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Increasing the clinical preparation of teachers in the United States to meet greater rigor in K-12 education has become a goal of institutions of higher education, especially since the publication of the National Council for the Accreditation of Teacher Education Blue Ribbon Panel Report on Clinical Practice. Using a theoretical framework grounded in teacher self-efficacy, this article documents changes in perceptions of effectiveness in a cohort of preservice teachers over the course of a year-long clinically rich graduate-level residency program. Using the categories of the rubric that were being utilized for classroom observations, we surveyed residents about their perceptions of their own effectiveness in these areas prior to and at the conclusion of the residency program.

Objectives : Using several waves of the Panel Study of Worker`s Compensation Insurance(PSWCI), this study analyzed the effect of work hours on health and lifestyle of Korean workers in a sample from the 2013~2014 year (The first survey was completed in August-October 2013; the second survey was completed in August-October 2014). Methods : The research subjects were 1,312 men from among employees who responded to a 2013 PSWCI panel report. Statistical analyses were done with SAS version 9.3 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). Results : According to the results of the analysis, the male subjects had differences in economic activity and health conditions based on the length of working hours. There was a significant relationship among working hours and life satisfaction, and the correlation coefficients were statistically significant. The results show that workplace conditions has a direct positive effect on life satisfaction as we anticipated in the hypothesis. Conclusions : Management should focus on the factors identified in this study when developing employment interventions programs to improve the the promotion of healthy lifestyles for adults over the age of 40.

Background Endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) was introduced in the last decade, enabling real-time guidance of transbronchial needle aspiration (TBNA) of mediastinal and hilar structures and parabronchial lung masses. The many publications produced about EBUS-TBNA have led to a better understanding of the performance characteristics of this procedure. The goal of this document was to examine the current literature on the technical aspects of EBUS-TBNA as they relate to patient, technology, and proceduralist factors to provide evidence-based and expert guidance to clinicians. Methods Rigorous methodology has been applied to provide a trustworthy evidence-based guideline and expert panel report. A group of approved panelists developed key clinical questions by using the PICO (population, intervention, comparator, and outcome) format that addressed specific topics on the technical aspects of EBUS-TBNA. MEDLINE (via PubMed) and the Cochrane Library were systematically searched for relevant literature, which was supplemented by manual searches. References were screened for inclusion, and well-recognized document evaluation tools were used to assess the quality of included studies, to extract meaningful data, and to grade the level of evidence to support each recommendation or suggestion. Results Our systematic review and critical analysis of the literature on 15 PICO questions related to the technical aspects of EBUS-TBNA resulted in 12 statements: 7 evidence-based graded recommendations and 5 ungraded consensus-based statements. Three questions did not have sufficient evidence to generate a statement. Conclusions Evidence on the technical aspects of EBUS-TBNA varies in strength but is satisfactory in certain areas to guide clinicians on the best conditions to perform EBUS-guided tissue sampling. Additional research is needed to enhance our knowledge regarding the optimal performance of this effective procedure.

Chair: Rene Roussillon (France, SPP)Presenters: Anna Ferruta (Italy, SPI), Ema Ponce de Leon (Uruguay, APU) and Regine Prat (France, SPP)Reporter: Luis Rodriguez de la SierraThis very interesting a...

ICH (International Council for Harmonization) E9 R1 (2019) proposes a framework to define estimands in clinical trials. Although the concept of estimand was proposed previously when US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued the panel report on handling missing data in clinical trials, many details including attributes and different strategies have not been developed until the recent ICH E9 (R1) addendum. A clearly defined estimand should include considerations of five attributes including patient population, treatment regimen of interest, endpoint/variables, handling of intercurrent events (IEs), and summary measures for assessing treatment effect. To evaluate the underlying treatment effects of a new investigational drug or biologic product, it is desirable to consider estimands that are aligned with the objectives of the study and that are meaningful to the stakeholders such as physicians or patients, health authority administration, and payers, etc.. In this paper, the concepts, attributes and strategies of the estimand framework will be reviewed and illustrated with clinical trial examples. Some common estimands and their associated scientific questions are discussed within a causal inference framework for longitudinal clinical trials.

This article explores economic and legal issues in the WTO dispute China – Broiler Products (Article 21.5 – United States) (DS427). In 2011, the US initiated a dispute against the conduct and results of China’s 2009 trade remedy investigation into US broiler products (chickens). The Panel Report found that China had acted inconsistently with its WTO obligations. On the basis of a redetermination, China continued to impose duties and the United States initiated WTO compliance proceedings. The compliance Panel Report, circulated in 2018, concluded that China had failed to comply with its WTO obligations when allocating costs to construct US domestic prices for broiler products. However, China was found to have acted consistently with its WTO obligations with respect to two claims which raise some interesting legal questions. Ultimately, after almost a decade of litigation, China removed the antidumping and countervailing duties on US broiler products in 2018.

