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Recently, the hydrodynamic cavitation (HC)-based pretreatment has shown high effectiveness in laboratories and even in industrial productions for conversion of lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) into value-added products. The pretreatment capability derives from the extraordinary conditions of pressures at ∼500 bar, local hotspots with ∼5000 K, and oxidation (hydroxyl radicals) created by HC at room conditions. To promote this emerging technology, the present review summarizes the recent advances in the HC-based pretreatment of LCB. The principle of HC including the sonochemical effect and hydrodynamic cavitation reactor is introduced. The effectiveness of HC on the delignification of LCB as well as subsequent fermentation, paper production, and other applications is evaluated. Several key operational factors (i.e., reaction environment, duration, and feedstock characteristics) in HC pretreatments are discussed. The enhancement mechanism of HC including physical and chemical effects is analyzed. Finally, the perspectives on future research on the HC-based pretreatment technology are highlighted.

Background: Journal articles published by Iranian dental school faculty members have followed an upward trend Since 2000, based on: (1) the global growth rate; (2) the increase in the number of country’s dental schools and their relatively higher number of faculty members; and (3) the health ministry’s emphasis on research and scientific publications. Hence, it is important to keep ourselves up to date about the trend of scientific articles published by Iranian dental schools. Objectives: This study aimed to extract the number and quantitative value of articles authored by faculty members of Iranian dental schools that are indexed in three databases of SCOPUS, PubMed, and the Web of Science (WoS/ISI) from 2015 to 2019. Methods: A five-year cross-sectional study was conducted on the above-mentioned databases, using a similar strategy for all databases. Words “Iran” and “dent*” were searched in affiliations. The obtained results were investigated in-depth. The details of search results were checked out one by one. Only those articles with at least one author genuinely affiliated to an Iranian dental school were included for further assessment. The “number of articles” authored by at least one author and those with the “first author” affiliated to an Iranian dental school were counted. Then, the “quantitative value” or share of each author was calculated by dividing one by the number of authors of the article. The three variables were compared among databases, dental schools, and study years. Results: A total of 3922, 2473, and 2345 articles were retrieved from SCOPUS, PubMed, and WoS, respectively. Concerning SCOPUS and WoS databased, all three study variables had an increasing trend from 2015 to 2018 but decreased in 2019. In PubMed, however, the decline started from the beginning of the study period. Conclusions: The observed decline in the number of scientific papers produced or published at the end of the study period is worrying. The novel variable of “quantitative value” that was calculated in this study can be regarded as an appropriate and feasible indicator to determine the number of scientific papers published by individuals, dental schools, and the whole country’s dental research society, compared to other variables. Policymakers should rethink facilitating publication in accredited journals, especially those indexed in PubMed.

Based on the use of Hevea brasiliensis in latex production, the species has a consolidated role in the Brazilian economy. However, at the end of the production cycle, which lasts from 25 to 30 years, resulting wood, in general, has no added value and is normally used for firewood, without further exploring its technological properties. Seeking to introduce this species into the pulp and paper industry, we aimed to determine the fiber quality of 20 commercial clones. Wood samples were collected from planted trees (11 to 12 years old) in the municipality of Selvíria - MS. We calculated wood quality indexes of H. brasiliensis for cellulose and paper, including Flexibility coefficient, Wall proportion, Runkel ratio, Slenderness ratio (Aspect ratio), and Luce's Shape Factor. The fiber quality indexes that best indicate the potential use of wood from Hevea brasiliensis clones for cellulose and paper production were Wall Fraction, Runkel Ratio and Luce's Shape Factor, indicating that H. brasiliensis fibers, if used for proper industrial purposes, will give origin of a rigid paper with greater bonding contact on the surface. The clones that presented better results for fiber quality indexes were IAC 311, IAC 41, IAN 873, IAC 326, IAC 40 and RRIM 725. Enabling the use of wood after the latex exploratory cycle for pulp and paper will serve as a basis for genetic improvement of these clones and expansion of forest plantations for this purpose. Atribuido al uso de Hevea brasiliensis en la producción de látex, una especie tiene un papel consolidado en la economía brasileña. Sin embargo, al final del ciclo de producción, que dura de 25 a 30 años, la madera resultante, por lo general, no tiene valor agregado y se utiliza normalmente en la producción de leña, sin conocimiento de sus propiedades tecnológicas. Con el objetivo de introducir esta especie en la industria de la pulpa y el papel, nos propusimos determinar la calidad de la fibra de 20 clones comerciales. Se recolectaron muestras de madera de árboles plantados (de 11 a 12 años) en la ciudad de Selvíria - MS. Calculamos los índices de calidad de la madera de H. brasiliensis para pulpa y papel: coeficiente de flexibilidad, fracción de pared, índice de Runkel, relación de esbeltez (relación de aspecto), factor de forma Luce. Los índices de calidad de la fibra que mejor indican el uso potencial de madera de clones de Hevea brasiliensis para la producción de celulosa y papel fueron: Wall Fraction, Runkel Ratio y Luce Form Factor, lo que indica que las fibras de la especie son utilizadas por los orígenes diseñados por la industria. a un papel rígido, con mayor contacto de unión en la superficie. Los clones con los mejores índices de calidad de fibra fueron IAC 311, IAC 41, IAN 873, IAC 326, IAC 40 y RRIM 725. Habilitar el uso de madera después del ciclo exploratorio del látex para pulpa y papel y servir como base para la mejora genética de clones y expansión de plantaciones forestales para estos metales. Devido ao uso de Hevea brasiliensis na produção de látex, a espécie tem um papel consolidado na economia brasileira. No entanto, ao final do ciclo produtivo, que dura de 25 a 30 anos, a madeira resultante, em geral, não apresenta valor agregado e é normalmente utilizada na produção de lenha, sem conhecimento de suas propriedades tecnológicas. Buscando introduzir esta espécie na indústria de celulose e papel, objetivamos determinar a qualidade das fibras de 20 clones comerciais. Amostras de madeira foram coletadas de árvores plantadas (11 a 12 anos) no município de Selvíria – MS. Calculamos os índices de qualidade da madeira de H. brasiliensis para celulose e papel: coeficiente de flexibilidade, fração de parede, índice de Runkel, razão esbeltez (razão de aspecto), fator de forma de Luce. Os índices de qualidade das fibras que melhor indicam o potencial emprego da madeira dos clones de Hevea brasiliensis para a produção de celulose e papel foram: Fração Parede, Razão Runkel e Fator de Forma de Luce, indicando que as fibras da espécie se utilizadas pela indústria dará origem a um papel rígido, com maior contato de união na superfície. Os clones que apresentaram melhores índices de qualidade das fibras foram IAC 311, IAC 41, IAN 873, IAC 326, IAC 40 e RRIM 725. Possibilitando a utilização da madeira pós ciclo exploratório do latéx para a celulose e papel e servindo de base para melhoramento genético desses clones e ampliação dos plantios florestais para essa finalidade.

