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A new species of bivalve mollusk dwelling palaemonid shrimp of the genus Odontonia is described from the Berau Islands, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. This is the only Odontonia species recorded as a symbiont of a bivalve mollusk, all other congeners are known to associate with solitary ascidians. The new species belongs to the group wherein the dactylus of the ambulatory pereiopods has an accessory tooth. It differs from these species in the absence of a forward directed proximal tooth on the flexor margin of the corpus of the ambulatory dactyli. It also lacks the small denticles posterior to the distoventral accessory tooth on the dactylar corpus.

Macrobrachium rosenbergii (M. rosenbergii), is a major aquaculture species in China and Southeast Asia. However, infection with Spiroplasma eriocheiris (S. eriocheiris) has caused huge economic losses to the cultivation of M. rosenbergii. Currently, there are few reports on the immune response mechanism of M. rosenbergii that are infected with S. eriocheiris. To clarify the immune response mechanism of M. rosenbergii infected with S. eriocheiris, the key immune genes which respond to the infection with the pathogen and the regulation of related microRNAs (miRNAs) on them were identified. In this study, the mRNA and miRNA transcriptome of hepatopancreas of M. rosenbergii at different infection stages were analyzed using high-throughput sequencing and qRT-PCR. In the mRNA transcriptome, 27,703 and 33,402 genes were expressed in healthy and susceptible M. rosenbergii, respectively. By digital gene-expression profiling analysis, 23,929 and 24,325 genes were expressed, and 223 and 373 genes were significantly up-regulated and down-regulated, respectively. A total of 145 key genes related to Toll, IMD, JAK/STAT and MAPK were excavated from the transcriptome. In the miRNA transcriptome, 549 miRNAs (Conserved: 41, PN-type: 83, PC-type: 425) were sequenced, of which 87 were significantly up-regulated and 23 were significantly down-regulated. Among the related immune pathways, there are 259 miRNAs involved in the regulation of target genes in the Toll and IMD pathways, 231 JAK/STAT pathways and 122 MAPK pathways. qRT-PCR differential detection of immune-related miRNAs and mRNAs showed that 22 miRNAs with significant differences (P 0.05) such as mro-miR-100, PC-mro-3p-27 and PN-mro-miR-316 had corresponding regulatory relationships with 22 important immune genes such as TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR5, MyD88, Pelle and Relish in different stages after infection. In this study, the immune genes and related regulatory miRNAs of M. rosenbergii in response to S. eriocheiris infection were obtained. The results can provide basic data to further reveal the immune defense mechanism of M. rosenbergii against S. eriocheiris infection.

Palaemonella orientalis Dana, 1852 (Figs. 9–16) Palaemonella orientalis Dana, 1852a: 26; Dana, 1852b: 583; Weitenweber, 1854: 60; Dana, 1855 (atlas): 12, pl. 38 fig. 4;? De Man, 1888: 552; Borradaile, 1917: 358 (listed); Kemp, 1922: 131–134, figs. 9–11; Edmondson, 1925: 8;? Edmondson, 1933: 212, fig. 124c;? Edmondson, 1946: 252, fig. 152c. Vir orientalis — Holthuis, 1952: 8, 30 (full synonymy); Holthuis, 1953: 55; Holthuis, 1955: 57, fig. 31b (listed); Cloud, 1959: 436 (listed); Bruce, 1972a: 65, fig. 1; Bruce, 1972b: 403–405; Hipeau-Jacquotte, 1972: 8 (listed); Bruce, 1976a: 5; Bruce, 1976b: 95, 144; Bruce, 1976c: 485; Bruce, 1977: 2 (listed); Bruce, 1979: 218; Bruce, 1981: 79; Bruce, 1984: 144; Bruce, 1990: 13, 17, 19 (listed); Chace & Bruce, 1993: 64, 131–132; Fransen, 1994: 141 (in part, only RMNH.CRUS.D.42991); De Grave, 2000: 144; Hayashi, 2001: 62, fig. 406a–d; Bruce, 2003: 246 (listed); Fransen & Holthuis, 2007: 101 (listed); Li et al., 2007: 305, fig. 157 (listed). non Palaemonella orientalis — Spence Bate, 1888: 787, pl. 128 fig. 4; Estampador, 1937: 48. (= Periclimenes batei (Borradaile, 1917)). non Palaemonella orientalis — Rathbun, 1906: 925. (= Brachycarpus biunguiculatus (H. Lucas, 1846)). Material examined. MNHN-IU-2022-2001: 2 males, pocl. 2.0 and 2.2mm; 1 damaged specimen, pocl. 1.9mm; stn FR18, Vanuatu, Santo, NW Tutuba Island, 15°19′47.892″S, 167°10′1.128″E, 18.ix.2006, depth unknown, steep reef slope, collected by C.H.J.M. Fransen, GenBank accession no. OP326600 (16S). RMNH. CRUS.D.58034: 1 ovigerous female, pocl. 2.3mm: stn MAL.19.068. Maldives, N Nilandhe Atoll, Magoodhoo Island, lagoon in front of station, 3°4′51.92″N, 72°57′57.74″E, 15.v.2014, depth 0–2 m, among Pocillopora spec. and Acropora spec., collected by C.H.J.M. Fransen, GenBank accession no. OP326601 (16S). RMNH. CRUS.D.58035: 1 ovigerous female pocl. 1.9mm: stn LEM.25, Indonesia, NE Sulawesi, Lembeh Strait, N Pulau Dua, 1°23′28.6434″N, 125°12′58.7154″E, 13.ii.2012, depth 11 m, on Acropora spec., collected by Zoi Farenzena, GenBank accession no. OP326602 (16S). RMNH. CRUS.D.42888: 1 juvenile pocl. 1.50mm; NIOP-E, stn. SEY.603, Mahé, SE coat, just S of Pointe au Sel and Ile Souris, 04°44′S 55°32Έ, depth 1 m, sandy reef flat with isolated granitic rock and intertidal beachrock, snorkeling, between branches of Pocillopora damicornis (Linnaeus, 1758), 7.xii.1992, collected by C.H.J.M. Fransen. Stn. SEM.18, Malaysia, Semporna, Ligitan Isl., Ligitan 4, 04°14′06.5″N 118°48′26.5″E, 4.xii.2010, depth unknown, on Acropora spec., not collected, photograph by C.H.J.M. Fransen. Description. Small shrimp of subcylindrical body form. Carapace smooth. Rostrum (Fig. 9A–C) well developed, straight, horizontal, reaching distal margin of scaphocerite, with 6–9 acute dorsal teeth on rostrum proper, sometimes proximalmost tooth postorbital; ventral margin with single row of short setae, with 1–2 acute teeth at level of distal margin of ultimate segment of antennular peduncle. Orbit obsolescent (Fig. 9A–C); inferior orbital angle slightly produced; antennal spine long, slender, acute and marginal, reaching distal margin of basicerite; hepatic spine absent; anterolateral angle of carapace rounded, not produced. Abdomen (Fig. 9D, 16A) normal, third tergite not produced, sixth segment (Fig. 9D) about 1.5 times length of fifth, 