This dispute, brought by Canada against the United States, constitutes another chapter in three separate sagas: the enduring softwood lumber dispute between the two North American nations, the debate over the acceptability of the practice of “zeroing,” and the fight over the value and role of WTO Appellate Body precedent. Notably, the Panel departed from established Appellate Body decisions finding, inter alia, that zeroing was permissible under a weighted average-to-transaction (W-T) methodology. This departure is remarkable, not just because it runs counter prior jurisprudence, but also for the reasoning supporting it and the circumstances in which it occurred. Indeed, the Panel Report was issued in the midst of a crisis of the WTO dispute settlement system arising from the United States’ decision to block the reappointment of Appellate Body members. The United States justified this action, which eventually resulted in the Appellate Body losing its quorum to hear new appeals on December 10, 2019, on the basis of complaints, among others, that the Appellate Body had championed an approach to precedent, which the United States found incompatible with the intended role of dispute settlement within the WTO. While Members worked feverishly to formulate a compromise that might respond to the United States’ criticisms and soften the effect of the Appellate Body’s approach, the Panel suggested its own. Thus, it found room to depart from prior precedent (which the United States argued had been wrongly decided) while paying lip service to the Appellate Body.

The special panel “Re-booting gender in communication research and practice: a translational approach” comprised a group of colleagues who are working together on two different projects around gender equality in the media, along with a contributor from the European Institute for Gender Equality. The panel responded to the conference theme in several ways, not least by placing gender equality front and centre as an important but often neglected element of media policy and practice. We argue that issues of gender are located at both the centre and the periphery of media and communication research in terms of content (representation), production (employment), policy (structure) and ownership (political economy). While all these aspects have been topics of significant research interest over the past few decades, a consideration of the ways in which gender is a differentiating feature of media content and media practice has often been a glaring omission in research design.

Despite our best efforts, missing outcomes are common in randomized controlled clinical trials. The National Research Council's Committee on National Statistics panel report titled The Prevention and Treatment of Missing Data in Clinical Trials noted that further research is required to assess the impact of missing data on the power of clinical trials and how to set useful target rates and acceptable rates of missing data in clinical trials. In this article, using binary responses for illustration, we establish that conclusions based on statistical analyses that include only complete cases can be seriously misleading, and that the adverse impact of missing data grows not only with increasing rates of missingness but also with increasing sample size. We illustrate how principled sensitivity analysis can be used to assess the robustness of the conclusions. Finally, we illustrate how sample sizes can be adjusted to account for expected rates of missingness. We find that when sensitivity analyses are considered as part of the primary analysis, the required adjustments to the sample size are dramatically larger than those that are traditionally used. Furthermore, in some cases, especially in large trials with small target effect sizes, it is impossible to achieve the desired power.

A correction note has been published with regard to this article, see http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1745-8315.12588/pdf

Although the NCATE Blue Ribbon Panel Report challenges those responsible for teacher preparation to design clinically rich programs, there is little discussion about preparing teacher educators to actualize these innovations. This study explored how practitioner inquiry could serve as a mechanism to facilitate the development of the next generation of teacher educators. The purpose of this qualitative study was to understand what 16 doctoral student participants, from across two different university contexts, learned about becoming teacher educators as a result of engaging in practitioner inquiry. Findings suggest doctoral students developed an appreciation of inquiry as a tool for continuous instructional improvement and became active in program innovation. Doctoral students also broadened their understanding of educational research while uncovering tensions related to conducting research. These findings suggest inquiry as a relevant action for doctoral students to develop their abilities to innovate the...

The WTO Panel report on China – Anti-dumping and Countervailing Duty Measures on Broiler Products from the United States was circulated to Members on 2 August 2013. In the report, the Panel examined a variety of issues challenged by the United States under various provisions of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994, the Anti-dumping Agreement and the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures. The Panel upheld the United States' claims on the majority of the issues, which covered certain procedural aspects of the anti-dumping and countervailing investigations such as the right to disclosure of ‘essential facts', as well as the substantive determinations including costing issues, the imposition of the ‘all others' rate on the basis of ‘facts available’, the price effects' analyses, the sufficiency of the public notices, and others. Notably the costing issues that came up in the case, although decided mostly on procedural grounds, provide food for thought, and are likely to feature again in future disputes.