The goal is determining the range of key technological parameters and forecast paper quality parameters of the constrained paper grade based on the development statistical methods of paper production process. At present analysis of the paper quality production is made under laboratory recognitions. It takes a lot of time to determine the paper grade. Besides, some paper can be sent to recycling as defected products. The amount of the defected products of depends on the accuracy of paper grade parameters.

Paper mills are one of the important sources of anthropogenic load due to the large consumption of fresh water in the technology of paper production. Therefore, the surface waters is most affected by the pulp and paper industry. Due to the complexity of the technological process of making paper and cardboard, there is a need for a large amount of fresh water, also for the purpose of technological equipment washing. As a result, wastewater with a high content of sludge and soluble substances is formed. The main source of contaminated wastewater formation is the production of cellulose, which is based on sulfate and sulfite methods of wood cooking and bleaching of semi-finished products using chlorine products. Due to the manufacture of pulp and paper, a significant amount of liquid and solid waste is generated. Therefore, today it is important to find ways to control the amount of this waste and choose a rational way to dispose of it. Which will reduce the anthropogenic load on the hydrosphere, as well as in the case of reuse of raw materials, will reduce the cost of basic products. Nowadays, only landfilling or incineration is used to dispose of solid wastes on an industrial scale, which has a negative impact on the environment. As an alternative, the possibility of their application in epoxy composites can be considered. The aim of the work is to study the influence of solid fibrous waste consumption on physical and mechanical properties of epoxy composites. Solid waste from the paper industry from paper recycling system in the form of fibrous material was used as a raw material. Commercially available epoxy resins CHS-EPOXY520 and polyethylene polyamine were used to prepare the composites. Investigation of the properties of composites testify about good interaction between epoxy polymer and waste fibrous materials due to the fact that both studied materials contain a sufficient quantity of hydroxyl groups. The interaction between the functional groups of both materials determines high strength and flexibility of the obtained composites. In general, it can be said that solid waste from paper manufacture can be considered as a promising material for use as an additive in epoxy composites., Паперові фабрики є одним з важливих джерел антропогенного навантаження через велике споживання прісної води в технології виробництва паперу. Тому поверхневі води зазнають значного впливу від целюлозно-паперової промисловості. Через складність технологічного процесу виготовлення паперу та картону існує потреба у великій кількості прісної води, а також для промивання технологічного обладнання. В результаті утворюються стічні води з великим вмістом шламу та розчинних речовин. Основним джерелом утворення забруднених стічних вод є виробництво целюлози, в основі якої лежать сульфатні та сульфітні методи варіння деревини та вибілювання напівфабрикатів із використанням сполук хлору. Завдяки виробництву целюлози та паперу утворюється значна кількість рідких та твердих відходів. Тому сьогодні важливо знайти способи контролювати кількість цих відходів та вибрати раціональні шляхи їх утилізації. Що зменшить антропогенне навантаження на гідросферу, а також у разі повторного використання сировини, зменшить вартість основних продуктів. В даний час для захоронення твердих відходів у промислових масштабах застосовується лише звалища або спалювання, що негативно впливає на навколишнє середовище. В якості альтернативи можна розглянути можливість їх застосування як компонентів епоксидних композитів. Метою роботи є вивчення впливу витрати твердих волокнистих відходів на фізико-механічні властивості епоксидних композитів. Тверді відходи паперової промисловості від системи переробки паперу у вигляді волокнистого матеріалу використовувались як сировина. Для приготування композитів використовували комерційні епоксидні смоли CHS-EPOXY520 та поліетиленполіамін. Дослідження властивостей композитів свідчить про хорошу взаємодію між епоксидним полімером та відпрацьованими волокнистими матеріалами завдяки тому, що обидва досліджувані матеріали містять достатню кількість гідроксильних груп. Взаємодія між функціональними групами обох матеріалів визначає високу міцність та гнучкість отриманих композитів. Загалом можна сказати, що тверді відходи виробництва паперу можна розглядати як перспективний матеріал для використання в якості добавки в епоксидних композитах.

Usually in the manufacture of beer by fermentation of barley, in both industrialized and developing countries significant amounts of organic solid waste are produced from barley straw. These possibly have an impact on the carbon footprint with an effect on global warming. According to this, it is important to reduce environmental impact of these solid residues, and an adequate way is the recycling using them as raw material for the elaboration of handmade paper. Therefore, it is required to manage this type of waste by analyzing the environmental impact, and thus be able to identify sustainable practices for the treatment of this food waste, evaluating its life cycle, which is a useful methodology to estimate said environmental impacts. It is because of this work shows the main results obtained using the life cycle analysis (LCA) methodology, to evaluate the possible environmental impacts during the waste treatment of a brewery located in the state of Hidalgo, Mexico. The residues evaluated were barley straw, malt residues and spent grain, and at the end, barley straw was selected to determine in detail its environmental impact and its reuse, the sheets analyzed presented a grammage that varies from 66 g/m2 and 143 g/m2, resistance to burst was 117 to 145 kpa, with a crystallinity of 34.4% to 37.1%.

