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Normative theory aims to understand the commonalities between ethics, prudence, epistemology, aesthetics and political philosophy (among others). One central question in normative theory is what is fundamental to the normative. The reasons-first approach holds that normative reasons are fundamental to the normative domain. This view has been challenged by proponents of alternative X -first views such as value, fittingness and ought. This paper examines the debate about the analysis of normative reasons and argues for a new form of reductive naturalism that analyses normative reasons in terms of fittingness, ought and value. I argue that this view is compatible with Reasons First because fittingness and the type of ought and value appealed to are not robustly normative notions. It is also extensionally and explanatorily plausible, and thus has much to recommend it on both first-order and second-order grounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article argues that moderation is a difficult, complex, and elusive concept that challenges our political imagination. It has several faces—epistemological, moral, constitutional, political and religious—and forms a rich intellectual tradition that has yet to be explored in all its complexity. Moderation is "the silken string that runs through the pearl-chain of all virtues" (Joseph Hall). As such, it ought to be examined not only as a virtue but also as a social practice, an intellectual sensibility, a way of life, a particular ethos, and a set of concrete institutions. Finally, moderation is best understood in relation with its synonyms (prudence, civility, compromise) and antonyms (extremism, fanaticism, zealotry). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moral transformation is the process by which a person grows in holiness. The grace of the Holy Spirit enables this growth. This article explores how the notion of 'prudence of the Spirit' in Aquinas's commentary on Romans can help to further elaborate the concept of moral transformation. It does so by first presenting this transformation as a human process. Second, the article presents an in-depth interpretation of Aquinas's commentary on Romans 8:14: 'those who are led by the Spirit of God are children of God'. Here, special attention will be given to the proper character of the prudence the Holy Spirit forms in believers. The concluding discussion draws lessons from our reading of the commentary and related texts. This reinforces the conviction that grace enables freedom and will help us to find proper metaphors for speaking of the transformative work of the Holy Spirit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the spontaneity view of the role of the passions in moral deliberation, Aquinas holds that virtuous passions play an active role in moral deliberation, prior to the formation of moral judgement and choice. This article offers a qualified defense of this view. Qualified, because critics of this view are right to point out that Aquinas is generally suspicious of the passions, and he is careful to delimit the role that they can plan in processes of moral deliberation and choice. A defense, nonetheless, because Aquinas does give a positive role to virtuous passions in the early stages of moral discernment and deliberation, prior to judgement. Furthermore, Aquinas has strong reasons to defend something like the spontaneity view, given his overall view of the virtues as perfections of the powers they inform. That in itself does not necessarily mean that he does defend the spontaneity view, but it does suggest that we can develop such a defense out of what he does say, in such a way as to extend and clarify central elements of his moral theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper aims to examine the role of volitive desire in self-control toward temptations. It extends prior research on the role of prudence in temptation resistance by empirically demonstrating that prudence bolsters self-control toward food temptations by lowering volitive desire motivation toward temptation enactment. Design/methodology/approach: This study consists of a 2 (food type: temptation vs goal-congruent) × 2 (prudence level: low vs high) between-subjects quasi-experimental design. Hypothesis tests were conducted by using analysis of covariance and ordinary least squares regression-based moderated mediation analysis. Findings: The results show that high-prudence participants experienced lower volitive desire toward eating the temptation food option than low-prudence participants. Consequently, high- (vs low-) prudence participants reported significantly weaker eating intentions toward the temptation food option. Moreover, volitive desire significantly mediated the effect of prudence level on intentions to eat the temptation food option. Research limitations/implications: The study contains methodological limitations. First, the study operationalizes volitive desire as "non-appetitive, instrumental reasons for eating or not eating the food," yet in some contexts volitive desire can include appetitive reasons. Second, the procedure consisted of presenting participants