This position paper recommends the stand that representatives from civil society from Africa should take on the fight against Illicit Financial Flows (IFF). It is envisaged that tackling IFF from Africa requires reform of international corporate taxation. This tax system has many loopholes, and Transnational Corporations (TNCs) have exploited them. Profit shifting, and transfer pricing remain the primary drivers of corporate tax practices that facilitate IFF. Yet, these practices have not been adequately dealt with at both the international and regional fora. Estimates from the African Development Bank reveal that IFF have resulted in corporate tax losses in excess of a trillion dollars from Africa since 1980. The Tax Justice Network (TJN) and the IMF’s Fiscal Affairs Department estimate these losses at $500bn and $200bn respectively per annum. In 2015, the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA) published its High Level Panel Report on Illicit Financial Flows (HLP Report) in which it reported that Africa is losing more than $50 billion annually in IFFs. The Report asserted that this estimate may well fall short of reality because accurate data does not exist for all African countries, and these estimates often exclude some forms of IFFs that by nature are secret and cannot be properly estimated, such as proceeds of bribery and trafficking of drugs, people and firearms as well as corruption. In July 2018, at the High Level Policy Dialogue on Development Planning in Africa the Head of Development Planning and Statistics at the Economic Commission for Africa reported that $100 billion a year is illegally earned, transferred, or used due to mis-invoicing. These Tax losses resulting from IFF have become too serious to neglect anymore.

This article presents an overview of the World Trade Organization (WTO) disputes resolved in 2016. As common in WTO dispute settlement, a large proportion of the case law concerns trade remedies, in particular anti-dumping measures. In that category of disputes, 2016 saw decisions in the US – Washing Machines and US – Anti-Dumping Methodologies disputes, which concerned in particular the controversial “targeted dumping” methodology under Article 2.4.2 of the Anti-Dumping Agreement, including the use of the controversial “zeroing” methodology; EU – Biodiesel, which concerned a controversial cost calculation methodology, variations of which will likely re-appear before WTO dispute settlement panels in the future, because this methodology targets in particular China; the compliance (Article 21.5 DSU) panel in EC – Fasteners (21.5); and the panel report in EU – Fatty Alcohols, at whose core were questions concerning the treatment of payments between related parties.

This entry provides an analysis of the rules governing the supervision of implementation of Dispute Settlement Body (“DSB”) reports based on the World Trade Organization’s (“WTO”) Dispute Settlement Understanding (“DSU”). Specifically, it focuses on the precise functions of the DSB’s implementation surveillance after an Appellate Body (“AB”) or Panel Report has been issued. As such, this entry does not analyze procedures developed under Article 21:5 DSU nor procedures developed under Article 22:6 DSU, because those provisions concern interactions with Members prior to implementation and other elements of WTO law. Rather, this entry analyzes the rules and procedures that govern the DSB’s follow-up on whether its reports have been implemented and situations where retaliation measures are implemented.

Since “Seldom have so many independent studies been in such agreement: simulation is a key element for achieving progress in engineering and science” [National Science Foundation (NSF) Blue Ribbon Panel Report on Simulation-Based Engineering Science: Revolutionizing Engineering Science through Simulation (NSF Press, May 2006)], we attempt to outline briefly new 21st century computational challenges and their potential impact on our future. We present not only the progress in computational science and engineering and/or cyberinfrastructure, but also the necessary steps to overcome the existing educational, cultural and organizational obstacles as well. The authors identify themselves with presented ideas, which have already been expressed in the past (e.g. in different position papers and reports on research directions formulated during discussion panels and workshops organized, among others, by WTEC [Information on http://wtec.org/reports.htm]).

Chair: Paula EllmanPresenters: Catalina Bronstein, Irene Cairo, Paula Ellman, Nancy Goodman and Elias da Rocha BarrosReporter: Rogelio SosnikDr. Paula Ellman opened the panel, by stating that this ...

Chair: Andrew GerberPanellists: Tamara Fischmann, Rafael Mondrzak and Marianne Leuzinger‐Bohleber (read by Tamara Fischmann)Reporters: Tamara Fischmann, Marianne Leuzinger‐Bohleber and Lisa Kallenb...

Chair: Margaret‐Ann Fitzpatrick‐HanlyPanelists: Marina Altmann de Litvan and Steven H. GoldbergReporter: William GloverThe Panel continued a series of programmes on the work of the Clinical Observa...

Chair: Gustavo JarastPresenters: Kamran Alipanahi, Jacqueline Amati Mehler and John ChurcherReporter: Guillermo BodnerThe impetuous development of communication technologies in recent years has had...

Chair: Paola GolinelliPresenters: Antonio Andreoli, Maria Vittoria Costantini and Martina BourdeReporter: Luisa MasinaThis panel featured interesting overlaps between the contributions of the three...

At face value, Turkey–Rice is not the most complex or important WTO dispute ever litigated. The facts of the case give strong reason to believe that Turkey's restrictions on rice imports from the United States were not GATT-consistent. Turkey's steadfast refusal to provide exonerating evidence in its defence and the Panel's drawing of appropriate inference were probably the most remarkable issues of the case. Nevertheless, Turkey–Rice raises at least one interesting legal and economic question: How ‘activist’ are dispute panels today, and how interventionist should they be during the litigation process? We discuss the justification and role of activist panels and assess the consequences for parties' strategic behavior and incentive to provide accurate information.