Thispaper presents a description of an innovative process applied to theproduction of paper from the use of stem fibers of the banana plant.According to the Organization for Economic Co-operation andDevelopment Oslo Guidelines, innovation is essential for growth inproduction as well as productivity and is a continuous process thatmakes changes in products, processes and captures new knowledge. Inorder to guarantee product (paper) and process (pulp system)innovation, a comparison was made with the mechanical properties ofpaper obtained from the organic waste with a typed paper commercialuse wave produced in a paper industry located in Asunción-Paraguay.The temperature, time and reagents chemical were operationalvariables selected to comparison of innovative processes. The yieldof innovator process analyzed was 52.5%. The results of comparison ofprocesses for obtaining cellulosic pulp indicates that mechanicalproperties as Stress (N.m/g), Compression in the plane (N) andresistance to compression in the edge (N) increase in comparison withconventional processes (Chemical process to soda and ChemicalProcess Kraft ) and this properties are highly valued by the paperindustries for use in corrugating industries. The (pulp system)innovation process presents many technical and economic advantagesamong alternative processes for paper production. Fil: Alarcon Segovia, Lilian Celeste. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química; Argentina Fil: Quiroga, Oscar. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ingeniería Química. Departamento de Ingeniería Industrial; Argentina Fil: Rintoul, Ignacio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química; Argentina

Este trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar uma revisão sistemática da literatura sobre Turismo Científico, nos contextos nacional e internacional. Por meio de pesquisa exploratória e de revisões sistemática e bibliométrica da literatura, nas bases de dados “Web of Science”, “Scopus” e “Publicações de Turismo”, buscou-se verificar a produção em formato de artigo científico relacionada ao termo “Turismo Científico”. Foram analisados quali-quantitativamente 32 artigos científicos, por meio da utilização dos softwares Mendeley, Excel, QGIS e IRAMUTEQ. Foram também verificadas as leis que regem os estudos bibliométricos. Os principais resultados apontam para uma concentração de estudos no ano de 2016 e oriundos de países europeus, sobretudo da Polônia. Os artigos foram publicados em 23 periódicos de 13 países, com destaque para: “Ido Movement for Culture”, “Annals of Tourism Research” e “Revista Brasileira de Ecoturismo”. Foram identificados 65 autores ou coautores, sendo os principais os poloneses Wojciech J. Cynarski e Krzysztof Kubala. A categorização dos temas em torno do Turismo Científico reúne discussões sobre eventos e viagens científicas, turismo de natureza, educação, geoturismo e desenvolvimento socioeconômico. Por fim, evidencia-se a necessidade de publicações que aprofundem a discussão teórica sobre Turismo Científico.

In this study, the effects of potassium borohydride (KBH4) added to the cooking liquor (white liquor) in pulp and paper production from black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) woods on the chemical, physical and optical properties of the pulp were investigated. Soda (NaOH) method, which is one of the environmentally friendly cooking methods, was used in the pulp production from R. pseudoacacia woods. By adding 0, 0.3, 0.5 and 0.7% KBH4 to the white liquor, four different cooking experiments were carried out. The yields, kappa numbers and viscosity values of the pulps were measured with the relevant standards. Test papers were produced from each pulp and their physical and optical properties were determined. With 0.7% KBH4 added to the cooking solution, the total yield and viscosity increased by 9.54% and 10.4%, respectively compared to KBH4-free pulp, while the kappa number decreased by 9.48%. As a result of statistical analysis, it has been observed that there is no significant difference between the physical and optical properties of the papers produced from KBH4-free and KBH4-added pulps. Consequently, it was concluded that adding KBH4 to the white liquor in the pulp production from R. pseudoacacia wood with soda method, positively affected the chemical properties of the pulps and did not have a significant effect on the physical and optical properties., Bu çalışmada, yalancı akasya (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) odunlarından kağıt hamuru ve kağıt üretiminde pişirme çözeltisine (beyaz çözelti) eklenen potasyum borhidrürün (KBH4) kağıt hamurunun kimyasal, fiziksel ve optik özellikleri üzerindeki etkileri araştırılmıştır. R. pseudoacacia odunlarından kağıt hamuru üretiminde çevre dostu pişirme yöntemlerinden biri olan Soda (NaOH) yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Beyaz çözeltiye %0, 0.3, 0.5 ve 0.7 KBH4 ilave edilerek dört farklı pişirme deneyi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Kağıt hamurlarının verimleri, kappa sayıları ve viskozite değerleri ilgili standartlara bağlı kalınarak ölçülmüştür. Her bir deneyden elde edilen kağıt hamurlarından test kağıtları üretilerek fiziksel ve optik özellikleri belirlenmiştir. Beyaz çözeltiye eklenen %0.7 KBH4 ile toplam verim ve viskozite, KBH4 içermeyen kağıt hamurlarına göre sırasıyla %9.54 ve %10.4 artarken, kappa sayısı %9,48 azalmıştır. İstatistiksel analizler sonucunda KBH4 içermeyen ve KBH4 katkılı kağıt hamurlarından üretilen kağıtların fiziksel ve optik özellikleri arasında önemli bir fark olmadığı görülmüştür. Sonuç olarak, yalancı akasya odunlarından soda yöntemi ile kağıt hamuru üretiminde pişirme çözeltisine KBH4 ilave edilmesinin kimyasal özellikleri olumlu yönde etkilediği, fiziksel ve optik özellikler üzerinde belirgin bir etki göstermediği sonucuna varılmıştır

