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Η παρούσα μελέτη ερευνά την κατάκτηση της μη ενεργητικής μορφολογίας σε παθητικές και αυτοπαθείς δομές, καθώς και την αναφορά των αντωνυμιών στην Ελληνική. Τριάντα μονόγλωσσα παιδιά τυπικής ανάπτυξης, δεκαπέντε κορίτσια και δεκαπέντε αγόρια ηλικίας 3;6 έως 5;6 ετών συμμετείχαν σε μια πειραματική δοκιμασία με Αντιστοίχιση Εικόνας-Πρότασης. Το δείγμα χωρίστηκε σε τρεις ηλικιακές ομάδες μέσης ηλικίας 3;7 – 4;7 – 5;7 ετών για τη διερεύνηση της πρώιμης ή μη κατάκτησης των υπό διερεύνηση γλωσσικών δομών. Τα ευρήματα επιβεβαιώνουν ότι οι παθητικές δομές στα Ελληνικά κατακτώνται μάλλον αργά και σίγουρα όχι πριν τα 6 έτη. Και οι τρεις ηλικιακές ομάδες τα πήγαν εξαιρετικά καλά στα αυτοπαθή ρήματα, ενώ σημείωσαν χαμηλότερη επίδοση στα παθητικά ρήματα. Η διαφοροποίηση αυτή φαίνεται να οφείλεται στη γλωσσική αναπαράσταση του κάθε ρηματικού τύπου παρά στη συχνότητα εμφάνισης. Επίσης, παρατηρείται πρώιμη κατάκτηση της αναφοράς των αυτοπαθών αντωνυμιών, αλλά και των προσωπικών αντωνυμιών. Για τα ελληνικά δεν παρατηρείται το φαινόμενο της Καθυστέρησης της Αρχής Β σύμφωνα με το οποίο τα παιδιά προσδίδουν αυτοπαθή ερμηνεία στις προσωπικές αντωνυμίες, ενώ παράλληλα δεν παρουσιάζουν προβλήματα με τα αυτοπαθή στοιχεία. The present study investigates the acquisition of non-active morphology in passive and reflexive structures, as well as the pronoun reference in Greek. Thirty monolingual typically developing children, fifteen girls and fifteen boys, from the age of 3;6 to 5;6 took part in an experimental task by completing a sentence-picture matching. The sample was divided into three groups at the average age of 3;7 – 4;7 – 5;7 in order to be investigated the early or not acquisition of the structures being tested. The findings confirm that passive forms in Greek are being acquired rather late and definitely not before the age of 6. All three groups did extremely well on reflexive verbs, on the contrary were less accurate on passive verbs. This difference seems to be related to the linguistic representation associated with each type of verb rather than to frequency effects. Also, it is being observed the early acquisition of pronoun reference both reflexive and personal. In Greek, children do not demonstrate Delay of Principle B according to which they attribute reflexive interpretation to personal pronouns, while they do not seem to have difficulty with the reflexive ones. 114 σ.

Объектом исследования выступает финансовое состояние КБ «Ренессанс Кредит». Цель данной выпускной квалификационной работы заключается в оценке и анализе финансового положения Коммерческого Банка «Ренессанс Кредит» и формирование рекомендаций по увеличению его доходности. Для достижения поставленной цели был выполнен анализ бухгалтерской отчетности коммерческого банка. Также было оценено финансовое состояние банка по результатам расчетов показателей рентабельности и ликвидности. Была рассмотрена тенденция развития на ближайшие два года и на ее основе сделан вывод, что КБ «Ренессанс Кредит» добился главной цели деятельности – получения прибыли. Банк «Ренессанс Кредит» имеет резервы увеличения прибыли, поэтому был оценен результат от внедрения новой банковской услуги – рефинансирование кредитов физических лиц. Результатом исследования является оценка финансового состояния банка и рекомендации по повышению прибыльности и рентабельности Коммерческого Банка «Ренессанс Кредит»., The object of the research is the financial condition of the CB «Renaissance Credit». The purpose of this final qualifying work is to assess and analyze the financial situation of the Commercial Bank «Renaissance Credit » and to formulate recommendations for increasing its profitability. To achieve this goal, an analysis of the financial statements of a commercial bank was performed. The financial condition of the bank was also estimated based on the results of calculations of profitability and liquidity indicators. The development trend for the next two years was considered and, on its basis, the conclusion was made that CB «Renaissance Credit» achieved the main goal of its activity profit generation. Bank «Renaissance Credit» has reserves to increase profits, so the result of the introduction of a new banking service refinancing of loans to individuals – was evaluated. The result of the study is an assessment of the financial condition of the bank and recommendations for improving the profitability and profitability of the Commercial Bank «Renaissance Credit».

