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Timothy P Page,1 Jeffrey Whitman2 1Department of Ophthalmology, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Royal Oak, MI, 2Key-Whitman Eye Center, Dallas, TX, USA Purpose: The aims of this study are to define the various stages of capsular contraction syndrome (CCS) and its effect on refractive error with hinge-based accommodating intraocular lenses (IOLs) and to describe a systematic approach for the management of the different stages of CCS. Methods: Hinge-based accommodative IOLs function via flexible hinges that vault the optic forward during accommodation. However, it is the flexibility of the IOL that makes it prone to deformation in the event of CCS. The signs of CCS are identified and described as posterior capsular striae, fibrotic bands across the anterior or posterior capsule, and capsule opacification. Various degrees of CCS may affect hinge-based accommodating IOLs in a spectrum from subtle changes in IOL appearance to significant increases in refractive error and loss of uncorrected visual acuity. The signs of CCS and its effect on IOL position and the resulting changes in refractive error are matched to appropriate treatment plans. Results: A surgeon can avoid CCS and manage the condition if familiar with the early signs of CCS. If CCS is identified, yttrium–aluminum–garnet laser capsulotomy should be considered. If moderate CCS occurs, it may be effectively treated with insertion of a capsular tension ring. If CCS is allowed to progress to advanced stages, an IOL exchange may be necessary. Conclusion: Surgeons should be familiar with the stages of CCS and subsequent interventions. The steps outlined in this article help to guide surgeons in the prevention and management of CCS with hinge-based accommodative IOLs in order to provide improved refractive outcomes for patients. Keywords: z-syndrome, pseudophakic tilt, IOL subluxation, CTR, capsular tension ring, capsular fibrosis

Antarctica contains some of the most challenging environmental conditions on the planet due to freezing temperatures, prolonged winters and lack of liquid water. Whereas 99.7% of Antarctica is permanently covered by ice and snow, some coastal areas and mountain ridges have remained ice-free and are able to sustain populations of microinvertebrates. Tardigrades are one of the more dominant groups of microfauna in soil and limno-terrestrial habitats, but little is known of their diversity and distribution across Antarctica. Here, we examine tardigrades sampled from across an extensive region of continental Antarctica, and analyse and compare their partial mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) gene sequences with those from the Antarctic Peninsula, maritime and sub-Antarctica, Tierra del Fuego and other worldwide locations in order to recognise operational taxonomic units (OTUs). From 439 new tardigrade COI sequences, we identified 98 unique haplotypes (85 from Antarctica) belonging to Acutuncus, Diphascon, Echiniscus, Macrobiotus, Milnesium and unidentified Parachela. Operational taxonomic units were delimited by Poisson tree processes and general mixed Yule coalescent methods, resulting in 58 and 55 putative species, respectively. Most tardigrades appear to be locally endemic (i.e. restricted to a single geographic region), but some (e.g. Acutuncus antarcticus (Richters, 1904)) are widespread across continental Antarctica. Our molecular results reveal: (i) greater diversity than has previously been appreciated with distinct OTUs that potentially represent undescribed species, and (ii) a lack of connectivity between most OTUs from continental Antarctica and those from other Antarctic geographical zones.