The influence of nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) was investigated as a reinforcing agent to improve strength properties of papersheets fabricated from recycled pulp fibers of mixtures of old newspapers, old magazines, and old corrugated cardboards. To determine the effects of the NFC on the mechanical and physical properties of the recycled pulp papers, cellulose nanofibrils (NFC) were isolated from wheat straw, pretreated chemically and enzymatically (NFC-OX), and then added to the bulk suspensions of papermaking pulp slurries at various percentages. The electrokinetic and drainage properties of the pulps and the mechanical and physical properties of the papersheets were analyzed and compared. As expected, the addition of NFC/NFC-OX significantly increased the strength properties of papers. Papers containing 4% of NFC-OX (periodate pretreated) presented higher increases in tensile index (43%) and burst index (59.3%) than other papers. However, a high addition of NFC/NFC-OX increased the water retention, which is undesirable for papermaking. Hence, with optimum selection of NFC/NFC-OX and process conditions, higher mechanical properties could be acquired without increasing drainage rate. Compared to the other pretreated NFC/NFC-OX types, sodium-periodate-oxidized NFC-OX samples significantly increased the mechanical properties of the papers fabricated from the recycled pulps. TUBITAK-TEYDEBTurkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK) [1505, 5180044] The authors would like to thank to KMK Paper Co. for their kind support and provision of recycled pulps. This work was supported by TUBITAK-TEYDEB 1505 (The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey, Technology and Innovation Funding Programs Directorate 1505), Project No. 5180044. WOS:000616046900065

Phenol and its derivatives are most noxious pollutants originated from several industrial operations such as coke and coal production, petrochemical, pulp and paper production, pharmaceutical plants, etc. Phenolic compounds cause many health issues due to their carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic properties. In the present scenario, existing conventional treatment methods are not efficient and economic for treatment of phenolic wastewater. Hence, there is an urgent need for decontamination of these toxic pollutants from the environment. Being an economical and ecofriendly technology, bioremediation can be a viable alternative to the conventional treatments for efficient removal of toxic pollutants from wastewater and to protect the ecosystem. Therefore, in this perspective, this chapter provides holistic approach on fundamental and enthusiastic utilization of advanced bioremediation techniques for sustainable treatment of phenolic wastewater. In addition to that this section describes about overview of phenolic compounds, factors affecting bioremediation process and types of microorganisms used for bioremediation of phenolic compounds.

Per and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are becoming more stringently regulated and as such, a more diverse suite of environmental monitoring methods is needed. In this work a polar organic chemical integrative sampler (POCIS) with a nylon membrane and a combination of Oasis WAX and Fluoroflash® sorbents was calibrated in the laboratory and deployed in the field. A static renewal system was used to determine sampling rates for 12 PFAS which ranged between 0.69 ± 0.27 to 5.68 ± 1.80 L/day. POCIS devices were deployed for 10 days in lake Tyrifjorden, Norway which is known to be contaminated by a closed down factory producing paper products, in order to track the evolution of the PFAS contamination in a river system draining into the lake. Th sampling campaign enabled the stretch of the river which was responsible for the emissions of PFAS to lake Tyrifjorden to be identified. Freely dissolved concentrations determined with the POCIS were lowest at the site considered to reflect a diffuse PFAS contamination and highest at the site located downstream the factory. Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) and perfluorooctane sulfonamidoacetic acid (EtFOSAA) dominated the concentration profile at this site. Emissions of PFAS to lake Tyrifjorden were estimated to be 3.96 g/day for the sum of the 12 investigated PFAS.

It is well known that the subject of non-Newtonian fluids is very popular and is an area of active research especially in industry and engineering problems. Examples of non-Newtonian fluids include microchip production, performance of lubricants, food processing, movements of biological fluids, wire and fibre coating, paper production, gaseous diffusion and so on [1, 2]. These fluids are described by a nonlinear relationship between stress and the rate of deformation tensors and therefore several models have been proposed.

Den fundamentala principen för tillverkning av papper är inte en särskilt komplicerad sådan. Men för att pappret skall erhålla specifika egenskaper blir processen alltmer komplicerad. Bland annat tillsätts olika typer av kemikalier och processen övervakas ständigt av olika system. Ett av dessa system mäter pH-halten i pappersmassan. Mätsystemet är dock utsatt för frekventa mätfel vilket medför en felaktig dosering av den koldioxid som används för att sänka pH-värdet. Detta kan slutligen ha negativ påverkan på papprets egenskaper. Syftet bakom arbetet är att mätsystemet ska bidra till en jämn reglering av pH och därigenom garantera jämn papperskvalitet. För detta arbete har en frågeställning och ett antal mål och delmål etablerats. De övergripande målen omfattar att etablera en statistisk modell över mätfel och beräkna eventuella ekonomiska besparingar. För att uppfylla mål och besvara frågeställningen måste en grunduppfattning byggas uppför berörda delar av tillverkningsprocessen, pH-värdets påverkan i processen, pH-sensorns mätprincip, mätsystemets utformning och rutiner som berör mätsystemet. Med denna grund undersöks uppkomsten av mätfel för de sex mätpunkterna. Detta utförs med två tillvägagångssätt: Sammanställning av lagrade historiska data och sammanställningar avprovtagningar utförda under kontrollerade förhållanden. De aspekter som undersöks är magnitud, frekvens och hur dessa förhåller sig till olika processrelaterade värden. En kalkyl för kostnader berörande mätsystemet upprättas även. Denna omfattar aktuella kostnader för koldioxid och underhåll. I resultatet presenteras en statistisk modell över mätfel, uppdelat på historiska och i närtid. Den historiska modellen visar, för samtliga behandlade positioner, en medelavvikelse på 0,8 pH-enheter. Modellen för närtid visar på kraftiga avvikelser för fyra av de sex behandlade systempositionerna, som relaterar både till papperskvalitet och ytvikt. Denna statistiska modell används sedan för att beräkna möjliga besparingar. Här påvisades att viss besparing fanns, både för koldioxid och för underhållskostnader. Slutsatsen för detta arbete är att ett mätfel existerar för majoriteten av de behandlade positionerna. Det har även kunnat påvisas ett samband med de undersökta processrelaterade aspekterna, men resultatet kan inte garanteras fullständigt. Med detta kunde även en möjlig besparing av koldioxid uppskattas vid bättre mätnoggrannhet. Besparingen uppgick till c:a 200 tkr, vilket i jämförelse med företagets omsättning endast utgör 0,075‰ av denna. The fundamental principle for manufacturing paper is not a complicated one. However, for the paper to acquire specific properties, the process becomes increasingly complicated.Among other things, different chemicals are added, and the process is continuouslymonitored by various systems. One of these systems measures the pH-level of the pulp. This system is however constantly affected by measuring errors, which in turn leads to the incorrect dosage of the carbon dioxide used to lower the pH-level. This could in turn have a negative impact on the properties of the final paper. The underlaying purpose of this project is for the measuring system to ensure an even regulation of pH and therethrough guarantee an even paper quality. For this project, several question at issue, goals and subgoals have been established. The general goals cover establishing a statistical model for the error and estimate possible economical savings. To fulfil the goals and answer the questions at issue, firstly a basic understanding must be established for: concerned parts of the manufacturing process, the effect pH-level has on the process, the measuring principle of the pH-sensor, the design of the measuring systemand the routines concerning the measuring system. With this basis, the occurrence of measuring error is examined for the six measuring points. This is accomplished with two methods: The compilation of historical data and the compilation of manual measurementsexecuted under controlled conditions. The aspects examined are magnitude, frequency and the relation to process related values. Finally, a calculation for costs regarding the measuring system was established. This includes current carbon dioxide and maintenance costs. The result presents a statistical model for the measuring error, divided into historical and near time. The historical model shows that for all the addressed positions, a mean deviation occurred 0.8 pH-units. The model for near time shows significant deviations for four out of the six covered positions, which in turn shows relations to both paper quality and surface weight. With this statistical model possible savings were calculated. This in turn showed the possibility of savings for both carbon dioxide and maintenance. The conclusion for this project is the existence of a measuring error. Also, a connection between this and the process related aspects could be established. Although, the result cannot be completely guarantied. With this, possible savings through better accuracy could be estimated. Though, these were only in the size of 0.075‰ of the company’s total revenue.