Intrinsic limits to temperature-dependent substrate loss for GaN-on-Si technology, due to the change in resistivity of the substrate with temperature, are evaluated using an experimentally validated device simulation framework. Effect of room temperature substrate resistivity on temperature-dependent CPW line loss at various operating frequency bands are then presented. CPW lines for GaN-on-high resistivity Si are shown to have a pronounced temperature-dependence for temperatures above 150{\deg}C and have lower substrate losses for frequencies above the X-band. On the other hand, GaN-on-low resistivity Si is shown to be more temperature-insensitive and have lower substrate losses than even HR-Si for lower operating frequencies. The effect of various CPW geometries on substrate loss is also presented to generalize the discussion. These results are expected to act as a benchmark for temperature dependent substrate loss in GaN-on-Si RF technology., Comment: 7 pages (double-column), 10 figures

Background: Comprehension of reversible sentences that have derived word order has often been reported as impaired in agrammatic aphasia. Most accounts of this phenomenon refer to the syntactic differences between derived and base word order of the arguments. However, it has been demonstrated that in agrammatic spontaneous speech in standard Indonesian (SI) passives are produced at a rate that is proportional to that of healthy speakers. The main difference between passives in SI and in other languages is the frequency with which passives are used: passives in SI are highly frequent. The high frequency can be explained by the fact that passives are used for politeness reasons, saliency of the passive morphology, earlier acquisition, and formal simplicity of the passive structure.Aims: The purpose of the current study is to investigate comprehension of the passive as a derived structure in SI and the influence of frequency.Methods & Procedures: A sentence-to-picture matching task was developed to test four reversible sentence types (active, passive, subject cleft and object cleft). There are three variables that are of interest, that is, word order, embedding and relative frequency of structures. Eleven agrammatic speakers classified as suffering from Broca's aphasia were tested.Outcomes & Results: The passive sentences were comprehended equally well as the active sentences. Embedding had limited effects: subject clefts were understood as well as actives and passives. Object clefts, however, were understood poorly and significantly worse than the three other sentence types.Conclusions: The sentence comprehension deficit pattern shown in SI individuals with Broca's aphasia introduces frequency of a syntactic structure as an additional factor to consider. Whether frequency or pragmatic constraints protects against erosion of the passive in Broca's aphasia in SI remains an open question.

Passivization played a central role in shaping both linguistic theory and psycholinguistic approaches to sentence processing, language acquisition and impairment. We present the results of two experiments that simultaneously test online processing (self-paced reading) and offline comprehension (through comprehension questions) of passives in German while also manipulating the event structure of the predicates used. In contrast to English, German passives are unambiguously verbal, allowing for the study of passivization independent of a confound in the degree of interpretive ambiguity (verbal/adjectival). In English, this ambiguity interacts with event structure, with passives of stative predicates naturally receiving an adjectival interpretation. In a recent study, Paolazzi et al. (2015, 2016) showed that in contrast to the mainstream theoretical perspective, passive sentences are not inherently harder to process than actives. Complexity of passivization in English is tied to the aspectual class of the verbal predicate passivized: with eventive predicates, passives are read faster (as hinted at in previous literature) and generate no comprehension difficulties (in contrast to previous findings with mixed predicates). Complexity effects with passivization, in turn, are only found with stative predicates. The asymmetry is claimed to stem from the temporary adjectival/verbal ambiguity of stative passives in English. We predict that the observed difficulty with English stative passives disappears in German, given that in this language the passive construction under investigation is unambiguously verbal. The results support this prediction: both offline and online there was no difficulty with passivization, under either eventive or stative predicates. In fact, passives and their rich morphology eased parsing across both types of predicates.

