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IL-17-producing T-helper 17 (Th17) cells are involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Here, we show that a methoxyflavanone from the Asian medicinal herb Perilla frutescens (termed Perilla -derived methoxyflavanone, PDMF) suppresses Th17 response and collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), an animal model of RA. We found that co-stimulation with PDMF suppressed Th17 cell differentiation and inhibited IL-17A secretion by differentiated Th17 cells. In vivo administration of PDMF to a CIA mouse model significantly ameliorated the development of RA-like joint symptoms, accompanied by decreased IL-17A production. Mechanistically, PDMF neither suppresses Th17-inducing IL-6 signaling nor reciprocally expands regulatory T (Treg) cells, but rather negatively regulates T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling-driven activation of Akt, which is another positive regulator of Th17 cell differentiation. These results suggest that PDMF is useful in preventing RA and the pro-inflammatory Th17 response. • Perilla -derived methoxyflavanone (PDMF) suppresses Th17 cell differentiation and IL-17A secretion from differentiated Th17 cells. • PDMF ameliorated joint symptoms and inhibited IL-17A production in a murine model of collagen-induced arthritis. • PDMF neither suppressed Th17-inducing IL-6 signaling nor reciprocally expanded Treg cells during the suppression of Th17 differentiation. • PDMF negatively regulates T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling-driven activation of Akt, a positive regulator of Th17 cell differentiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of Perilla frutescens, alone or in combination with Lactobacillus plantarum a214 or citric acid, on forage oat silage quality, bacterial and fungal microbiological profile during ensiling and aerobic exposure. With the exception of Perilla frutescens, all additives could improve silage quality of forage oat based on lower ammonianitrogen content and higher residual of water soluble carbohydrates during anaerobic fermentation compared to control silage, especially in Perilla frutescens combined with citric acid (CAPF). Lactobacillus was the dominant bacteria in all silages, while CAPF group increased the relative abundance of Lactobacillus lindneri and Lactobacillus brevis compared to control silage. The application of Perilla frutescens suppressed the relative abundance of yeasts such as Pichia fermentans and Wickerhamomyces anomalus in response to aerobic exposure, especially in CAPF treatment, leading to high acetic acids and lower dry matter loss, as well as good aerobic stability. Therefore, Perilla frutescens, alone or in combination with citric acid, has potential to improve aerobic stability of forage oat silage by shifting bacterial and fungal community composition, and can be used as new additive to prepare high-quality silage for animal production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monoterpene Perillaldehyde (PAE) is a major component of the essential oil extracted from perilla plants (Perilla frutescens), which has been used as a leafy vegetable and a medicinal agent. PAE has gained a lot of attention in recent years because of its antifungal and other microbial activities and, human health benefits. PAE has also been used as food additives, perfume ingredients, and traditional medicine concoctions. Biological analyses of PAE have revealed that it has good antioxidant activities and can serve as organic fruit and food preservative. Animal studies indicated potent anticancer, anti-depressant, and anti-inflammatory effects of PAE. Also, PAE is certified "generally recognized as safe" (GRAS) and not mutagenic. However, moderation during usage is advisable, as minor adverse effects are associated with a very high dosage. Despite the newly reported findings, its properties have not been thoroughly summarized and reviewed. Also, clinical trials and official large-scale field applications of PAE in the agricultural sectors are yet to be reported. In this review, updated PAE research progress was provided, focusing on its antifungal and other antimicrobial properties and the mechanisms behind it, phytochemical profile, pharmacological effects, and safety concerns. Isolation and recovery techniques of PAE from perilla plants have been developed and improved in recent years. PAE is a potential anti-oxidant and antifungal agent that can be widely used in the food industry. PAE can be developed into drug ingredients for pharmaceutical industries due to its anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer and anti-depressant activities. PAE can be safely used in human when low and moderate dosage is used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The MYB-bHLH-WDR (MBW) complex formed by MYB transcriptional factors (TFs), bHLH TFs and WDR proteins participates in the regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis in plants. In Perilla frutescens, the majority of the structure genes and TFs involved in anthocyanin accumulation have been isolated. However, whether the MYB TF PfMYBC05 can interact with bHLH TF PfF3G1 and regulates anthocyanin biosynthesis is unclear. Here, using two perilla cultivars with different anthocyanin levels, we first investigated the differentially expressed genes associated with anthocyanin biosynthesis, and isolated PfMYBC05 and PfF3G1 genes. Subsequently, the yeast two-hybrid (Y2H), and the coimmunoprecipitation (CoIP) confirmed the protein interaction between PfMYBC05 and PfF3G1. Moreover, transgenic Arabidopsis and tobacco plants overexpressing PfMYBC05 or PfF3G1 could not accumulate higher anthocyanin in plants; meanwhile, transient overexpression of PfMYBC05, PfF3G1, or their combination in tobacco leaves also could not induce the accumulation of anthocyanins. These results combined with the previous report demonstrated that PfF3G1 interacts with a WDR protein PfWD and is located in the nucleus; and PfWD overexpressing, but not PfF3G1 overexpressing transgenic plants, accumulates higher anthocyanins, indicating that the formation of MBW complex is required for the function of MYB TFs and bHLH TFs in perilla. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiment was to screen the suitable varieties of Perilla frutescens for feeding in Guizhou. Seven perilla strains with tall plant type were selected for experiment. The main agronomic characters, nutrient index characters, flavone, rosmarinic acid and other functional substances were determined and analyzed in Weining County and Changshun County of Guizhou Province by two joint experiments in two years. The results showed that the time of emergence, current order, initial flowering and final flowering of seven Perilla frutescens strains in Weining test site were 12.26~12.34 d, 99.89~110.21 d, 122.93~135.15 d and 146.15~155.04 d, respectively. The time of emergence, sequence, initial flowering and final flowering of seven different strains in Changshun test site were 14.01~14.11 d, 97.97~106.71 d, 120.01~133.12 d and 144.62~152.61 d, respectively. In Weining test site, the highest hay yield was S2001, followed by S2006, reaching 14 710.7 and 14 023.9 kg/hm2 respectively, which was significantly higher than other strains (P<0.05). The hay yield at Changshun test site was 7 075.5~10 809.1 kg/hm2, with S2005 being the highest, and S2005 was significantly higher than other strains (P<0.05). The nutrient composition analysis showed that the crude protein content of S2001 (10.01%) and S2003 (10.84%) was higher, the flavonoid content of S2005 (4.25%) and S2002 (4.40%) was higher, and the rosmarinic acid content of S2002 (1.22%), S2004 (1.37%) and S2005 (1.60%) was higher. The corresponding nutrient composition content of the corresponding strains was significantly higher than that of other strains (P<0.05). Correlation analysis showed that there was a significant positive correlation between hay yield per hectare and the number of branches, and a significant negative correlation between rosmarinic acid content and crude fat content in stems and leaves. The study indicates that S2005 is the best in Guizhou, which is a potential forage Perilla frutescens resource. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Isoegomaketone is a water-soluble natural ketone compound that is commonly present in Rabdosia angustifolia and Perilla frutescens. At present, it is known that isoegomaketone has a wide range of pharmacological activity, but there has been no thorough investigation of its potential targets. As a result, we examined the potential targets of isoegomaketone using the network pharmacology approach. In our study, the TCM Database@Taiwan was utilized to search for the chemical formula. The pharmacological characteristics of isoegomaketone were then evaluated in silico using the Swiss Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion (Swiss ADME) and Deep Learning–Acute Oral Toxicity (DL-AOT) methods, and the potential isoegomaketone target genes were identified using a literature study. Additionally, using the clusterProfiler R package 3.8.1, the Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis of target genes were performed. In order to obtain the protein interaction network, we simultaneously submitted the targets to the STRING database. After this, we performed molecular docking with respect to targets and isoegomaketone. Finally, we created visual networks of protein–protein interactions (PPI) and examined these networks. Our results showed that isoegomaketone had good drug-likeness, bioavailability, medicinal chemistry friendliness, and acceptable toxicity. Subsequently, through the literature analysis, 48 target genes were selected. The bioinformatics analysis and network analysis found that these target genes were closely related to the biological processes of isoegomaketone, such as atherosclerotic formation, inflammation, tumor formation, cytotoxicity, bacterial infection, virus infection, and parasite infection. These findings show that isoegomaketone may interact with a wide range of proteins and biochemical processes to form a systematic pharmacological network, which has good value for the creation