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Influenced by the interpretive attitudes of the Middle Ages and committed to the teachings of New Criticism, Frye, drawing on structuralist methodology, developed innovative ideas for analyzing the structure of a literary work. In his literary poetics, he assumes that the meaning of a literary work consists of elements and components that can be determined by focusing on mode, symbol, archetype, and genre. In such a framework, he considers the components of ethos, mythos, and dianoia as the basic elements that make up meaning. Meanwhile, however, it seems that Ethos has not been adequately addressed. In this essay, we first attempt to answer why ethos seems to be neglected in his ethical critique, which is necessarily based on ethos, through an analysis of the theoretical implications and consequences of what Frye holds. In what follows, along with the methodological explanation of Frye's analysis, we attempt to show how the seemingly neglected ethos reappears in Frye's theoretical framework. In the end, it turns out that ethos is part of Frye's theoretical framework not because of methodological considerations, but because of teleological considerations. Extended Abstract Introduction Northrop Frye (1912-1991) is one of the literary theorists of the 20th century. He was familiar with the medieval interpretations of the Bible on the one hand and with the theories of the New Criticists on the other, and saw a significant symmetry between the Bible on the one hand and literature on the other. According to the medieval interpretations of the Bible, commentators considered the meaning of the text to be multi-layered, revealing itself at first in superficial levels, but the knowledgeable reader should go beyond these levels to the inner layers of the text where the true meaning rests. By distancing themselves from what appeared to be historical, psychoanalytical, biographical criticism and all questions outside the structure of the text, the New Critics sought systematic criticism based on the text, but "they treated the text as an inanimate object" (Algooneh, 2017: 197), which for Frye was meaningless "because critical objectivity basically blocks the way to pure literary experience." The proponents of the new criticism considered the work with the "close reading" as a single phenomenon, and for the literary criticism, they considered the analysis of several literary works, while in Frye's system, they invoke qualities and elements behind the literature (see Frye, 1957: 17), and only by recognizing these qualities and elements, the literature becomes meaningful. On this basis, Frye considers literary works not individually, but in a macro-level and in the form of "an order of words" (Ibid) which, despite their plurality, is manifested in a single perspective. From here, Frye distances himself from the proponents of the new criticism, whose main focus is on individual texts and stylistics, and concentrates on typology and literary genre. This is because stylistics focuses more on individuality, while genre focuses on the aesthetic side of literature and a macro-level view that "considers the art of literature not as a value phenomenon but as a technical phenomenon, as a collection of procedures" (Marie Schiffer, 2013: 65). As long as he "pays attention to the close and critical reading of the works," he is aligned with the New Criticists, but since the New Criticists evaluate the works and "are more aware of the framework of hermeneutics and literary criticism than the establishment of poetics" (Ibid, 66), he moves in a different direction from them. Thus, in his discussion with the members of the New Criticism, Frye takes the position that what they see in detail, he connects in the structure of literature as an autonomous whole. In line with this division on the question of type or genre, and in contrast to the question of style, and also to achieve the ideal of a poetic design that is comprehensive and includes all valid criticism, he divides four categories of mood, symbol, archetype, and genre in his book "Anatomy of Criticism," under the separate four articles of historical criticism, ethical criticism, archetypal criticism, and rhetorical criticism. He, who deals with "Ethical Criticism" in the second article of the book by promising that literature consists of interwoven stages and the work draws its totality from this interwovenness of stages, distinguishes between mythos, ethos, and dianoia (see Frye, 1998: 93). But despite the fact that he distinguishes these three elements at each stage and also the special role he assigns to each of them, he consciously or unconsciously neglects ethos in the last analysis. Ethos, as a fundamental element and component that constitutes the meaning of the text, has no coherence according to Frye. In defining ethos, he says: "The text or the internal social context of a literary work, in fiction-oriented literature includes characterization and context, and in theme-oriented literature it includes the relationship between the author and the reader of the work." (Frye, 1998: 428) While he distinguishes two types of fiction literature and issue-oriented literature here, he considers ethos as both character in literature and the relationship between author and audience. Elsewhere (cf. Frye, 1998: 93), he considers ethos as one of the three fundamental pillars of the text that, together with mythos and dianoia, make the work meaningful. Even though Frye considers these three elements as internal features, he abandons ethos completely and implicitly in the further course of his analysis, leaving it aside, instead of treating it as a method, he notes ethos as an end. On this basis, Frye's ethical critique does not adhere to it, despite its promise of internal immanence, and this critique ultimately focuses on telos. This telos disappears, first, in the liberal purpose and, second, in the objectives influenced by reader-oriented ideas. Although critics in the world have made serious criticisms of Frye's theories, Culler, for example, in "Structuralist Poetics, considers him an interpreter who does not adhere to mere structure (cf. Culler, 2019: 169 and 192), while Lentricia in the book "After New Criticism" and René Wellek in "The History of New Criticism" (cf. Wellek, 2005: 238) argue that all literature is linked to myth. Although some of these criticisms are acceptable and some parts of Frye’s theorizing have gaps, he can be seen to have made an effort to complete them in his later works, but the way Frye uses to achieve meaning through different layers in a particular verbal context is worth reflecting on. Nevertheless, because of the difficult and complex prose that Frye has used in his book Anatomy of Criticism and because of its theoretical complexity, Frye has received less attention than it should. With this in mind, in the following essay we will attempt to elucidate Frye's theory of classification of symbols and redefine their constituent parts. In doing so, we will rely on an analysis of the theoretical implications and consequences of what Frye follows and attempt to provide an adequate answer to these questions: First, why is ethos omitted from ethical criticism based on ethos? Second, having failed to adhere to what Frye promised at the beginning of the article, where does this discarded ethos now appear? Review of Literature Although Frye is considered one of the most influential thinkers in the field of criticism and literary theory of the 20th century, the gap in research that independently analyzes his theoretical framework is quite striking. There are few studies that have critiqued his theoretical foundations, and most of the research conducted has applied Frye's archetypal theory to mythological stories. Ahmadi and Kazempour (2022) examined the myth of Rostam and Sohrǎb in a study using a descriptive-analytical method based on Frye's archetype theory. Asadi and Maghouli (2021) also studied the symbols and archetypes in the paintings of "Shahnameh Shamlu" based on Frye's archetype theory and applied it to Frye's cycles of romance, comedy and tragedy. Maarifvand and Fuladi (2018) analyzed the story of Siavash based on Frye's theory of "tragedy myth." In one article, Algooneh (2016) analyzed the theoretical basis