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Climate change affects several environments, and one of the main problems is the availability and pollution of water resources. As a sustainable strategy, nature-based solutions and rescue of ancestral knowledge are economical and environmentally friendly measures. This study aimed to analyse the design of an alluvial dike by integrating ancestral and engineering knowledge to obtain a surface water reservoir that improves the recharge of the coastal aquifer in the Manglaralto community. This study considers a geological-geotechnical analysis of the study area and presents an environmental analysis of civil work to determine its impact on the surrounding ecosystem systems. The alluvial material dike, green structure, 8 m high, allows the reservoir of approximately 0.06 hm3 of water, which allows the recharge of the coastal aquifer with a field capacity (volumetric content) of 0.1 and conserves its ecosystem. From an environmental perspective, reforestation of the riverbank would reduce annual evapotranspiration, and from an economic perspective, the budget would be reduced considerably (60 % owing to ancestral knowledge and community work). The proposed construction of this second dike relates to the context of Sowing and Harvesting Water (SHW) and nature-based solutions, with community participation leading the processes, with technical accompaniment, to contribute to SDG 2030. This study provides the criterion that the integrality of the green structure offers more significant benefits for the ecosystem and its inhabitants.

We describe Croton maranonensis Riina & Martín-Muñoz sp. nov., a species in Croton section Julocroton (Mart.) G.L.Webster from the seasonally dry tropical forests and shrublands of the inter-Andean valleys. This species is a small shrub occurring along the Marañón river valley in Peru and similar dry areas in southern Ecuador. We surveyed morpho-anatomical characters of the new species and closely related taxa. To confirm the placement of the new species in C. section Julocroton, we conducted a molecular phylogenetic analysis including three accessions of the new species and selected representatives of section Julocroton and related groups within Croton L. Micro- and macro-morphological evidence, and molecular data support C. maranonensis sp. nov. as an independent lineage within the C. section Julocroton clade. We compared the new species with morphologically similar species in the same section that also occur in the Andean region, including C. flavispicatus Rusby, C. triqueter Lam., and C. hondensis (H.Karst.) G.L.Webster.

Volcanic environments offer a unique combination for life development. UNESCO recognized the Galapagos Islands as Natural World Heritage site due to the uniqueness of flora and fauna. In addition, they have relevant geological value because of their volcanic origin associated with a “hotspot” and still evolving geological dynamics. This study aimed to evaluate the geological heritage of Santa Cruz Island by identifying and valuing geosites, considering the scientific, academic, and tourist fields, and the risk of degradation to establish geoheritage management strategies. This study applied four semi-quantitative assessment methodologies and SWOT analysis to identify 15 geosites related to volcanic hotspots, particularly volcanic craters, cracks, beaches, lava tunnels, lagoons, and volcanic depositional landforms. Due to the uniqueness of their geological characteristics, the evaluations applied reflected “very high” and “high-medium” qualifications in the geosites. Their identification and valuation allowed for establishing protection, geo-education, and sustainable use strategies (geotourism). In addition, the study identified a research opportunity associated with the cultural value of geosites of volcanic environments within protected areas with singular ecological value.

El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo es establecer elemento de potencia de compensación de potencia reactiva que funciona bien en conjunto para reducir la proporción de armónicos en la red de distribución radial. Para mejorar el voltaje y la corriente afectados cuando cargas que no son lineales se integran en la red de distribución. El problema se refleja en el crecimiento de la demanda energética, y las perturbaciones armónicas provocadas por cargas no lineales que amenazan la calidad energética. Este método emplea dos tipos de filtros uno de ellos es el filtro activo de potencia que es capaz de generar señales que cancelan armónicos, el siguiente es el filtro pasivo que es menos eficiente en la eliminación de armónicos especialmente en rangos de frecuencias amplios. Se realizo el análisis en un circuito de distribución radial balanceado en el cual se integra una carga no lineal en la 3ra barra del circuito de distribución. En este caso se analizó la tensión y la corriente armónica en la barra 3 de toda la red de distribución radial y en la carga. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron una reducción significativa de los armónicos de voltaje y corriente en la barra 3 del sistema disminuyendo del 3.63% THDv y 13.30% THDi al 0.86% THDv y 0.57% THDi como indica la norma IEEE. 1159 y la resolución Nro. ARCERNNR-017/2020.