U radu je izvedena analiza tokova vode u različitim postrojenjima za proizvodnju celuloze, papira i kartona. Utvrđeno je da ova postrojenja imaju iznimno veliku potrošnju vode, čak i do 40 000 m 3 na dan uz iznimno visoka opterećenja suspendiranim tvarima (do 5 000 mg/dm 3 ), KPK vrijednosti (do 2 000 mg/dm 3 ) i BPK 5 vrijednosti (do 700 mg/dm 3 ). Obrada ovakvih voda je nužna prije ispusta u sustav javne odvodnje, a posebice prilikom ispusta u površinske vode. Primjenom procesa pročišćavanja primarnim taloženjem, koagulacijom, flokulacijom, flotacijom i sekundarnom obradom moguće je ovakve vode pročistiti do zakonom propisanih vrijednosti. Značajno manja količina vode se koristi u proizvodnji kartona što ukazuje na potrebu prikupljanja i recikliranja otpadnog papira, čime se znatno smanjuje upotreba svježe vode, korištenje kemikalija i osigurava zaštita okoliša. Analizom rezultata kakvoće obrađene otpadne vode tvornice kartona utvrđeno je da dobivene vrijednosti prelaze one propisane zakonom. Pokazatelji kakvoće otpadne vode iz tvornice celuloze i papira pokazuju da se ovakve vode mogu ispustiti u sustav javne odvodnje. The analysis of the water streams in different plants for cellulose, paper and cardboard production has been examined. These plants have extremely high water consumption, even up to 40 000 m 3 per day with extremely high loads of suspended solids (up to 5 000 mg/dm 3 ), COD values (up to 2 000 mg/dm 3 ) and BOD 5 values (up to 700 mg/dm 3 ). The wastewater treatment of these streams is obligatory before their discharge into the sewage systems, particularly in case of discharge into the surface water streams. Treatments with the primary sedimentation, coagulation, flocculation, flotation and secondary treatment, are suitable for achieving parameters subscribed by law. Significantly less water consumption is needed in the cardboard production, which indicates the need for collecting and recycling paper waste which would significantly reduce the use of fresh water and chemicals, as well as ensure environmental protection. The analysis of the quality of treated wastewater from cardboard production shows that the obtained values exceed those prescribed by the law. Indicators of the quality of wastewater from cellulose and paper production show that such water can be discharged into the public sewage system.

U ovome radu nastojat ćemo proučiti cjelokupan pregled razvoja nakladništva u viktorijanskome dobu koje polako poprima značajke moderne industrije te kapitalističke proizvodnje. Započet ćemo s gospodarskim promjenama i industrijalizacijom da bismo se kasnije osvrnuli na aspekte u kojima je napredovala proizvodnja i distribucija knjiga. Kasnije će biti riječ o bitnim društvenim promjenama. Od poboljšanoga životnog standarda i sve većega broja obrazovanog stanovništva pa do ukidanja poreza na znanje, čime se ukidaju porezi na novine, papir i oglašavanje. Naposljetku, vidjet ćemo kako se mijenja odnos između knjige i čitatelja. Spomenut ćemo i razne inovacije te trendove u objavljivanju knjiga, poput romana u tri sveska, serijskih oblika te jeftinih izdanja. Na kraju, vidjet ćemo kako su se viktorijanski nakladnici prilagodili tržištu i njegovoj potražnji i masovno proizvodili za mnogobrojnu građansku i radničku klasu istovremeno ostvarujući veliku zaradu. In this paper, we will try to study the whole overview of the development of publishing in the Victorian era, which is slowly taking on the characteristics of modern industry and capitalist production. We will begin with economic change and industrialisation and then look back at the aspects in which the production and distribution of books has progressed. Later, there will be discussed important social changes. From the improved standard of living and the growing number of educated population to the abolition of the knowledge tax, which abolishes taxes on newspapers, taxes on paper and advertising. Finally, we will see how the relationship between the book and the reader changes. We will also mention various innovations and trends in publishing books such as novels in three volumes, serial forms and cheap editions. Eventually, we will see how Victorian publishers adapted to the market and its demand where they mass-produced for a large middle and working class and making profits.