of Frye's classification of symbols and his influence, and in another article, he analyzed the internal mechanism of Dianoia considering Frye's theoretical origins. In this research he examined the connection of mythical dianoia with hieroglyphic, hieratic, and demotic aspects. Nǎmvarmotlaq (2013) has dealt with Frye's mythology. The first part of the book deals with Frye's life and his mythological criticism, and the second part deals with the practical application of Frye's view in reading myths. In addition, the same author (2012) published a work entitled Introduction to Mythology: Theories and Applications, in which he examined Frye's views on mythological criticism. Haj Nowrouzi (2012), in order to examine the semantic and archetypal images in the story of Siavash based on Frye's theories, first examined this imagery in the literary tradition and then examined the mythological patterns of this work. Anooše (2006) has explained the relationship between Cassirer's ideas and beliefs and Frye's views in the field of myth using the descriptive-analytical method. In another study (2003), this author examined Frye's literary approach in relation to early literary rituals and myths. Based on Jung and Frye's theory, Sam Khaniaini and Malekpaiin (2013) analyzed the myth of the story of the lion and the cow in Kalila and Demeneh. Despite the valid research that has been conducted so far on Frye's views, the theoretical analysis of his opinions, and the application of his theoretical models in reading literature, no research has been found that addresses the theoretical implications and consequences of neglecting ethos. For this reason, the present study sought to examine the position and role of ethos in Frye's theoretical framework, in addition to an analysis of Frye's symbol theory and his literary poetics terminology. Methodology The present study is an original research which is the outcome of our own personal reflections and, except in one or two cases where we have taken some terms from Frye’s research, we are not indebted to any research in terms of our theoretical framework. Results As can be seen from the explanation of Frye's theory, although he introduces Ethos as one of the three basic pillars of each stage, the distinction of Ethos alongside Mythos and Dianoia will not be fulfilled. In the formal stage, for example, he considers mythos as imitating a generic action and dianoia as imitating a generic thought. Right here, where we expect the distinction and the role of ethos, ethos does not appear at all as a component with a methodological index in Frye’s taxonomy. Thus, contrary to our expectations, the reader learns at the end of the book's second article that the promised ethos is not an essential component, but the ideal critic/reader who is to become the third pillar of each stage through the mythos and dianoia. On the other hand, as we approach the anagogic stage, it becomes increasingly clear that the ethos comprises that single word which in its various manifestations is both God, Christ, Wine, and Lamb (cf. K. Frye, 1377: 154). Although even this characterizing recognition of ethos was not explicitly distinguished in the later stages of the classification of symbols. Moreover, it is necessary to examine the question in what form and with what conceptual transformation Frye uses ethos as a fundamental component after he leaves it. It seems that Frye did not use its fundamental component as a method. But in terms of purpose, he has embedded ethos in "ethical" criticism, and in this way he casts it on the ideal reader on the one hand and on "ethical" criticism on the other. He believes that culture is one of the productive forces of man and "the ruling classes have exploited it in the past like other productive powers, and it is necessary to revalue it in a better society." But since this ideal society exists in the future, the value of culture is based on its revolutionary efficiency." (Frye, 1998: 407). Frye believes that when we move from a single work of art to the general concept of art, it is no longer a question of aesthetics, but a journey to the moral cause that contributes to the work of civilization. On the basis of this evidence, Frye sees himself as a liberal who opposes the prejudices and favoritism of the New Criticists. On the other hand, he considers literature an important component of education. But all of this is seen not as an internal component, which he promised us at the beginning, but as external and teleological references that are not evident in the text. Finally, Frye's ethical criticism is a "moral" matter in a civilized and cultural sense, but this "morality" is manifested not in method but in goal. This moral goal, thrown out of method, includes free and liberal education on the one hand, and focuses on reader-centered theories on the other. Accordingly, ethos is not evident in Frye's classification theory of symbols in the method, but as a factor in the transformation of the reader into a liberal person who accepts all valid criticisms without prioritizing one over the other. References Ahmadi, Z. and M. Kazempour (2022). "Naqd-e Ostoorei-ye Dǎstǎn-e Rostam va Sohrǎb bar asǎs-e Nazariyǎt-e Northrope Frye", in Majale-ye Matnpajoohi-ye Adabi, No. 93, Fall, pp. 285-305. Algooneh, M. (2016). "Dianoia-ye Ostooreh: Pajoheši dar Sǎhat-e Maqfool-e Nazari-ye ostoorehšenǎsi-ye Northrope Frye". In Majale-ye Naqd va nazariy-ye Adabi, No. 3, Spring and Summer, pp. 32-7. Algooneh, M. (2016). "Northrop Frye va Radebandi-ye Sambolhǎ". In Naqd-e Adabi, No. 40, Winter, pp. 40-7. Anooše, S.M. (2005). "Nortrop Frye va Sorat-hâye Azali yâ Kohan‌olgoo-hâye Adabiyât". the Humanities Journal of Semnân University. No. 8. pp. 6- 59. ]in Persian[ Anooše, S.M. (2007). "Farziyât-e Cassirer darbâre-ye Ostoore va Farhang va Tathirât-e ân bar Nazariyât-e Frye dar Naqd-e Adabi". Pazhoheš-e Zabân-hâye Xareji, Winter. No. 34. pp. 5- 14. ]in Persian[ Asadi, S. and Nadiya M.. (1400). "Šenǎsǎii va Tahlil-e Fosool-e Chahǎrgǎne dar Šǎhnamehnegǎri bar asǎs-e Nazarie-ye mitos-e Northrope Frye". In Faslnameh-ye Elmi-ye Adabiyat-e Erfani va Ostoorehšenaxti, No. 63, Winter, pp. 13-42. Culler, J. (2019), Botiqay-ye sǎxtǎrgerǎ, translated by Koroš Safavi, Tehrǎn: Minooy-e Xerad publishing house. Denham, R. (2010). Cited in < macblog.mcmaster.ca/fryeblog/critical-method/ preface.html> Ford, R. (2000). Northrop Frye on Myth, New York & London: Routledge. Frye, N. (1994). Taxayol-e Farhixte. S. Arbâb Širâni (Trans.). Tehrân: Našre Markaz Dânešgâhi. ]in Persian[ Frye, N. (1999). Tahlil-e Naqd. S. Husseini (Trans.) Tehrân: Našr-e Niloofar. ]in Persian[ Frye, N. (2001). Ramz-e Kol: Ketâb-e Moqadas va Adabiât. Husseini (Trans.). Tehrân: Našr-e Niloofar. ]in Persian[ Hajnowrouzi, N. (2013). "Tahlil-e Tasâvir-e Dâstân-e siâvaš bar asǎs-e Nazariyât-e Northrope Frye". In Do Faslnameh-ye Tarikh-e Adabiyat, No. 72, Spring & Summer, pp. 71-86. Lentrichia, F. (2013), Ba’d az Naqd-e Now, translated by Mašiyat Ǎlaei, Tehrǎn Minooy-e Xerad publishing house Maarifvand, M. and M. Fuladi (2018). "Barresi va Tahlil-e Terǎǯedi-ye Siǎvaš bar Mabnǎ-ye Nazriy-ye Mitos-e Trǎǯedi-ye Frye". In Majale-ye Pajohešhǎ-ye Dastoori va Belǎqi, No. 16, Autumn and Winter, pp. 309-336. Mansouri, P. (1376). Teori-ye Bonyǎdi-ye Moosiqi, Tehrǎn: Karnǎmeh Publishing. Marie-Šeffer, J. (2014). "Bootiqǎ", Dǎnešname-ye Nazariy-ye Adavbi, Iryana Rima Mackarik, translated by Mohammad Nabavi and Mehran Mohǎjer, Tehrǎn: Ǎgǎh Publishing House. Nǎmvarmotlaq, B. (2012). Darǎmadi bar Ostoorehšenǎsi: Nazari-yehǎ va Kǎrbordhǎ, Tehrǎn: Soxan Publishing House. Nǎmvarmotlaq. B. (2013). Ostoore Va Ostoorešenǎsi-ye Northrope Frye, Tabriz: Moqǎm Publishing. Northrop, F. (1952). Three Meanings of Symbolism: Yale French Studies, no. 9. Northrop, F. (1957). Anatomy of Criticism: For Essays: Princeton university press. Samkhaniani, A. and Mostafa M.. (2012). " Tahlil-e Asǎtiri-e Hekǎyat-e Shir va Gǎv dar Kalile va Demne bar pǎie-ye Nazarie-ye Jung va Northrope Frye". In Do Faslnameh-ye Zabǎn va Adab-e Fǎrsi, No. 226, Autumn & Winter, pp. 23-48. Wellek, R. and A. Warren. (2010). Nazariy-ye adabiat, translated by Zia Movahed and Parviz Mohajer, Tehrǎn: Nilufar Publishing. Wellek, R. (2015). Tǎrix-e Naqd-e Now, volume 6, translated by Saeed Arbab Širani, Tehrǎn: Nilufar publishing house.