El empleo de sensores remotos junto a la información de los factores sociales propios de cada población permite el monitoreo del uso de los recursos naturales. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar el cambio y proyección a futuro de los usos y coberturas de suelo, y a la vez comprender, desde la perspectiva de los principales actores, los factores propulsores y subyacentes que impulsan estos cambios en la cuenca hidrográfica media-alta del río Mira. Para ello, se utilizaron imágenes multiespectrales, Landsat y Sentinel del año 1996, 2007 y 2018, a las cuales se las realizó un pretratamiento y tratamiento. Se efectuó una proyección de los cambios de coberturas y usos del suelo del 2018-2030 mediante el software TerrSet. Después, utilizando el método Delphi se identificaron los factores propulsores y subyacentes. Los resultados encontrados muestran que bosques y pastos presentaron una disminución sostenida, mientras que las áreas de cultivo y zonas urbanas aumentaron dentro de los periodos 1996-2018 y 2018-2030. Estos cambios se relacionan con el crecimiento urbano, agrícola, ganadero, minero y de la industria forestal; impulsados generalmente por el aumento poblacional, demanda de mercado, cambios de patrones de consumo, expansión de las carreteras e inexistencia de políticas ambientales.

Societal Impact Statement Herbaria can be considered plant libraries, each holding collections of dried specimens documenting plant diversity in space and time. For many plant species, these are our only evidence of their existence and the only means of assessing their conservation status. Specimens in all herbaria, especially those in small and often under‐resourced herbaria in megadiverse countries, are key to achieving accurate estimates of the conservation status of the world's plant species. They are also part of a country's shared heritage and critical contributions to knowledge of the world's diversity. Summary Internationally agreed targets to assess the conservation status of all plant species rely largely on digitised distribution data from specimens held in herbaria. Using taxonomically curated databases of herbarium specimen data for the mega‐diverse genera Begonia (Begoniaceae) and Solanum (Solanaceae) occurring in Peru, we test the value added from including data from local herbaria and herbaria of different sizes on estimations of threat status using International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List criteria. We find that the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) has little data from Peruvian herbaria and adding these data influences the estimated threat status of these species, reducing the numbers of Critically Endangered and Vulnerable species in both genera. Similarly, adding data from small‐ and medium‐sized herbaria, whether in‐country or not, also improves the accuracy of threat assessments. [Correction added on 08 September 2023, after first online publication: In the preceding sentence, “litter” has been corrected to “little” in this version.] A renewed focus on resourcing and recognising the contribution of small and in‐country herbaria is required if we are to meet internationally agreed targets for plant conservation. We discuss our case study in the broader context of democratising and increasing participation in global botanical science.

Coastal zones, with their significant geodiversity, are vital areas for geotourism. Effective management is crucial to harness the geological interest of these sites as geotourism resources while ensuring their conservation. Manabí Province is one of the most representative regions along the Ecuadorian coast due to its beaches and coastal cliffs, offering a wealth of tourist attractions and cultural elements. This study aims to evaluate the geosite potential of six cliffs in Manabí Province through quantitative and qualitative analyses to propose geotourism promotion strategies. The methodology involves (i) inventory and characterisation of the cliffs, (ii) assessment of the sites by the Spanish Inventory of Places of Geological Interest method (IELIG), and (iii) qualitative evaluation through focus group discussions and Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) analysis. The results reveal that all six sites boast diverse geological assets, including geomorphological, stratigraphic, sedimentological, and tectonic elements. They are characterised by “high” scientific, didactic, and tourist interest, while also being susceptible to degradation due to natural and anthropic threats. The SWOT analysis demonstrates that the valuable geological and geomorphological heritage of potential geosites provides an opportunity to foster geotourism and boost the province’s economy, incorporating geoconservation and geoeducation strategies. This study proposes a georoute called “Ruta Acantilados del Sol”, a 245 km journey encompassing all six sites, incorporating diverse tourist and cultural activities. Our research lays the foundation for fostering geotourism along the Manabí coast and strengthening the connection between nature, heritage, and the welfare of residents within a global resilience plan.