and use of drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perilla frutescens seeds contain fixed oil that is used as edible oil. Perilla seed oil is a good source of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) such as alpha or a-linolenic acid (ALA/omega-3 FAs) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) like oleic acid (LA). This work was devoted to physicochemical characterization, gas chromatography (GA) analysis of the chemical composition, and estimation of the health benefits of fatty acids contained in the perilla seed oil. The seed oil was extracted with petroleum ether by using the Soxhlet apparatus. Petroleum ether extract of perilla seeds contained about 35 – 38% oil. The oil had a specific gravity of 0.924 g/cm3 at 31°C, 180.92 saponification values, 1.68 acid value, 1.68 peroxide value, 135.0 iodine value, and 1.8% unsaponifiable matter. Methyl ester of perilla oil prepared for the GC analysis showed the presence of alpha-linolenic acid (omega-3-FA/ω-3-FA), linoleic acid (omega-6-FA/ω-6-FA), oleic acid (omega-9/ω-9 FA), stearic acid, and palmitic acid. Experiments on animals revealed laxative effects of P. frutescens seed oil taken orally in doses of 5 and 10 mL/kg body weight. The effects of laxatives were measured in terms of feces consistency (percentage), quantity of feces pellets, and stool frequency (times per day). According to the findings, perilla seed oil has a laxative effect. It may be concluded that perilla seed oil contain a significant amount of PUFAs and MUFAs, which is beneficial for human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maintaining insoluble plant-based ingredients in suspension and ensuring long-term physical stability is particularly challenging for formulators of green cosmetics. This study aimed to evaluate the structure and applicative properties of gel and gel-cream topical formulations suitable for delivering an insoluble phytocomplex on the vaginal mucosa and maintaining its integrity. For this purpose, we studied the compatibility of Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton phytocomplex (PFP), derived from in vitro plant cell cultures and presented as a powder finely dispersed in glycerin, with different classes of natural rheological modifiers (such as xanthan gum, sclerotium gum, succinoglycan, xyloglucan, diutan gum, hydroxypropyl guar gum derivative) in gel and gel-cream formulations, to meet the needs of the cosmetic market for naturalness and biodegradability. Through rheological and texture analyses, we studied the physico–mechanical properties of the samples, comparing the performances of the chosen polysaccharides to those of acrylic polymeric rheological modifiers, evaluating their contribution in terms of stability and applicative properties. Since a weak-gel rheological pattern proved to be the optimal one to keep the actives in suspension, the associations of tamarind seed polysaccharides with succinoglycan or scleroglucan were the most suitable for the formulation of mucoadhesive gels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perilla (Perilla frutescens, PF) is an annual labiaceae herb that can be used as vegetable, seasoner, and herb, which mainly includes red PF (P. frutescens var. crispa) and green PF (P. frutescens var. frutescens). Red and green Perilla is mainly used for medicine and food, respectively. In order to explore the differences between these two Perilla cultivars and the effects of origin on them, we studied the components of 130 Perilla samples from different origins by ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography quadrupole‐time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry combined with partial least squares discriminant analysis and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis. In this study, 57 potential compounds were analyzed, mainly including organic acids, flavonoids, terpenoids, and anthocyanins. In different varieties of Perilla, anthocyanins were found only in red PF. In addition, the content of four flavonoids, two organic acids, and one coumarin in red PF is much higher than that in green PF. Among the same variety of Perilla, the contents of three metabolites were higher in the north of China for red Perilla, while five metabolites were higher in the south of China for green Perilla. Overall, this research provided a basis for distinguishing different varieties and sources of Perilla through the differential metabolites of Perilla. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Applications of organomineral fertilizer (OMF) are important measures for developing organic agriculture in karst mountain areas. However, the influence of OMF on the structure and function of soil microbial diversity and their relationship with crop yield and quality are still unclear. Methods: Based on soil science, crop science, and high-throughput sequencing methods, we investigated the changes of rhizosphere soil microbial communities of Perilla frutescens under different fertilization measures. Then, the relationship between P. frutescens yield and quality with soil quality was analyzed. Results: The results showed that the addition of OMF increased the amount of total carbon and total potassium in soil. OF, especially OMF, improved P. frutescens yield and quality (e.g., panicle number per plant, main panicle length, and unsaturated fatty acid contents). Both OF and OMF treatments significantly increased the enrichment of beneficial microorganism (e.g., Bacillus, Actinomadura, Candidatus_Solibacter, Iamia, Pseudallescheria, and Cladorrhinum). The symbiotic network analysis demonstrated that OMF strengthened the connection among the soil microbial communities, and the community composition became more stable. Redundancy analysis and structural equation modeling showed that the soil pH, available phosphorus, and available potassium were significantly correlated with soil microbial community diversity and P. frutescens yield and quality. Discussion: Our study confirmed that OMF could replace CF or common OF to improve soil fertility, crop yield and quality in karst mountain soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phosphatidylethanolamine-binding proteins (PEBP) family plays important roles in regulating plant flowering time and morphogenesis. However, geneme-wide identification and functional analysis of PEBP genes in the rigorous short-day plant Perilla frutescens (PfPEBP) have not been studied. In this study, 10 PfPEBP were identified and divided into three subfamilies based on their phylogenetic relationships: FT-like, TFL1-like and MFT-like. Gene structure analysis showed that all PfPEBP genes contain 4 exons and 3 introns. Motifs DPDxP and GIHR essential for anion-binding activity are highly conserved in PfPEBP. A large number of light-responsive elements were detected in promoter regions of PfPEBP. Gene expression of PfFT1 exhibited a diurnal rhythm. It was highly expressed in leaves under the short-day photoperiod, but higher in flowers and seeds under the long-day photoperiod. Overexpression of PfFT1 in Arabidopsis thaliana not only promoted early flowering of Col-0 or Ler, but also rescued the late flowering phenotype of ft-1 mutant. We concluded that PfFT1 promotes early flowering by regulating the expression of flowering-related genes AtAP1, AtLFY, AtFUL and AtSOC1. In conclusion, our results provided valuable information for elucidating the functions of PfPEBP in P. frutescens and shed light on the promoting effect of PfFT1 on flowering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perilla frutescens is an herb traditionally used to treat chronic diseases owing to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This study aimed to determine the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of perilla leaf extract (PLE) in TNF-α- treated A549 human lung carcinoma cell line. Perilla frutescens leaves were extracted with 70% ethanol, and the phenolic, flavonoid, and rosmarinic acid contents were determined. Cytotoxicity of PLE was assessed using the MTT assay. The antioxidant activity and intracellular ROS production in TNF-α-treated A549 cells were evaluated. Furthermore, mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory mediators was assessed by RT-qPCR. These results showed that PLE contained phenolic acid, flavonoids, and rosmarinic acid and had no cytotoxicity. PLE exhibits antioxidant activity through a reduction in intracellular ROS production in TNF-α-treated A549 cells. Moreover, PLE showed significantly decreased mRNA expression of IL-1β, IL-8, TNF-α and COX-2. Thus, PLE plays an important role as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent for the prevention of ROS formation and inflammation in A549 cells.

In order to ameliorate the fishy aftertaste and value addition of Pangasius bocourti fillets, this article used Perilla frutescens water extract for deodorization. The fishy aftertaste and color difference were used as indicators, combined with electronic nose auxiliary analysis to conduct single-factor experiments. Afterwards, the deodorization process parameters were optimized by orthogonal experiments. GC-MS was used to distinguish the differences in volatile compounds before and after deodorization of Pangasius bocourti fillets. After analyzing the experimental results, it was found that with the help of the electronic nose, the best process conditions for deodorization of Pangasius bocourti fillets were: The concentration of Perilla frutescens aqueous extract was 3%, the deodorization time was 60 min, and the deodorization temperature was 20 ℃. Under this condition, the fish fillets had no obvious fishy aftertaste, and the flesh was white and had a light Perilla frutescens fragrance. After soaking in Perilla frutescens water extract, the main fishy aftertaste substances such as hexanal, nonanal and 1-octen-3-ol in the fish meat were greatly reduced. It could be seen that the Perilla frutescens water extract could effectively reduce the fishy aftertaste of Pangasius bocourti and ameliorate the flavor characteristics of fish fillets. This article would deliver a theoretical foundation for subsequent development and industrial production of Pangasius bocourti in the future.