We study how stimulus information can be represented in the dynamical signatures of an oscillatory model of neural activity—a model whose activity can be modulated by input akin to signals involved in working memory (WM). We developed a neural field model, tuned near an oscillatory instability, in which the WM-like input can modulate the frequency and amplitude of the oscillation. Our neural field model has a spatial-like domain in which an input that preferentially targets a point—a stimulus feature—on the domain will induce feature-specific activity changes. These feature-specific activity changes affect both the mean rate of spikes and the relative timing of spiking activity to the global field oscillation—the phase of the spiking activity. From these two dynamical signatures, we define both a spike rate code and an oscillatory phase code. We assess the performance of these two codes to discriminate stimulus features using an information-theoretic analysis. We show that global WM input modulations can enhance phase code discrimination while simultaneously reducing rate code discrimination. Moreover, we find that the phase code performance is roughly two orders of magnitude larger than that of the rate code defined for the same model solutions. The results of our model have applications to sensory areas of the brain, to which prefrontal areas send inputs reflecting the content of WM. These WM inputs to sensory areas have been established to induce oscillatory changes similar to our model. Our model results suggest a mechanism by which WM signals may enhance sensory information represented in oscillatory activity beyond the comparatively weak representations based on the mean rate activity.

AbstractIn transabdominal histotripsy, ultrasound pulses are focused into the body to noninvasively destroy soft tissues via cavitation. However, the ability to focus is limited by phase aberration, or decorrelation of the ultrasound pulses due to spatial variation in the speed of sound throughout heterogeneous tissue. Phase aberration shifts, broadens, and weakens the focus, thereby reducing the safety and efficacy of histotripsy therapy. This paper reviews and discusses aberration effects in histotripsy and in related therapeutic ultrasound techniques (e.g., high intensity focused ultrasound), with an emphasis on aberration by soft tissues. Methods for aberration correction are reviewed and can be classified into two groups: model-based methods, which use segmented images of the tissue as input to an acoustic propagation model to predict and compensate phase differences, and signal-based methods, which use a receive-capable therapy array to detect phase differences by sensing acoustic signals backpropagating from the focus. The relative advantages and disadvantages of both groups of methods are discussed. Importantly, model-based methods can correct focal shift, while signal-based methods can restore substantial focal pressure, suggesting that both methods should be combined in a 2-step approach. Aberration correction will be critical to improving histotripsy treatments and expanding the histotripsy treatment envelope to enable non-invasive, non-thermal histotripsy therapy for more patients.

Recently, reconfigurable coding metasurfaces have attracted extensive attention due to their dynamic and flexible manipulation of electromagnetic (EM) waves, making them an effective solution to connect physical reality and information science. Nevertheless, most previously reported reconfigurable metasurfaces suffer from limited applications, as they solely possess either phase or amplitude modulation. In this article, we propose a reconfigurable coding metasurface that can regulate both phase and amplitude response independently. In the field of the metasurface, the phase response can tailor the wavefronts, and the amplitude response can adjust the redistribution of the energy of the EM waves. Specifically, by integrating a PIN diode into the meta-atom and controlling its bias voltage, the reflection phase can be switched between two opposite phases with a phase difference of about 180°, and the reflection amplitude can be manipulated from 0.02 to 0.98 continuously at 11 GHz. The unit element consists of simple multi-layer structures, reducing its production cost and processing difficulty. By loading 1-bit phase code and multi-bit amplitude code to each unit element severally, this metasurface can modulate the distribution of reflected EM waves in two-dimensional (2-D) space while simultaneously suppressing the sidelobes for any quantity of scattered beams over a wide operating band ranging from 10.5 to 11.5 GHz. This metasurface exhibits promising potential for manipulating the distribution of EM wave energy and shaping of EM beams, which can be expected to facilitate wireless communication technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The changes in temperature regime on the territory of Russia and adjacent areas are evaluated using the 20-year archive data of the Hydrometeorological Research Center of the Russian Federation. The dynamics was evaluated for the average annual temperature, the amplitude and phase of its seasonal fluctuations, the dates of the last and first freeze. The results significantly depend on geography and do not give grounds for the conclusion that the nature of the changes is anthropogenic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several quantum mechanical problems are studied all of which can be approached using algebraic means. The first problem introduces a large class of Hamiltonian operators which can be related to elements of su(2) or su(1, 1) Lie algebras. A Casimir operator can be obtained and the model can be solved in general by introducing an appropriate basis. The second system involves a collection of lattice spin Hamiltonian models. It is shown how a matrix representation can be determined for these types of models with respect to a specific basis. Using these matrices secular polynomials as functions of the energy eigenvalues and their corresponding eigenvectors are calculated. The last system is similar to the first, but is suited to a particular application The eigenvectors of the model are used used to calculate the Berry phase for these states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we extend the definition of phases of sectorial matrices to those of semi-sectorial matrices, which are possibly singular. Properties of the phases are also extended, including those of the Moore-Penrose generalized inverse, compressions and Schur complements, matrix sums and products. In particular, an interlacing relation is established between the phases of A + B and those of A and B combined. Also, a majorization relation is established between the phases of the nonzero eigenvalues of AB and the phases of the compressions of A and B , which leads to a generalized matrix small phase theorem. For the matrices which are not necessarily semi-sectorial, we define their (largest and smallest) essential phases via diagonal similarity transformation. An explicit expression for the essential phases of a Laplacian matrix of a directed graph is obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the effects of filler concentrations of lanthanum-doped lead zirconate titanate (PLZT) on the electrical and mechanical characteristics of nanocomposite thick film. Crystal structure and morphology of the thick film have been studied using X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy techniques. It has been noted that adding PLZT nanoparticles to the polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) matrix modifies the physical properties of PVDF. In the nanocomposite film, the most prominent polar β phase has been identified at 6 mol% of PLZT filler. In all the films, a nearly homogenous grain distribution has been observed. Frequency-dependent dielectric, conductivity, and impedance of the sample were studied at room temperature. Maximum electric dipole polarization of 0.68 μC/cm2 and piezoelectric (d33) constant of 48 pC/N have been observed at 6 mol% of PLZT filler in the PVDF matrix. Indeed, it has been observed that the (0.94)PVDF–(0.06)PLZT nanocomposite film is well suited for applications such as nanogenerators, structural health monitoring systems, and various kinds of sensors and actuators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In magnesium–rare earth–transition metal (Mg-RE-TM) alloys, the γ" phase (with a hexagonal structure with the space group P 6 ¯ 2m) is a critical strengthening phase that can significantly improve their mechanical properties. However, compared to other phases in Mg-RE-TM alloys, research on the γ" phase is less documented, and an understanding of the γ" phase is not well established. As a result, different models of the structure of the γ" phase have been proposed. In this review, we summarize these structural models and find that the γ" phase is different from the Guinier–Preston (G.P.) zone, as revealed via Cs-corrected high-angle annular dark field-scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. In addition, we briefly summarize the stability of the γ" phase and its effect on the mechanical properties of Mg-RE-TM alloys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the past few years, cavity optomechanical systems have received extensive attention and research and have achieved rapid development both theoretically and experimentally. The systems play an important role in many fields, such as quantum information processing, optomechanical storage, high-precision measurement, macroscopic entanglement, ultrasensitive sensors and so on. Photon manipulation has always been one of the key tasks in quantum information science and technology. Photon blockade is an important way to realize single photon sources and plays an important role in the field of quantum information. Due to the nonlinear coupling of the optical force system, the energy level is not harmonic, resulting in a photon blockade effect. In this paper, we study the phase-controlled tunable unconventional photon blockade in a single-atom-cavity system, and the second-order nonlinear crystals are attached to the cavity. The cavity interacts with squeezed light, which results in a nonlinear process. The system is driven by a complex pulsed laser, and the strength of the coherent driving contains the phase. We want to study the effect of squeezed light and phase. We use the second-order correlation function to numerically and theoretically analyze the photon blockade effect. We show that quantum interference of two-photon excitation between three different transition pathways can cause a photon blockade effect. When there is no squeezed light, the interference pathways becomes two, but there are still photon blockade effects. We explore the influence of the tunable phase and second-order nonlinear strength on the photon blockade effect. We calculate the correlation function and compare the numerical results with the analytical results under certain parameters and find that the agreement is better. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Large Electric Machine & Hydraulic Turbine is the property of Large Electric Machine & Hydraulic Turbine Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Recovering germanium from zinc oxide dust (ZOD) produced from Pb–Zn smelter is an important pathway to extract germanium. However, the leaching efficiency of industrial germanium production is not satisfactory (usually less than 75 %). Therefore, the leaching behavior of Ge in different phases was discovered in this work. Ge in the ZOD mainly occurs in oxide, sulfide, silicate, and solid insoluble. The potential decides the oxidative dissolution of sulfide. The leaching recovery of zinc and germanium were 90 % and 80 % with oxidant, and 78 % and 80 % without oxidant, respectively. The effect sequence of oxidant type on the Zn leaching efficiency was MnO2 > H2O2 ≈ oxygen > air, but the type and addition of oxidant had no obvious effect on the leaching recovery of germanium. The final pH of leaching slurry limits the dissolution of oxide and hydrolysis-polymerization of impurity ions (such as Fe(III) and Si). Decreasing the final pH is beneficial to the leaching reaction of Zn and Ge. The germanium presented in oxide and sulfide is easy to leach, while the leaching of germanium existed in silicate and solid insoluble is relatively difficult. The structure of aluminate can be destroyed effectively using a 40 g/L HF solution. When the leaching percent of SiO2 is 86.82 %, the leaching recovery of Ge is 96.57 %. For the ZOD with higher content of Fe and Si, germanium leaching is negatively correlated with the content of Fe and Si in the ZOD. The results provide a scientific basis for improving the leaching recovery of germanium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Jurisprudence Faculty Journal / Magallaẗ Kulliyyaẗ Al-fiqh is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: "Quantum biology" (QB) is a promising theoretical approach addressing questions about how living systems are able to unfold dynamics that cannot be solved on a chemical basis or seem to violate some fundamental laws (e.g., thermodynamic yield, morphogenesis, adaptation, autopoiesis, memory, teleology, biosemiotics). Current "quantum" approaches in biology are still very basic and "corpuscular", as these rely on a semi-classical and approximated view. We review important considerations of theory and experiments of the recent past in the field of condensed matter, water, physics of living systems, and biochemistry to join them by creating a consistent picture applicable for life sciences. Within quantum field theory (QFT), the field (also in the matter field) has the primacy whereby the particle, or "quantum", is a derivative of it. The phase of the oscillation and not the number of quanta is the most important observable of the system. Thermodynamics of open systems, symmetry breaking, fractals, and quantum electrodynamics (QED) provide a consistent picture of condensed matter, liquid water, and living matter. Coherence, resonance-driven biochemistry, and ion cyclotron resonance (Liboff–Zhadin effect) emerge as crucial hormetic phenomena. We offer a paradigmatic approach when dealing with living systems in order to enrich and ultimately better understand the implications of current research activities in the field of life sciences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research has investigated two types of phases (alpha and gamma) of alumina with different sizes (200 nm, 50 nm, and 1000 nm) on the microstructure, transparency, and flexural strength of spark plasma sintered (SPSed) samples. XRD results showed that the powders with a particle size of 1000 nm and 200 nm have a hexagonal crystal system (α- phase), and the nanopowder with a particle size of 50 nm exhibited a cubic lattice (γ phase of alumina). The bulk density of the bulk sample sintered with a particle size of 50 nm, 200 nm, and 1000 nm was 98%, 99%, and 97% of the theoretical density, respectively. The light transmission at sample-200 nm in wavelength of 800 nm was the maximum value (20%), and the other sample-50 nm and -1000 nm obtained 2.5% and 15% light transmission, respectively. IR transmission in the 1000 nm, 200 nm, and 50 nm samples was 15%, 65%, and 25% (at a wavelength of 2.5 µm). The result of bending strength in the sample-200 nm was achieved (133.37 MPa), and this sample is fine-grained and has less porosity compared to the two other samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article considers the problem of calculating the phase probability density function of a phase-shift-keying signal received under conditions of distortion and additive noise. This problem is reduced to solving of an inverse problem, namely, an integral equation of the convolution type. The functions occurring in the integral equation are analyzed. The case of equiprobable symbols, which is important from a practical point of view, is considered separately. Numerical simulation results are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photocatalysis utilizing titanium dioxide (TiO2) photocatalysts doped with metal/non-metal has shown great potential in degradation of recalcitrant pollutant like Diclofenac sodium (DCLF). DCLF is one of the most detected pharmaceuticals in water matrices. In this study, a straight-forward sol–gel method for synthesis of cerium (Ce)-doped and boron (B)–Ce co-doped TiO2 photocatalysts has been used. By adjusting the ratio of Ce and B in TiO2 in the prepared photocatalysts, the optimum dopants' concentration was selected and the photocatalytic characteristics of the prepared materials were investigated. The prepared photocatalysts were thoroughly characterized using common physiochemical methods, such X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), physisorption (BET), and UV–visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), in order to know more about the structure. Structure and elemental mapping analyses proved the presence of Ce and B in the TiO2 containing anatase phase with a tetragonal structure. The optical properties using a UV–Vis DRS showed a reduction in the bandgap upon Ce/B co-doping. The photocatalytic results obtained showed that Ce–B-doped TiO2 outperforms undoped TiO2 and Ce-doped TiO2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Verifying statements at the crime scene allows obtaining information about various details, facts, aspects, sometimes substantial, on account of the clarifications, concretizations, changes and additions presented by the person whose statements are verified. Verification of statements at the crime scene, combining in itself features of several evidentiary procedures, has a special complex character and a specific implementation tactics. The verification of statements at the crime scene has similarities with such criminal prosecution actions as crime scene investigation, identification parade, experiment and interrogation. However, it has its own content and characteristic features that make it individual. The organized combination of the narration and the demonstration of the details of the circumstances of the crime, which confirm the justice of what was related, as well as the demonstration of the actions that confirm the statements are indispensable tactical elements of the verification of the statements at the crime scene. In the process of verifying the statements at the crime scene, we can obtain previously unknown information about the place of the crime, the itinerary traveled by the interrogated persons, co-participants in the crime; traces of the crime or corpus delicti may be discovered; certain circumstances etc. may be clarified or specified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was designed to investigate how people's beliefs and awareness of heredity/environmental mechanisms influence the way they assign causality to success-related events. The study involved two phases: firstly, 800 participants were surveyed with measures to assess their awareness and beliefs about heredity/environment. In the second phase, a sample of 270 subjects was chosen based on their scores of awareness and beliefs about heredity/environment using a single-step double criterion approach. These participants were administered a questionnaire to evaluate their casual ascriptions for success and failure events. The collected data was subjected to appropriate statistical analysis, revealing significant main and interactive effects among the variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to address the issue of vibration, it is crucial to accurately measure the vibration distribution. The authors previously developed the one-pitch phase analysis (OPPA) method, which allows for rapidly capturing the three-dimensional shape of a flat object. By integrating this method into a system, an OPPA vibration distribution measurement system was created, utilizing a line light source consisting of LEDs or optical fibers and also a high-speed camera to measure the vibrations of three-dimensional objects without physical contact. To further extend the application of the OPPA method to larger objects, such as cars, in this paper, a new system is introduced using a commercially available projector using a liquid crystal display (LCD) instead of a liner light source and a glass grating. This new system, which employs an ultra-short throw projector, is highly sensitive in displacement measurements and provides a wide-area analysis. These kinds of projectors produce noises at the frequency of the cooling fan and the refresh rate of the LCD. However, in this study, these noise sources were also examined. The capabilities of the new system are demonstrated through its application to the measurement of vibrations in a car door and an engine head. The measurement system and examples of its application are presented.

