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Primary products of the interaction of terminal olefins C-C with ReO/AlO catalysts are established. The rupture of the C=C bond of the olefin occurs with formation of a carbene localized at a rhenium ion, with the alkylidene fragment in the produced carbene being the CH=group of the terminal alkene molecule. Thus M=CH species and lower normal α-olefins are formed. Graphical Abstract: [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the causal relationship between primary commodities exports and economic growth in Namibia using quarterly data for the period 1998 to 2014. Time-series econometric techniques such as unit root, cointegration as well as Granger-causality test within the vector auto-regression framework has been used. The results of the unit root test showed that the variables are integrated of order one. Furthermore, the results of the Johansen cointegration test revealed that no cointegration exists among the variable, suggesting that there is no long-run relationship. Finally, the results of the Granger-causality test showed that primary commodities exports do Granger-cause economic growth but economic growth does not Granger-cause primary commodities exports. This suggests that there is a unidirectional causality running from primary commodities export to economic growth in the Namibian context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the arts such as paintings, sandstone relief and drawings depicting the Indian tribes by several artists including George Caleb Bingham, Thomas Cole and George Catlin. Topics discussed include, the paintings of Bingham "The Concealed Enemy" and "Fur Traders Descending the Missouri", the elected president in the U.S. James K. Polk on his promise to push the legislation annexing the Republic of Texas and the changes of primary commodity.

China's relationship with Africa is changing. From what was once a narrative built on the sale of primary commodities, to fuel China's booming economic growth, it is increasingly being defined by an emerging, confident Africa with its own socioeconomic and political priorities. Many African countries now want tangible and credible benefits beyond the revenues from natural resource exports. In short, China's relationship with Africa has transformed into one defined by dynamism and African agency, lessening the hold the former previously had. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the many problems besetting international economic relations, the instability of exports of developing countries has always been a major topic of analysis and discussion. Although developing countries identify this issue as an important obstacle to development, most of the inquiries over the last 30 years about its causes and consequences have produced controversial results. The economic literature on export instability is divided into two main streams, one analysing world markets for primary commodities and their quantity-price-earnings relationships, the other focussing on individual developing countries and their macroeconomic frameworks. The present work comments on recent additions to each of these streams which have livened the debate, before offering a new contribution to the theoretical and empirical analysis of export instability. JEL: F49, O11

Among the many problems besetting international economic relations, the instability of exports of developing countries has always been a major topic of analysis and discussion. Although developing countries identify this issue as an important obstacle to development, most of the inquiries over the last 30 years about its causes and consequences have produced controversial results. The economic literature on export instability is divided into two main streams, one analysing world markets for primary commodities and their quantity-price-earnings relationships, the other focussing on individual developing countries and their macroeconomic frameworks. The present work comments on recent additions to each of these streams which have livened the debate, before offering a new contribution to the theoretical and empirical analysis of export instability. JEL: F49, O11

The work considers what the future course of prices will be in the aftermath of the remarkable increases in primary commodity prices in 1973-74. To do so, the author examines the historical trend and cyclical movements of the prices of various commodities in the period since World War II. The causes and consequences of instability and the economic policies that nations have designed to deal with instability and other aspects of primary commodities are then considered. In this regard, conflicts in commodity policies between commodity exporting and importing nations are analysed. JEL: E31, N10