1.1 times longer than deep, with posterolateral and posteroventral angles bluntly produced; pleura of first five segments enlarged, broadly rounded (Fig. 9D). Telson (Fig. 9E) about 1.6 times longer than sixth abdominal segment, 2.2 times longer than proximal width, lateral margins convergent, sublinear, with two pairs of small subequal dorsal spines at about 0.51 and 0.74 of telson length, distal margin (Fig. 9F) 0.29 of proximal margin width, rounded, without median process, lateral spines small, similar to dorsal spines, intermediate spines robust, 4.5 times as long as lateral spines, submedian spines almost half length of intermediate spines, setulose. Eye (Fig. 9A) with whitish globular cornea with red lines, with distinct accessory pigment spot dorsally; cornea almost as wide as maximum width of eyestalk; eyestalk 1.1 times longer than maximum width. Antennula (Fig. 10A) normal; basal segment of antennular peduncle about half as long as scaphocerite, with acute ventromedial tooth, distal margin convex, with plumose setae, distolateral tooth reaching halfway intermediate segment, lateral margin slightly convex, medial margin straight with row of plumose setae, statocyst normal; stylocerite slender, acute, reaching to half segment length; intermediate and distal segments subequal in length, together about 0.5 of basal segment length; flagella long, slender, upper flagellum biramous, proximal 6 segments fused, shorter free ramus with 3 segments, with 12 groups of aesthetascs, longer free ramus slender. Antenna (Fig. 10B) normal; basicerite without distolateral spine; ischiocerite and merocerite normal; carpocerite subcylindrical, reaching to about 0.25 of scaphocerite length; flagellum well developed; scaphocerite extending well beyond antennular peduncle, 3 times longer than maximum width, distal margin rather small, broadly rounded, lateral margin concave with acute distolateral tooth exceeding distal margin of lamina. Epistome and labrum normal. Fourth thoracic sternite (Fig. 9G) with strong, broad, blunt, median process. Fifth thoracic sternite (Fig. 9G) with shallow lateral plates posteromedial of second pereiopods with triangular submedian processes. Sixth to eight thoracic sternites unarmed, increasing in width posteriorly. Mandible (Fig. 11A–C) robust, with small one- or two-segmented palp with few small simple setae; molar process stout with large angular teeth and brushes of stout setae; incisor process also stout with three large acute distal teeth. Maxillula (Fig. 11D) with upper lacinia slender, with two rows of robust simple and serrulate spines medially; lower lacinia slender, setose distally; palp distinctly bilobed, upper lobe with single small simple seta, lower lobe with a small, ventral, single, short, recurved seta. Maxilla (Fig. 11E) with basal endite well developed, entire, not bilobed, fringed medially by many long simple and serrulate setae; coxal endite obsolete, median margin straight, without setae; scaphognathite about twice as long as proximal width; palp well developed, basally broad, tapering distally, indistinctly two-segmented, with few plumose setae on lateral border. First maxilliped (Fig. 12A) with basal and coxal endites distinct; basal endite broad, anterolateral border sparsely setose, medial margin straight, with numerous slender simple and serrulate setae; coxal endite medially straight, sparsely setose; exopod well developed, flagellum with about 6 plumose setae distally, caridean lobe small, narrow; coxa with very large bilobed exopod, anterior lobe slightly larger than posterior lobe; palp tapering distally with one large plumose seta subdistally on medial border. Second maxilliped (Fig. 12B) with endopod normally developed; with dactylar segment narrow, 4 times longer than broad, densely fringed with numerous coarsely serrulate, spiniform, and long curled, finely serrulate setae medially; distomedial lobe of propodal segment rounded, with row of long slender simple and serrulate setae, ventrolateral margin devoid of setae; carpal segment distomedially angular, without setae, unarmed; meral segment medially excavate, without setae; basal and ischial segments fused, both segments medially excavate, with few short setae medially; exopod normal, with long plumose setae distally; coxal segment slightly produced medially, with few long setae; epipod small, simple, subrectangular, without podobranch. Third maxilliped (Fig. 12C) with endopod slender, reaching with terminal segment beyond carpocerite; ischiomerus and basis distinct, ischiomerus 6 times longer than wide, flattened and twisted, setose medially, otherwise glabrous, with 2 robust spines in distal part; carpal segment 4.5 times longer than wide, 0.72 of ischiomeral length, subcylindrical, with groups of long serrulate setae medially; terminal segment 0.52 of ischiomeral segment, tapering distally with terminal spine, medial margin with groups of short serrulate setae; basis with few simple setae along slightly convex median margin; exopod well developed, reaching distal margin of ischiomerus, with numerous plumose setae distally; coxa with small medial lobe and rounded epipod laterally. First pereiopods (Fig. 13A) slender, exceeding carpocerite with distal part merus, carpus and chela; chela normal, slightly compressed, palm about twice as long as deep, with several rows of cleaning setae proximoventrally, fingers about as long as palm, slender, tapering, both with brushes of simple setae and hooked tip distally, cutting edges simple, entire; carpus 1.3 times chela length, slender, 6 times longer than distal width, tapering slightly proximally, with several cleaning setae distoventrally; merus about as long as carpus, about 7 times longer than wide; ischium and basis with several long simple setae medially; coxa with small setose ventromedial lobe. Second pereiopods (Fig. 13B) equal and similar; chela (Fig. 13C) about 1.6 times carapace length, palm smooth about 3.3 times longer than deep, slightly swollen proximally, fingers (Fig. 13D) 0.7 times palm length, slender, dactylus about 5.5 times longer than proximal depth, dorsal margin slightly convex, tip hooked, acute, cutting edge with 2 teeth in proximal half, distal cutting edge entire; fixed