Purpose. Evaluation influence structural state polymer phase on the response voltage and coefficient nonlinearity of a multilayer varistor based on zinc oxide. Methodology. Zinc oxide consisted of 97% zinc oxide and 3% total oxides of Bi2O3, Co3O4, MnO2, B2O3, SbO3, ZrO2, Al2O3. At a temperature of 1573°K, the synthesis of semiconductor ceramics based on Zinc oxide was carried out. For composite of thermoplastic polymers and Zinc oxide, non-polar and polar polymers, high pressure polyethylene and polyvinylidene fluoride were used. The composites were obtained by hot pressing at the melting temperature of the polymer phase and a pressure of 15 MPa. After that, using silver paste, measuring electrodes 10 mm in diameter were applied to the surface of the synthesized samples, and then current–voltage characteristics were measured. Modification of composites under action of gas-discharge plasma was carried out in a special cell that creates a dielectric-gas-composite system. The structure of the composites was studied by X-ray diffraction analysis and IR spectroscopy. Findings. The obtained experimental results show that the size of the particles of the inorganic phase significantly affects the current-voltage characteristics of the composite varistor: at a given thickness of the composite varistor, the operation voltage decreases markedly, and the nonlinearity coefficient increases. Numerous experimental results obtained by us show that the impact of electric discharge plasma on the polymer Zinc oxide-composite leads to a significant change in the permittivity and the concentration of local levels at the interface of the composite. The results research showed that effect electrical plasma on the opening voltage depends on the polarity of polymer matrices. Moreover, plasma processing itself significantly changes the structure of the polymer phase at composite. Originality. The magnitude of the potential barrier at phase boundary is mainly determined by the volume fraction and size of the main structural element of ZnO ceramics. Changing the structural state of the polymer matrix allows the adjust response voltage and coefficient nonlinearity of volt-ampere characteristic of the multilayer varistor. Practical value. The discovered development of electron-ion processes at polymer phase of the varistor indicates the need to take into account change in its service characteristics from the duration and intensity of use. The result obtained has a certain practical significance, since it indicates not only the reason for the change in properties, but also the need to develop measures to increase the service life of the varistor.

The development of ferrous metallurgy is mainly due to the requirements of the leading metal-consuming industries to improve the performance properties of structural steels to increase the permissible loads, to reduce metal consumption and improve the reliability of machines, structures, main gas pipelines, etc. With significant volumes of rolled metal production, reducing energy consumption and consuming raw materials during its production also come to the fore. In this regard, important and relevant works are the works aimed at creating the fundamentals of metals science and the development of new technologies that allow manufacturing the products with the required combination of properties directly in the rolling mill stream (excluding subsequent heat treatment) by purposefully controlling the processes of structure formation, as well as expanding the areas of the practical application of such technological schemes (in terms of brand and size assortment, rental destination, etc.). Such an approach makes it possible to increase the competitiveness of metal products determined by the achieved combination of metal characteristics, while reducing the cost of its production.

Numerous links have been reported between immune response and DNA damage repair pathways in both plants and animals but the precise nature of the relationship between these fundamental processes is not entirely clear. Here, we report that XAP5 CIRCADIAN TIMEKEEPER (XCT), a protein highly conserved across eukaryotes, acts as a negative regulator of immunity in Arabidopsis thaliana and plays a positive role in responses to DNA damaging radiation. We find xct mutants have enhanced resistance to infection by a virulent bacterial pathogen, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000, and are hyper-responsive to the defense-activating hormone salicylic acid (SA) when compared to wild-type. Unlike most mutants with constitutive effector-triggered immunity (ETI), xct plants do not have increased levels of SA and retain enhanced immunity at elevated temperatures. Genetic analysis indicates XCT acts independently of NONEXPRESSOR OF PATHOGENESIS RELATED GENES1 (NPR1), which encodes a known SA receptor. Since DNA damage has been reported to potentiate immune responses, we next investigated the DNA damage response in our mutants. We found xct seedlings to be hypersensitive to UV-C and γ radiation and deficient in phosphorylation of the histone variant H2A.X, one of the earliest known responses to DNA damage. These data demonstrate that loss of XCT causes a defect in an early step of the DNA damage response pathway. Together, our data suggest that alterations in DNA damage response pathways may underlie the enhanced immunity seen in xct mutants.

An analysis of the features of measurements and correction of phase distortions in optical waves propagating in the atmosphere at various levels of turbulence was performed. It is shown that with increasing intensity fluctuations, the limiting capabilities of phase correction decrease, and the phase of an optical wave that has passed through a turbulence layer consists of two components: potential and vortex. It was found that even in the region of weak fluctuations there is an overlap of spectral filtering functions for intensity and phase fluctuations. Areas of turbulence inhomogeneities have been identified that will have mutual influence and negatively affect the operation of the phase meter. It is noted that correlation functions, both phase and intensity, are less susceptible to this compared to structural functions. The results of experimental studies on the reconstruction of the wavefront of laser radiation distorted by atmospheric turbulence using a Shack–Hartmann wavefront sensor during vignetting and central screening of the entrance pupil in the optical system are presented. Studies have been carried out on the propagation of laser radiation along a horizontal atmospheric path for various levels of turbulence. The results are analyzed in terms of Zernike polynomials.

Titanium zirconium vanadium (TiZrV) is a widely used non-evaporable getter (NEG) material with the characteristics of a low activation temperature and a large gas absorption capacity. At present, the research on TiZrV getters mainly focuses on the thin-film state, with little research on the bulk state. In this paper, a TiZrV getter was optimized by adding Al, and the phase structure, activation properties, and gettering performance were studied. With the addition of Al, the α-Zr phase and Ti2Zr phase changed into the Ti-Zr phase and Al-Zr, Al-Ti phase. The newly generated phase promoted the diffusion of hydrogen and oxygen atoms. The activation temperature decreased significantly, as shown in the in situ XPS results. The H2 and CO gettering performance of TiZrVAl samples was promoted to 2073 cm3·s−1 and 1912.8 cm3·s−1, increased by 40.7% and 40.3%. This paper provides valuable ideas for optimizing the properties of bulk TiZrV getters.