The active voice and passive voice are complementary sentence forms that are available when describing a transitive event. In English, the latter has two variants: be-passive and get-passive. Numerous attempts have been made in the literature to represent the syntactic and semantic differences between these forms, while maintaining their shared features, yet theoretical accounts still differ. At the same time, empirical studies into structural choice have frequently investigated the use of passive voice versus active voice, while the distinction between get- versus be-passive has not received much attention.\ud \ud Here we investigate the degree of similarity between the three transitive variants (be-passive, get-passive, active voice), providing experimental evidence of their mental representations in relation to each other. We describe three experiments in which participants gave acceptability or naturalness ratings for sentences formed with either be-passive or get-passive, and containing one of several adjunct types. Participants were also free to provide an alternative way to phrase each, enabling us to consider whether there are differences in accessing alternatives.\ud \ud We observed overwhelming preferences for changing get-passives into be-passives, and for changing be-passives into active voice, but none for changing get-passives directly into active voice (despite active voice being the most preferred variant). This preference for changing get-passive into be-passive was observed even when a change into active voice was further facilitated by the availability of a ‘ready-made’ agent.\ud \ud These patterns of change are consistent with partial representational overlap along two dimensions described by Thompson et al. (2013): Patient Prominence and Patient Importance. Our findings also contribute to discussions of passive structure by revealing the relative closeness of the mental representations of these forms.

This paper investigates the comprehension and the production of passive sentences in Italian-speaking children (aged 3 years, 4 months to 6 years, 2 months) analyzing both the variables observed in previous studies on other languages (verb type and presence of the by-phrase) versus an Italian-specific variable: the use of auxiliary venire “to come.” Because Italian venire is only possible in verbal passives, this property is crucial to determine whether children have full competence of the (verbal) passive structure. The high percentage of accuracy in the comprehension of sentences containing venire suggests that the eventive passive interpretation is fully available in child language, even in 3- to 4-year-old children. Moreover, young children produce passive sentences with either auxiliary venire or essere “to be,” also adding the by-phrase, thus proving unambiguously that children control verbal passive sentences from very early on.

International audience; Impersonal passives are passives of intransitive verbs. Applying passivisation to an intransitive verb results in a derived verb-form with no referential argument; the surface subject of the construction is then either absent or realised by an expletive subject. Consequently, the analysis of impersonal passives inherits the complexities of at least three related domains: (i) the cross-linguistic definition of passives in general, (ii) the analysis of subjectless sentences and (iii) the syntax of sentences withexpletive subjects.The first section reviews the most influential characterisations of passives in the literature in terms of subject demotion and object promotion. The analyses of impersonal passives in the literature will be presented against this general backdrop.The second section presents evidence that subject demotion does not yield a uniform class of passives based on the literature on Romance, Celtic, Slavic and Germanic. In particular, constructions that suppress the logical subject differ in whether they yield a syntactically transitive or intransitive output when applied to a transitive verb. Based on this observation, it has been argued that constructions that suppress the subject but do not de-transitivise the underlying verb should not be analysed as passives; instead these constructions should be treated as impersonal verb forms, more similar to transitive sentences with an overt impersonal subject such as Engl. one, French on, Germanic man/men than to passives. Arguably, this distinction between valency reducing passives and valency-preserving impersonals is preserved when the relevant constructions are applied to intransitive verbs.The final section examines the question what role overt expletives play in the syntax of impersonal passives. The literature on expletives constructions in Germanic and particularly in Scandinavian provides a wealth of data that will be used to place the overt expletive subject found with impersonal passives in the context of expletive constructions more generally.