finger similar, with 1 large tooth at level between two dactylar teeth and 3–4 small teeth proximally; carpus about 0.4 of chela length, about 5 times longer than distal width, tapering proximally, constricted then flared distally with blunt angular dorsal lobe; merus slightly longer than carpus, 4.3 times longer than central width, armed with distomesial tooth; ischium about 0.75 length of merus, tapering proximally; basis and coxa without special features. Third pereiopods (Fig. 14A) short, rather robust, exceeding carpocerite by carpus, propodus and dactylus; dactylus (Fig. 14B) simple, curved, 0.19 of propodus length, 1.7 times longer than proximal depth, corpus 1.1 times longer than proximal width, distal width 0.28 times proximal width, dorsal margin convex, with 3–4 simple setae at about 0.65 of length, ventral margin proximally slightly convex, distally concave, without accessory tooth, without setae; unguis indistinctly demarcated, 0.70 of corpus length, simple, curved, distally acute; propodus almost 7 times longer than wide, slightly compressed, slightly bowed, uniform, with many long slender setae distally, without spines; carpus normal, 0.43 times propodus length, unarmed; merus as long as propodus, 6.4 times longer than wide, uniform, unarmed; ischium, basis and coxa without special features. Fourth pereiopods (Fig. 14C, D) similar to third. Fifth pereiopods (Fig. 15A, B) similar to third and fourth. Uropods (Fig. 9E) extending beyond telson; protopodite robust, unarmed; exopod with lateral margin straight, non-setose, with small acute posterolateral tooth, slightly bending inward, flanked medially by mobile spine twice as long as posterolaterlal tooth; endopod slightly shorter than exopod. Pleopods with endopods shorter than exopods. Ova about 50, size 0.45mm. First pleopod of female (Fig. 15C) with endopod less than half as long as exopod, with many long plumose setae medially and distally. Male endopod of first pleopod (Fig. 15D) half as long as exopod, about 3.5 times longer than wide, with median margin concave, distally slightly expanded, with relatively short plumose marginal setae. Endopod of second pleopod (Fig. 15E) 0.8 times length of exopod; appendix masculina well developed, with several rows of strong serrulate setae, about as long as appendix interna. Size. Maximal pocl. in males 2.2mm, in ovigerous females 2.3mm. Coloration (Fig. 16). Body translucent with white and orange chromatophores. Appendages translucent with white chromatophores at joints. Eyestalks with orange and white longitudinal lines of chromatophores anteriorly. Eyes whitish with red lines and black spot dorsally. White spots at base of uropods. Host. Scleractinia: Pocilloporidae: Pocillopora damicornis (Linnaeus, 1758) (Bruce, 1972a, b; 1976c; 1981; Fransen, 1994); Pocillopora verrucosa (Ellis & Solander, 1786) (Bruce, 1976c; 1984) Stylophora erythraea Von Marenzeller, 1907 (Bruce, 1972b); Stylophora pistillata (Esper, 1792) (Bruce, 1972b). Acroporidae: Acropora spec. (Bruce, 1976 a, 1976b; De Grave, 2000); Distribution. Type locality ‘in mari Suluensi’ (Dana, 1852a). Recorded from ‘Indischen Archipel’ (De Man, 1888); Fiji (Bruce, 1972 a, 1981); Fort Blair, Andaman Islands (Kemp, 1922);? Hawaii (Edmondson, 1925, 1946); Pumgume reef, Murogo reef, Zanzibar and Bamburi, Kenya (Bruce, 1976c); Seychelles (Bruce, 1976b; 1984; Fransen, 1994); Watamu, Kenya (Bruce, 1976a); Macclesfield Bank, South China Sea (Bruce, 1979); Osprey Reef, Coral Sea, Australia (Bruce, 1990); Philippines (Chace & Bruce, 1993); Mariana Islands (Holthuis, 1953); Japan (Hayashi, 2001); Hansa Bay, Papua New Guinea (De Grave, 2000). Now recorded for the first time from the Maldives, Sulawesi (Indonesia), Semporna (Malaysia), and Vanuatu. Remarks. The type description by Dana (1852a) in Latin is brief. It is stated that the rostrum is straight, not overreaching the antennal scales and bears 6 teeth dorsally and one ventrally. On plate 38, fig. 4a of the Atlas published by Dana in 1855, the large antennal tooth and the absence of a hepatic tooth are evident; fig. 4b shows the two-jointed palp on the mandible; fig. 4c and d show the second and third maxillipeds which are similar to those in the present material (Fig. 12B, C). De Man (1888) describes two specimens collected from crinoids in the “Indischen Archipel’. De Man noted the absence of the hepatic spine in his specimens. Bruce (1976b) considered the association of the specimens with crinoids erroneous. Kemp (1922) re-describes the species on the basis of a single specimen from the Andaman Islands. The features described and figured by Kemp (1922) match the characteristics of the present material. The position of the ventral rostral spine halfway the ventral margin of the rostrum is typical for the species. The mandible has an unsegmented palp as in the present specimen from Vanuatu (Fig. 11C). Edmondson (1933, 1946) listed the species form Hawaii. His figure 152c from the 1946 edition, depicting the rostrum and carapace however, shows the presence of a hepatic tooth and a rostrum with 3 ventral teeth. Therefore the specimen he figured cannot be P. orientalis. If this record is based on the same specimen listed by Edmondson in 1925 from Hawaii it is doubtful if the species occurs in Hawaii. The description and figures of the specimens studied by Bruce (1972a) show identical features compared with the present material., Published as part of Fransen, Charles H. J. M., Veer, Eva Van Der & Frolová, Pavlína, 2022, A new species of scleractinian associated shrimp of the genus Palaemonella (Crustacea, Decapoda, Palaemonidae) with a redescription of Palaemonella orientalis Dana, 1852, pp. 557-580 in Zootaxa 5214 (4) on pages 568-578, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5214.4.5, http://zenodo.org/record/7397768, {"references":["Dana, J. D. (1852 a) Conspectus Crustaceorum quae in Orbis Terrarum circumnavigatione, Carolo Wilkes e Classe Reipublicae Foederatae e Duce, lexit et descripsit. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1852, 10 - 28.","Dana, J. D. (1852 b) Crustacea. In: United States Exploring Expedition during the years 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842, under the command of Charles Wilkes, U. S. N., 13, pp. i - viii + 1 - 685.","Weitenweber, R. V. (1854) Aus James Dana's Conspectus of the Crustacea. Lotos. Zeitschrift fur Naturwissenschaften, 4, 5 + 35 + 60 + 107 + 153 + 251.","Dana, J. D. (1855) Crustacea. In: United States Exploring Expedition during the years 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842, under the command of Charles Wilkes, U. S. N., 13, folio atlas, pp. 1 - 27, pls. 1 - 96.","Man, J. G. de (1888) Bericht uber die von Herrn Dr. J. Brock im indischen Archipel gesammelten Decapoden und Stomatopoden. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 53, 215 - 600, pls. 7 - 22 a. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 4747","Borradaile, L. A. (1917) On the Pontoniinae. The Percy Sladen Trust Expedition to the Indian Ocean in 1905, under the leadership of Mr. J. Stanley Gardiner. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, Series 2, 17, 323 - 396, pls. 52 - 57.","Kemp, S. (1922) Notes on Crustacea Decapoda in the Indian Museum. XV. Pontoniinae. Records of the Indian Museum, 24 (2), 113 - 228. https: // doi. org / 10.26515 / rzsi / v 24 / i 2 / 1922 / 163464","Edmondson, C. H. (1925) Crustacea. Marine zoology of tropical Central Pacific (Tanager Expedition Publication no. 1). Bulletin of the Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, 27, 3 - 62, pls. 1 - 4.","Edmondson, C. H. (1933) Reef and shore fauna of Hawaii. Special Publication, Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, 22, i - ii + 1 - 295.","Edmondson, C. H. (1946) Reef and shore fauna of Hawaii. Special Publication, Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, 22, i - iii + 1 - 381, figs. 1 - 223. [revised edition]","Holthuis, L. B. (1952) The Decapoda of the Siboga Expedition. Part XI. The Palaemonidae collected by the Siboga and Snellius Expeditions with remarks on other species. II. Subfamily Pontoniinae. Siboga Expedition Monograph, 39 a 10, 1 - 254.","Holthuis, L. B. (1953) Enumeration of the Decapoda and stomatopod Crustacea from Pacific coral islands. Atoll Research Bulletin, 24, 1 - 66. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00775630.24.1","Holthuis, L. B. (1955) The Recent genera of the caridean and stenopodidean shrimps (class Crustacea, order Decapoda, supersection Natantia) with keys for their determination. Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden, 26, 1 - 157.","Cloud, P. E. Jr. (1959) Geology of Saipan Mariana Islands. Part 4. Submarine Topography and Shoal-Water Ecology. Geological Survey Professional Paper, 280 - K, i - vi + 361 - 445. https: // doi. org / 10.3133 / pp 280 K","Bruce, A. J. (1972 a) A report on a small collection of pontoniid shrimps from Fiji, with the description of a new species of Coralliocaris Stimpson (Crustacea, Decapoda, Natantia, Pontoniinae). Pacific Science, 26, 63 - 86.","Bruce, A. J. (1972 b) A review of information upon the coral hosts of commensal shrimps of the subfamily Pontoniinae, Kingsley, 1878 (Crustacea Decapoda, Palaemonidae). In: Proceedings of the Symposium on Corals and Coral Reefs, 1969. The Marine biological Association of India, Cochin, pp. 339 - 418.","Hipeau-Jacquotte, R. (1972) Etude des crevettes Pontoniinae (Palaemonidae) associees aux mollusques Pinnidae a Tulear (Madagascar). CNRS A. O. 4845. Thesis, Universite d'Aix-Marseille, Marseille, 212 pp.","Bruce, A. J. (1976 a) A report on a small collection of shrimps from Kenya National Marine Park at Malindi, with notes on selected species. Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden, 145, 1 - 72.","Bruce, A. J. (1976 b) A report on some pontoniinid shrimps collected from the Seychelle Islands by the F. R. V. \" Manihine \", 1972, with a review of the Seychelles pontoniinid shrimp fauna. Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology, 59, 89 - 153, figs. 1 - 30, tabs. 1 - 8. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1976. tb 01012. x","Bruce, A. J. (1976 c) A synopsis of the pontoniinid shrimp fauna of East Africa. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India, 16 (2), 462 - 490. [1974]","Bruce, A. J. (1977) The hosts of the coral-associated Indo-West Pacific pontoniine shrimps. Atoll Research Bulletin, 205, 1 - 19. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00775630.205.1","Bruce, A. J. (1979) Records of some Pontoniinid shrimps from the South China Sea. Cahiers de l'Indo-Pacifique, 1 (2), 215 - 248.","Bruce, A. J. (1981) Pontoniine shrimps from Viti Levu, Fijian Islands. Micronesica, 17 (1 & 2), 77 - 95, figs. 1 - 11.","Bruce, A. J. (1984) Marine caridean shrimps of the Seychelles. In: Stoddard, D. R. (Ed.), Biogeography and ecology of the Seychelles Islands. Junk Publishers, The Hague, pp. 141 - 169.","Bruce, A. J. (1990) Recent additions to the pontoniine shrimp fauna of Australia. The Beagle, Records of the Northern Territory Museum of Arts and Sciences, 7 (2), 9 - 20.","Chace, F. A. & Bruce, A. J. (1993) The caridean shrimps (Crustacea: Decapoda) of the Albatross Philippine Expedition 1907 - 1910, Part 6: Superfamily Palaemonoidea. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 543, 1 - 152, figs. 1 - 23. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00810282.543","Fransen, C. H. J. M. (1994) Marine palaemonoid shrimps of the Netherlands Seychelles Expedition 1992 - 1993. Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden, 297, 85 - 152.","De Grave, S. (2000) Caridean shrimps (Crustacea, Decapoda) from Hansa Bay, Papua New Guinea: Palaemonidae and Gnathophyllidae. Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Biologie, 70, 119 - 148.","Hayashi, K. - I. (2001) Prawns, shrimps and lobsters from Japan (116). Family Palaemonidae, subfamily Pontoniinae - genera Vir and Hamopontonia. Aquabiology, Tokyo, 132, 62 - 66.","Bruce, A. J. (2003) The Pontoniine shrimp fauna of Hong Kong and the south China sea (Malacostraca: Decapoda: Palaemonidae). In: Morton, B. (Ed.), Proceedings of an International Workshop Reunion Conference, Hong Kong: Perspectives on Marine Environment Change in Hong Kong and Southern China, 1977 - 2001. Hong Kong University Press, Hong Kong, pp. 209 - 257.","Fransen, C. H. J. M. & Holthuis, L. B. (2007) Vir smiti spec. nov., a new scleractinian associated pontoniine shrimp (Crustacea: Decapoda: Palaemonidae) from the Indo-West Pacific. Zoologische Mededelingen, Leiden, 81 (4), 101 - 114.","Li, X., Liu, R., Liang, X. & Chen, G. (2007) Fauna Sinica: Invertebrata. Vol. 44. Crustacea: Decapoda: Palaemonoidea. Science Press, Beijing, ii + 381 pp. [in Chinese]","Spence Bate, C. (1888) Report on the Crustacea Macrura collected by the Challenger during the years 1873 - 76. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger During the Years 1873 - 76, Zoology, 24 (Part 52), i - xc + 1 - 942.","Estampador, E. P. (1937) List of Philippine crustacean decapods. The Philippine Journal of Science, 62, 465 - 559.","Rathbun, M. J. (1906) The Brachyura and Macrura of the Hawaiian islands. Bulletin of the United States Fish Commission, 23 (3), 827 - 930."]}