For economic reasons, increasing the use of various fibrous pulps with high lignin contents&mdash, i.e., chemothermomechanical pulp (BCTMP and CTMP), thermomechanical pulp (TMP), and semichemical pulp&mdash, is desirable. The relatively good quality and increased efficiency of these pulps make them attractive paper semi-products. In particular, they could alleviate the severe shortage of paper semi-products. Although mechanical pulp and semichemical pulp are achieving increasing quality with substantially increased wood efficiency, their production is often characterised by high consumption of electricity to defibre chips or refine high-lignin-content fibrous pulps. Technological, environmental, and economic evaluations of the manufacture and application of increased efficiency cellulose pulps that take into account potential profits from increased cellulose pulp efficiency and losses due to energy costs and degradation in the properties of the resulting paper are relevant and essential to paper mills. This article reports such an analysis. The authors have analysed the usable properties of ten cellulose pulps with various degrees of digestion and identified the optimum pulp that yields the optimum product properties, considering the yield, pulp refining time, which determines the cost of paper manufacture, and strength properties of the obtained paper.

Paper sludge is the water treatment waste, which produced during paper production. Paper sludge (PS) waste utilization is the common problem in the EU and internationally. According to authors Frias et al. paper sludge is the main waste in the paper processing factories, the percentage reach 35% of product volume. According to the waste management directive No. 2008/98/EC, paper sludge waste should not be utilised in landfills. Such legislation generates the motivation of this study. This study deals with paper sludge as sound absorbing material. In this paper panels made of paper sludge is studied. Sound absorption coefficient of the panels predicted with Horoshenkov and Swift acoustic model for granular media. The aim of this paper is to predict sound absorption coefficient using non-acoustic parameters of the material. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3846/enviro.2020.820

Nanocelluloses are being explored and produced at an impressively increasing pace. Due to their good characteristics as reinforcement agent, their application in the most diverse fields has proven to be very beneficial. Their use in papermaking has been investigated in several studies, but the industrial implementation is still in a preliminary stage. In the present study, the influence of nanocelluloses, produced by four different treatments (mechanical, enzymatic hydrolysis, TEMPO-mediated oxidation and carboxymethylation) in the properties of filler-containing laboratory handsheets was assessed. Furthermore, five series produced with different additives, among internal strength and sizing agents as well as a retention agent, allowed to investigate the interactions between the common additives used in paper production and nanocelluloses. It was found that the different properties of the studied nanocelluloses led to very different interactions with the paper components. In this sense, by properly selecting the furnish to use (in terms of nanocellulose typology and presence or absence of each additive), high improvements of filler retention and dry and wet--web strength, as well as reduced surface roughness and water penetration, could be achieved.

Aim of study: This study was carried out to evaluate canola (Brassica napus L.) stalks as an alternative raw material for pulp and paper production. Area of study: This work was carried out in Kahramanmaraş Sütçü Imam University, Faculty of Forestry, Pulp and Paper Production Laboratory. Material and Methods: Before pulping procedure, the chemical components of the canola stalks were investigated. The holocellulose, alpha cellulose, lignin, and ash contents and NaOH (1%) and cold-hot water solubilities were determined. Modified kraft cooking method was used for pulping from canola stalk by using sodium borohydride (NaBH4). Sulfidity charge; 26, 28, 30%, and NaBH4 charge; 0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5% were changed while keeping constant temperature (150 oC), time (120 min) and alkali charge (20%). For determination of the optimum pulping condition, 12 cooking experiments were performed to canola stalks. In addition, the physical and optical properties of the papers produced from the obtained pulps were also determined. Main results: The holocellulose (72.10%) and lignin (13.15%) contents of the canola stalks were found to be similar with hardwoods. The optimum cooking condition was determined as 20% active alkali, 28% sulfidity and 0.5% NaBH4 charges (as NaOH) and the total pulp yield were obtained about 44.7% in this condition. Besides, the addition of NaBH4 increased pulp yield by 24.1% and decreased kappa number by 9.7%. Research highlights: It was concluded that obtained results demonstrate the suitability of canola stalk for pulp and paper production and NaBH4 is an effective cooking additive for the pulp yield.

The issue of operation of submersible vortex flowmeters used in the systems of monitoring of circulating and waste waters of pulp and paper production is considered. It is shown that in the event of an error in the installation of these instruments, an additional error appears due to the angle between the axis of the flow body (TO) of the flowmeter and the axis of the pipeline. This error is related to the measurement method, which in turn leads to a change in the Strouhal number (Sh). The influence of this error leads to a change in the geometry of the flow part of the submerged flowmeter (the appearance of the angle β), which in turn leads to a change in the vortex formation process. Variants of finding this error are considered, from which the method of numerical modeling of hydrodynamic processes with subsequent processing by the method of experiment planning was chosen. For each investigated velocity of the fiber suspension and the angle of deflection of the TO axis, a graph of the frequency spectrum of the vortex formation process was obtained. Which was later used to find the number Sh. The dependence of the installation error ΔSh,% is presented. in the form of a response surface. It is revealed that the error in the installation of the TO, which is estimated by the angle β, is relatively small and varies linearly with increasing β. If the angle β = ± 3 ° is accepted as an allowable value, then the error in measuring the flow rate of the suspension will not exceed 0.25% over the entire range of velocities under consideration., Рассматривается вопрос особенностей эксплуатации погружных вихревых расходомеров, применяемых в системах мониторинга оборотных и сточных вод целлюлозно-бумажного производства. Показано, что при ошибке монтажа данных приборов может появляться дополнительная погрешность, появляющаяся вследствие угла между осью тело обтекания (ТО) расходомера и осью трубопровода. Данная погрешность связана с методом измерения, которая в свою очередь ведет к изменению числа Струхаля (Sh). Влияние данной погрешности приводит к изменению геометрии проточной части погружного расходомера (появление угла β), что способствует изменению процесса вихреобразования. Рассмотрены варианты нахождения данной погрешности из которых был выбран метод численного моделирования гидродинамических процессов с последующей обработкой методом планирования эксперимента. Для каждой исследуемой скорости волокнистой суспензии и угле отклонения оси ТО был получен график частотного спектра процесса вихреобразования на ТО, который впоследствии использовался для нахождения числа Sh. Представлена зависимость погрешности монтажа ΔSh,% в виде поверхности отклика. Выявлено, что погрешность монтажа ТО, которая оценивается углом β, является относительно небольшой иизменяется сувеличением β линейно. Если принять в качестве допустимой величины угла β=±3°, то погрешность измерения расхода суспензии не будет превосходить 0,25% во всем диапазоне рассматриваемых скоростей.