International audience; This paper argues that despite formal resemblances, Latin perfect tense BE-periphrases of the type amatus sum ‘I was loved’ are not the historical source of Romance present tense passives like Italian sono amato and French je suis aimé (both meaning ‘I am (being) loved’). Evidence comes from the observation that Late Latin has a very strong preference for the head-final order ‘past participle - BE’, which goes against the otherwise general tendency for the language to move towards a strictly head-initial TP. As an alternative, I propose that amatus sum perfects disappeared from the language, and that the analytic present tense passives are new formations. The Late Latin preference for head-final BE-periphrases is explained in terms of phonological weakening of the auxiliary. I conclude by comparing this phonological process to the oft-discussed grammaticalization of HAVE (habeo) as a marker of futurity.

Cross-linguistic studies allow for analyses that would be impossible in a single language. To better understand the factors that underlie sentence production, we investigated production choices in main and relative clause production tasks in three languages: English, Japanese and Korean. The effects of both non-linguistic attributes (such as conceptual animacy) and language specific properties (such as word order) were investigated. Japanese and Korean are structurally similar to each other but different from English, which allowed for an investigation of the production consequences of non-linguistic attributes in different typological or word order contexts (when Japanese and Korean speakers make similar production choices that are unlike those of English speakers), as well as production choices that differ despite typological similarity (when Japanese and Korean speakers make different choices). Speakers of all three languages produced more passive utterances when describing animate entities, but the overall rate of passives varied by task and language. Further, the sets of items that were most likely to elicit passives varied by language, with Japanese and Korean speakers more likely to produce passives when patients were adversely affected by the depicted event. These results suggest a number of factors that contribute to language production choices across three languages, and how general cognitive constraints on sentence production may interact with the structure of a specific language.

International audience; In the transition from Latin to Early Romance the synthetic passive forms were lost, followed by a restructuring of the voice system. The reinterpretation of originally perfective passive forms as imperfective passive resulted in a periphrastic be-passive thatwas ambiguous between an imperfective and a perfective reading. This ambiguity favoured the rise of innovated passive auxiliaries that grammaticalised from verbs such as venire ‘come’, fieri ‘become’, facere ‘do', stare ‘stand'. In parallel, Romance languagesgeneralised argument reduction processes using the weakened reflexive se/si (from Latin sibi) and developed pronominal agent-backgrounding strategies, based on 3pl and 2sg personal pronouns, the numeral one and the noun homo ‘man".

Este trabalho traz uma análise das construções tradicionalmente classificadas como passivas sintéticas, em comparação com construções passivas analíticas e outras construções com SE (inerente, reflexivo, recíproco, etc.) em textos de autores portugueses nascidos entre os séculos XVI e XIX. O objetivo principal é mostrar, através da comparação do padrão de ordem dos "sujeitos" dessas construções, a evolução da mudança linguística que afetou a posição do sujeito e pode ter afetado as construções passivas sintéticas. Segundo Galves e Paixão de Sousa (2005, 2010), o Português Clássico (séculos XVI e XVII) caracteriza-se por ser uma gramática em que a posição à esquerda do verbo é uma posição para onde se movem os constituintes topicalizados, incluindo aí os sujeitos; assim, a posição de base do sujeito é a pós-verbal. A partir do século XVIII, ocorre uma mudança em que a posição do sujeito passa a ser a pré-verbal e os elementos topicalizados ocupam a periferia à esquerda. Com base nesse quadro, este trabalho demonstra através da análise quantitativa da evolução dessas três construções ao longo do tempo que a mudança que ocorre nas construções com SE - de passivo a indefinido - pode ter sido desencadeada pela mudança na posição do sujeito. This paper presents an analysis of the so-called passive-SE constructions, compared with canonical passives and other SE-constructions (inherent, reflexive, reciprocal, etc.) in texts written by Portuguese authors born between the 16th and 19th centuries. The aim of the study is to show that the change from passive-SE into indefinite-SE may be related to the attested change that involves the subject position. According to Galves and Paixão de Sousa (2005, 2010), in the Classical Portuguese (16th and 17th centuries) grammar the left position of the verb is a position to where topicalized constituents move, including subjects, so the base position of the subject is post verbal. From the 18th century on, a shift occurs and the subject is preferably pre-verbal and topicalized constituents occupy the left periphery. The quantitative analysis of the evolution of SE-constructions in comparison to canonical passives over time demonstrates that the change that occurs in SE-constructions - from passive-SE to indefinite-SE - has been triggered by the change in subject position.