Palaemonella rubrolineata sp. nov. (Figs. 1–8) Palaemonella spec.: Frolová et al., in prep.. Material examined. MZB Cru 5448: 1 ovigerous female holotype, pocl. 2.2mm; stn RAJ.41, Indonesia, Raja Ampat Islands, West Papua, SE Gam, Desa Besir, 00°27.802′S, 130°41.243′E, 2.xii.2007, depth 5 m, on Pocillopora damicornis, collected by C.H.J.M. Fransen, CF142. Paratypes. RMNH.CRUS.D. 53070: 2 ovigerous females, pocl. 2.1–2.2mm; 1 male, pocl. 1.5mm; same locality as holotype, GenBank accession nrs. OP306073 (COI); OP304831 (16S). RMNH.CRUS.D. 48816: 2 ovigerous females, pocl. 1.6 and 1.8mm; 2 non-ovigerous females with abdominal bopyroid, pocl. 1.5mm; 4 males, one with bopyroids on abdomen and antennula, pocl. 0.8–1.6mm; stn MAL.15, Indonesia, Moluccas, Ambon, Ambon bay, S coast, cape W of Amahusu, 03°44′S 128°08′E, 16.xi.1996, depth ca. 15 m, scuba diving, on Seriatopora hystrix, collected by C.H.J.M. Fransen. RMNH.CRUS.D. 53067: 1 male pocl. 2.2mm, 1 juvenile pocl. 1.6mm; stn RAJ.02, Indonesia, Raja Ampat Islands, West Papua, E Kri Island, Sorido resort lagoon, near jetty, 00°33.347′S 130°41.225′E, 19.xi.2007, depth unknown, on Seriatopora hystrix; collected by E. van der Veer, GenBank accession no. OP326597 (16S), photo C.H.J.M. Fransen. RMNH.CRUS.D. 53068: 1 ovigerous female (rostrum broken, P2–5 missing), pocl. 1.8mm; stn RAJ.49, Indonesia, Raja Ampat Islands, West Papua, NW off Mansuar I., Lalosi reef, 00°32.892′S 130°29.852′E, 6.xii.2007, depth unknown, on Seriatopora hystrix, collected by E. van der Veer, GenBank accession no. OP326598 (16S), photo C.H.J.M. Fransen. MNHN-IU- 2014- 22476: 1 ovigerous female, pocl. 1.9mm; stn FR18, Vanuatu, Santo, NW Tutuba Island, 15°19′47.892″S 167°10′1.128″E, 18.ix.2006, depth unknown, steep reef slope, collected by C.H.J.M. Fransen, GenBank accession no. OP326599 (16S). Description. Small slender shrimp of slightly compressed body form. Carapace (Fig. 1A) smooth, slightly swollen posteriorly; orbit obsolescent; inferior orbital angle slightly produced; antennal spine long, slender, acute and marginal, reaching distal margin of basicerite; hepatic spine distinct, slightly shorter than antennal spine, located distinctly lower than antennal spine; anterolateral angle rounded, not produced. Rostrum (Fig. 1A–C) well developed, straight, horizontal, reaching distal margin of scaphocerite, with 6 or 7 acute dorsal teeth, of which 0–2 small and subdistal, slightly separated from proximal teeth, proximalmost tooth postorbital, second tooth at level of orbit; ventral margin with single row of short setae, with single acute tooth at level of distal margin of intermediate segment of antennular peduncle. Abdomen (Fig. 8A, B) normal, third tergite not produced, sixth segment (Fig. 1D) about 1.9 times length of fifth, 1.3 times longer than deep, with posterolateral and posteroventral angles bluntly produced; pleura of first four segments enlarged, broadly rounded, fifth segment (Fig. 1D) with posterolateral tooth. Telson (Fig. 1E) about 1.4 times longer than sixth abdominal segment, 2.0 times longer than proximal width, lateral margins convergent, sublinear, with two pairs of small subequal dorsal spines at about 0.51 and 0.74 of telson length, distal margin (Fig. 1F) about 0.32 of proximal margin width, rounded, without median process, lateral spines small, similar to dorsal spines, intermediate spines robust, 4.6 times as long as lateral spines, submedian spines about half length of intermediate spines, setulose. Eye (Fig. 1A) with whitish globular cornea with red lines, with distinct accessory pigment spot dorsally; cornea almost as wide as maximum width of eyestalk; eyestalk 1.2 times longer than maximum width. Antennula (Fig. 2A) normal; basal segment of antennular peduncle about half as long as scaphocerite, with acute ventromedial tooth, distal margin convex, with plumose setae, distolateral tooth reaching halfway intermediate segment, lateral margin slightly convex, medial margin straight with row of plumose setae, statocyst normal; stylocerite slender, acute, reaching to half segment length; intermediate and distal segments subequal in length, together about 0.5 of basal segment length; flagella long, slender, upper flagellum biramous, proximal 8–16 segments fused (usually 9–10), shorter free ramus with 3 segments, with 5–10 groups of aesthetascs, longer free ramus slender. Antenna (Fig. 2B) normal; basicerite armed with short acute distolateral spine; ischiocerite and merocerite normal; carpocerite subcylindrical, reaching to about 0.25 of scaphocerite length; flagellum well developed; scaphocerite extending well beyond antennular peduncle, 4 times longer than maximum width, distal margin rather small, broadly rounded, lateral margin concave with acute distolateral tooth exceeding distal margin of lamina. Epistome and labrum normal. Fourth thoracic sternite (Fig. 1G) with strong, broad, blunt, median process. Fifth thoracic sternite (Fig. 1G) with shallow lateral plates posteromedial of second pereiopods with acute triangular submedian processes. Sixth to eight thoracic sternites unarmed, increasing in width posteriorly. Mandible (Fig. 3A) robust, with small unsegmented palp with few small simple setae; molar process stout with large angular teeth and brushes of stout setae; incisor process also stout with three large acute distal teeth. Maxillula (Fig. 3B) with upper lacinia slender, with two rows of