This study aimed to conduct a comparative analysis of germinated seeds and microgreens derived from Perilla frutescens var. crispa f. viridis, hypothesizing that microgreens would exhibit higher concentrations of nutrients and bioactive compounds compared to their precursors. Perilla frutescens was chosen for its popularity and wide use in Asian cuisine. A series of analytical methods was employed to quantify and qualify various components. The findings indicate that germinated seeds exhibit significantly higher quantities of lipids, proteins, sugars, free amino acids, and minerals, whereas microgreens possess significantly high concentration of vitamins and polyphenols. These results provide valuable insights into the nutritional differences between germinated seeds and microgreens, highlighting their distinct contributions to diet. Specifically, incorporating germinated seeds can enhance macronutrient intake, while microgreens can boost antioxidant intake. These findings can inform the development of targeted dietary recommendations, promoting the inclusion of both germinated seeds and microgreens to meet specific nutritional needs and improve health outcomes. • Microgreens and germinated seeds exhibit distinct macro- and micro-nutrient compositions. • Microgreens produced without a growth medium have lower macronutrient content. • Germinated seeds contain only vitamin E, microgreens are rich in polyphenols and other vitamins. • Growth medium used for microgreens significantly influences their nutrient composition. • Carotenoids and polyphenols concentration raises from the gemination to adult plant stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Investigating the conditional effects of HSSEAE on flavonoid and terpenoid recovery. • HSSEAE parameters significantly affecting TFC: ST, WC, and EC; TTC: SLR, WC, and ST. • The maximal TFC and TTC were 40.37 mg RE/g dw and 37.93 mg UE/g dw, respectively. • E a for extracting TFC and TTC using HSSEAE was 28.72 and 16.82 kJ/mol, respectively. • CCI decreased by 17.07% after HSSEAE treatment. This research was conducted for the purpose of extracting flavonoids and terpenoids from perilla leaves (Perilla frutescens var. crispa) using high-speed-shearing-enzymatic-assisted extraction (HSSEAE) in combination with natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES). Various solvents were examined to select the most suitable for further extraction experiments. The one-factor experiment was employed to investigate the influence of different parameters of HSSEAE on the efficacy of flavonoid and terpenoid extraction from perilla leaves. The Plackett–Burman Design Model was used to evaluate the significance of independent variables on the dependent responses in the optimal condition ranges. The Box-Behnken Design Model was employed to determine the optimal extracting conditions for obtaining bioactive compounds from perilla leaves. The highest yield of total flavonoid contents (TFC) and total terpenoid contents (TTC) using HSSEAE was 40.37 ± 1.02 mg rutin acid equivalent per gram of dry weight (mg RE/g dw) and 37.93 ± 1.59 mg ursolic acid equivalent per gram of dry weight (mg UE/g dw), respectively. Meanwhile, the traditional extraction (TrE) process using acidified ethanol as solvent yielded lower results: TFC: 8.7 ± 0.17 mg RE/g dw; and TTC: 8.04 ± 0.55 mg UE/g dw. The second-order extraction kinetics model was used to figure out the principle of the HSSEAE process. Scanning electron microscope and X-ray diffraction were employed to indicate the surface morphology crystallinity of perilla leaves before and after HSSEAE. This extraction approach can be considered highly effective and sustainable for the recovery process of bioactive compounds originating from plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insects can recognize volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which are crucial for plant-insect interaction and agricultural pest control. B. tabaci is a global pest in agriculture, and it has developed varying degrees of resistance to commercial insecticides. This study investigates to the repellent and insecticidal activities of the VOCs from P. frutescens in B. tabaci. The components and relative contents of the VOCs collected from perilla leaves were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Our results showed the VOCs of P. frutescens leaves were mainly linalool (31.62%) and caryophyllene (23.25%). Subsequently, the behavioral response of B. tabaci to the concentrations of caryophyllene and linalool was investigated using the Y-tube olfactometer, and caryophyllene was more effective than linalool in repelling B. tabaci. Molecular docking and RT-qPCR results indicated that caryophyllene and linalool bind to OBP8 and OBP2, and the expression levels of OBP8 and OBP2 in B. tabaci were reduced, respectively. In addition, the control effect of the key volatile on B. tabaci was explored through leaf dipping and enzyme activity assays. Caryophyllene showed a good insecticidal effect on B. tabaci. The mortality rate of 0.125–0.5 μL/mL caryophyllene on B. tabaci was 51.11–67.78%, which effectively reduced the damage caused by B. tabaci to crops. Besides, caryophyllene affected the acetylcholinesterase (AchE), carboxylesterase (CarE), and glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) enzyme activities of B. tabaci. These findings may provide valuable information for the integrated management of B. tabaci. • Linalool and caryophyllene were effective in repelling and controlling B. tabaci MED. • The binding potency of caryophyllene to B. tabaci MED OBPs was higher than that of linalool. • Caryophyllene can affect the enzyme activities of AchE, CarE, and GSTs in B. tabaci MED. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perilla frutescens extract has been acknowledged for its robust antibacterial properties, while ε -Poly-Lysine (ε -PL) stands as a naturally occurring food preservative. However, their combined antibacterial activity and mechanisms has not been fully understood. Therefore, the aim of this study was to elucidate the combined antibacterial activity of the ε -PL/Perilla combination against Pseudomonas fluorescens. The findings unveiled a significant antibacterial efficacy of ε -PL and perilla against P. fluorescens , respectively. Upon treatment with ε -PL and perilla, a decline in membrane potential (MP) was observed. These alterations were further accompanied by reductions in nucleic acid content, metabolic activity, and respiratory chain dehydrogenase activity. And by morphological observation, it was found that the cells treated with perilla or ε -PL were severely broken. The metabolomic analysis following treatment with ε -PL and perilla unveiled substantial shifts in a multitude of metabolites. Multivariate statistical analysis showed that ε -PL and perilla hindered nucleotide metabolism and interfered with carbohydrate, amino acid, and lipid metabolism, impacting cell wall biosynthesis, cell membrane structure, and genetic material expression, leading to growth inhibition and bacterial demise. Collectively, these outcomes provide fresh insights into the intricate mechanisms underlying the inhibitory action of ε -PL and perilla against P. fluorescens. [Display omitted] • Perilla, ε -PL show synergistic antibacterial effects against P. fluorescens. • Perilla, ε -PL interfere most severely with lipid metabolism in P. fluorescens. • Perilla, ε -PL leads to amino acid depletion and stagnation of cell growth. • Perilla, ε -PL can bind to the phospholipids of the P. fluorescens membrane. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, an ultrasonic-assisted natural deep eutectic solvent (NaDES) was used to extract flavonoids from Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt. leaves. Of 10 tested NaDESs, that comprising D-(+)-glucose and glycerol exhibited the best total flavonoid extraction rate. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used for extraction modeling and optimization, and the total flavonoid content reached 87.48 ± 1.61 mg RE/g DW, which was a significant increase of 5.36% compared with that of 80% ethanol extraction. Morphological changes in P. frutescens leaves before and after extraction were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the mechanism of NaDES formation was studied by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Furthermore, 10 flavonoids were identified by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS. In addition, the NaDES extract had better biological activity according to five kinds of antioxidant capacity measurements, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and hyaluronidase (Hyal) inhibition experiments. Moreover, the stability test revealed that the total flavonoid loss rate of the NaDES extract after four weeks was 37.75% lower than that of the ethanol extract. These results indicate that the NaDES can effectively extract flavonoids from P. frutescens leaves and provide a reference for further applications in the food, medicine, health product and cosmetic industries. [Display omitted] • The NaDES composed of D-(+)-glucose and glycerol is a highly user-friendly solvent. • FT-IR was used to characterize the formation mechanism of the NaDES. • Morphological changes in the samples before and after extraction were characterized