La acumulación de arsénico (As), un metaloide tóxico y carcinogénico, en suelos destinados a la agricultura ha emergido como un reto de alcance global. Las fuentes de As en los suelos pueden ser tanto de origen antropogénico como natural. El empleo de aguas contaminadas para el riego de cultivos y vegetales constituye la principal vía de incorporación de As en la cadena alimentaria humana, generando un potencial riesgo para la salud. En este estudio, se llevó a cabo una evaluación de las concentraciones de As en suelos agrícolas en la parroquia rural de Papallacta, ubicada a 67 kilómetros al oriente de la ciudad de Quito, en la región nororiental de Ecuador. Las descargas de aguas subterráneas poco profundas y aguas geotermales con altas concentraciones de As se emplean frecuentemente para el riego, elevando los niveles de As en los suelos agrícolas de la región. Se analizó las concentraciones de As en suelos agrícolas de cuatro sectores de Papallacta (Barrios centro, Baños, Chalpi y el Tambo) y en los sedimentos de la laguna de Papallacta mediante la técnica de ICP-MS (espectrometría de masas con plasma acoplado inductivamente), el objetivo fue evaluar la calidad ambiental y la contaminación de los suelos agrícolas mediante índices de calidad ambiental como el índice de geoacumulación, el factor de enriquecimiento y el factor de contaminación que categorizan los niveles de contaminación. Los niveles promedio de As en los suelos agrícolas de las cuatro áreas estudiadas oscilaron entre 20,4 y 43,0 mg kg−1, mientras que en los sedimentos de la laguna de Papallacta se registraron valores más elevados en un rango de 16,8 a 102,4 mg kg−1; todos excedieron el límite permisible establecido por la legislación ambiental ecuatoriana para uso agrícola (12,0 mg kg−1). Los resultados del estudio en los cinco sitios estudiados indicaron niveles de enriquecimiento de As geogénico bajo a moderado, suelos enriquecidos naturalmente y contaminación moderada a considerable. El estudio revela que las concentraciones elevadas de As en los suelos se encontraron principalmente en áreas que están influenciadas por descargas geotermales. Estos resultados ilustran la importancia de realizar más investigaciones sobre la movilidad, distribución, especiación y bioaccesibilidad del As para crear estrategias de tratamiento/gestión de los suelos que contienen As y permitir un uso flexible del suelo en el futuro.

Water is an essential element for agricultural sustainability. In volcanic islands, freshwater sources are limited, challenging the local farming water supply. Rainfall dependence in the Galapagos Islands limits continuous agriculture, and despite using natural water sources, their irrigation quality is little known. This study aimed to carry out a control–diagnosis of irrigation water quality of the natural sources of the four agrarian islands of the Galapagos, considering water quality parameters for the proposal of sustainability strategies in the water and agricultural context. The workflow included (i) freshwater supply situation diagnosis, (ii) physicochemical parameters measurement and hydrochemical characterisation, and (iii) irrigation analysis and sustainability strategies configuration. Results indicated that of the 34 sources analysed, 55.88% are suitable for irrigation and are located in San Cristobal and Santa Cruz. The remaining 44.12% showed problems with parameters such as faecal coliforms, salinity, metals, carbonates, BOD5, and COD above the national permitted limits. Six strategies for water and agricultural sustainability are proposed, including periodic water monitoring, academy–government–community projects, community water board creation, water sowing and harvesting systems, effective management of effluent, and agricultural strengthening. The study guides comprehensive hydric management initiatives to benefit agrarian development and food security, aligning with SDGs 2 and 6.