application/pdf, 紀要論文, 本研究は、対訳本を用い、同じ文脈、同じ場面、同じ状況の中で、韓国語は能動文で表されている用例に対し、日本語は受動文で表されている用例を取り上げ、対照及び分析したものである。特に、韓国語の「言う／話す／聞く(訊く)」といった動詞が、日本語ではほとんど「言われる」という受動文で表されているのに注目し、なぜ同じ文脈、同じ場面、同じ状況なのに異なる文構成になるのかに対する考察を試みた。その結果、日本語の「言われる」受動文は、動作を受ける客体が動作の影響を受けて何らかの感情の変化をもたらし、そして、その感情の中には被害や迷惑の意味を表す場合に多く用いられることが分かった。なお、その際には視点が移動し、受動文となるため、韓国語とは異なる構文になると考えられる。This study makes use of the same story written in Japanese and Korean. Regardless of the context, place, and situation, the Korean translation of the story generally uses active voice in its narration while the Japanese version relies heavily on passive voice. Identical passages from both versions were selected, compared and analyzed. Special attention was paid to the verbs ‘iu’, ‘hanasu’ and ‘kiku’. In standard Korean, these three verbs are usually expressed using active voice, but in everyday Japanese they tend to be used passively. This study focuses on the reasons for such differences even where context and message coincide. The results of the current study reveal that the difference in voice is due to the direct object being influenced by the verb itself in Japanese, and where the objec\ t is a human being the influence can cause a negative or disadvantageous result.

We use syntactic priming to test the abstractness of the sentence representations of young 3-year-olds (35–42 months). In describing pictures with inanimate participants, 18 children primed with passives produced more passives (11 with a strict scoring scheme, 16 with lax scoring) than did 18 children primed with actives (2 on either scheme) or 12 children who received no priming (0). Priming was comparable to that reported for older children and adults. Comprehension of reversible passives with animate participants before and after priming was above chance but did not improve as a result of priming. Young 3-year-olds represent sentences abstractly, have syntactic representations for noun, verb, “surface subject”, and “surface object”, have semantic representations for “agent” and “patient”, and flexibly map the relation between syntax and semantics. Taken together with research on syntactic categories in 2-year-olds, our results provide empirical support for continuity in language acquisition.

Le mémoire examine les propriétés des pronoms impersonnels humains (appelés aussi pronoms R-impersonnels, à la suite de Siewierska 2008). Le premier chapitre propose une typologie des pronoms R-impersonnels décrits dans la littérature. Le deuxième chapitre contrastes les pronoms R-impersonnels avec l'autres moyens de mise en arrière-plan d'un agent, notamment les constructions passives et moyennes et les formes verbales impersonnelles des langues baltes et celtiques.Le troixième chapitre est consacré à la légitimation des sujets R-impersonnels nuls par la morphologie verbale et en absence de marques d'accord.Comme les pronoms R-impersonnels sont associés à des lectures habituelles, le quatrième chapitre propose une analyse des propriétés distributives des phrases habituelles et la place des habituelles dans une typologie plus large de la pluralité des événements.

Young children readily use syntactic cues for word learning in structurally-simple contexts (Naigles, 1990). However, developmental differences in children's language processing abilities might interfere with their access to syntactic cues when novel words are presented in structurally-challenging contexts. To understand the role of processing on syntactic bootstrapping, we used an eye-tracking paradigm to examine children's fast-mapping abilities in active (structurally-simple) and passive (structurally-complex) sentences. Actions after sentences indicated children were more successful mapping words in passive sentences when novel words were presented in NP2 ("The seal will be quickly eaten by the blicket") than when novel words were presented in NP1 ("The blicket will be quickly eaten by the seal"), indicating presenting more prominent nouns in NP1 increases children's agent-first bias and sabotages interpretation of passives. Later recall data indicate children were less likely to remember new words in structurally-challenging contexts.