Residential irrigation with reclaimed water is one method to reduce potable water withdrawals in the United States. However, little research has examined how customers use this often low-cost or free water. This study evaluates the change in water use for 510 reclaimed water customers who were converted from a flat rate to a commodity charge. Using actual water use data and an irrigation model, two metrics of efficiency were developed: portion of landscape needs satisfied and efficiency of application. After the commodity charge began, the reclaimed water customers decreased their use by 47% and improved the efficiency of their application by 12%. However, annually, between 14 and 27% of the users increased use compared with the flat-rate period. The impact of irrigable area was also evaluated and showed that customers with smaller irrigable areas were less efficient (26%) than those with larger irrigable areas (52%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Material efficiency is increasingly being seen as a means to save resources and achieve greater security of supply. Whether these aims can be achieved to the desired extent depends, among other things, on the presence of rebound effects. This article estimates economy-wide rebound effects for non-energetic raw materials in the context of a set of material efficiency projects carried out in Germany. Under the assumption that the efficiency technologies developed in these projects are scaled up to the national level, input–output analysis is used to calculate changed material requirements and corresponding rebound effects. Reduced material flows in monetary terms, together with economic data, are aggregated to an economy-wide impulse, which can cause re-increases in the demand for the considered raw materials. Depending on the project-specific framework conditions and subject to the modeling assumptions, our estimates suggest that individual materials display a wide range of rebound effects, ranging from close to zero to low double digit percentages. These results point towards the conclusion that economy-wide rebound effects do not make these efficiency measures obsolete. However, they also suggest that rebound effects should not be ignored in the assessment of the role of efficiency in future resource consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Having in view the pricing of commodity derivatives in Libor Market Model (LMM) setting, we first analyze the set of basic rates we need to formulate the model by using the spanning tree concept taken from graph theory. Next, we present an efficient procedure for Monte Carlo simulation of the dynamics of the rates associated to LMM, avoiding the presence of the rates dependent drifts (drift-free simulation) and the presence of negative deflated bond prices and negative forward rates. The method is based upon a new parameterization of the martingales introduced by Glasserman and Zhao and it is extended to a Cross-Market Model for commodities. Finally, a particular example of commodity derivative (spread option) pricing problem is considered. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We review the progress made in the understanding of the dynamics of the reactions of ground state oxygen atoms, O(3P), with unsaturated hydrocarbons (acetylene, ethylene, allene, propyne and propene) which are of great relevance, besides from a fundamental point of view, in combustion chemistry and of interest also in atmosphere- and astro-chemistry. Advances in this area have been made possible by an improved crossed molecular beams (CMBs) instrument with rotating mass spectrometric detection and time-of-flight analysis which features product detection by low-energy electron soft-ionisation for increased sensitivity and universal detection power. This apparatus offers the capability of identifying virtually all primary reaction channels, characterising the dynamics, and determining the branching ratios (BRs) for these polyatomic multichannel nonadiabatic reactions. The reactive scattering results are rationalised with the assistance of theoretical information from other laboratories on the stationary points and product energetics of the relevantab initiopotential energy surfaces (PESs). For the simpler prototypical systems, such as O(3P) + ethylene, detailed comparisons with synergic state-of-the-art quasiclassical trajectory surface-hopping calculations on full dimensionalab initiocoupled triplet and singlet PESs have recently been possible. For more complex systems, such as O(3P) + propene, comparisons with the results of synergic statistical calculations of BRs onab initiocoupled triplet and singlet PESs, have also been carried out very recently. The combined experimental/theoretical approach has allowed for a better understanding of the mechanism of these reactions. And overall has deepened considerably our understanding of chemical reactivity; in addition, these studies provide an important bridge between CMBs dynamics and thermal kinetics as well as valuable information for improving combustion and astrochemistry models. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The aim of this paper is to indicate some aspects that could characterize the neocontractualism in Rawls's Theory of Justice. The work begins by raising the problem of a political conception of justice and shows the conditions for a fair procedure aiming at a fair outcome. It analyzes the principles of justice, making explicit the essential constitutional elements and emphasizing the guarantee of the satisfaction of citizens' basic needs, the so-called "social minimum", which is here named "existential minimum". It highlights the insufficiency of such "minimum" for the full exercise of citizenship and discusses its expansion through the idea of primary goods. Lastly, the paper discusses the priority of the fair over the good, showing its importance for an agreement concerning a political conception of justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the commodities consensus in Latin America. Topics mentioned include the global increasing demand for raw materials, the growing number of social conflicts in Latin America, and the evolution of the relation of human beings with nature. The author also mentions the evolution of the state's concerns regarding the social aspects of the exports of natural products and the development of neoextractivism.

Knowing the problems that accompany economic structure makes possible for us to understand the relationship between the elements composing the economic system and between the latter and other systems, and to understand the transformations, the way in which decisions are made and priorities are established, as well as the outcomes of modifying the elements that make up an economic system. The objective of the paper is to present, in a theoretical approach, one of the most important economic policies, the agricultural one, in relation to the situation of the UE member states, including the developing ones. The agricultural policy is a structural one, with major economical and social implications. The effectiveness of the economic policy reflects the capacity of a country to ensure the population's consumption of basic products. The changes in the agricultural segment need much time. Actually, every economic structure needs the state's intervention, by measures able to change the dynamics of activities, to prioritize them and to ensure a quicker adaptation to the modifications of the consumers' needs, under the pressure of climate changes, population increases and diminution of the quantity of non-regenerative resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]