Documentation of plant taxa has long been subject to the temporal and spatial selectivity of professional research expeditions, especially in tropical regions. Therefore, rare and/or narrowly endemic species are sometimes known only from very few and very old herbarium specimens. However, these taxa are very important from a conservation perspective. The lack of observations of living plants and confirmation of the actual occurrence of taxa hinders the planning and implementation of effective conservation measures. Community science networks have recently made tremendous contributions to documenting biodiversity in many regions across the globe. The rediscovery of six species of Nasa (Loasaceae) from Peru and Ecuador primarily via the platform iNaturalist, is reported.

Stability problems in rock masses are one of the main causes of subsidence events in underground mining areas. Zaruma, in the South of Ecuador, is characterised by mineral wealth, in which 65% of the population depends directly on artisanal mining activity. However, mineral extraction, without technical considerations and in many cases illegal, has negatively impacted the stability of tunnels generated under the city’s urban area, reporting subsidence events in recent years. The aim of this study is to geomechanically characterise the main gallery of the tourist mine “El Sexmo” using two classic methods of geomechanical classification for the configuration of a model that complies with the 3G’s (geotourism, geoconservation, and geoeducation) and supports the culture of sustainability in all areas of the sector. The methodology consists of (i) a field study design, (ii) a geological–geomechanical survey of the rock mass of a tourist mine using rock mass rating (RMR) and the Q-Barton index, and (iii) establishing a 3G’s model for sustainable development. The results reveal that 100% of the rock mass of the tourist mine presents a rock quality classified as “Fair” (class III) by the RMR method, while, via the Q-Barton method, 92.9% of the rock mass obtains a “Poor” rating, except for station S05, rated “Very Poor”. Furthermore, the study proposes additional support measures for three specific stations based on Q-Barton assessments, including fibre-reinforced sprayed concrete and bolting and reinforced ribs of sprayed concrete, considering that the mine is more than 500 years old and maintains geological features for geoeducation in geotechnical mining. Technical and social problems demand an innovative strategy, which, in this work, focuses on the 3G’s model based on the quintuple innovation helix to develop sustainable underground geotourism.

Floods generated by rain cause significant economic and human losses. The campus of the Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral (ESPOL) has a drainage system that conducts stormwater to two discharge points outside the campus. The system works effectively at the macro-drainage level. However, a very crowded area is deficient at the micro-drainage level, which has registered flooding and the proliferation of vectors that affect people’s health. This work aimed to design a masterplan for stormwater sewerage by analyzing the existing situation and applying technical criteria that allow the establishment of solutions and strategies to control floods at the university campus. The methodology consisted of: (i) data collection and processing for the stormwater drainage system diagnosis; (ii) a design proposal for micro-drainage and (iii) a SWOT analysis to propose improvement strategies in water management. The resulting flows for return periods of 5 years, 10 years, and 25 years are 9.67 m3/s, 11.85 m3/s, and 15.85 m3/s, respectively. In the latter, as the most critical area (presence of flooding), the implementation of a trapezoidal channel 80.20 m long, with a capacity of 1.00 m3/s, for a return period of 25 years was proposed. The stormwater masterplan will contribute to the execution of activities within the campus and prevent accidents and the proliferation of diseases, constituting a water-management model that can be replicated locally, regionally, and internationally.