with only a goal-consistent or temptation food option, rather than with both, which is more realistic. The study also focuses on a single goal context, healthy eating, to the exclusion of other contexts associated with consumer self-control. Additionally, the appetitive and volitive desire self-report measure method produced flawed ratings, requiring us to use the open-ended responses as this study's dependent variable. Finally, this study does not directly test the extent of prudence-driven deliberation about temptation enactment consequences. Practical implications: Social marketing campaigns can encourage low prudence consumers to strengthen this behavioral trait by performing beneficial, slightly to moderately challenging utilitarian tasks (e.g. making one's bed each morning, flossing one's teeth every evening, etc.) that involve exercising self-control on a regular basis. Social marketing ads can also appeal to the consequence-vigilance of high prudence consumers by increasing the salience of consequences of self-control failures in behaviors related to social issues such as pollution, drinking and driving, smoking and recreational drug use. An additional implication is that marketers of health goal-related products and services could segment the market based on trait prudence and target high-prudence consumers with ads that increase the salience of consequences associated with not using the company's health product or service or the consequences of using the competition's products or services. Social implications: Consumers can improve their well-being by exercising self-control consistently in low to moderately challenging tasks, which boosts their prudence. High-prudence consumers can intentionally focus on volitive motives when faced with temptations to ensure effective self-control. Originality/value: This research examines the role of volitive desire as the process by which trait prudence affects intentions toward temptation options, which extends prior research on the role of prudence in self-control for temptations (Puri, 1996). This framework builds on the philosophy of action perspective on desire and shows that trait prudence can predict temptation enactment intentions through the mediating role of volitive desire. Thus, the findings illuminate the motivational mechanism by which prudence bolsters self-control in the face of temptation: volitive desire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on a Christian philosophy grounded in the experience of truth. To better understand this, it will explore: (1) the kind of philosophical approach that provides a space for people to preoccupy themselves with truth and draws them to further probe into the fundamental questions; (2) a return to the basics: philosophy as love of wisdom and for love of wisdom is personal, an experiential journey; (3) finally, a vision of Christian philosophy that is not purely theoretical but teaches one how to incarnate every truth and virtue. Christian philosophy provides us with an experience in, with, and of the truth in terms of understanding and developing certain traits and virtues such as prudence, justice, fortitude, and temperance. The shaping and molding of these good habits within each person are important in maintaining a Christian worldview to keep one grounded while being immersed in the world and its realities, allowing the Christian to become a reality within oneself and for others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dahl writes, "The definition I propose is not the only valid or useful definition of morality; it is merely one useful definition" (this issue, p. 57). (p. 54) His argument seems to be that his definition passes these tests, other definitions do not, and so his definition is better than those others (though he admits that some others might be better than his, as we saw). Thus, if Dahl follows Kant in this regard, Dahl's definition is again circular. Dahl's definition is insightful and plausible in many ways, but moral psychologists need answers to these questions before they can decide whether or not they should adopt his definition. [Extracted from the article]

Although International Relations experts acknowledge the importance of prudence in policy-making processes, the term has not been properly operationalised in scholarly works. This work seeks to fill the existing gap in the literature by offering a conceptual and analytical framework of this idea. In addressing the question of what is means to act prudently in foreign affairs, this article takes the foreign policy pursued by Turkey during the Syrian Crisis as its case study. I show that prudence is intimately tied to policy-makers' ability to developing an awareness of situational and historical constraints regarding the issue at hand. And this can only be achieved, provided that policy-makers do not succumb to cognitive bias. Turkey's dismal foreign policy performance in Syria demonstrates that political leaders' failure to appreciate the relevant intrinsic and extrinsic factors in a given foreign policy setting generates the risk of running into costly mishaps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mother Mary has been