by SEM. • Flavonoids can be extracted from Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt. leaves more efficiently with the NaDES than with traditional solvents. • The NaDES delays the loss of flavonoids in Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt. leaf extract during storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Polyphenols increased during the red perilla pickling process. • Rosmarinic acid from red perilla was absorbed by the apricot pickle. • Salt and perilla pickling impacted the distribution of bioactive compounds. • Higher pH condition increased the release of phenolics and antioxidant activities. Japanese pickled apricot, called "umeboshi", is a traditional food that has experientially been consumed as a folk medicine. The main variation of umeboshi is called "shiso-zuke umeboshi", meaning pickled with red perilla leaves to add a colorful appearance. This study investigated changes in phenolics and antioxidant potential of shiso-zuke umeboshi during pickling processes and simulated digestion. Results showed that the red perilla pickling (PP; 1338.12) had 13 times higher phenolics than salt pickling (SP; 101.99) in μg/g DW, and the formation of rosmarinic acid was enhanced. The simulated digestion showed a gradual increase in antioxidant content and activity from the stomach to small intestine, with TPC and TFC being rapidly released in the intestinal environment. The study concluded that shiso-zuke umeboshi provides higher health benefits due to the excellent antioxidant compounds produced through the perilla pickling process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The red imported fire ant (RIFA) (Solenopsis invicta Buren) has caused serious ecological and public safety problems in invasive areas. While extensive use of pesticides to control RIFA may negatively affect human health and environment, essential oils (EOs) of Lamiaceae possessing aromatic smell and multiple biological activities are potential alternatives of chemical pesticides. In this study, we evaluated the behavioral preferences of different castes of RIFA towards the EOs from five species of Lamiaceae plants (Salvia miltiorrhiza , Perilla frutescens , Pogostemon cablin , Schizonepeta tenusfolia, Mentha canadensis), and then investigated the active compounds in these EOs that trigger insect behavioral preferences by gas chromatography-electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD). The results of behavioral experiment indicated that three EOs strongly altered the behavior of RIFA. Notably, all concentrations of P. frutescens EO showed a significant repellent activity on virgin queen ants, with a repellent rate of 62.50% at the lowest concentration of 2 μg/ml. The repellent effect of S. tenusfolia EO against small worker ants reached a very significant difference between control and treatment groups, with the highest repellent rate of 85.00% observed at 1000 μg/ml. Save for the lowest concentration 2 μg/ml, other doses of M. canadensis EO showed a remarkable repellent effect on small worker ants, demonstrating a positive dose-effect relationship (with repellent rates of 77.50% and 65.00% at 1000 and 8 μg/ml, respectively). A total of 39 EAD-active compounds were detected in these EOs, and 12 of them were subsequently evaluated for behavioral preferences of RIFA. Our findings indicated that six compounds (menthone, menthol, caryophyllene oxide, pulegone, 3-methylcyclopentanol, eugenol) consistently triggered behavioral preferences in worker ants. Meanwhile, six compounds, including borneol, eugenol, phenylethyl alcohol, perilla ketone, 3-methylcyclopentanol, α -guaiene, were found to significantly alter the behavioral selectivity of virgin queen ants. These results may help to develop application value of selected Lamiaceae plants EOs and contribute to the exploration of new green control methods for invasive pests. ● Essential oils (EOs) of 5 Labiatae family plants were extracted. ● Behavioral preferences of different castes of red imported fire ants to the EOs was tested. ● Behavioral active compounds in the EOs were detected by GC-EAD. ● Behavioral active compounds in the EOs were verified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study reports the biomimetic synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using a simple, cost effective and eco-friendly method. In this method, the flavonoid extract of Perilla frutescens (PFFE) was used as a bioreduction agent for the reduction of metallic silver into nanosilver, called P. frutescens flavonoid extract silver nanoparticles (PFFE-AgNPs). The Ultraviolet–Visible (UV-Vis) spectrum showed a characteristic absorption peak at 440 nm that confirmed the synthesis of PFFE-AgNPs. A Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic (FTIR) analysis of the PFFE-AgNPs revealed that flavonoids are involved in the bioreduction and capping processes. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) patterns confirmed the face-centered cubic (FCC) crystal structure of PFFE-AgNPs. A transmission electron microscopic (TEM) analysis indicated that the synthesized PFFE-AgNPs are 20 to 70 nm in size with spherical morphology and without any aggregation. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) studies showed that the average hydrodynamic size was 44 nm. A polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.321 denotes the monodispersed nature of PFFE-AgNPs. Further, a highly negative surface charge or zeta potential value (−30 mV) indicates the repulsion, non-aggregation, and stability of PFFE-AgNPs. PFFE-AgNPs showed cytotoxic effects against cancer cell lines, including human colon carcinoma (COLO205) and mouse melanoma (B16F10), with IC50 concentrations of 59.57 and 69.33 μg/mL, respectively. PFFE-AgNPs showed a significant inhibition of both Gram-positive (Listeria monocytogens and Enterococcus faecalis) and Gram-negative (Salmonella typhi and Acinetobacter baumannii) bacteria pathogens. PFFE-AgNPs exhibited in vitro antioxidant activity by quenching 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) free radicals with IC50 values of 72.81 and 92.48 µg/mL, respectively. In this study, we also explained the plausible mechanisms of the biosynthesis, anticancer, and antibacterial effects of PFFE-AgNPs. Overall, these findings suggest that PFFE-AgNPs have potential as a multi-functional nanomaterial for biomedical applications, particularly in cancer therapy and infection control. However, it is important to note that further research is needed to determine the safety and efficacy of these nanoparticles in vivo, as well as to explore their potential in other areas of medicine.

Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt. is extensively cultivated in East Asia as a dietary vegetable, and nutraceuticals are reportedly rich in bioactive compounds, especially with anticancer activities. This study explored the in vitro cytotoxic effects of P. frutescens parts’ (stems, leaves, and seeds) extracts on prostate cancer cells (DU-145) and possible interactions of putative metabolites to related prostate cancer targets in silico. The ethanol extract of P. frutescens leaves was the most cytotoxic for the prostate cancer cells. From high-performance liquid chromatography analysis, rosmarinic acid was identified as the major metabolite in the leaf extracts. Network analysis revealed interactions from multiple affected targets and pathways of the metabolites. From gene ontology enrichment analysis, P. frutescens leaf metabolites could significantly affect 14 molecular functions and 12 biological processes in five cellular components. Four (4) KEGG pathways, including for prostate cancer, and six (6) Reactome pathways were shown to be significantly affected. The molecular simulation confirmed the interactions of relevant protein targets with key metabolites, including rosmarinic acid. This study could potentially lead to further exploration of P. frutescens leaves or their metabolites for prostate cancer treatment and prevention.

Perilla frutescens is an annual herb of the Labiatae family and is widely grown in several countries in Asia. Perilla frutescens is a plant that is used medicinally in its entirety, as seen in its subdivision into perilla seeds, perilla stalks, and perilla leaves, which vary more markedly in their chemical composition. Several studies have shown that Perilla frutescens has a variety of pharmacological effects, including anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, detoxifying, antioxidant, and hepatoprotective. In the absence of a review of Perilla frutescens for the treatment of cancer. This review provides an overview of the chemical composition and molecular mechanisms of Perilla frutescens for cancer treatment. It was found that the main active components of Perilla frutescens producing cancer therapeutic effects were perilla aldehyde (PAH), rosmarinic acid (Ros A), lignan, and isoestrogen (IK). In addition to these, extracts of the leaves and fruits of Perilla frutescens are also included. Among these, perilla seed oil (PSO) has a preventive effect against colorectal cancer due to the presence of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. This review also provides new ideas and thoughts for scientific innovation and clinical applications related to Perilla frutescens.