Grave, Sammy De, Page, Timothy J. (2014): The status of the Australian genus Caridinides Calman, 1926 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) with reference to recent phylogenetic studies. Zootaxa 3753 (4): 398-400, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3753.4.9

Micratya cooki sp. nov. (Figs. 5 A���O, 6 P���W, 7 A) Material examined. Holotype ov. female, cl 4.9 mm, tl 16.6 mm (MNHN-IU- 2011-6057), R��o Guayan��s, Puerto Rico; Paratypes 1 female, cl 3.5 mm (MNHN-IU- 2011-6058), R��o Guayan��s, Puerto Rico; 1 female, cl 4.9 mm (MNHN-IU- 2011-6059), R��o Grande de Manat��, Puerto Rico; 1 ov. female, cl 5.0 mm (OUMNH.ZC-2012.05.001), R��o Guayan��s, Puerto Rico; Others 2 males, cl 3.1���3.7 mm, 6 females, cl 3.1���4.9 mm (MNHN-IU- 2011-6060) R��o Coamo, Puerto Rico; 1 male, cl 4.0 mm, 4 females, cl 3.9���5.3 mm (MNHN-IU- 2011-6061) R��o Guanajibo, Puerto Rico; 6 females, cl 3.9���4.9 mm, 6 ov. females 4.2���4.8 mm (OUMNH.ZC-2012.05.002), R��o Guayan��s, Puerto Rico; 2 males, cl 3.1���3.3 mm, 1 ov. female, cl 6.6 mm, 6 females, cl. 4.1���5.2 mm (OUMNH.ZC-2012.05.003), R��o Coamo, Puerto Rico; 1 male, cl 4.0 mm (OUMNH.ZC-2012.05.004), R��o Coamo, Puerto Rico; leg. B.D. Cook, J. Hughes and P. Hernandez-Garcia, February 2006. Diagnosis. Rostrum (Fig. 5 A���B) short, reaching near to end of basal segment of antennular peduncle, 0.21���0.31 times as long as carapace, armed dorsally with 3 to 9 (most 5���7) teeth without teeth on carapace posterior to orbital margin, 0 to 2 ventral teeth (most 1���2). Chela of first pereiopod (Fig. 6 P) 2.55���2.84 as long as wide, dactylus 5.10 ���6.00 times as long as wide; carpus 0.89���0.97 times as long as wide. Chela of second pereiopod (Fig. 6 Q) 2.20���2.63 times as long as wide, dactylus 5.36 ���6.00 times as long wide; carpus 0.94���1.10 times as long as wide. Propodus of fifth pereiopod (Fig. 6 T���U) 6.45���9.33 times long as wide; dactylus 0.25���0.40 long as propodus, dactylus with 1 large claw and 17���30 spines on flexor margin (most 17���22). Endopod of male first pleopod (Fig. 6 V) 2 times as long as proximal width, appendix interna strong. Preanal carina (Fig. 5 D) rounded, with a distinct tooth. Uropodal diaeresis (Fig. 5 E) with 16���18 movable spinules. Description. Rostrum (Fig. 5 A���B) short, reaching near to end of basal segment of antennular peduncle, 0.21���0.31 times as long as carapace, armed dorsally with 3 to 9 (mostly 5���7) teeth without teeth on carapace posterior to orbital margin, 0 to 2 ventral teeth (mostly 1���2); rostral formula: 0 + 3���9 / 0���2. Inferior orbital angle fused with antennal spine. Pterygostomial angle broadly rounded. Antennular peduncle 0.39���0.46 times as long as carapace, second segment 0.30���0.35 times length of basal segment, third segment 0.67���0.92 times as length of second segment. Stylocerite 0.75���0.90 times as long as basal segment of antennular peduncle. Scaphocerite (Fig. 5 C) 2.41 times as long as wide. Sixth abdominal somite 0.38���0.46 times length of carapace, 1.12���1.34 times as long as fifth somite, 0.80���0.91 shorter than telson. Telson (Figs. 5 F���G) 1.92���2.35 times as long as proximally wide, distal margin broadly rounded, with median projection, with 5 or 6 pairs of dorsal and 1 pair of dorsolateral spinules, distal end with 10���12 spines, intermediate spines with fine bristles and longer than lateral pair. Preanal carina (Fig. 5 D) rounded, with a distinct tooth. Uropodal diaeresis (Fig. 5 E) with 16���18 movable spinules. Incisor process of mandible (Fig. 5 O) ending in irregular teeth, molar process truncated. Lower lacinia of maxillula (Fig. 5 N) broadly subrectangular, upper lacinia elongate, with numerous distinct teeth on inner margin, palp slender with few simple setae at tip. Upper endites of maxilla (Fig. 5 L) subdivided, palp slender, scaphognathite tapering posteriorly, fringed with long, curved setae at posterior margin. Palp of first maxilliped (Fig. 5 J���K) ending in an elongated triangular projection. Podobranch on second maxilliped (Fig. 5 I) well developed. Third maxilliped (Fig. 5 H) with 1 well developed and 1 rudimentary arthrobranch, ending in a rounded tip in most specimens (a short distal spine is visible in one specimen), ultimate segment as long as penultimate segment. Pleurobranchs present on first to fourth pereiopod. First pereiopod without arthrobranch. Well developed epipods present on third maxilliped and first 3 pereiopods. Chela of first pereiopod (Fig. 5 P) 2.55���2.84 as long as wide, 1.54���1.76 times length of carpus; dactylus 5.10 ���6.00 times as long as wide, no visible palm; carpus 0.89���0.97 times as long as wide, distally excavated, 0.64���0.74 times length of merus. Merus 0.84���0.91 times as long as chela. Chela of second pereiopod 2.20���2.63 times as long as wide, 1.62���2.10 times length of carpus; dactylus 5.36 ���6.00 times as long as wide, no visible palm; carpus 0.94���1.10 times as long as wide, distally excavated, 0.48���0.60 times length of merus; merus 0.98���1.04 times as long as chela. Third pereiopod (Figs. 6 R���S) slender, propodus 4.15���5.63 times as long as wide, 2.16���2.64 times as long as dactylus; dactylus 2.21���3.17 times as long as wide (terminal spine included), terminating in one large claw with 4 or 5 accessory spines on flexor margin, second spine very small; carpus 2.86���3.17 times as long as wide, 0.84���0.93 times as long as propodus, 0.43���0.46 times as long as merus; merus 4.32���4.79 times as long as wide, 2.16���2.30 times length of carpus. Fifth pereiopod slender (Figs. 6 T���U), propodus 6.45���9.33 times as long as wide, dactylus 0.25���0.40 long as propodus and 2.71 ���3.00 times as long as wide (terminal spine included), terminating in 1 large claw and 17���30 spines on flexor margin (most 17���22); carpus 2.81���3.78 times as long as wide, 0.60���0.64 times as long as propodus, 0.66���0.78 times as long as merus; merus 3.63���4.29 times as long as wide, 1.27���1.51 times length of carpus. Endopod of male first pleopod (Fig. 6 V) elongated, 2 times as long as proximal width, 0.43 times as long as exopod, with a strong appendix interna, variable in shape. Appendix masculina on male second pleopod (Fig. 6 W, 7 A) slender, 0.86 times long as endopod, spines extending to midlength of appendix masculina. Appendix interna reaching half of appendix masculina and well into the spinulated part of the appendix masculina. Egg size of overigerous females 0.26���0.29 x 0.48���0.50 mm. Etymology. Micratya cooki is dedicated to Ben Cook, the collector of the new species. Distribution. Micratya cooki is known from some streams in Puerto Rico. The small egg size, suggesting prolonged larval development similar to M. poeyi, and lack of phylogeographic structure across the large island of Puerto Rico (Cook et al. 2009), both indicate that it probably has a wider distributional range in the Caribbean. Remarks. Micratya cooki is very similar to Micratya poeyi (F.E. Gu��rin-M��neville, 1855). It can be distinguished from M. poeyi in the armature of the dactyli on the fifth pereiopod (with 17���30 spinules on flexor margin vs. 24���43 in M. poeyi), the armature of the uropodal diaeresis (16���18 movable spinules vs. 20���23 in M. poeyi) and a different armature of the distal margin of the telson (10���12 distal spines vs. 14���16 distal spines in M. poeyi). The armature of the rostrum is more variable in M. cooki which lacks teeth on carapace posterior to orbital margin (M. poeyi with 0���2) and armed dorsally with 3���9 teeth (M. poeyi with 7���9), ventral teeth with 0���4 vs. 1���4 in M. poeyi. Male specimens can distinghuished by the spinulation of the appendix masculina (Fig. 7). In M. poeyi the spines are located near distal end of appendix masculina, the tip of appendix interna does not reach to the spinulated part of the appendix masculina. In M. cooki the spines extend more proximally, the tip of appendix interna reaches into the spinulated part of the appendix masculina. In living specimens, M. poeyi has 3 distinct white vertical color bands on a dark body (see Karge & Klotz 2008, p 120), while the living color patterns of M. cooki are not yet clear but may resemble one of the two other color patterns recognized by Chace & Hobbs (1969). Although both species are very similar in morphological characteristics, they can be clearly distinguished by molecular data., Published as part of Karge, Andreas, Page, Timothy J. & Klotz, Werner, 2013, A new species of freshwater shrimp of the genus Micratya (Decapoda: Atyidae: Caridea) from Puerto Rico, pp. 357-368 in Zootaxa 3608 (5) on pages 362-365, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3608.5.4, http://zenodo.org/record/223048