and can be a spiritual role model for Korean Catholics to live out their faith, a faith that is based on a dynamic understanding of a spiritual model of Mary, that is, spiritual growth coming from Eastern Mariology, particularly Mariology based on Gregory Palamas. For this dynamic understanding of Marian spirituality, I review the Scriptures on Mary, including Luke, and Palamas' reflection on Mary's spiritual life. This dynamic understanding of Mary and Her spiritual life never contradicts the static approach to Mariology, the Immaculate Conception, through which Jesus, who is God, was born. I believe Mother Mary in Heaven still loves Her Son and God, and Her love is becoming deeper and deeper in Heaven, which means that some virtues, such as wisdom, knowledge, prudence, vigilance, and endurance, could be interim virtues "until heaven and earth pass away" (Mt 5:19), for love and intimacy with God are permanent in Heaven. This is the belief that we can grow our love continuously with Mary forever. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plato's Philebus famously combines a deliberation on the virtuous life as a balancing act between prudence and pleasure with a theory of the composition of mixtures from limit and limitedness. The latter aspect of the dialogue is used by the Neoplatonic philosopher Proclus as a basis for his own metaphysical analysis of the ultimate first principle, the One, and the manner in which it produces all things which exist. Multiple scholarly analyses have been provided of Proclus' use of the Phileban theory of limit and the unlimited for his description of the first principle's creation process. However, this paper shows that Proclus reads the Philebus not merely for its discussion of limit and unlimited, but also for its description of the good life. After all, the Neoplatonic One is also the Good from Plato's Republic. In Phil. 20d1–11, Socrates suggest that the good is perfect, sufficient, and desirable. Proclus' Commentary on the Republic and Platonic Theology reveal that these three aspects of the good provide Proclus with a framework to describe the Neoplatonic first principle qua Good. In Proclus' view, the three Phileban concepts constitute the base elements of the good which reappear in all of its manifestations, and thus link the good in us to the transcendent and unqualified Good: the desirable element represents the good's singularity and its position as the centre around which all beings circle; the sufficient element represents the non-reciprocal bestowal of existence and generative power by any form of the good upon its participants; lastly, the perfect element reverts all creatures to the good in which they participate, even when not all genera of beings in the Neoplatonic universe are equally capable of such participation. Furthermore, Proclus uses the description of the good life as not merely intellectual from the Philebus to fortify his arguments in disagreements with other Neoplatonic commentators regarding the transcendence of the Good over the intelligible principles, and conversely employs the Neoplatonic definition of the first principle to affirm the ethics of the Platonic dialogue. Thus, although Proclus' primary goal in reading the Philebus is to obtain knowledge of the ultimate first principle, Socrates' analysis of the virtuous life in the dialogue is just as important for his purposes as the theory of mixtures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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• Precautionary saving, self-protection and self-insurance under recursive utility. • Unifying result for precautionary behavior in single-instrument cases. • Substitution effects arise when two or more instruments are used. • Substitution effects can dominate the precautionary effect of income risk. • Precautionary disinvestment possible for decision-makers who are prudent otherwise. Using a unified approach, we show how precautionary saving, self-protection and self-insurance are jointly determined by risk preferences and the preference over the timing of uncertainty resolution. We provide a general result when decision-makers use a single instrument at a time. When multiple instruments are used simultaneously, substitution effects arise which attenuate precaution. A numerical analysis demonstrates that these substitution effects can dominate the precautionary effect. For plausible risk and time preference parameters and empirically relevant income risk levels, substitution effects can lead to precautionary disinvestment in self-protection and even crowd out the demand for self-protection entirely. In this case, what looks like lack of precautionary behavior at the surface might not be indicative of lack of prudence but simply be the result of omitted-instrument bias. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two Scribner's-excised passages from the manuscript of the posthumously published "The Last Good Country" reinforce the importance of the Indian girl Trudy in Hemingway's fiction and of Prudence Boulton in his life. Both passages underline Nick's depth of feeling for Trudy and the pain of her loss--a metaphor for the fate of Indians, who "all ended the same way. Long time ago good. Now no good." But the theme of Indian extinction is itself a metaphor for the power, prominence, and even prevalence of loss in Hemingway's fiction. Excepting the positive portrayals of Nick Adams and Jake Barnes, Hemingway's earliest protagonists, loss dominates--in at least half the In Our Time stories, in the bitter conclusion of A Farewell to Arms, and in the four new tales of defeat and death that open The Fifth Column and the First Forty-Nine Stories. Hemingway agrees with Jig that "once they take it away, you never get it back". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper explores the menace of drug tourism on the hummus trail of India. The study unfolds Israeli tourists' socio-psychological background, motivations for escape and transformation, and drug use behaviour in India. A qualitative research design was applied to understand travel experiences. The finding highlights three significant themes supported by textual descriptions of narratives produced as evidence. Schmoll's tourism consumer choice model was used to understand the travel decision-making process. The study proposes curating spiritual experiences through tourism for people's mental health and well-being by replacing drug abuse on the hummus trail of India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A pamatbat is a prayer used amongst Catholics in the Philippines to petition or give thanks to God, Mary or the saints through the assistance of a parapamatbat, or prayer leader. Utilizing an oral-history method, this paper delves into three aspects of this intangible culture. First, the practice of pamatbat and the existence of parapamatbat come under the auspices of the Catholic faith, and are still extant. The acquisition of the knowledge required to be a parapamatbat relies on the oral transfer of skills, and this report documents this practice. Second, the prayer leaders engaged in this activity normally do not charge fees for their services, though prudence dictates that those availing of their service repay them either in cash or in kind. In a way, there is an economic consideration in this practice, which becomes a form of livelihood. Third, some values – faith in God and helpfulness – are nourished through this religion. Praying is a form of religiosity and the bigger challenge is the conversion of religious actions into moral life. The continuous presence of pamatbat enhances these values and the Filipino culture as a whole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of historical and ongoing tensions between different ethnic groups, inter-ethnic marriages are increasingly prevalent in Indonesia today. This article explores the social materiality of memory objects (money and related household items) in the negotiation of shared lifeworlds within two inter-ethnic marriages between Javanese and Chinese Indonesians. The research is based on detailed fieldwork conducted face-to-face in East Java over a 10 week period, and supported with further online interactions with participating couples. We demonstrate how a focus on money and related material practices can offer new understandings of how couples respond agentively to inter-cultural tensions in their marriages and strive towards harmony. In doing so we demonstrate how values of cooperation and prudence are articulated through things and related practices, and in the process are harnessed to support couples efforts to build mutually supportive lives together. In the process we document how objects, including money, an onion peeling machine and food emerge in these relationships as both practical things and objects of care, cooperation and affection. This research demonstrates that whilst still of crucial importance, a focus on inter-cultural tensions and the conflicts these can cause can be complimented with a focus on couple's agentive efforts to manage and contain such tensions as they build culturally hybrid lives together. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is now well established that higher-order risk preferences play a crucial role in determining the risky choices of decision makers in a wide range of important areas such as economics, finance and health. While influential theories of risky choice in those fields can explain attitudes to second order risk, the implications of these models for higher order risk preferences is still to be developed. This paper addresses that gap for the Markowitz (J Political Econ, 60:151–58, 1952) (M) model of utility which embodies reference-dependent utility, loss aversion and was seemingly the first model to explain the fourfold attitude to risk. In this paper, we set out new properties of the M model for higher order preferences, such as higher-order risky choice reversals, that can help explain experimental evidence not readily reconcilable with other models of risky choice. A second contribution of the paper is to empirically examine the heterogeneity of preference functionals describing second as well as higher order risky choices using hierarchical Bayesian estimation methods. Our analysis of the risky choices revealed in three prominent studies provides support for the M