robust simple and serrulate spines medially; lower lacinia slender, setose distally; palp distinctly bilobed, upper lobe with single small simple seta, lower lobe with a small, ventral, single, short, recurved seta. Maxilla (Fig. 3C) with basal endite well developed, distinctly bilobed; distal and proximal lacinia equal in length, both fringed medially by many long simple setae, median border without setae; coxal endite obsolete, median margin straight, without setae; scaphognathite about twice as long as proximal width; palp well developed, basally broad, tapering distally, indistinctly two-segmented, with few plumose setae on lateral border. First maxilliped (Fig. 4A) with basal and coxal endites distinct; basal endite broad, anterolateral border sparsely setose, medial margin straight, with numerous slender simple and serrulate setae; coxal endite medially biconvex, sparsely setose; exopod well developed, flagellum with about 6 plumose setae distally, caridean lobe small, narrow; coxa with very large bilobed exopod, anterior lobe slightly larger than posterior lobe; palp tapering distally with one large plumose seta subdistally on medial border. Second maxilliped (Fig. 4B) with endopod normally developed; with dactylar segment narrow, 4 times longer than broad, densely fringed with numerous coarsely serrulate, spiniform, and long curled, finely serrulate setae medially; distomedial lobe of propodal segment slightly produced, rounded, with row of long slender simple and serrulate setae, ventrolateral margin devoid of setae; carpal segment distomedially angular, without setae, unarmed; meral segment medially excavate, without setae; basal and ischial segments fused, both segments medially excavate, with few short setae medially; exopod normal, with long plumose setae distally; coxal segment slightly produced medially, with few long setae; epipod small, simple, subrectangular, without podobranch. Third maxilliped (Fig. 4C) with endopod slender, reaching with terminal segment beyond carpocerite; ischiomerus and basis distinct, ischiomerus almost 5 times longer than wide, flattened and twisted, setose medially, otherwise glabrous, with 3 robust spines in distal two thirds; carpal segment 5 times longer than wide, 0.90 of ischiomeral length, subcylindrical, with groups of long serrulate setae medially; terminal segment 0.55 of ischiomeral segment, tapering distally with terminal spine, medial margin with groups of short serrulate setae; basis with few simple setae along slightly convex median margin; exopod well developed, reaching distal margin of ischiomerus, with numerous plumose setae distally; coxa with small medial lobe and rounded epipod laterally. First pereiopods (Fig. 5A) slender, exceeding carpocerite with distal part merus, carpus and chela; chela (Fig. 5B) normal, slightly compressed, palm twice as long as deep, with several rows of cleaning setae proximoventrally, fingers about as long as palm, slender, tapering, both with brushes of simple setae and hooked tip distally, cutting edges simple, entire; carpus 1.5 times chela length, slender, 6 times longer than distal width, tapering slightly proximally, with several cleaning setae distoventrally; merus about as long as carpus, about 7 times longer than wide; ischium and basis with several long simple setae medially; coxa with small setose ventromedial lobe. Second pereiopods (Fig. 5C, E) equal and similar; chela about 2.6 times carapace length, palm smooth about 3.3 times longer than deep, slightly swollen proximally, fingers (Fig. 5D, F) 0.6 times palm length, slender, dactylus about 5.4 times longer than proximal depth, dorsal margin slightly convex, tip hooked, acute, cutting edge with 2 teeth in proximal half, distal cutting edge entire; fixed finger similar, with 1 large tooth at level between two dactylar teeth and 3 small teeth proximally; carpus about 0.4 of chela length, about 5 times longer than distal width, tapering proximally, constricted then flared distally with blunt angular dorsal lobe; merus slightly longer than carpus, 6.4 times longer than central width, armed with distomesial tooth; ischium about 0.5 length of merus, tapering proximally; basis and coxa without special features. Third pereiopods (Fig. 6A) slender, exceeding carpocerite by carpus, propodus and dactylus; dactylus (Fig. 6B) simple, slightly curved, 0.18 of propodus length, 3.6 times longer than proximal depth, corpus 2.6 times longer than proximal width, distal width 0.36 times proximal width, dorsal margin convex, with 3–4 simple setae at about 0.65 of length, ventral margin proximally slightly convex, distally concave, armed, with minute distal accessory tooth, without setae; unguis indistinctly demarcated, 0.42 of corpus length, simple, curved, distally acute; propodus about 13 times longer than wide, slightly compressed, straight, uniform, with many long slender setae distally, with one distoventral spine and two similar spines in distal third; carpus normal, about almost half propodus length, unarmed; merus as long as propodus, 9.3 times longer than wide, uniform, unarmed; ischium, basis and coxa without special features. Fourth pereiopods (Fig. 6C, D) similar to third, slightly longer. Fifth pereiopods (Fig. 7A, B) similar to fourth, slightly longer, propodus with one subdistal ventral spine, few rows of serrulate setae distoventrally. Uropods (Fig. 1E) extending beyond telson; protopodite robust, unarmed; exopod with lateral margin straight, non-setose, with small acute posterolateral tooth, flanked medially by mobile spine twice as long as posterolaterlal tooth; endopod slightly shorter than exopod. Pleopods with endopods shorter than exopods. Ova about 50, size 0.38mm. First pleopod of female with endopod almost half as long as exopod, with long plumose setae medially and distally. Male endopod of first pleopod (Fig. 7C) half as long as exopod, about 3.5 times longer than wide, with median margin concave, distally slightly expanded, with relatively short plumose marginal setae. Endopod of second pleopod (Fig. 7D) 0.8 times length of exopod; appendix masculina well developed, with several rows of strong serrulate setae, just falling short of appendix interna. Size. Maximal pocl. in males 