Spanish captures the difference between eventive and stative passives via an obligatory choice between two copula; verbal passives take the copula ser and adjectival passives take the copula estar. In this study, we compare and contrast US and Canadian heritage speakers of Spanish on their knowledge of this difference in relation to copula choice in Spanish. The backgrounds of the target groups differ significantly from each other in that only one of them, the Canadian group, has grown up in a societal multilingual environment. We discuss the results as being supportive of two non-mutually exclusive explanation factors: (a) French facilitates (bootstraps) the acquisition of eventive and stative passives and/or (b) the US/Canadian HS differences (e.g. status of bilingualism and the languages at stake) is a reflection of the uniqueness of the language contact situations and the effects this has on the input HSs receive.

Readers are likely to notice scandalous headlines and articles, which include the chiefs of states, government dignitaries, public figures, nations, public institutions and so on. It is certain that readers often take notice of celebrated and well-known people and institutions. Past participles frequently occur in the newspaper headlines and are often associated with categories which mean blame, demand, and suit, as well as scandalous situations. They are classified, analyzed, and examined based on grammatical and information structure. Sometimes by-phrases of agents can be found in the headlines. However, they are often omitted as redundant. This investigation focuses on the function of past participles put at the end of sentences, with by-phrases, and after to be, as well as past participles followed by to-infinitives, prepositions, and idioms., 8, KJ00004508458, 研究論文, Research Paper

The aim of this paper is to analyse the ways in which a Swedish translation of an English text intended as a manual for health practitioners needs to be adapted in order to function as an informative text aimed at patients, their families and other laymen interested in the subject. Focus lies on adaption of terminology, style, and target reader perspective. For this paper, selected parts of an English source text were translated into Swedish, and different adaptions prompted by the change in genre, intended target reader and purpose of the text were noticed and subsequently analysed. In the analysis, it became clear that translation of terminology can be treated through addition, omission or generalization where subject specific terms are not relevant for the intended readers. Under the subject of style, formality level defined through the usage of nominalizations and passives was analysed, and here, modulation and transposition proved useful for adapting the formality level to better fit the purpose of the text. Under the category of target reader perspective, omission, generalization and modulation of different kinds were translation strategies used to turn the focus from the intended ST reader to the intended TT reader. Defining or re-defining the subject of different actions was also necessary to shift the perspective from one intended group of readers to another. Finally, the analysis showed that different kinds of adaption may be purposeful in different situations.

Background: Comprehension of semantically reversible sentences is often impaired in Broca's aphasia. When the arguments in such sentences are in derived order, they are more difficult to comprehend than when they are not. Most studies on this topic are of English, a morphologically poor language; only a few experiments have examined sentence comprehension in case-marking languages. These studies tested sentences in which word order was varied while case was kept constant. Their results suggest that case does not improve comprehension of derived order sentences. The present study is on the comprehension of semantically reversible sentences in Turkish Broca's aphasia. Turkish, with its flexible word order and rich case morphology, is well suited to this investigation because there is an interaction between word order and case, which is known to influence sentence production in this aphasia type (Yarbay Duman, Aygen, & Bastiaanse, 2008).Aims: The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of word order and case information on the auditory comprehension of semantically reversible sentences in Turkish Broca's aphasia to find out whether an interaction between word order and case, similar to the one found in production, can be observed in sentence comprehension.Methods & Procedures: A comprehension test with five reversible sentence types (base order active sentences, sentences with object scrambling, subject relatives, object relatives, and passives) was developed. Sentences in base and derived word order varied in their use of case. Sentences with base case (subject = nominative; object = accusative) and non-base case were included to evaluate the interplay between word order and case separately.Outcomes & Results: The results showed that both word order and case influenced sentence comprehension. Clauses were comprehended best when there was both base (unambiguous) case and base word order information (base order active sentences). Performance dropped if there was base case information but derived word order (object scrambling and subject relatives). When there was neither base case information nor base word order (object relatives and passives), clauses were comprehended least well.Conclusions: The sentence comprehension deficit in Turkish Broca's aphasia is due to a problem in assigning thematic roles to the noun phrases by integrating syntactic word order and case information. Such an integration problem is in line with previous findings on sentence production in Turkish and the Integration Problem Hypothesis (IPH: Yarbay Duman, 2009).

A syntax semantics mapping for SE-verbs