model as a useful complement to other leading models of risky choice such as cumulative prospect theory (CPT). In addition, we set up a new experiment whose design is shown to have satisfactory discriminatory power between the M and CPT specifications, and our results based on the Bayes factor confirm the heterogeneity of preference functionals across decision makers, and that the CPT specification is more prevalent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thrift, in its simplest definition, is the practice of using resources in a considered way. The concept has long been employed as a moral trope to condemn or promote a variety of human practices. In the literature, thrift is addressed as it is played out in consumption in and around the household as a way of preserving and saving resources. Thrift stores form part of a thrift economy and, as the receiver of divested objects from the household and a site for thrifty consumption practices, they present aspects of thrift in a variety of ways. In this article, I look at thrift as it relates to work and organizational practices in an American thrift store. Although often linked to work ethics, thrift has mainly been proposed as a moral concept guiding individual and not organizational practices. In order to explore the value of thrift in the thrift store, I present parts of my ethnographic research on second-hand markets. Examining work practices as “thrifty” shows how economic prudence is paired with material frugality and community concern. This, I argue, has significant effect on the flow of consumer goods, as resources flow through the thrift store and appear to be spent, not saved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Life after Capitalism is an invitation to the reader to imagine our prevailing economic paradigm as a temporary thing; a barely surviving remnant of old ways of being; not as the immovable immutable truth it presumes itself to be. … [Post Growth is an invitation to learn from history. It is] power for today is to free our lips from the mantra of yesterday. … Its job right now is to help us reflect honestly on the situation we find ourselves in. Its deeper task is to lift our eyes from the ground of a polluted economics and glimpse a new way of seeing what human progress might mean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The adaptation of own plans and behaviors to new circumstances seems to be a desirable personal quality in the modern world. it has been assumed that adaptability cannot be transferred to a single character strength. Methods: The present research examines this assumption using typical and daily behaviors of three aspects of flexibility (predictability, adaptability and orderliness) and 24 character strengths across two studies (N1 = 283, N2 = 188). Results: Flexibility showed a consistent and large overlap with character strengths. Adaptability was positively related to most of the strengths. Predictability was positively related to humility and prudence, and orderliness to perseverance, prudence, and selfregulation. Discussion: These results support our initial assumption and build a strong basis for further examining the relationships and interplay between flexibility and character strengths. They also constitute an important first step toward integrative positive interventions that target relevant aspects of flexibility and character. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article offers an alternative conceptualisation of prudence as encompassing four normative components: reflective reasoning, experience, long-term well-being, and moderation. Prudence involves a pattern of reflective reasoning informed by experience in the pursuit of long-term well-being through moderate judgements and actions. This conceptualisation allows distilling a set of prescriptions for guiding deliberation and choice under uncertainty, which I name the Prudent Judgement Approach. An analysis of John F. Kennedy's deliberations at the start of the Cuban Missile Crisis uncovers evidence of prudent judgement and demonstrates the practical feasibility and value of this approach. Although the numerous cognitive and procedural sources of errors in decision-making under uncertainty are by now well understood, there are few prescriptive approaches for guiding the process of formulating judgements and making choices. This article shows how prudence can help improve the quality of deliberative processes and policy choices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whether prisoner resettlement is framed in terms of public health, safety, economic prudence, recidivism, social justice, or humanitarianism, it is difficult to overstate its importance. This article investigates women's experiences exiting prison in Canada to deepen understandings of post-carceral trajectories and their implications. It combines feminist work on transcarceration and Bourdieusian theory with qualitative research undertaken in Canada to propose the (trans)carceral habitus as a theoretical innovation. This research illuminates the continuity of criminalized women's marginalization before and beyond their imprisonment, the embodied nature of these