In remote areas, such as India, Africa and Southeast Asia, typically not connected to the natural gas distribution network, tissue paper production is currently carried out using a Yankee cylinder and two hot air hoods heated with saturated steam produced in conventional boilers. In this way the drying air is heated at medium temperature, around 160-180 °C, with consequent low levels of dried paper production. In this context, the present study intends to evaluate the technical and economic feasibility of using a wood biomass fixed bed downdraft gasification plant for the production of syngas to be used as fuel in gas hoods, in order to reach high drying temperatures (around 500 °C), comparable with those of the current modern hoods powered with natural gas. Using previously developed calculation codes, an evaluation of energy performance of the paper drying system and of the gasification plant has been performed. The present study also evaluates the possibility of applying a CHP plant, powered by biomass, for the production of steam and electric, this last obtained adopting a steam turbine, thus covering all the electrical and thermal needs of the paper mill. Results show that, for a paper mill with a production of about 80 t/day of paper, two gasification reactors with a thermal output of about 1.95 MWt, and a consumption of dry biomass of 0.86 t/h, are required. For the steam system, the net electric power needed to meet the needs of the paper mill is about 3100 kW with a consumption of 4.72 t/h of moist biomass and a net efficiency of 23.9 %.

Background In this paper, we performed an analysis on how various materials based on starch nanoparticle affect different applications. The frequency of topics related to starch nanoparticles as well as their applications in different patent databases shows the importance of this material. Objective Being environmentally friendly, these nanoparticles show promise as novel composite biomaterials and are used in industries related to nutrition, paper production and medicines among many others. Results Our analysis showed that the prevailing synthesis for starch nanoparticles are methods based on acids, enzymes, ultrasonic treatment (alone with its combination with hydrolysis), highpressure homogenization, enzymatic hydrolysis and recrystallization and emulsion-crosslinking. Conclusion With this review, we provide an update on starch nanoparticles patents and the review can be used by scientists in different fields including nanotechnology.

In the modern conditions, business requires constant rationalization of all activities and processes that occur in the logistics system. One of the preconditions for ensuring the competitiveness in the market is to manage the own performance. This paper presents research that relates to the project of centralization of the warehouse in the company of paper production. Currently, any production facility has its own warehouse that is, through executed decomposition, proved like a poor solution. Any project requires certain investment funds, which are in this case over half million EUR, because it is a large and complex logistics company that employs about one thousand workers. The focus of this paper is an economic analysis of the project of centralization of warehouse. The new centralized system gives better results in the comparison with the current system of decentralization. Considering the savings, which are realized by switching to a centralized warehouse system, and required investment funds, repayment period of the same is slightly less than five years, what is relatively a short period.

The adoption of paper in the Middle East changed literacy practices and improved economic performance, yet current accounts remain unhelpful for understanding why and how it happened. This paper offers a new analysis of the long-term factors behind the adoption of paper in the Middle East, combining insights from economic theory, economic history and evidence from quantitative studies. The paper establishes a long-term trend in the price of writing material and books in the Middle East, and suggests an explanation based on economic factors which led to a decline in the price of inputs in paper production.

Study of the extraction of xylose and total phenolic compounds (TPC) from chestnut and beech with pressurized hot water was carried out following the experimental design methodology using time (30 min–90 min) and temperature (120 °C–170 °C) as factors. Results are compared under specific conditions with poplar and oak and with a mixture of the four species, representative of an industrial inlet used. Higher TPC extraction yield of chestnut tree (10%) than of beech (2%) is observed, with no effect on the extraction yield which becomes constant with time for chestnut, while it increases for beech as the temperature rises above 150 °C. At higher temperature, the co-extraction of hemicelluloses reduces the purity of the TPC in the chestnut extract, from 60% at 120 °C to 25% at 170 °C. In the case of the beech, TPC purity remains low. Chestnut and oak are relevant species for recovery of both TPC and hemicelluloses.

Owing to its benefits to reducing paper production and consumption, ink-free rewritable paper has attracted great attention and it is desirable to develop rewritable paper based on its low-cost, robust, and environmentally benign color switching systems. Herein, we report the fabrication of a rewritable paper based on novel poly(vinylpyrrolidone)/hexatungstic acid (HTA) hybrids with fast dual-mode color switching. As-prepared rewritable paper shows fast and reversible colorless-blue or blue-colorless color switching upon photo- or hydroprinting, owing to the fast redox transformations of the unique HTA clusters. More interestingly, the rewritable paper can be used as a template for noble-metal reduction and the noble metal can be deposited on the reduced area of the paper to form well-ordered patterns in high resolution. This rewritable paper can be produced in large scale, and the composition can be facilely tuned with various polyoxometalates or polymers. It may not only be an attractive alternative to current paper prints but also be potentially used for noble-metal reduction to prepare photolithographic circuits and optoelectronic devices.

Pulp and paper production from wood material as their main resources have a total capacity about more than one million tons per year. Malaysia has a high scale of deforestation based on the main resource for pulp and paper-based industry. Malaysia as its rate is accelerating faster than any other tropical countries in the world. This problem also affects the economic losses of some countries that face deforestation. To overcome this, Napier grass as a substitute material from non-wood material had been choose for pulp and papermaking industry. This study through the full fibre analysis and morphological characterization, pulpability at kappa number via soda-AQ pulping and the characteristic. These conclude that Napier grass had a high percentage of pulp yields; with a low screening rejects; good mechanical properties by TAPPI method. Thus, Napier grass has a potential to be substitute material for becoming waste-wealth product especially for Malaysia’s pulp and papermaking industry.