1.6mm, in ovigerous females 2.2mm. Coloration (Fig. 8). Body and appendages translucent with reddish tinge. Thorax and abdomen with few yellow spots and small white chromatophores. Eyestalks with red longitudinal lines and few white chromatophores anteriorly. Red spots at base of uropods and at joints of pereiopods. Cutting edges of second pereiopod chela red. Host. Scleractinia: Pocilloporidae: Pocillopora damicornis (Linnaeus, 1758) and Seriatopora hystrix Dana, 1846. Distribution. The species has been recorded from Ambon and Raja Ampat, Indonesia and Santo, Vanuatu. Etymology. Named after the red stripes on the cutting edges of the chelae and on the eyestalks combining the Latin word ‘ruber’ = red and ‘lineatus’ = stripes. Remarks. The new species is most closely related to P. orientalis (see Frolová et al., in prep.). A unique feature both species share is the wreath of long setae at the distal part of the ambulatory propodi (Figs. 6A–D, 7A, B, 14A–D, 15A, B). The new species differs from P. orientalis in: 1) the presence of a hepatic spine (Fig. 1A) which is absent in P. orientalis (Fig. 9A); 2) the more slender body and longer appendages (Fig. 8) than in P. orientalis (Fig. 16A); 3) the more slender rostrum (Fig. 1A–C) than in P. orientalis (Fig. 9A–C); 4) the pleura of the fifth abdominal segment having a posterolateral tooth (Fig. 1D) while it is broadly rounded in P. orientalis (Fig. 9D); 5) having the fingers of the first pereiopods without rows of long serrate setae distally (Fig. 5B) whereas these are present in P. orientalis (Fig. 13A); 6) having the cutting edges of the second chela as well as the joints of the pereiopods dark red coloured (Fig. 8A, B) while these are translucent in P. orientalis (Fig. 16A)., Published as part of Fransen, Charles H. J. M., Veer, Eva Van Der & Frolová, Pavlína, 2022, A new species of scleractinian associated shrimp of the genus Palaemonella (Crustacea, Decapoda, Palaemonidae) with a redescription of Palaemonella orientalis Dana, 1852, pp. 557-580 in Zootaxa 5214 (4) on pages 558-568, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5214.4.5, http://zenodo.org/record/7397768

Salinity changes in transitional water ecosystems are a natural feature, but anthropogenic direct or indirect impacts are drastically altering their equilibrium and, therefore, their biological communities. Females of three species of Palaemonidae shrimps (the invasive Palaemon macrodactylus and the native P. adspersus and P. elegans) were collected in nature and kept in laboratory at salinities 20 and 30. For each species, the reproductive strategy (investment devoted to reproduction) and the reproductive performance (larval output and hatching success) were determined. Significant differences were observed comparing the three species, highlighting an opportunistic r-strategy in P. macrodactylus and P. elegans, while P. adspersus resulted to produce fewer and larger eggs. Palaemon elegans showed a lower hatching success than the other two species, and the size-adjusted larval output appeared to be highly sensitive to salinity variations, with a strong increase under euhaline conditions (salinity 30), while this increase was limited in the other two species. The selected species were used as model organisms to understand which could be the shift in biological communities due to salinity variations. Data suggest that a shift towards euhaline conditions will favor the native populations, while a shift towards mesohaline waters could determine an increase of the invasive shrimps.

Каменная креветка Palaemon elegans Rathke, 1836 – широко распространенный инвазивный вид, бентофаг-полифаг, значимый в питании рыб, в ряде стран – промысловый объект. После вселения в Балтийское море успешно акклиматизировалась, широко распространилась, вытеснив аборигенные виды креветок палемонов. Наблюдается недостаток знаний о биологии креветки из морских поселений у берегов Калининградской области. Получены новые данные о размерных, половых, весовых характеристиках и репродукции P. elegans Юго-Восточной Балтики. Соотношение полов чаще приближалось к равному, общая длина тела составила 9,8–50,0 мм при длине карапакса 4,0–11,6; максимальные размеры самок больше, чем самцов. Масса тела креветок достигала 1,37 г; весовой рост несколько опережал линейный. Первое спаривание у самок могло происходить при длине карапакса до 5 мм; при 4–9 мм они впервые созревали и нерестились, откладывая до 1500 яиц размерами 0,45–0,58 х 0,50–0,60 мм, эмбрионов вынашивали. За первую половину эмбриогенеза наблюдалось увеличение объема яиц в среднем в 1,4 раза; значимых потерь эмбрионов не обнаружено. За нерестовый сезон (май – начало сентября) самки могут размножаться минимум дважды. Оценка половых, размерных, репродукционных параметров у креветок трех морских поселений показала их достаточное единообразие. Сравнение полученных результатов с таковыми для креветок Калининградского залива позволило предположить, что поселения моря и залива – части одной популяции вида Palaemon elegans в водах Калининградской области.

Superoxide dismutases (SODs) are the main antioxidant enzymes involved in alleviating oxidative stress. Although mitochondrial manganese SOD (mMnSOD) has been reported to be correlated with the immune response in crustaceans, its biological properties and role in the immune response remain unclear. Here, we cloned the Macrobrachium rosenbergii mMnSOD (MrmMnSOD), analyzed its activity and expression pattern under Staphylococcus aureus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection, and further explored its possible mechanism during antibacterial immune response. The results showed that both enzyme activity and the expression of MrmMnSOD were significantly up-regulated by bacterial infection. MrmMnSOD knockdown made the prawn susceptible to Vibrio infection, which increased the mortality rate and the number of bacteria in haemocytes. The bacterial agglutination assay confirmed that MrmMnSOD decreases bacterial abundance via agglutination. Overall, this work identified antibacterial function of MrmMnSOD in the immune response. In addition to contributing to immunological theory, these findings aid disease prevention and control in crustacean aquaculture.