experiences, and the adaptive dispositions that they have demonstrated and depended on throughout their lives. In doing so, this article extends criminological work on carceral habitus which has rarely considered the experiences of women. Implications for resettlement are discussed by tracing the impact of criminalized women's (trans)carceral habitus (i.e. distrust, skepticism, vigilance about their environments and relationships) on their willingness to access support and services offered by resettlement organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Romans 13:1-7, which commands subjection to governing authorities, can be given too much weight in the moral analysis of undocumented immigrants. This article considers Romans 13 in the broader context of Romans and of the biblical canon to show biblical reasons for permitting civil disobedience toward immigration law. Rather than viewing undocumented immigrants as universally immoral lawbreakers, these biblical factors combined with analysis of civil disobedience for the preservation of life, legal ambiguities arising from competing jurisdictions, and other socio-political factors show that it may be a prudent action for undocumented immigrants to disobey immigration law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We derive generalized bounds on conditional expected excess returns that can be computed from option prices. The generalized lower bound may serve as an expected excess return proxy for individual and basket-type assets, is conditionally tight, accounts for the entire risk-neutral distribution of returns, and outperforms existing variance-based models in out-of-sample predictions. Bounds calibrated to realized returns correspond to reasonable risk aversion and prudence. On average, expected stock returns given by the bounds decrease on even weeks of the Federal Open Market Committee cycle. Cross-sectional tests deliver a reasonable market risk premium. This paper was accepted by Haoxiang Zhu, finance. Supplemental Material: The data files and online appendix are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2022.4367. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main aim of this paper is to propose the inclusion of the expertise of a prudent agent within the procedure of reflective equilibrium by adding a disposition for identifying reasonable beliefs. This can be seen as the starting point of the method, and would safeguard against the criticism of conservatism and subjectivism. In order to do this, I will begin by analyzing the core characteristics of the method and its main weaknesses. I will then investigate the characteristics of prudence as a disposition for identifying an adequate means for achieving a good end. With this in mind, I will apply prudence to the procedure which is carried out by an agent who deliberates well and can identify reasonable moral beliefs. These beliefs must be justified according to their consistency with ethical principles and with the factual beliefs of relevant scientific theories. Finally, I will argue that this deliberative process is consistent with ethical pluralism and democracy, and can be interpreted as a kind of moral knowledge.

The state that Pettit endorses sounds above all like the modern liberal state. The author insists that the "functional polity" may fall well short of absolute justice, but this is because the state is related to justice in the way that prudence is related to morality. On Pettit's realist account, the state will acquire legitimacy, not by holding it to rigorous standards of justice, but if it is able to achieve a rough balance of power between rulers and ruled. [Extracted from the article]

In De emptione et venditione ad tempus, a brief early letter on forward selling, Thomas Aquinas presents a risk inherent in the intertemporal dimension of exchange, but inherent also in licit expenses such as transport, and illicit ones such as borrowing costs or expenses incurred without attention or unwisely, which the merchant may or may not pass on via the price. These expenses appear as risks which are described here for the case of forward sale, but are properly inherent to any commercial activity. While transport is a part of the merchant’s activity and represents the paradigm of licit risk, imprudence characterises two stages of failure in his management, namely negligence and mismanagement, and hence leads to illicit risk.