ABSTRACT The rapid dissemination of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacterales, mainly Escherichia coli carrying bla CTX-M genes, is a major public health concern due to its successful spread in hospital settings as well as among humans and animals in the community. We characterized ESBL-producing E. coli isolates from children and domestic animals in semirural communities of Ecuador to assess the contribution of horizontal gene transfer of the bla CTX-M genes among E. coli isolates. From 20 selected E. coli isolates (from children and domestic animals) harboring bla CTX-M allelic variants, we identified 16 plasmids carrying bla CTX-M-55 (n = 9), bla CTX-M-65 (n = 5), and bla CTX-M-27 (n = 2), as well as four chromosomes carrying bla CTX-M-65. The backbone structure of plasmids, including replication, maintenance, and plasmid transfer genes, and the synteny was conserved in all plasmids carrying the same bla CTX-M allelic variant. In all plasmids and chromosomes, the bla CTX-M genes were bracketed by two IS26 transposable elements. This study highlights the critical role of the IS26 transposable element for the current mobility of bla CTX-M genes among plasmids or from plasmids to chromosomes, suggesting that IS26-bla CTX-M brackets could be used to study bla CTX-M transmission between humans, domestic animals, and the environment. IMPORTANCE The horizontal gene transfer events are the major contributors to the current spread of CTX-M-encoding genes, the most common extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL), and many clinically crucial antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes. This study presents evidence of the critical role of IS26 transposable element for the mobility of bla CTX-M gene among Escherichia coli isolates from children and domestic animals in the community. We suggest that the nucleotide sequences of IS26-bla CTX-M could be used to study bla CTX-M transmission between humans, domestic animals, and the environment, because understanding of the dissemination patterns of AMR genes is critical to implement effective measures to slow down the dissemination of these clinically important genes.

El artículo analiza las decisiones de las altas cortes que apuntan a alterar las agendas gubernamentales en términos de lograr intersectorialidad. Para esto, se propone un estudio comparativo de la judicialización de los efectos de la contaminación en ríos de Buenos Aires y Bogotá que muestra que, a pesar de que las decisiones responden a condiciones contextuales muy específicas, definen medidas similares para el manejo de la fragmentación de la acción estatal, con una diferencia importante en cuanto a los mecanismos de seguimiento y control de la implementación. El artículo contribuye a posicionar a las cortes como actores importantes en el diseño de políticas públicas que reconozcan la fragmentación de la acción pública como origen de los problemas ambientales; y plantea la necesidad de ampliar la investigación sobre los resultados y efectos de este tipo de decisiones judiciales para entender su capacidad de estructurar cambios sostenidos en dichas políticas.

The evaluation of geosites is an essential part of conserving the geodiversity and biodiversity of an ecosystem, as well as safeguarding the cultural, geological, environmental, and landscape wealth that a highly recognized geographical area possesses. In this context, Guayaquil, the pearl of the Pacific, is a city that registers, in its history and evolution, a binding relationship with the geo-biodiversity of the geosites that characterize it. This work aims to assess places of tourist interest in Guayaquil and its surrounding areas through a geo-environmental evaluation matrix to establish a sustainability proposal that promotes the geotourism development of the city. The methodology consisted of: (i) geographic registration of the chosen sites and present characteristics, (ii) environmental analysis of the sites based on the cause–effect method, and (iii) strategies for the inclusion of these sites into the geo-environmental and geotourism system of Guayaquil as potential geosites. The results demonstrate that Guayaquil has impressive geodiversity in several potential natural sites, obtaining highly representative values that reinforce the city’s natural diversity elements. Sites such as Cerro San Pedro and the Cerro San Eduardo, Pascuales, and Zeolites quarries have the most significant adverse environmental impacts. While places such as Cerro Azul, Estero Salado, Isla Santay, and Hornos de Cal (Bosque Protector Cerro Blanco), obtained positive values that highlight their environmental value, being of great benefit to the city and to nature. Furthermore, some of these places could be integrated into tourism development plans, and as potential geosites, they could complement various services and opportunities for discovering nature. Finally, all this can lead to a sustainable proposal for a Global Geopark project in Guayaquil based on the results obtained in this work.