Vascular dementia (VaD) is characterized by a time-dependent memory deficit and essentially combined with evidence of neuroinflammation. Thus, polyphenol-rich natural plants, which possess anti-inflammatory properties, have received much scientific attention. This study investigated whether Perilla frutescens leaf extract (PFL) exerts therapeutic efficacy against VaD. Sprague Dawley rats were divided into five groups: SO, sham-operated and vehicle treatment; OP, operated and vehicle treatment; PFL-L, operated and low-dose (30 mg/kg) PFL treatment; PFL-M, operated and medium-dose (60 mg/kg) PFL treatment; and PFL-H, operated and high-dose (90 mg/kg) PFL treatment. Two-vessel occlusion and hypovolemia (2VO/H) were employed as a surgical model of VaD, and PFL was given orally perioperatively for 23 days. The rats underwent the Y-maze, Barnes maze, and passive avoidance tests and their brains were subjected to histologic studies. The OP group showed VaD-associated memory deficits, hippocampal neuronal death, and microglial activation; however, the PFL-treated groups showed significant attenuations in all of the above parameters. Using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated BV-2 cells, a murine microglial cell line, we measured PFL-mediated changes on the production of nitric oxide (NO), TNF-α, and IL-6, and the activities of their upstream MAP kinases (MAPKs)/NFκB/inducible NO synthase (iNOS). The LPS-induced upregulations of NO, TNF-α, and IL-6 production and MAPKs/NFκB/iNOS activities were globally and significantly reversed by 12-h pretreatment of PFL. This suggests that PFL can counteract VaD-associated structural and functional deterioration through the attenuation of neuroinflammation.

Introduction: Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt leaves contain various phenolic compounds, especially flavonoids, which potentially inhibit tyrosinase, the key enzyme catalyzing the melanin synthesis pathway. This work aimed to investigate the anti-melanogenic effect of Perilla frutescens extracts through the inhibition of non-cellular as well as cellular tyrosinase activities. Methods: The total extract from Perilla frutescens leaves was obtained by percolation method with 50% ethanol followed by liquid–liquid partition with ethyl acetate (EA) and chloroform (CF) to obtain the EA, CF and EA/CF extracts. The mushroom tyrosinase inhibitory effect of the obtained extracts was screened by dopachrome formation reactions from its substrate 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine. The extracts with potential activity were further evaluated for the anti-melanogenic effects in the B16F10 melanoma cell line. Results: EA and EA/CF extracts significantly inhibited mushroom tyrosinase activity with the IC50s of 0.14 and 0.07 mg/mL, respectively, in the same range of that from kojic acid (0.12 mg/mL). Consistently, in B16F10 cells, these extracts inhibited tyrosinase enzyme; their IC50 values were 2 times lower than that of kojic acid. Moreover, both EA and EA/CF extracts remarkably reduced melanin levels in a concentration-dependent manner. Conclusion: The EA and EA/CF extracts from Perilla frutescens leaves were able to inhibit melanogenesis by reducing tyrosinase activity.

Fei Zhou,1,2,&ast; Ou Dai,1,2,&ast; Cheng Peng,1,2 Liang Xiong,1– 3 Hui Ao,1,4 Fei Liu,1– 3 Qin-Mei Zhou1,3,4 1State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, People’s Republic of China; 2School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, People’s Republic of China; 3Institute of Innovative Medicine Ingredients of Southwest Specialty Medicinal Materials, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, People’s Republic of China; 4Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, People’s Republic of China&ast;These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Cheng Peng; Qin-Mei Zhou Tel +86 28 61800005; +86 28 61800231Email pengchengchengdu@126.com; zhqmyx@sina.cnPurpose: Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt., a traditional edible-medicinal herb in China, has been used to treat cardiovascular and cerebrovascular (cardio-cerebrovascular) diseases for thousands of years. However, knowledge of the mechanisms underlying the effects of essential oil from P. frutescens (EOPF) in the treatment of cardio-cerebrovascular diseases is lacking. The promotion of angiogenesis is beneficial in the treatment of ischemic cardio-cerebrovascular diseases. The current study investigated the pro-angiogenic role of EOPF and its main component perillaldehyde in sunitinib-injured transgenic Tg (flk1:EGFP) zebrafish embryos and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) for the first time.Materials and Methods: The pro-angiogenic effects of EOPF and perillaldehyde were observed in vivo using transgenic Tg (flk1:EGFP) zebrafish embryos and in vitro using HUVECs. Cell viability, proliferation, migration, tube formation, and protein levels were detected by MTT, EdU staining, wound healing, transwell chamber, and Western blot assays, respectively.Results: EOPF and perillaldehyde exerted a significant stimulatory effect on the formation of zebrafish intersegmental vessels (ISVs). Moreover, EOPF and perillaldehyde promoted proliferation, migration, and tube formation in sunitinib-treated HUVECs. Additionally, our findings uncovered that the pro-angiogenic effects of EOPF and perillaldehyde were mediated by increases in the expression ratios of p-ERK1/2 to ERK1/2 and Bcl-2 to Bax.Conclusion: The present study is the first report to provide clear evidence that EOPF and perillaldehyde promote angiogenesis by stimulating repair of sunitinib-injured ISVs in zebrafish embryos and promoting proliferation, migration, and tube formation in sunitinib-injured HUVECs. The underlying mechanisms are related to increased p-ERK1/2 to ERK1/2 and Bcl-2 to Bax expression ratios. EOPF and perillaldehyde may be used in the treatment of cardio-cerebrovascular diseases, which is consistent with the traditional application of P. frutescens.Keywords: Perilla frutescens, essential oil, perillaldehyde, pro-angiogenesis, HUVECs, zebrafish

Perillae Folium (PF), the leaf of Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt, is extensively used as culinary vegetable in many countries. It can be divided into two major varietal forms based on leaf color variation, including purple PF (Perilla frutescens var. arguta) and green PF (P. frutescens var. frutescens). The aroma of purple and green PF is discrepant. To figure out the divergence of chemical composition in purple and green PF, gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was applied to analyze compounds in purple and green PF. A total of 54 compounds were identified and relatively quantified. Multivariate statistical methods, including principal component analysis (PCA), orthogonal partial least-squares discrimination analysis (OPLS-DA) and clustering analysis (CA), were used to screen the chemical markers for discrimination of purple and green PF. Seven compounds that accumulated discrepantly in green and purple PF were characterized as chemical markers for the discrimination of the purple and green PF. Among these 7 marker compounds, limonene, shisool and perillaldehyde that from the same branch of the terpenoid biosynthetic pathway were with relatively higher contents in purple PF, while perilla ketone, isoegomaketone, tocopheryl and squalene on other branch pathways were higher in green PF. The results of the present study are expected to provide theoretical support for the development and utilization of PF resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study was to explore the effects of abscisic acid (ABA) on growth and selenium (Se) absorption of the medicinal plant, Perilla frutescens. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of different ABA concentrations (0, 1, 5, 10 and 20 μmol/L) on the physiological characteristics and Se absorption capacity of P. frutescens. Application of 5, 10 and 20 μmol/L ABA increased the shoot biomass of P. frutescens, and only 5 and 10 μmol/L ABA increased the root biomass. Application of 5, 10, and 20 μmol/L ABA increased the contents of photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoid), superoxide dismutase activity, peroxidase activity, and soluble protein content of P. frutescens, and decreased the malondialdehyde content in P. frutescens. Only 5 and 10 μmol/L ABA used in the present study increased the catalase activity of P. frutescens. For the Se uptake, only 5 μmol/L ABA increased the Se content, Se extraction and Se bioconcentration factor of both roots and shoots. The findings of the present study indicate that 5 and 10 μmol/L ABA promotes the growth of P. frutescens, whereas 5 μmol/L ABA enhances the Se accumulation capacity in P. frutescens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cadmium (Cd) toxicity not only affects plant growth and development, but also affects human health through the food chain. Several studies have demonstrated that Selenium (Se) alleviates Cd stress in plants; however, whether and how Se-alleviated Cd stress by regulating the structure of soil microbial community remain largely unclear. Here, we investigated the alleviating effects of exogenous applied Se (foliar spraying or root application) on plant growth under Cd stress in perilla (Perilla frutescens L.) by measuring the biomass, photosynthetic fluorescence parameters, root cell wall components and soil microbial community structure and diversity. Under Cd stress, perilla seedlings supplemented with Se increased chlorophyll content. Foliar spraying Se increased the levels of relative chlorophyll content (FII), photosynthetic system II (FPSII) and electron transport rate (ETR) in perilla leaves under Cd stress; while, root application of Se increased the levels of photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), transpiration rate (Tr), water use efficiency (WUE) and stomatal limitation value (Ls) under Cd stress. Compared with Cd toxicity alone, root application of Se increased the contents of hemicellulosic 1 and hemicellulosic 2 in the cell wall of perilla roots. Cd toxicity or root application of Se did not affect soil bacterial community diversity. Root application of Se increased the relative abundance of Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Fibrobacteres, Sphingomonas and Nitrosospira in Cd-contaminated soil, and thereby improving soil microbial community structure, finally promoting the growth of perilla seedlings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase (LPAAT) is a key enzyme in plant triacylglycerol biosynthesis. Investigating the function of Perilla frutescens LPAAT gene (PfLPAAT) in oil biosynthesis can help to reveal the molecular mechanism of plant oil accumulation. In this study, RT-PCR was used to obtain PfLPAAT, and the basic physical and chemical properties, transmembrane domain, and subcellular localization of the putative protein of PfLPAAT was analyzed by bioinformatics methods, and phylogenetic analysis of homologous proteins was conducted. The qRT-PCR was used to analyze the relative expression level of PfLPAAT in different tissues and developmental stages of seeds in Perilla. The expression vector pCAMBIA1303-PfLPAAT was constructed and transformed into Arabidopsis thaliana by floral dip method, and the oil content and fatty acid composition of transgenic Arabidopsis seeds were analyzed. The results showed that the PfLPAAT sequence was 1149 bp in length and encoded 382 amino acids. The theoretical isoelectric point of the putative protein was 9.60, and the molecular mass was 43.02 kD. Bioinformatics indicated that PfLPAAT functioned in endoplasmic reticulum and belonged to the PLN02380 superfamily. The qRT-PCR revealed that PfLPAAT expressed in all tissues of Perilla, and the highest level was observed in leaves and seeds of 15 days after flowering. Compared with wild-type Arabidopsis, the overexpression of PfLPAAT in Arabidopsis improved seed oil content significantly, with a range of 2.04% to 13.40%. Fatty acid composition analysis demonstrated that the content of oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, and arachidic acid increased significantly, while the content of palmitic acid, stearic acid, arachidic acid, arachidonic Lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase (LPAAT) is a key enzyme in plant triacylglycerol biosynthesis. Investigating the function of Perilla frutescens LPAAT gene (PfLPAAT) in oil biosynthesis can help to reveal the molecular mechanism of plant oil accumulation. In this study, RT-PCR was used to obtain PfLPAAT, and the basic physical and chemical properties, transmembrane domain, and subcellular localization of the putative protein of PfLPAAT was analyzed by bioinformatics methods, and phylogenetic analysis of homologous proteins was conducted. The qRT-PCR was used to analyze the relative expression level of PfLPAAT in different tissues and developmental stages of seeds in Perilla. The expression vector pCAMBIA1303-PfLPAAT was constructed and transformed into Arabidopsis thaliana by floral dip method, and the oil content and fatty acid composition of transgenic Arabidopsis seeds were analyzed. The results showed that the PfLPAAT sequence was 1149 bp in length and encoded 382 amino acids. The theoretical isoelectric point of the putative protein was 9.60, and the molecular mass was 43.02 kD. Bioinformatics indicated that PfLPAAT functioned in endoplasmic reticulum and belonged to the PLN02380 superfamily. The qRT-PCR revealed that PfLPAAT expressed in all tissues of Perilla, and the highest level was observed in leaves and seeds of 15 days after flowering. Compared with wild-type Arabidopsis, the overexpression of PfLPAAT in Arabidopsis improved seed oil content significantly, with a range of 2.04% to 13.40%. Fatty acid composition analysis demonstrated that the content of oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, and arachidic acid increased significantly, while the content of palmitic acid, stearic acid, arachidic acid, arachidonic [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This work aims to evaluate biological activities and toxicity of copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) synthesized from Perilla frutescens (Linn.) Britt leaves extract. Microscopic techniques showed the poly dispersed CuNPs with a size of 30–65 nm and high resolution X‐ray diffraction (HR‐XRD) revealed the face centered cubic Cu. CuNPs significantly inhibited the growth of few human pathogenic bacteria namely, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium and Bacillus cereus and a fungal pathogen, Alternaria alternata at 40 μg/40 μl concentration. Mode of action of CuNPs against the bacterial pathogens was demonstrated using biological transmission electron microscope (Bio‐TEM). >60 % inhibition was observed against MCF‐7 cells at 160 μg/ml of CuNPs and the apoptotic morphology was confirmed using ethidium homodimer and casein staining. Finally, the toxicity of CuNPs was studied using zebrafish embryo and higher toxic effects were recorded even at 1.5 μg/ml of CuNPs. Therefore, the toxicity of CuNPs must be thoroughly studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The perilla anthocyanins have important medicinal and ornamental value, and their contents are significantly affected by light intensity. In view of their molecular mechanisms were not well understood, we integrated the metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses of the light-sensitive perilla variety under different light intensity. The perilla leave color were obviously affected under different treatments. Totally 140 flavonoid metabolites and 2461 genes showed steady change, among which 60 flavonoid metabolites were increased accumulation and 983 genes were upregulated expression under elevated light intensity treatment. Light treatment prominently affected the expression of genes involved in the main anthocyanin metabolites accumulation in perilla leaves. Using WGCNA analysis, we identified 4 key genes in anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway (CHI, DFR, and ANS) and 147 transcription factors (MYB, bHLH, bZIP, ERF, and NAC) involved in malonylshisonin biosynthesis. Among them, 6 MYBs and 4 bZIPs were predicted to play important roles in light regulation of malonylshisonin biosynthesis based on phylogenetic construction, correlation analysis, cis-acting element identification and qPCR verification. The identified key genes and regulatory factors will help us to understand the potential mechanism of photo-regulated anthocyanin accumulation in perilla. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt. (Labiatae), a medicinal plant, has been widely used for the therapy of multiple diseases since about 1800 years ago. It has been demonstrated that the extracts of P. frutescens exert significant anti-inflammatory effects. In this research, two pairs of 7,7′-cyclolignan enantiomers, possessing a cyclobutane moiety, (+)/(−)-perfrancin [(+)/(−)-1] and (+)/(−)-magnosalin [(+)/(−)-2], were separated from P. frutescens leaves. The present study achieved the chiral separation and determined the absolute configuration of (±)-1 and (±)-2. Compounds (+)-1 and (−)-1 have notable anti-inflammatory effects by reducing the secretion of pro-inflammatory factors (NO, TNF-α and IL-6) and the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators (iNOS and COX-2). These findings indicate that cyclolignans are effective substances of P. frutescens with anti-inflammatory activity. The present study partially elucidates the mechanisms underlying the effects of P. frutescens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Simple Summary: Weaning piglets face stressors from changes in feed and environment, which affects their growth. To resolve this problem, we explored the separate effects of multi-strain probiotics and Perilla frutescens seed extract and their combined effect on weaning piglets. We found multi-strain probiotics or Perilla frutescens seed extract both improved the gain to feed ratio and antioxidant capacity. In addition, multi-strain probiotics improved jejunal villus height and the villus height/crypt depth ratio. Perilla frutescens seed extract improved ileal villus height. The interactive effects were observed in jejunal villus height and the villus height/crypt depth ratio, ileal villus height, and the gene expression of IL-1β and mucin2 in the intestinal mucosa. This study shows that using either multi-strain probiotics or Perilla frutescens seed extract alone is more effective than their combined use in weaning piglets. This study examined the effects