FR. Longtemps, les risques encourus par les journalistes sur les zones de conflits armés n’ont pas, ou peu, été reconnus et pris en charge par les industriels de l’information. Être blessé.e ou mourir en couvrant des conflits pouvait être considéré comme un prix à payer afin d’appartenir à la noblesse des reportèr.es ou des correspondant.es de guerre, afin d’être adoubé.e par le reste de la profession. Les traumatismes n’étaient pas davantage reconnus et pris en charge, et en faire l’aveu pouvait être assimilé à une forme d’incompétence. Un tournant a été amorcé dans les années 1990. Depuis, la sécurité a progressivement fait l’objet d’une attention singulière, d’un nouveau focus, notamment dans les pays anglo-saxons et en France. Équipements de protection, formations à la sécurité en zone hostile dispensées par des militaires, prévention et guérison des traumatismes, codes de bonne conduite pour journalistes et éditeurs, sont autant de dispositifs traduisant ce tournant prudentiel. Les nouvelles précautions, différemment selon les aires géographiques et inégalement selon les statuts des journalistes, ont contribué à transformer les pratiques et à diminuer le nombre global des journalistes morts en couvrant des guerres. À partir de la littérature académique anglo-saxonne et d’une enquête de terrain menée auprès de journalistes français.es, on se propose d’appréhender le tournant prudentiel du journalisme de guerre, les prescriptions de nouvelles normes et les mesures de sécurisation des pratiques, au regard des transformations de la production d’information depuis les années 1990. Dans la lignée des travaux de Richard Sambrook et de Chris Paterson, la recherche présentée dans cet article restitue les logiques qui ont présidé à cette évolution, en particulier en France où elle avait peu été étudiée jusqu’à présent. *** EN. For a long time, the risks encountered by journalists in armed conflict zones were not, or only rarely, recognized and addressed by the news industry. Being injured or dying while covering conflicts could be considered as the price to pay in order to be included in the nobility of reporters or war correspondents, and to be praised by the rest of the profession. Trauma was not further recognized and addressed, and admitting to it could be seen as a form of incompetence. A turning point came in the 1990s. Since then, safety has gradually become the object of a particular attention, of a new focus, particularly in the Anglo-Saxon countries and in France. Protective equipment, trainings provided by the military on safety in hostile zones, prevention and healing of trauma, codes of conduct for journalists and editors are measures that demonstrate this cautionary shift. The new precautions, which vary according to geographical areas and to the status of journalists, have contributed to transforming practices and to reducing the overall number of journalists who have died while covering wars. Based on Anglo-Saxon academic literature and a field survey undertaken with French journalists, we propose to understand the cautionary turn of war journalism, the prescription of new norms and measures to make practices more secure, in the light of the transformations in news production since the 1990s. In the tradition of the work of Richard Sambrook and Chris Paterson, the research presented in this article describes the rationale behind this evolution, particularly in France, where it has been little studied until now. *** PT. Durante muito tempo, os riscos enfrentados pelos jornalistas em zonas de conflito armado foram desconsiderados pela indústria jornalística. Ferir-se ou morrer cobrindo conflitos era o preço a pagar para pertencer à nobreza do/as repórteres ou correspondentes de guerra e ser reconhecido/a pelos pares. O mesmo ocorria com relação aos traumas, ignorados ou considerados como uma forma de incompetência. Nos anos 90, inicia-se uma virada a partir da qual a segurança vai se tornando objeto de atenção e de foco, especialmente nos países anglo-saxões e na França. Equipamentos de proteção, treinamento de segurança por militares em zonas de conflito, prevenção e tratamento de traumas, códigos de ética para jornalistas e editores são exemplos de medidas que refletem essa virada prudencial. As novas precauções, que variam de acordo com as áreas geográficas e, desigualmente, com o status dos jornalistas, ajudaram a transformar as práticas e reduzir o número de jornalistas morto/as em coberturas de guerras. Fundamentados na literatura acadêmica anglo-saxônica e com base em uma pesquisa de campo com jornalistas franceses, analisam-se a virada prudencial do jornalismo de guerra e as novas normas e medidas prescritas para tornar as práticas mais seguras, à luz das transformações da produção de notícias a partir dos anos 90. Corroborando o trabalho de Richard Sambrook e Chris Paterson, a pesquisa busca restituir a lógica por trás dessa evolução, particularmente na França, onde, até então, foi pouco estudada. ***

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of prudence, operating cycle, gender diversity and default risk partially and simultaneously on earnings quality. This research was conducted on manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange from 2018-2020 with purposive sampling method. The sample of this study consisted of 125 companies with a total of 375 observations. The method used in this study was a descriptive statistical analysis, classical assumption test, multiple linear regression analysis, t test, F test, and coefficient of determination test (R2). Based on the results, prudence has a significant negative effect on earnings quality and operating cycle, and a significant positive effect on earnings quality. While gender diversity and default risk partially have no significant effect on earnings quality. Simultaneous test results show that prudence, operating cycle gender diversity and default risk together have a significant effect on earnings quality.