Micratya poeyi (Gu��rin-M��neville, 1855) (Figs. 3 A���M, 4 O���X, 7 B) Atya Poeyi Gu��rin-M��neville, 1855 Calmania poeyi Bouvier, 1909 b Material examined. Neotype female, (MNHN-IU- 2011-6056), Cuba, leg. P. Serre, 1909; Others: 2 females (MNHN-Na 610, MNHN-Na 613); 1 male (MNHN-Na 612), Cuba, leg. P. Serre, 1909; 1 male, cl 4.1 mm; 2 ov. females, cl 5.8���6.7 (MNHN-IU- 2011-6066), R��o Guanajibo, Puerto Rico; 1 ov. female, cl 6.2 (MNHN-IU- 2011- 6065), R��o Guanajibo, Puerto Rico; 2 ov. females, cl 6.2���6.3 mm, (MNHN-IU- 2011-6064), R��o Grande de Manat��, Puerto Rico; 1 ov. female, cl 6.7 (MNHN-IU- 2011-6062), R��o Espirutu Santo, Puerto Rico, leg. B.D. Cook, J. Hughes and P. Hernandez-Garcia, February 2006; 1 male, cl 3.39 mm, (MNHN-IU- 2011-6063), Oropuche River, Trinidad, leg. C. Rogers. Diagnosis. Rostrum (Fig. 3 A, 3 B) short, reaching near to end of basal segment of antennular peduncle, 0.22���0.29 times as long as carapace, armed dorsally with 7���9 teeth including 0���2 (most 0) on carapace posterior to orbital margin, 1 or 2 ventral teeth. Pterygostomial angle broadly rounded. Inferior orbital angle fused with antennal spine. Antennular peduncle 0.41���0.52 times as long as carapace, with a very small (0.15���0.21 times as long as second segment of antennular peduncle) or rudimentary tooth. Stylocerite 0.79���0.88 times as long as the basal segment of antennular peduncle. Incisor process of mandible (Fig. 3 M) ending in irregular teeth, molar process truncated. Lower lacinia of maxillula (Fig. 3 L) broadly subrectangular, upper lacinia elongate, with numerous distinct teeth on inner margin, palp slender with few simple setae at tip. Upper endites of maxilla (Fig. 3 K) subdivided, palp slender, scaphognathite tapering posteriorly, fringed with long, curved setae at posterior margin. Palp of first maxilliped (Fig. 3 I, J) ending in an elongated triangular projection. Podobranch on second maxilliped (Fig. 3 H) well developed. Third maxilliped (Fig. 3 G) with 1 well developed and 1 rudimentary arthrobranch, ultimate segment as long as penultimate segment. Pleurobranchs present on first to fourth pereiopod. First pereiopod without arthrobranch. Well developed epipods present on third maxilliped and first 3 pereiopods. Carpus of first pereiopod (Fig. 4 O) 0.76 ���1.00 times as long as wide, distally excavated; chela 2.78���3.75 times as long as wide; dactylus 5.56���8.18 times as long as wide; tips of fingers rounded, no visible palm. Merus of first pereiopod 0.79���0.87 times as long as chela and 1.36���1.67 times long as carpus. Carpus of second pereiopod Fig. 4 P) 1.06���1.08 times as long as wide; chela 2.48���2.83 times as long as wide, 1.72���1.95 times length of carpus; dactylus 5.54���5.83 times long as wide; tips of fingers rounded. Merus of second pereiopod 1.08���1.21 times as long as chela and 2.08���2.11 as times long as carpus. Dactylus of third pereiopod (Fig. 4 Q-T) 1.85���3.17 times as long as wide (terminal spine included), terminating in 1 large claw and 4���5 spines on flexor margin, second spine very small; propodus 5.29���7.86 times long as wide, 2.89���3.36 times as long as dactylus. Fifth pereiopod (Fig. 4 U,V) slender, dactylus 2.63���3.30 times as long as wide (terminal spine included), with 1 large claw and 24���43 spines on flexor margin (most 36-38); propodus 7.80���11.14 times as long as wide, 3.55���4.59 long as dactylus. Endopod of male first pleopod (Fig. 4 W) elongated, 2.0 times as long as proximal width. Appendix interna strong, 0.69 long as first endopod. Endopod of male second pleopod (Fig. 4 X) 4.76 as long as wide. Appendix masculina (Fig. 4 X, 7 B) 0.84 as long as endopod. Appendix interna of second pleopod reaching to 0.62 length of appendix masculina. Spinulation of appendix masculina near distal end, tip of appendix interna not reaching to the spinulated part of appendix masculina. Sixth abdominal segment 0.38���0.43 times length of carapace. Telson (Fig. 3 E, F) 2.29���2.48 times as long as proximally wide, posterior margin rounded, with median projection, with 5���7 pairs of dorsal and 1 pair of dorsolateral spinules; distal end with 7���8 pairs spines, 6���7 intermediate pair with fine bristles, longer and thinner than lateral spines. Preanal carina (Fig. 3 C) rounded, with distinctly tooth. Uropodal diaeresis with 20���23 movable spinules. Egg size of overigerous females 0.28���0.35 x 0.48���0.58 mm. Distribution. Micratya poeyi is known from Great and Lesser Antilles: Cuba, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Dominica, Martinique. A single ovigerous female was collected by D.P. Kelso in Costa Rica in 1964. F.A. Chace jr. (1983) reported Micratya poeyi from Panama as well Abele & Kim (1989) and