of multi-strain probiotics (BL) and Perilla frutescens seed extract (PSE), alone or in combination, on weaning piglets. In total, 96 weaning piglets were allocated into four treatments: CON group (the basal diet), PSE group (basal diet + 1g/kg PSE), BL group (basal diet + 2 g/kg BL), and BL+PSE group (basal diet +1 g/kg PSE + 2 g/kg BL) according to a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. The supplementation of BL or PSE improved the gain to feed ratio. Dietary BL reduced diarrhea occurrence and Escherichia coli, but increased Lactobacillus counts in the ileal digesta. Dietary PSE tended to increase Lactobacillus counts in the ileal digesta. Interactive effects were found in terms of ileal villus height, the gene expression of IL-1β, and malondialdehyde in the ileal mucosa. Dietary BL lowered malondialdehyde in the spleen, liver, and jejunal mucosa but increased the total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) in the liver and ileum mucosa. The supplementation of PSE improved superoxide dismutase in serum and T-AOC in the liver, and reduced MDA in liver, spleen, and jejunum mucosa. Taken together, BL or PSE showed positive effects, improving growth and intestinal morphology and enhancing antioxidant capacity. However, their interaction showed no beneficial effects on the antioxidant indices and the intestinal morphology of weaned piglets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perilla frutescens L. Britton, a plant widely grown in China, Korea, Japan and the Indian Himalayan Region is known to possess anti-microbial, antioxidative, anti-inflammation, anti-cancer and anti-allergy activities due to the presence of omega-3 fatty acids in its seeds and perilla-ketone, rosmarinic acid and perilla aldehyde in its leaves. In spite of having health benefits, it is only used by local natives as food supplement and its importance as nutraceuticals is ignored by larger community. Considering its high nutraceutical properties the cultivation of Perilla for human consumption and for commercial purpose is important. In the present study an attempt has been made to understand the morphological and physiological response of Perilla to the change in climatic and edaphic factors with altitude and to investigate what are the environmental conditions that promotes the growth of Perilla. The study was conducted for two years at three different sites, situated in three different altitudes, Udaibag (472 m asl), Papradi (690 m asl), and Dharkot (1082 m asl) of Uttarakhand. A total of 72 composite agriculture soil samples (Site I: 24, Site II: 24, and Site: 24 sample) per season (October 2014, May 2015 and October 2015) were collected and analyzed for macro and micronutrients. Significant variation (P < 0.05) was observed in the soil properties with depth among sites. Morphological parameters studied showed considerable difference with change in environmental condition and parameters such as plant height (3.2 ± 0.05 m), leaf area (132 ± 7.54 cm2), leaf-stem ratio (0.64 ± 0.02 g plant−1) showed higher values at Dharkot site. The physiological attributes of plant also varied significantly (P < 0.05) with altitude and most of the parameters viz., Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium were greater in the seeds as well as in leaves of the plants growing at Dharkot during the study period. The study reflected that morphological and physiological traits of Perilla differed in their responses at different altitudes and the ecotype from higher altitude (Dharkot) could be used within their specific local habitats for cultivation as well as its commercial cultivation could also be promoted in the region as an emerging industrial oil crop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising cancer treatment with fewer side effects, and it eliminates tumors in target tissues with reactive oxygen species produced by photosensitizers (PS) and light. In this study, we isolated methyl pheophorbide A, which induces photodynamic cell death in the U937 and SK-HEP-1 cells, from perilla leaves. Its potential as a material for the development of a new PS was also evaluated. The methyl pheophorbide A is a dark green porphyrin compound isolated from methanol extract of perilla leaves. Apoptosis occurred was methyl pheophorbide A treated and irradiated with light, and there was no significant change where light not treated. In both U937 and SK-HEP-1 cells, apoptotic body, vesicle formation, and DNA ladder were confirmed in the light-irradiated. The caspase-3/7 activity an important factor in apoptosis, was 101.50 ± 14.24% when treated with 0.25 μg/ml methyl pheophorbide A in U937, and 91.32 ± 16.23% when treated with 1.00 μg/ml in SK-HEP-1 cells. The apoptotic phenomenon appeared more strongly when the methyl pheophorbide A concentration was increased with irradiating light. This study demonstrates the isolation, identification, and phototoxic activity of methyl pheophorbide A in perilla leaves. We expect that this study will be useful in the search for PS candidates using natural products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we investigated the effect of UV-B irradiation 3 days prior to harvest, on the accumulation of rosmarinic acid (RA) and anthocyanin, and the expression of genes related to phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthetic pathways, in red perilla (Perilla frutescens L.). In experiment 1, seedlings at 60 days after sowing (DAS) were subjected to UV-B irradiation at 0 (control), 6, and 10 W m−2 under a 16 h light period; while in experiment 2, seedlings at 45 DAS were subjected to UV-B irradiation at 0 (control), 4 W m−2 at continuous irradiation, and 6 W m−2 at 16 h irradiation. UV irradiation of 10 W m−2 for 16 h negatively affected leaf color, while irradiation at 6 W m−2 enhanced RA biosynthesis and antioxidant capacity. Continuous UV-B irradiation of 4 W m−2 increased the RA concentration by 92% compared to the control; however, this effect was smaller than that of UV-B irradiation at 6 W m−2 for 16 h, 141% higher than that of the control and had a lower antioxidant capacity against UV-mediated ROS overproduction during the dark period. Results demonstrate that 6 W m−2 of UV-B irradiation for 16 h is suitable for enhancing the RA concentration and content of red perilla. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Essential oils have attracted wide attention in recent years due to their extensive applications in natural functional ingredients, pharmaceutical preparations, biomedical products, and the cosmetics industry. In this study, the chemical compositions and biological activities of essential oils extracted from six Lamiaceae herbs, including Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth. (PCEO), Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton (PFEO), Salvia japonica Thunb. (SJEO), Rosmarinus offcinalis L. (ROEO), Lavandula angustifolia Mill. (LAEO), and Agastache rugosa (Fisch. & C. A. Mey.) Kuntze (AREO), were determined and analyzed. A total of 167 components were identified from the six essential oils by GC-MS analysis, with 35, 24, 47, 46, 54, and 37 components in PCEO, PFEO, SJEO, ROEO, LAEO, and AREO, respectively. Hierarchical cluster analysis of chemical compositions showed that the composition of the six essential oils was significantly different in content, and they were clearly divided into six classes. However, all of these six essential oils exhibited promising anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting the expression of interleukin-1, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-a, and cyclooxygenase-2 in rats with adjuvant arthritis, among which PFEO had the best performance. In addition, the six essential oils displayed significant cytotoxicity on B16 (IC50 = 86.91-228.91µg/mL) and LNCaP cell lines (IC50 = 116.4-189.63µg/mL). Meanwhile, all of them presented satisfactory antioxidant activity (IC50 = 4.88-13.89µg/mL) compared with Trolox C (IC50 = 13.83µg/mL), and SJEO (IC50 = 7.93µg/mL) served as an optimal candidate natural antioxidant by DPPH assay. Taken together, these results indicate that the six Lamiaceae essential oils manifest excellent and diverse biological activities, enabling them to be used as perfect natural functional ingredients in antioxidant, antitumor, or anti-arthritic drugs. This study provides more references for pharmaphylogeny research and drug discovery from folk medicinal plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study evaluated the larvicidal and reproductive effects of essential oils from Ocimum basilicum, Perilla frutescens, and Mentha spicata on engorged female Rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks. Adult immersion and larval packet assays were used to evaluate their larvicidal efficacy and impact on tick reproductive abilities. For tick larvae, Perilla frutescens essential oil had the highest 50% lethal dose of 1.89 mg/mL, followed by Ocimum basilicum at 1.58 mg/mL, and Mentha spicata at 1.07 mg/mL. Regarding adult ticks, although Mentha spicata essential oil had the lowest reduced oviposition value, it showed the highest product efficacy. Overall, all tested essential oils effectively killed tick larvae and influenced the reproductive capacity of engorged female ticks, with Mentha spicata essential oil being the most potent.