This study analyzes digital evidence in the judicial process. The application of information technology (e-government) is a must for state administrators, both the judiciary, the legislature, especially the executive. In resolving state administrative disputes, digital evidence is also often used. This requires judges to have the ability to examine and analyze a case that has a digital element. Preparation of the Supreme Court to respond to developments in digitalization of electronic services (e-government), namely the Supreme Court has issued PERMA Number 1 of 2019 concerning Electronic Administration of Cases and Trials in Courts. This time, the E-Court is a form of the Supreme Court's seriousness in reforming the Supreme Court in the field of information technology in the justice system. Efforts that can be made by Administrative Court Judges in the digital era, Administrative Judges must pay attention to the e-government system as a whole, for example Online Single Submission (OSS) licensing, because licensing now involves an integrated online system, which involves elements of regional government, provincial government and government center. how to upload data, the possibility of an error in the system, what is uploaded, how the system can reject and accept data. It is these things that allow administrative judges to involve Web experts. Digital Web forensic experts are needed in proving cases at the Administrative Court, because in my opinion it is almost impossible for an administrative judge to have good and correct knowledge of digital forensics. Web expert witnesses will shed light on an administrative case, making it easier for State Administrative judges to make decisions. The Supreme Court should hold education and training regarding online licensing, online registration, online validation carried out by the executive, and administrative judges should not hesitate to present web expert witnesses to explain an administrative case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: to understand the relationship between moral virtues and phronesis from volunteers of civil society organizations that work for the protection and assistance of pregnant women, known as pro-life. Theoretical framework: the perspective of virtue ethics is presented in the neo-Aristotelian approach as a theoretical framework, according to which human conduct is understood as based on the dispositions of character, the moral virtues, as well as through practical wisdom or phronesis, with the purpose (telos) of human flourishing. Method: the research strategy consists of a qualitative multiple case study approach in Brazilian (n = 2) and Spanish (n = 2) organizations, focusing on their volunteers (n = 17 participants). The field was accessed through participant observation, semistructured face-to-face interview, and documentary research, thematically analyzing their content with the aid of NVivo software. Results: the results suggest how they act and learn virtues throughout their experience as volunteers – prudence (phronesis), temperance, courage, and hope – to know how to approach, advise, judge, or restrain judgment and help pregnant women establish priorities and perspectives for the future (foresight). Evidence supports the relationship of the phronesis-temperance and phronesis-hope relationship to balance current priorities and future expectations. Conclusion: different contexts may reveal similar virtues in volunteer practices. The results reinforce the assumption of the unity of virtues. Evidence, limitations, and research possibilities are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article furthers interology by foregrounding its practical efficacity and offers a clue as to the pragmatic orientation and ethical calculus of the Chinese mind. It sheds light on the relational, prudential thinking behind the immemorial Yi Jing, the optimal point envisioned in the Great Learning, and the analogical reasoning behind liology and the Five Agent Theory to characterize the persona of the noble person which the cumulative literature of Chinese ethics (especially Confucian ethics) seeks to constitute. The article then shifts toward a stroboscopical view of a few interological moments in the Western tradition, bringing into focus Paul Virilio as an exemplar. In view of the multifold crisis the world is caught in, the article ends by presenting interology as the meta-program of the civilization to come. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Revista de Filosofía (0185-3481) is the property of Universidad Iberoamericana Cuidad de Mexico and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Filosofía (0185-3481) is the property of Universidad Iberoamericana Cuidad de Mexico and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The main aim of this paper is to propose the inclusion of the expertise of a prudent agent within the procedure of reflective equilibrium by adding a disposition for identifying reasonable beliefs. This can be seen as the starting point of the method, and would safeguard against the criticism of conservatism and subjectivism. In order to do this, I will begin by analyzing the core characteristics of the method and its main weaknesses. I will then investigate the characteristics of prudence as a disposition for identifying an adequate means for achieving a good end. With this in mind, I will apply prudence to the procedure which is carried out by an agent who deliberates well and can identify reasonable moral beliefs. These beliefs must be justified according to their consistency with ethical principles and with the factual beliefs of relevant scientific theories. Finally, I will argue that this deliberative process is consistent with ethical pluralism and democracy, and can be interpreted as a kind of moral knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Doxa Comunicación is the property of Fundacion Universitaria San Pablo - CEU and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)