In this paper we would like to highlight the problems of conceiving the “Hydrogen Bond” (HB) as a real short-range, directional, electrostatic, attractive interaction and to reframe its nature through the non-approximated view of condensed matter offered by a Quantum Electro-Dynamic (QED) perspective. We focus our attention on water, as the paramount case to show the effectiveness of this 40-year-old theoretical background, which represents water as a two-fluid system (where one of the two phases is coherent). The HB turns out to be the result of the electromagnetic field gradient in the coherent phase of water, whose vacuum level is lower than in the non-coherent (gas-like) fraction. In this way, the HB can be properly considered, i.e., no longer as a “dipolar force” between molecules, but as the phenomenological effect of their collective thermodynamic tendency to occupy a lower ground state, compatible with temperature and pressure. This perspective allows to explain many “anomalous” behaviours of water and to understand why the calculated energy associated with the HB should change when considering two molecules (water-dimer), or the liquid state, or the different types of ice. The appearance of a condensed, liquid, phase at room temperature is indeed the consequence of the boson condensation as described in the context of spontaneous symmetry breaking (SSB). For a more realistic and authentic description of water, condensed matter and living systems, the transition from a still semi-classical Quantum Mechanical (QM) view in the first quantization to a Quantum Field Theory (QFT) view embedded in the second quantization is advocated.

Circadian clocks temporally organize behaviour and physiology of organisms with a rhythmicity of about 24 h. In Drosophila, the circadian clock is composed of mainly four clock genes: period (per), timeless (tim), Clock (Clk) and cycle (cyc) which constitutes the transcription-translation feedback loop. The circadian clock is further regulated via post-transcriptional and post-translational mechanisms among which microRNAs (miRNAs) are well known post-transcriptional regulatory molecules. Here, we identified and characterized the role of miRNA-277 (miR-277) expressed in the clock neurons in regulating the circadian rhythm. Downregulation of miR-277 in the pacemaker neurons expressing circadian neuropeptide, pigment dispersing factor (PDF) advanced the phase of the morning activity peak under 12 h light: 12 h dark cycles (LD) at lower light intensities and these flies exhibited less robust rhythms compared to the controls under constant darkness. In addition, downregulation of miR-277 in the PDF expressing neurons abolished the Clk gene transcript oscillation under LD. Our study points to the potential role of miR-277 in fine tuning the Clk expression and in maintaining the phase of the circadian rhythm in Drosophila.

This paper analyzes the syntactic derivation of so-called ‘wh-doubling’, a single-constituent question-formation strategy that features the overt occurrence of two wh-phrases (e.g. kuza fa la ku’zε (lit.) ‘what does she do what?’) in North Italo-Romance. We argue that the wh-phrases involved in the construction are best treated as being generated independently by External Merge (EM), rather than being bona fide syntactic copies constructed by Internal Merge (IM). This raises the theoretical issue why IM to scope position cannot take place in wh-doubling, despite IM being more economical than EM. We propose that the wh-element merged in argumental position undergoes partial movement to the edge of the v-phase, where it becomes ‘frozen’ upon entering into a Focus configuration. This makes the derivation of wh-doubling identical to the derivation of wh-in situ up to the v-phase as recently proposed for different wh-in situ languages. The derivation of wh-doubling then proceeds by EM of an additional wh-phrase that gives phonological content to the scope Q position in the left periphery. The single-constituent reading is obtained at Conceptual-Intentional (C-I) via the operation FormCopy (FC), which connects the independently generated wh-elements in the syntactic workspace. We moreover discuss issues pertaining to parametric variation.

We applied 7 Tesla phase sensitive imaging to evaluate the impact of brain iron levels on depression severity and cognitive function in individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD) treated with mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT). Seventeen unmedicated MDD participants underwent MRI, evaluation of depression severity, and cognitive testing before and after receiving MBCT, compared to fourteen healthy controls (HC). Local field shift (LFS) values, measures of brain iron levels, were derived from phase images in the putamen, caudate, globus pallidus (GP), anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and thalamus. Compared to the HC group, the MDD group had significantly lower baseline LFS (indicative of higher iron) in the left GP and left putamen and had a higher number of subjects with impairment in a test of information processing speed. In the MDD group, lower LFS values in the left and right ACC, right putamen, right GP, and right thalamus were significantly associated with depression severity; and lower LFS in the right GP was correlated with worse performance on measures of attention. All MBCT participants experienced depression relief. MBCT treatment also significantly improved executive function and attention. MBCT participants with lower baseline LFS values in the right caudate experienced significantly greater improvement in depression severity with treatment; and those with lower LFS values in the right ACC, right caudate, and right GB at baseline performed better on measures of verbal learning and memory after MBCT. Our study highlights the potential contribution of subtle differences in brain iron to MDD symptoms and their successful treatment. • Major depressive disorder (MDD) and healthy controls were evaluated using 7 T MRI. • MDD had increased iron deposition in the putamen and globus pallidus. • Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) improved depression and cognition • Baseline brain iron content can predict MBCT treatment efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Neurostimulation based on axon orientation, cell body proximity, and axon thickness can target therapeutic axonal pathways. • High frequency stimulation and low frequency sinusoidal waveforms may help to refine spatial targeting in Deep Brain Stimulation. • Visualizing lead placement in relation to white matter tracts using diffusion-tractography can guide waveform parameter settings. Neurostimulation has diverse clinical applications and potential as a treatment for medically refractory movement disorders, epilepsy, and other neurological disorders. However, the parameters used to program electrodes—polarity, pulse width, amplitude, and frequency—and how they are adjusted have remained largely untouched since the 1970 s. This review summarizes the state-of-the-art in Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) and highlights the need for further research to uncover the physiological mechanisms of neurostimulation. We focus on studies that reveal the potential for clinicians to use waveform parameters to selectively stimulate neural tissue for therapeutic benefit, while avoiding activating tissue associated with adverse effects. DBS uses cathodic monophasic rectangular pulses with passive recharging in clinical practice to treat neurological conditions such as Parkinson's Disease. However, research has shown that stimulation efficiency can be improved, and side effects reduced, through modulating parameters and adding novel waveform properties. These developments can prolong implantable pulse generator lifespan, reducing costs and surgery-associated risks. Waveform parameters can stimulate neurons based on axon orientation and intrinsic structural properties, providing clinicians with more precise targeting of neural pathways. These findings could expand the spectrum of diseases treatable with neuromodulation and improve patient outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Symmetry in designing a microstrip coupler is crucial because it ensures balanced power division and minimizes unwanted coupling between the coupled lines. In this paper, a filtering branch-line coupler (BLC) with a simple symmetrical microstrip structure was designed, analyzed and fabricated. Based on a mathematical design procedure, the operating frequency was set at 5.2 GHz for WLAN and 5G applications. Moreover, an optimization method was used to improve the performance of the proposed design. It occupied an area of 83.2 mm2. Its harmonics were suppressed up to 15.5 GHz with a maximum level of −15 dB. Meanwhile, the isolation was better than −28 dB. Another advantage of this design was its high phase balance, where the phase difference between its output ports was 270° ± 0.1°. To verify the design method and simulation results, the proposed coupler was fabricated and measured. The results show that all the simulation, design methods, and experimental results are in good agreement. Therefore, the proposed design can be easily used in designing high-performance microstrip-based communication systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, calcined anhydrite is prepared by calcining at medium temperature. The physical properties of calcined anhydrite, such as water consumption for standard consistency and mechanical strength, obtained from phosphogypsum at different calcinations temperatures are analyzed. The mechanism of the influence of calcination temperature on the physical properties of calcined anhydrite is analyzed by phase analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM)and particle size analyzer. The results show that the calcined anhydrite obtained by calcining