The excessive use of energy from fossil fuels, which corresponds to population, industrialisation, and unsustainable economic growth, is the cause of carbon dioxide production and climate change. The Water–Energy–Food (WEF) nexus is an applicable conceptual framework that helps manage the balance between human development and natural resource constraints, and it becomes a valuable tool to address the challenges of resource depletion and clean energy. This article aims to analyse the relationship between the WEF nexus and clean energy through a statistical analysis and a systematic review of knowledge on energy sustainability. The methodology involves the selection of bibliographic information databases such as Scopus and Web of Science (WoS), a statistical analysis, specifically the Scientometrics applied to the information obtained, and the identification of 179 scientific publications related to the study variables through a screening process called Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). The interaction of green energy and sustainability with the WEF nexus has been approached mainly by developed countries such as China (10%), the United States (9.49%), India (7.26%), and Brazil (5.02%). The review of 55 scientific papers identified strategies that balance economic growth and environmental impact, applying clean energy systems (e.g., solar and wind), and the importance of adaptation to the subsystems of the WEF nexus. This study also highlights adaptability to climate change in rural and urban communities. Therefore, it is consistent with the four pillars of sustainable development (Economic: 7 papers, Environmental: 22, Social: 18, and Cultural: 8). This study highlights the following: (a) the importance of the use of renewable energy either in mixed systems and consumption, energy storage, and seeking energy efficiency in systems adapted to diverse environments and (b) the relevance of community participation in the decision-making process for the use of clean energy, such as a strategy for climate change adaptation.

The uncontrolled spread of fire can have huge effects on ecosystems. In Ecuador, in 2022, wildfires caused a loss of 6566.66 hectares of vegetation cover. Ibarra is an Andean canton that has also been exposed to wildfires and their effects. The aim of this study was to map wildfire susceptibility in the Ibarra canton. Seven factors that directly affect these fires were examined: precipitation, temperature, water deficit, potential evapotranspiration, slope, proximity to roads, and land cover and land use. The variables were reclassified using Geographic Information Systems and a multicriteria analysis. The results showed that Ibarra has four susceptibility categories: very low, moderate, high, and very high. The more susceptible areas are those considered to have high and very high exposure, occupying 82% of the surface. Consequently, the most susceptible land covers are crops, pastures, shrub vegetation, and forests.

In recent years, precision agriculture and smart farming have been deployed by leaps and bounds as arable land has become increasingly scarce. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), by the year 2050, farming in the world should grow by about one-third above current levels. Therefore, farmers have intensively used fertilizers to promote crop growth and yields, which has adversely affected the nutritional improvement of foodstuffs. To address challenges related to productivity, environmental impact, food safety, crop losses, and sustainability, mobile robots in agriculture have proliferated, integrating mainly path planning and crop information gathering processes. Current agricultural robotic systems are large in size and cost because they use a computer as a server and mobile robots as clients. This article reviews the use of mobile robotics in farming to reduce costs, reduce environmental impact, and optimize harvests. The current status of mobile robotics, the technologies employed, the algorithms applied, and the relevant results obtained in smart farming are established. Finally, challenges to be faced in new smart farming techniques are also presented: environmental conditions, implementation costs, technical requirements, process automation, connectivity, and processing potential. As part of the contributions of this article, it was possible to conclude that the leading technologies for the implementation of smart farming are as follows: the Internet of Things (IoT), mobile robotics, artificial intelligence, artificial vision, multi-objective control, and big data. One technological solution that could be implemented is developing a fully autonomous, low-cost agricultural mobile robotic system that does not depend on a server.

The present study aims to elaborate a hydrogeological characterisation in the Water Sowing and Harvesting context. The study is focused on rural parishes in the Ecuadorian Andes that, despite their proximity to snow sources (Chimborazo glaciers), need more supply of this resource, to satisfy the demand of a population of 70,466 inhabitants. The study is based on hydrology and geomorphological analysis, a geophysical exploration, and a definition of water management strategies. The application of non-destructive geophysical methods and Geographic Information Systems support the hydrogeological study and the proposal of strategies for sustainable water management on the slopes of the Chimborazo volcano. An aquifer potential was identified (sand, gravel and fractured porphyritic andesites) with resistivity values between 51.3 and 157 Ω m at an approximate depth of 30 m from the geophysical characterisation addressed. This potential saturated zone is on the southern slope of the Chimborazo volcano within the hydrographic watershed, with favourable drainage networks for water accumulation. The aquifer shows a high-water saturation level but uncontrolled losses. As a consequence of these characteristics, alternatives for managing water resources are proposed, such as wells construction, using Water Sowing and Harvesting system methods (“camellones”) based on Nature-Based Solutions, dam construction and environmental education. The different proposals are associated with the four sustainability axes of Brundtland (economic, social, environmental and cultural axis) and contribute to the sixth objective of the Sustainable Development Goal 2030 Agenda.