Purpose: The leaves of Perilla frutescens var. acuta (PFA) are generally reported to have antioxidant, anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor effects and commonly used as a traditional medicine in East Asia. This study aimed to investigate the protective effect and antioxidant activity of PFA on busulfan-induced testicular dysfunction, histological damage, oxidative stress (OS), sperm quality, and hormone levels using a mouse model., Materials and Methods: C57BL/6 male mice were divided into four groups: control, busulfan-only treated, and varying concentrations of PFA (100 and 200 mg/kg) with busulfan. In the busulfan group, 40 mg/kg of busulfan was intraperitoneally injected to induce azoospermia. Mice were orally administered PFA for 35 consecutive days after busulfan administration. Samples were collected and assessed for testis/body weight, testicular histopathology, sperm quality, serum hormone levels, and OS to evaluate the effects of PFA treatment on spermatogenesis dysfunction induced by busulfan., Results: The busulfan-induced testicular dysfunction model showed reduced testis weight, adverse histological changes, significantly decreased sex hormones and sperm quality, and attenuated OS. These results indicate that PFA treatment significantly increased testis weight, testis/body weight, epididymal sperm count, motility, and testosterone level compared with busulfan alone. PFA treatment also attenuated the busulfan-induced histological changes. Furthermore, compared with mice treated with busulfan alone, PFA supplementation upregulated the testicular mRNA expression of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase 1 ( Sod1 ) and glutathione peroxidase 1 ( Gpx1 ), with a decrease in malondialdehyde (MDA) production and an increase in SOD and GPx activities., Conclusions: This study shows that PFA exerts a protective effect against testicular damage by attenuating OS induced by busulfan. Our results suggest that PFA is a potentially relevant drug used to decrease the side effects induced by busulfan on testicular function and sperm during cancer chemotherapy., Competing Interests: The authors have nothing to disclose., (Copyright © 2024 Korean Society for Sexual Medicine and Andrology.)

Perilla crop is a self-fertilizing annual plant, cultivated and used mainly in East Asia. Perilla frutescens var. frutescens seeds are rich in unsaturated fatty acids, which have health benefits, and Perilla frutescens var. crispa leaves are rich in anthocyanins. However, genomic analysis such as whole genome sequencing or genetic mapping has not been performed on Perilla crop. This current study confirms the abundance and diversity of 15,991 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) classified in previous studies in the Perilla genome, selects and designs 1,538 SSR primer sets, and confirms which SSR primer sets exhibit high polymorphism. Of the 15,991 SSRs classified, there were 9,910 (62%) dinucleotide repeats, 5,652 (35.3%) trinucleotide repeats, and 429 (2.7%) tetranucleotide repeats. Among these, the most identified was (CT)n with a total of 4,817. The 15,991 SSRs had 4 to 26 repeats. Four repeats were the most frequent with 11,084 (69.3%). A total of 1,538 SSR primers were selected and designed to confirm polymorphism, of which 157 showed persistent and clear polymorphism. Among these 157 SSR primer sets, 98 (62.4%) were dinucleotide repeats, 39 (24.8%) were trinucleotide repeats, and 20 (12.7%) were tetranucleotide repeats. Among 549 SSR primers that showed polymorphism, trinucleotide repeats showed persistent polymorphism at a high rate. Therefore, when developing SSR primer sets for Perilla crop in the future, it is recommended that trinucleotide repeats be selected first. These research results will be helpful in future genomic analysis and development of SSR primers in Perilla crop., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Perilla oil from the medicinal crop Perilla frutescens possess a wide range of biological activities and is generally used as an edible oil in many countries. The molecular basis for its formation is of particular relevance to perilla and its breeders. Here in the present study, four PfFAD2 genes were identified in different perilla cultivars, PF40 and PF70, with distinct oil content levels, respectively. Their function was characterized in engineered yeast strain, and among them, PfFAD2-1 PF40 , PfFAD2-1 PF70 had no LA biosynthesis ability, while PfFAD2-2 PF40 in cultivar with high oil content levels possessed higher catalytic activity than PfFAD2-2 PF70 . Key amino acid residues responsible for the enhanced catalytic activity of PfFAD2-2 PF40 was identified as residue R221 through sequence alignment, molecular docking, and site-directed mutation studies. Moreover, another four amino acid residues influencing PfFAD2 catalytic activity were discovered through random mutation analysis. This study lays a theoretical foundation for the genetic improvement of high-oil-content perilla cultivars and the biosynthesis of LA and its derivatives., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Wu, Li, Liang, Wang, Wang, Shen and An.)

Plants are the source of numerous remedies in modern medicine, and some of them have been studied due to their potential immunomodulatory activity. Astragalus membranaceus Fisch. ex Bunge ( A. membranaceus ), Nigella sativa L. ( N. sativa ), and Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton ( P. frutescens ) are plant species used in traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases. Their potential to act as immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and anti-allergic agents makes them interesting for investigating their clinical potential in alleviating the symptoms of allergic diseases. Allergy affects a large number of people; according to some sources more than 30% of the world population suffer from some type of allergic reaction, with pollen allergy as the most common type. Treatment is usually pharmacological and may not be completely effective or have side effects. Thus, we are seeking traditional medicine, mostly medicinal plants, with promising potential for alleviating allergy symptoms. A literature overview was conducted employing databases such as Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, Springer, and Google Scholar. This manuscript summarizes recent in vivo preclinical and clinical studies on three species with immunomodulatory activity, provides a comparison of their anti-allergic effects, and underlines the potential of their application in clinical practice. The obtained results confirmed their efficacy in the in vivo and clinical studies, but also emphasize the problem of phytochemical characterization of the species and difference between tested doses. More clinical trials with standardized protocols (defined active molecules, dosage, side effects) are required to obtain safe and effective herbal drugs.

Soluble (free, esterified) and insoluble-bound phenolics and changes in the bioactive compounds and antioxidant activities during simulated digestion of raw green and red (Perilla frutescens) leaves were determined in this study. HPLC analysis revealed that the predominant phenolic compounds were rosmarinic acid (RA) in the free fraction and caffeic acid (CA) in the insoluble-bound fraction. Interestingly, in the free phenolic extraction, green perilla had higher RA, whereas red perilla exhibited higher levels of esterified and insoluble-bound phenolics. Simulated digestion illuminated a continuous increase in antioxidant content and activity during the transition from the stomach to the small intestine. After the gastric phase, the release of total bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity increased under alkaline conditions in the small intestine, with red perilla releasing more than green perilla. These findings provide a clearer understanding of the health benefits of polyphenols in Japanese perilla leaves and provide a scientific basis for the potential health benefits of adding nutrients to foods.

(1) Background: Chronic renal disorders (CRD) are associated with significant comorbidities and necessitate complex therapeutic management. As time passed, Perilla frutescens (PF) became a promising therapeutic option for CRD. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to outline the therapeutic effects of PF extracts on various models of immunoglobulin a (IgA) nephropathy; (2) Methods: Medline, Embase, and Cochrane databases were used to find relevant studies. All prospective interventional studies that evaluated the effect of PF extract versus placebo on rat models of chronic renal disorders were assessed according to the international guidelines; (3) Results: Our search yielded 23 unique records, out of which only five were included in the analysis. Our results showed that administration of PF extracts led to a statistically significant reduction in proteinuria and PCNA levels in rats that received high doses of the extract as well as in the PCNA level and DNA synthesis in rats that received low doses of the extract. The evaluated outcomes benefited from a low degree of heterogeneity; (4) Conclusions: Some of the evaluated outcomes were significantly reduced by both high and low doses of extracts from Perilla frutescens. Further studies are needed to determine the exact effect over IgA nephropathy in human subjects.

Perilla leaves are known to be a rich source of polyphenols, which have been shown to exhibit various biological effects. This study aimed to compare the bioefficacies and bioactivities of fresh (PLEf) and dry (PLEd) Thai perilla (Nga-mon) leaf extracts. Phytochemical analysis indicated that both PLEf and PLEd were abundant in rosmarinic acid and bioactive phenolic compounds. PLEd, which had higher levels of rosmarinic acid but lower levels of ferulic acid and luteolin than PLEf, exhibited greater effectiveness in a free radical scavenging assay. Furthermore, both extracts were found to suppress intracellular ROS generation and exhibit antimutagenic activity against food-borne carcinogens in S. typhimurium. They also attenuated lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in RAW 264.7 cells by inhibiting the expression of nitric oxide, iNOS, COX-2, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 through the suppression of NF-κB activation and translocation. However, PLEf exhibited a higher ability to suppress cellular ROS production and higher antimutagenic and anti-inflammatory activities than PLEd, which can be attributed to its combination of phytochemical components. Overall, PLEf and PLEd have the potential to serve as natural bioactive antioxidant, antimutagenic, and anti-inflammatory agents to achieve potential health benefits.