phosphogypsum at 500 °C for 2h has the best performance, the water consumption of standard consistency is 56%, the compressive strength at 28d is 18.89 MPa, and the content of hydrated dihydrate gypsum is 75.3%. The physical properties of calcined anhydrite are affected by the calcination temperature because the calcined anhydrite phase gradually increases with the calcination temperature, β-hemihydrate gypsum phase is gradually reduced, and II anhydrite is lacking β-hemihydrate gypsum activation of hemihydrated gypsum will reduce the hydration rate and strength. With the increase of calcination temperature, the particle size of II anhydrite will increase and the specific surface area will decrease, which will increase the consistency and affect the strength growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose a method for generating three-dimensional light fields with given intensity and phase distributions using purely phase transmission functions. The method is based on a generalization of the well-known approach to the design of diffractive optical elements that focus an incident laser beam into an array of light spots in space. To calculate purely phase transmission functions, we use amplitude encoding, which made it possible to implement the designed elements using a single spatial light modulator. The generation of light beams in the form of rings, spirals, Lissajous figures, and multi-petal "rose" distributions uniformly elongated along the optical axis in the required segment is demonstrated. It is also possible to control the three-dimensional structure of the intensity and phase of the shaped light fields along the propagation axis. The experimentally generated intensity distributions are in good agreement with the numerically obtained results and show high potential for the application of the proposed method in laser manipulation with nano- and microparticles, as well as in laser material processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problems of the oscillatory flow of a viscoelastic fluid in a flat channel for a given harmonic oscillation of the fluid flow rate are solved on the basis of the generalized Maxwell model. The transfer function of the amplitude-phase frequency characteristics is determined. These functions make it possible to evaluate the hydraulic resistance under a given law, the change in the longitudinal velocity averaged over the channel section, as well as during the flow of a viscoelastic fluid in a nonstationary flow, and allow determining the dissipation of mechanical energy in a nonstationary flow of the medium, which are important in the regulation of hydraulic and pneumatic systems. Its real part allows determining the active hydraulic resistance, and the imaginary part is reactive or inductance of the oscillatory flow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The physicochemical properties of alloys of the CaInTe2-CaIn2Te4 system and the electrical properties of the CaInTe2 compound were studied by complex methods of physicochemical analysis: differential thermal analysis (DTA), X-ray phase analysis (XRD), microstructural analysis (MSA), as well as the determination of microhardness and density, the phase diagram of the system was built. The phase diagram of the CaInTe2-CaIn2Te4 system is partially quasi-binary. Eutectic equilibrium and peritectic transformation occur in the system. In the CaInTe2-CaIn2Te4 system, only on the side of the CaIn2Te4 compound, solid solutions reach 8 mol. % CaInTe2, solid solutions based on CaInTe2 are practically not found. The electro-physical properties of the CaInTe2 compound have been studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Science holds an esteemed position in Islam, as numerous verses from the Holy Quran and the purified Prophetic Sunnah emphasize the virtues of knowledge, scholars, and learning and teaching. Some of these texts apply equally to men and women, while others specifically address women's learning, teaching, and rights in this regard, according to the subject and importance of the knowledge. In recent times, perspectives on this issue have differed; some say it is obligatory, others consider it recommended or permissible, and so on. Thus, we saw this topic as worthy of research and investigation, to reach a sound understanding, God willing, through His guidance and support. In summary, our study concludes that learning and teaching are rights for Muslim women, but the extent of these rights depends on the subject and significance of the knowledge itself. Certain fields are obligatory for women to learn and teach, others are recommended or allowed, and some are unnecessary or prohibited for Muslim women. This is defined by certain regulations that God willing will be elaborated upon later. Due to the limited scope allotted for this article, we focused on reviewing authoritative scriptural texts and juristic opinions, as well as the legal rules and guidelines that regulate the relevant religious rulings, while excluding many peripheral details that would prolong the discussion. Our research relied on the library resources which are available to us. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Delayed sleep–wake phase disorder (DSWPD) is a circadian rhythm sleep disorder characterised by a delay in the main sleep period, with patients experiencing difficulty getting to sleep and waking up at socially appropriate times. This often causes insomnia and compromised sleep, results in impairment to daytime function and is associated with a range of comorbidities. Besides interventions aimed at ameliorating symptoms, there is good evidence supporting successful phase advancement with bright light therapy or melatonin administration. However, no treatment to date addresses the tendency to phase delay, which is a common factor amongst the various contributing causes of DSWPD. Circadian phase markers such as core body temperature and circulating melatonin typically correlate well with sleep timing in healthy patients, but numerous variations exist in DSWPD patients that can make these unpredictable for use in diagnostics. There is also increasing evidence that, on top of problems with the circadian cycle, sleep homeostatic processes actually differ in DSWPD patients compared to controls. This naturally has ramifications for management but also for the current approach to the pathogenesis itself in which DSWPD is considered a purely circadian disorder. This review collates what is known on the causes and treatments of DSWPD, addresses the pitfalls in diagnosis and discusses the implications of current data on modified sleep homeostasis, making clinical recommendations and directing future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Ni60/WC gradient composite coating was prepared on the surface of H13 steel by the laser cladding in situ generation method using a fibre laser. The phase composition, microstructure, microhardness and wear mechanism of the laser clad Ni60/WC gradient composite coating were analysed to reveal that it possessed few pores and cracks, the delamination phenomenon was obvious, the enhancement phase was small and uniformly distributed, and it formed a good metallurgical bond with the H13 steel substrate. In the laser clad Ni60/WC gradient composite coating the branch reinforcing phases are mainly WC, W2C, WSi2 phases, and a small amount of Cr7C3, FexC and other compounds, and the interbranch structures are mainly A-[Fe,Ni] solid solution and Cr7C3, FexC and other compounds. The Ni60+40% (W+C) and Ni60+20% (W+C) layers gradually decrease in number and size from top to bottom, while the shape gradually changes from irregular tetragonal to petal-shaped. The microhardness of the laser clad Ni60/WC gradient composite coating shows a gradient downward trend from top to bottom, and the maximum hardness can reach 1083.7 HV0.5 and the average hardness was 4.18 times that of the H13 steel substrate. The wear amount of the laser clad Ni60/WC gradient composite coating is 20.3% of the H13 steel substrate. The wear mechanism is mainly adhesive wear, brittle spalling and abrasive wear, which can prolong the service life of the mould and reduce the waste of resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In terahertz communication systems, amplifiers and other components can induce non-linear distortion in terms of amplitude and phase, resulting in system performance degradation. This paper presents a terahertz metamaterial waveguide to mitigate amplitude and phase distortions in some terahertz systems. A simple method based on free-space analysis is proposed for designing metamaterial waveguides in an enclosed space. The quasi-periodic metamaterial structures, which feature I-shaped resonant patterns, are integrated onto the inner walls of rectangular waveguides. The phase and amplitude of electromagnetic waves within the waveguide can be modulated by varying the dimensions and number of these resonators. Utilizing the effective medium theory and the equivalent circuits, the metamaterial waveguide's phase and absorption modulation mechanisms are analyzed. Based on the proposed structure, a metamaterial waveguide with I-shaped resonators is designed and fabricated, and its abilities to modulate the phase and absorption of terahertz waves around 0.2 THz are demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The principal objective of this article is to establish a direct relationship between the structural height of the base position of the applied argument and the case and promotion-to-subject patterns observed in applicative constructions, with particular reference to applicatives of unaccusatives. The article achieves this through an approach exploiting dependent case, with the domains relevant for dependent case assignment being identified as phases, defined as (a) complete predicate-argument structures and (b) propositions. By making argument structure a defining