So far, about 770.1 million confirmed cases of COVID-19 have been counted by August 2023, and around 7 million deaths have been reported from these cases to the World Health Organization. In Ecuador, the first confirmed COVID-19 case was registered on 19 February 2020, and the country’s mortality rate reached 0.43% with 12986 deaths, suggesting the need to establish a mechanism to show the virus spread in advance. This study aims to build a dynamic model adapted to health and socio-environmental variables as a multivariate model to understand the virus expansion among the population. The model is based on Susceptible-Infected-Recovered (SIR), which is a standard model in which the population is divided into six groups with parameters such as susceptible S(t), transit stage E(t), infected I(t), recovered R(t), deceased Me(t), infected asymptomatic Ia(t), infected symptomatic Is(t) and deceased by other causes M(t) to be considered and adapted. The model was validated by using consistent data from Chile and run by inconsistent data from Ecuador. The forecast error was analyzed based on the mean absolute error between real data and model forecast, showing errors within a range from 6.33% to 8.41% for Chile, with confidence a interval of 6.17%, then 3.87% to 4.70% range for Ecuador with a confidence interval of 2.59% until 23rd December 2020 of the database. The model forecasts exponential variations in biosecurity measures, exposed population, and vaccination.

Currently, catalytic pyrolysis has become a versatile and highly useful technology in the treatment of different plastic wastes. Thus, the development of selective catalysts to carry out cracking reactions and obtain a greater fraction of the desired products is essential. This study focuses on the synthesis of monometallic (Ni) and bimetallic (Ni-Zn) catalysts supported on ZSM-5 zeolite using an impregnation and co-impregnation method, respectively. The obtained catalysts were characterized by FTIR spectroscopy, N2 adsorption/desorption measurements, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-Ray spectroscopy (EDS), temperature programmed NH3 desorption (TPD-NH3) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). In this way, a mixture of polystyrene and polypropylene recycled with a catalyst/plastic waste ratio of 1:500 was used for pyrolysis tests. The best results were obtained using the Ni-Zn/ZSM-5 catalyst, which included better impregnation, increased surface acidity, decreased dispersion and a shorter reaction time in the catalytic pyrolysis process. Under the optimized conditions, catalytic pyrolysis showed an excellent performance to generate hydrocarbons of greater industrial interest.

El propósito de este trabajo es evaluar el sistema acantilado-playa Canoa (Ecuador) como un sitio de interés geoturístico. El trabajo constó de tres fases: i) caracterización geomorfológica analizando la influencia que pudo haber tenido en las distintas formas erosivas y de depósito el terremoto del 16 de abril de 2016, ii) evaluación semicuantitativa mediante el método Inventario Español de Lugares de Interés Geológico (IELIG), iii) planteamiento de estrategias de desarrollo geoturístico mediante análisis de fortalezas, oportunidades, debilidades y amenazas (FODA). El resultado obtenido de la caracterización y evaluación refleja que el sistema playa-acantilado tiene gran valor científico (3,83), didáctico (4,90) y turístico (4,95) por lo que, puede ser utilizado en una ruta geoturística que aproveche su potencial geomorfológico.

The present study analyses the geographical distribution, conservation status, and nomenclature of Peruvian endemic Pedersenia weberbaueri. The species distribution was modelled using MaxEnt based on occurrence data and bioclimatic variables. The conservation status of the species was assessed against the categories and criteria of the IUCN Red List, and nomenclatural and typification issues were resolved. The potential distribution map of P. weberbaueri shows that the species is restricted to the seasonally dry tropical forests of the Marañón valley within a narrow latitudinal, longitudinal, and elevational range. Consequently, we propose to categorise the species as Endangered (EN) and provide the necessary information for its inclusion in the IUCN Red List. Finally, we resolve nomenclatural issues and designate a lectotype. The results contribute to the biological knowledge of P. weberbaueri and support subsequent conservation management plans.