Eucalyptus is one of the major species used for pulp and paper industry. As industries develop, the need for Eucalyptus supply increases. However, there are challenges plantation companies must specifically determining eucalyptus market price potential risks in eucalyptus plantation and how eucalyptus plantation impacts the surrounding environment.. Stakeholders on eucalyptus supply chain have risks which have to be mitigated. The eucalyptus seedling and developer and the supplier hold crucial role in providing good quality eucalyptus raw material for pulp and paper production plants. This research is conducted to explore on ways to mitigate each stakeholders risk, challenges plantation companies face in fulfilling eucalyptus raw material for pulp and paper production plants. There are four stakeholders in eucalyptus supply chain: eucalyptus seedling developer and seller, supplier, distribution centre and pulp and paper production plants. Some of the major risk stakeholders are facing in eucalyptus supply chain are: early cut of eucalyptus trees, farmers’ lack of understanding on growing eucalyptus properly, small stem size, fluctuating eucalyptus wood price and low stock quantity. Some of the minor risk stakeholders are facing: earthquake, over fertilization, overwatering, cold climate, and plant setting. There are four methods used to determine eucalyptus pricing: cost-based pricing, customer-based pricing, competition-based pricing, and statutory pricing. Eucalyptus consume high amount of water which can cause dry areas around eucalyptus plantation area and low groundwater reservoir.

In recent years, several studies have found indications for data gaps and errors in the forestry production and trade section of the widely used FAOSTAT database. This manuscript focusses on inconsistencies in data on recovered pulp production, which have not yet been investigated in much detail. We develop national wood fiber balances for the pulp and paper sector for eleven countries. Our balances compare the wood fiber input (i.e. virgin and recovered pulp) in the paper and paperboard sector with the output (i.e. paper products) of this sector. By doing so, we are able to identify data gaps and errors and to determine the recovered pulp production as a residual volume in each country. For instance, we calculate a recovered pulp production of about 8.9 million tons for India in 2018. According to FAOSTAT, this production amounted to only 1.2 million tons. This is obviously too low considering that in the same year an apparent consumption of recovered paper of more than 10.1 million tons was reported. Moreover, we calculate ratios between virgin and recycled fibers in the paper production of the investigated countries. Our analysis provides a basis for better understanding of material flows in the pulp and paper sector and for supplements of international statistics.

Wood is used as the major raw material in paper production around the world and this has resulted in severe deforestations having direct negative impact on our environment. This has led to the need of finding alternative raw materials for paper production. Mauritius has around 300 ha of land under pineapple cultivation resulting in agro-waste materials of the leaves. This paper aims at determining the feasibility of using pineapple leaf fibres for paper production. Samples of pineapple leaf fibre were mixed with cane-bagasse in different ratios namely, 20:80, 40:60, 60:40, 80:20,100:0. Pineapple leaf fibres were also mixed with wastepaper in the same ratios. Pulping of pineapple leaf was achieved through soda pulping at a concentration of 15%w/v for 90 min at 90 °C. The papers obtained were tested for their physical and mechanical properties. The average thickness of all the papers produced, ranged from 0.232 mm to 0.304 mm showing an increase in paper thickness with increasing grammage from 58.19 g/m2 to 63.3 g/m2. The most absorbent paper(1.19 s) was found to be the 100% pineapple which also demonstrated the highest Tensile Index and Burst Index (6.5 Nm/g and 0.84 kPa m2/g respectively). The bagasse and pineapple composite of ratio 40:60 was found to be the most abrasion resistant paper with 21 turns and a weight loss of 0.86% with the use of emery paper of grade zero as abradant and 200 g load cells. The most crease resistant paper was the wastepaper and pineapple composite of ratio 80:20 with a crease recovery angle of 59.8°.

The aim of this work is to develop high-performance papers from recovered cardboard boxes. To tackle this objective, cardboard boxes were enzymatically refined and subsequently reinforced with CNF. Results revealed that although cardboard boxes are usually used for test-liner paper production, they could be used for high-performance applications. In this sense, stronger papers than common test-liner were produced through the use of harmless techniques for fibers. In terms of circular economy, the proposed combined approach goes further than closing the loop: new markets can be achieved or lighter papers could be used, leading to significant resources savings.

Reducing waste materials through reuse has in the recent past contributed to sustainable manufacturing in many industries. With the development of large-scale poultry farming, the treatment of large amounts of chicken feathers has become a problem and threatened its use as a renewable resource. This paper examines the use of chicken feathers in the paper making process; a process which would traditionally use wood as the raw material. The effects of combining feather fibre and wood pulp on paper performance were studied and compared to the properties of handsheets made with 100% wood pulp. With the increase of feather content, properties such as tightness, tensile index and bursting index decreased, whilst air permeability improved. There was no significant difference in water absorbency between various chicken feather/wood pulp handsheet samples however, the water absorbency started to decrease above 80% of chicken feather content. This could potentially open up a new avenue for the use of chicken feathers in applications that are meant to tolerate high humidity conditions, e.g., packaging products.

The potential health and environmental impacts associated with the improper management of chemically treated wood waste demands the adoption of recycling, and disposal practices. Chemically treated wood waste has several physical and chemical properties which makes it usable for the manufacture of another product to multiple use, among which the production of paper and fuel. This paper presents the initial life cycle assessment (LCA) study on wood waste used for paper production. The study boundary is limited with raw materials (raw wood or waste wood) processing and paper production itself, thus corresponds to “gate-to-gate” life cycle with a special focus on life cycle inventory data on waste wood treatment via hydrolysis process. The results of the analysis demonstrate competitiveness of the waste wood use for paper production vs. raw wood in such environmental categories as human health and ecosystem quality.