The National Research Council 2009 "Silver Book" panel report included a recommendation that the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) should increase all of its chemical carcinogen (CC) potency estimates by ∼7-fold to adjust for a purported median-vs.-mean bias that I recently argued does not exist (Bogen KT. "Does EPA underestimate cancer risks by ignoring susceptibility differences?," Risk Analysis, 2014; 34(10):1780-1784). In this issue of the journal, my argument is critiqued for having flaws concerning: (1) intent, bias, and conservatism of EPA estimates of CC potency; (2) bias in potency estimates derived from epidemiology; and (3) human-animal CC-potency correlation. However, my argument remains valid, for the following reasons. (1) EPA's default approach to estimating CC risks has correctly focused on bounding average (not median) individual risk under a genotoxic mode-of-action (MOA) assumption, although pragmatically the approach leaves both inter-individual variability in CC-susceptibility, and widely varying CC-specific magnitudes of fundamental MOA uncertainty, unquantified. (2) CC risk estimates based on large epidemiology studies are not systematically biased downward due to limited sampling from broad, lognormal susceptibility distributions. (3) A good, quantitative correlation is exhibited between upper-bounds on CC-specific potency estimated from human vs. animal studies (n = 24, r = 0.88, p = 2 × 10(-8)). It is concluded that protective upper-bound estimates of individual CC risk that account for heterogeneity in susceptibility, as well as risk comparisons informed by best predictions of average-individual and population risk that address CC-specific MOA uncertainty, should each be used as separate, complimentary tools to improve regulatory decisions concerning low-level, environmental CC exposures.

This overview will demonstrate that cough is a common and potentially expensive health-care problem. Improvement in the quality of care of those with cough has been the focus of study for a variety of disciplines in medicine. The purpose of the Cough Guideline and Expert Panel is to synthesize current knowledge in a form that will aid clinical decision-making for the diagnosis and management of cough across disciplines and also identify gaps in knowledge and treatment options.

Although varied in treatment regimens and outcomes assessment, trials show safe and effective osteoporosis drug therapies up to 5 years in reducing the incidence of vertebral fractures. Trials provide evidence mainly for white postmenopausal women, while other populations (e.g., men, spectrum of race and ethnicities, residents in facilities, and people with advanced and multiple comorbid conditions) were absent or underrepresented. Evidence for osteoporosis drug therapies is lacking for people who meet neither bone mineral density nor fracture criteria for osteoporosis but are at elevated risk due to other health, genetic, or medication use factors. Fewer studies have shown that some osteoporosis drug therapies reduce the incidence of non-vertebral, including hip fractures. Notably, the workshop participants emphasized the importance of fracture on patient morbidity and survival; however, the trial results presented no data on non-fracture patient outcomes or sequelae of fractures, such as functional status, mobility, hospitalizations, and nursing home placement.

The Yellow Zone Practice Parameter reviewed the evidence for home interventions for patients when they lose asthma control and enter the yellow zone in the “traffic light” model of asthma action plans.1 As pointed out in the parameter, patients often adjust their medications (with or without the advice of their physician) when faced with loss of control but, unfortunately, often do so inappropriately. The hope of the parameter is to offer evidence-based recommendations for patient-directed treatment changes. It is meant to create a partnership between the provider and the patient, empower patients to manage their asthma symptoms, and prevent patients from entering the red zone. Strong recommendations in the parameter include instructing patients to activate the yellow zone intervention plan early on when there is acute loss of asthma control and/or at the onset of an upper respiratory infection if this is a known trigger. Beyond the recommendationsmade in the Expert Panel Report 3 (EPR3): Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma of a short-acting b-agonist use in the yellow zone, the practice parameter poses other treatments as options, including symptom-driven use of an inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) with a concomitant b-agonist. The approach relies on “dynamic dosing,” which is the use of ICS with a reliever or “adjustable

This unappealed Panel Report deals with now standard controversies involving US zeroing practices, but also involves a number of novel problems in administrative reviews of US anti-dumping orders that transcend zeroing issues. Most importantly, this dispute highlights the economic, legal, and statistical importance of sample-selection bias when calculating ‘all others’ rates for exporters that were not queried during dumping investigations. Sampling is particularly problematic in this dispute since US investigators found only zero and de minimis margins in the administrative reviews, a situation in which the relevant provision of the Anti-Dumping Agreement appears to provide no guidance (an apparent ‘lacuna’). The Panel did not directly deal with the key sample-selection issues in the case, and so we provide an alternative legal and statistical analysis. These issues are likely to become more important as the practice of zeroing is phased out in the United States. Indeed, sampling may well be the new zeroing.