ingredient of the delineation of phases, the article distills precise and accurate predictions about the interaction between the base-generation site of the applied object and the case patterns of unaccusative constructions featuring such an object, improving on the efficacy of previous accounts. In the process, the article reexamines the syntactic status of constituents located on the edge of a phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Linguistic processes tend to respect locality constraints. In this article, we analyze the distribution of conjugation classes in Armenian verbs. We analyze a type of tense allomorphy that applies across these classes. We show that on the surface, this allomorphy is long-distance. Specifically, it is sensitive to the interaction of multiple morphemes that are neither linearly nor structurally adjacent. However, we argue that this allomorphy respects "relativized adjacency" (Toosarvandani 2016) or tier-based locality (Aksënova, Graf, and Moradi 2016). While not surface-local, the interaction in Armenian verbs is local on a tier projected from morphological features. This formal property of tier-based locality is substantively manifested as phase-based locality in Armenian (cf. Marvin 2002). In addition to being well-studied computationally, tier-based locality allows us to capture superficially nonlocal morphological processes while respecting the crosslinguistic tendency of locality. We speculate that tier-based locality is a crosslinguistic tendency in long-distance allomorphy, while phase-based locality is not necessarily so. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Study aim(s): This study aims to analyze the specialized literature on the influence of ground reaction forces in specific phases of the ski turn. Methods: Systematic searches on the PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus databases were conducted using the following keywords: ground reaction forces in alpine skiing. Studies included in this review address the influence of ground reaction forces in specific phases of the ski turn. This study is a systematic review model, which is based on the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) standards. Results: In this review, various research methodologies were employed, including assessments of alpine skiers (5 studies), three-dimensional kinematic data analysis (2 studies), and systematic reviews (2 studies). Key findings include the difference of ground reaction forces in specific phases of the ski turn, the difference between feet (inside and outside), the impact of slope steepness, and discipline-specific forces. Conclusion: Our analysis has provided valuable insights into the role of ground reaction forces in ski turns. We've observed that the peak of this force occurs during the steering phase, particularly in 'Steering 2.' The outside foot plays a crucial role in the turning process, experiencing higher ground reaction forces, while the inside foot contributes to stability. Steeper slopes amplify these forces. To optimize ski turn performance, early and smooth application of ground reaction forces is essential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hippocampal area CA3 performs the critical auto-associative function underlying pattern completion in episodic memory. Without external inputs, the electrical activity of this neural circuit reflects the spontaneous spiking interplay among glutamatergic Pyramidal neurons and GABAergic interneurons. However, the network mechanisms underlying these resting-state firing patterns are poorly understood. Leveraging the Hippocampome.org knowledge base, we developed a data-driven, large-scale spiking neural network (SNN) model of mouse CA3 with 8 neuron types, 90,000 neurons, 51 neuron-type specific connections, and 250,000,000 synapses. We instantiated the SNN in the CARLsim4 multi-GPU simulation environment using the Izhikevich and Tsodyks-Markram formalisms for neuronal and synaptic dynamics, respectively. We analyzed the resultant population activity upon transient activation. The SNN settled into stable oscillations with a biologically plausible grand-average firing frequency, which was robust relative to a wide range of transient activation. The diverse firing patterns of individual neuron types were consistent with existing knowledge of cell type-specific activity in vivo. Altered network structures that lacked neuron- or connection-type specificity were neither stable nor robust, highlighting the importance of neuron type circuitry. Additionally, external inputs reflecting dentate mossy fibers shifted the observed rhythms to the gamma band. We freely released the CARLsim4-Hippocampome framework on GitHub to test hippocampal hypotheses. Our SNN may be useful to investigate the circuit mechanisms underlying the computational functions of CA3. Moreover, our approach can be scaled to the whole hippocampal formation, which may contribute to elucidating how the unique neuronal architecture of this system subserves its crucial cognitive roles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, Ti-48Al-3Nb-1.5Ta powders were manufactured from cast bars by the supreme-speed plasma rotating electrode process (SS-PREP) and used to prepare hot isostatically pressed (HIPed) material at 1050–1260 °C with 150 MPa for 4 h. The phase, microstructure and mechanical performance were analyzed by XRD, SEM, electrical universal material testing machine and other methods. The results revealed that the phase constitution changed from γ phase to α2 phase and then to γ phase with the material changing from as-cast to powders and then to as-HIPed. Compared with the as-cast material, the grain size and element segregation were significantly reduced for both powders and as-HIPed. When the hot isostatic pressing (HIP) temperature was low, the genetic characteristics of the powder microstructure were evident. With the HIP temperature increasing, the homogeneity of the composition and microstructure increased, and the prior particle boundaries (PPBs) gradually disappeared. The elastic moduli of powder and as-HIPed were superior to those of as-cast, which increased with the HIP temperature increasing. The hardness of as-HIPed was lower than that of the powder. The compressive strength, compressive strain, bending strength, and tensile strength of as-HIPed were higher than those of as-cast. With an increase in the HIP temperature, the compressive strength decreased gradually, and the compressive strain first decreased and then increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interplay between structure and magnetic couplings is essential for scientific research and designing functional oxide BiFeO 3 (BFO)-CoFe 2 O 4 (CFO) heteroepitaxy on demand. Several research has been conducted to study this coupling mechanism such as by using various substrates to modify the strain state of BFO-CFO via misfit strain hence altering the magnetic anisotropy and further magnetoelectric coupling. In this present research, we investigate the effect of the composition ratio of CFO nanopillars on the magnetic properties of BFO-CFO heteroepitaxy to shed light on the relation between the strain and interfacial effect of nanopillars-matrix in this system. The difference ratio of BFO and CFO compositions in the system induces a modification of the vertical strain imposed on the BFO and CFO phases hence the interfacial coupling between them is also modified. The magnetic anisotropy of the samples varies depending upon the composition ratio of BFO and CFO phases indicating the effect of modulation of strain-state modification on magnetic coupling behavior in the BFO-CFO system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Movement synchronization between individuals has been implicated in reinforcing their cohesion. How might such interindividual motor entrainment be controlled by the social brain? The answer remains elusive owing largely to the lack of suitable animal models in which direct neural recordings are available. Here, we show that macaque monkeys exhibit social motor entrainment without human prompting. We found that repetitive arm movements for horizontal bar sliding were phase coherent between two monkeys. The nature of motor entrainment was specific to animal pairs, consistent across days, dependent on visual inputs, and affected by social hierarchy. Notably, the entrainment was diminished when paired with prerecorded movies of a monkey making the same movements or bar motion alone. These findings demonstrate that motor entrainment is facilitated by real-time social exchanges, providing a behavioral platform to study the neural basis of potentially evolutionarily conserved mechanisms that support group cohesion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phase equilibria in the Hf–Rh–Ir system at subsolidus temperatures (about 20-50 °C below solidus temperatures) were studied using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, electron probe microanalysis, differential thermal analysis, x-ray diffraction and solidus temperature measurements (Pirani-Althertum technique). For the first time it was established that the solid solution based on βHf, continuous series of solid solutions between isostructural (Cu-type) components iridium and rhodium, isostructural compounds Hf2Rh and Hf2Ir (Ti2Ni-type), high-temperature modifications of HfRh and HfIr (CsCl-type), HfRh3 and HfIr3 (AuCu3-type), as well as solid solutions based on the compounds Hf5Ir3 and Hf3Rh5 take part in phase equilibria. Solidus surface of this system is formed by seven single-phase surfaces corresponding to solid solutions based on components and above-mentioned compounds, eight tie-line surfaces limiting the two-phase volumes, and two isothermal planes corresponding to invariant four-phase equilibria with participation of the liquid phase (at 1958 and 1655 °C). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]