Torati et al. (2011). Remarks. The original type specimen described by Gu��rin-M��neville originated from a collection of Cuban material without further specification. The description as Atya poeyi by Gu��rin-M��neville comprises only a few sentences without accurate information on body proportions or details on spinulation of appendages. Most of the collections described by F.E. Gu��rin-M��neville are deposited in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia but M. poeyi is not cataloged here (Spamer & Bogan, 1994). In the Oxford University Museum of Natural History, where a part of the collections are also deposited, no specimen of this species could be found (S. De Grave, personal communication). Two attempts to locate this type material at the Mus��um national d���Histoire naturelle Paris were also unsuccessful (Laure Corbari & Paula Martin Lefevre, personal communication). Thus the type series seem to be lost. To stabilize taxonomy, a neotype was designated here for a specimen selected from the Cuban collections of P. Serre, deposited in the Mus��um national d���Histoire naturelle Paris. Specimens from this collection had also been used by E.-L. Bouvier for his studies, which resulted in the description of the genus Micratya. The examined specimens of Micratya poeyi indicate a sexual dimorphism. In addition to the smaller body size of males (cl. 3.65���4.1 in males vs. 6.2���6.7 in females), the two sexes differ in proportions of propodus on third pereiopod (7.86 times as long as wide in males vs. 5.29 ���6.00 in females); dactylus on third pereiopod (3.17 times as long as wide in males vs. 1.85���2.27 times in female) and the propodus on fifth pereiopod (11.14 times as long as wide vs. 7.80���9.36). This is the first time that a sexual dimorphism in Micratya poeyi has been reported., Published as part of Karge, Andreas, Page, Timothy J. & Klotz, Werner, 2013, A new species of freshwater shrimp of the genus Micratya (Decapoda: Atyidae: Caridea) from Puerto Rico, pp. 357-368 in Zootaxa 3608 (5) on pages 359-362, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3608.5.4, http://zenodo.org/record/223048

Karge, Andreas, Page, Timothy J., Klotz, Werner (2013): A new species of freshwater shrimp of the genus Micratya (Decapoda: Atyidae: Caridea) from Puerto Rico. Zootaxa 3608 (5): 357-368, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3608.5.4

Micratya Bouvier, 1913 Species of the genus Micratya show a reduced branchial formula (Fig. 2), lacking pleurobranchies on fifth pereiopod. There are also no epipods on the fourth pereiopod. For these characters Micratya is similar to the genus Halocaridina from Hawaii, but Micratya has one well developed and one reduced arthrobranch at third maxilliped and podobranchies on second maxilliped. This character combination resembles the genus Limnocaridella, but the latter lacks podobranchies at second maxilliped., Published as part of Karge, Andreas, Page, Timothy J. & Klotz, Werner, 2013, A new species of freshwater shrimp of the genus Micratya (Decapoda: Atyidae: Caridea) from Puerto Rico, pp. 357-368 in Zootaxa 3608 (5) on page 359, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3608.5.4, http://zenodo.org/record/223048

Atyidae De Haan, 1849, Published as part of Karge, Andreas, Page, Timothy J. & Klotz, Werner, 2013, A new species of freshwater shrimp of the genus Micratya (Decapoda: Atyidae: Caridea) from Puerto Rico, pp. 357-368 in Zootaxa 3608 (5) on page 359, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3608.5.4, http://zenodo.org/record/223048

This Workshop team was led by Harry Balcombe, and this final report summarises their progress in the ACEAS-TERN supported workshop. The aim of this workshop was to draw knowledge from cross-disciplinary scientists with experience of different climatic regions and river types to examine whether there are identifiable biota and flow metrics that can be applied to specific regions/river types for assessing the success of environmental flows. The specific aims were to: • Summarise flow-ecology relationships for specific regions or river types and to seek synergies across datasets to identify any universal relationships and/or universal flow metrics • Summarise statistical methods that underlie these flow-ecology relationships • Outline the challenges for developing flow-ecology relationships and a more rigorous scientific basis for environment flow management • Outline the foundations for a synthesis manuscript