most of the studies measuring and analyzing technology transfer and knowledge spillovers from universities turn to the databases collected by the universities which report the activities to the Offices of Technology Transfer. This book examines university scientist entrepreneurship not by asking the University Technology Transfer Offices what they do in terms of entrepreneurial activities, but rather asking university scientists directly what they do in terms of entrepreneurial activities. The results from this study are as startling and novel as they are revealing. While the Offices of Technology Transfer databases suggest that new firm start-ups by university scientists are not particularly a frequent occurrence, this book instead finds exactly the opposite. Most striking is that using a large database of scientists funded by grants from the United States National Science Foundation, this study finds that around 13 percent of scientists have started a new firm. These findings would suggest that university scientist entrepreneurship is considerably more prevalent that would be indicated by the data collected by the Offices of Technology Transfer and compiled by the Association of University Technology Managers (AUTM). In addition, the propensity for a university scientist to be engaged in entrepreneurial activity apparently varies considerably across scientific fields. In certain fields, such as computer and network systems, the prevalence of entrepreneurship is remarkably high, 23.8 percent. Similarly, in civil, mechanical, and manufacturing innovation, over one in five of the university scientists report starting a new business. The results from this study would suggest that the spillover of knowledge from universities for commercialization, innovation and ultimately economic growth, employment creation and global competitiveness is substantially more robust than had been previously thought.