This study dealt with three species of ornamental palaemonid freshwater prawns of the genus Macrobrachium, based on morphological and molecular analysis. Macrobrachium pentazona He, Gao & Guo, 2009; M. laevis Zheng, Chen & Guo, 2019; and M. bilineare sp. nov. are distinguishable from closely related species by segmental ratios, spination of the second pereiopods and the slender scaphocerite. Macrobrachium bilineare sp. nov. can easily be recognized in the field by its bright colour pattern. Molecular evidence of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI), also supports the characterization of this new species, raising the total number of Macrobrachium spp. known from China to 41. Detailed description, illustrations, colour photographs, habitat information, distribution maps and features of conservation significance are also briefly discussed.

Macrobrachium rosenbergii is an economically important source of crustacean seafood worldwide. Vibrio parahaemolyticus is an important aquatic pathogen that causes epidemics of acute hepatopancreatic necrosis in shrimp populations, which results in significant economic losses to aquaculture farmers. To prevent the antibiotics abuse, which has become a serious threat to human health, novel anti-infective strategies are urgently required to control V. parahaemolyticus. Antimicrobial peptides, which exhibit favourable germicidal activity compared to traditional antibiotics, can be used as a key method to prevent and treat bacterial diseases. Herein, an antimicrobial peptide, bomidin, was expressed through genetic engineering technology. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of bomidin showed a significant inhibitory effect on V. parahaemolyticus that was equivalent to that of ampicillin. Subsequently, the mechanism of action of recombinant bomidin was explored using PNP and ONPG assays to investigate the effects on membrane permeability. These assays indicated that bomidin penetrated the germ membrane and induced the release of cytoplasmic contents and ultimately interacted with DNA to form a bomidin-DNA complex that inhibits bacterial survival. Transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy revealed that bomidin could cause damage and dysfunction to the cell wall and membrane. Bomidin was nontoxic to mouse red blood cells within a concentration range that was much larger than the MIC. Toxicity assays revealed that 0.02 mg/mL bomidin was safe for use with juvenile freshwater prawns of M. rosenbergii and significantly inhibited the growth of V. parahaemolyticus in cultured water. These results demonstrated that synthetic peptide bomidin had great antibacterial effect against V. parahaemolyticus and therefore a therapeutic potential in aquaculture.

The eyestalk of crustaceans, such as Macrobrachium nipponense, contains many neurosecretory hormones affecting the process of reproduction, molting, metabolism of glucose, and other functions. In this study, important metabolic pathways and candidate genes involved in male sexual development were selected from M. nipponense. The methodology involved performing long-read and next generation transcriptome sequencing of genes from the androgenic gland after eyestalk ablation. qPCR analysis revealed that the mRNA expression of Mn-IAG was significantly increased after ablation of both the single-side (SS) and double-side (DS) eyestalk, compared with the control group (CG). The long-read transcriptome generated 49,840 non-redundant transcripts. A total of 1319, 2092 and 4351 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between CG versus SS, SS versus DS and CG versus DS, respectively. These data indicated that ablation of the double-sided eyestalk played stronger regulatory roles than the single-side ablation on male sexual development in M. nipponense. This was consistent with the qPCR analysis. Cell Cycle, Cellular Senescence, Oxidative Phosphorylation, Glycolysis/Gluconeogenesis and Steroid Hormone Biosynthesis were the primary enriched metabolic pathways in all three comparisons, and the important genes from these metabolic pathways were also selected. qPCR permitted secondary confirmation of ten DEGs identified through RNA-seq. RNAi-mediated silencing analyses of Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase like 1 (HSDL1) revealed that HSDL1 has a positive regulatory effect on testes development. This study provides valuable insight into male sexual development in M. nipponense, including metabolic pathways and genes, paving the way for advanced studies on male sexual development in this species and in other crustaceans.

Bopyrid isopods of the genus Probopyrus are well-known parasites of freshwater prawns of the genus Macrobrachium. The parasitism of coastal populations of Macrobrachium amazonicum by Probopyrus bithynis, for example, has been documented since the late 1980s. Despite this, molecular data on different populations are not available for any Probopyrus species. The present study is the first to describe Probopyrus populations from distinct regions of the Amazon basin based on sequences of two genes, the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase C subunit I (COI) and the nuclear 18S ribosomal DNA (18S rDNA) gene. The analyses indicated the presence of two Probopyrus species, each parasitizing either the coastal or the inland populations of M. amazonicum. The results indicated the potential use of the COI barcode for the identification of Probopyrus species. We discuss the potential implications of the findings for the taxonomy of Probopyrus bithynis and other species of the genus Probopyrus.

The present study is the first exhaustive checklist of porcelain crabs (Porcellanidae) distributed on the Pacific and Atlantic (Caribbean) coasts of Panama, based on literature records and material collected between 2006 and 2019. The Panamanian porcellanid fauna is currently composed of a total of 76 species, with 26 species reported from the Caribbean coast, 45 species reported from the Pacific coast, and five species reported from both sides of the Central American Isthmus (Isthmus of Panama). In other words, the Caribbean and Pacific coasts of Panama each harbour, respectively, 31 and 50 species of porcellanid crabs. However, this total includes two problematic porcellanid records from Panama, viz. Clastotoechus nodosus (Streets, 1872) and Petrolisthes brachycarpus Sivertsen, 1933, as well as a putatively undecribed taxon reported as Pachycheles sp. The following four species are recorded for the first time from Panama, viz. Euceramus panatelus Glassell, 1938, Pachycheles riisei (Stimpson, 1859) [also being new for Mexico], Petrolisthes dissimulatus Gore, 1983 and P. tonsorius Haig, 1960. In addition, Minyocerus kirki Glassell, 1938 is newly recorded from Colombia, extending its previously known distributional range significantly southwards. Most species are illustrated in colour, several for the first time, based on material from Panama or other localities. At least 20 further species (16 in the Atlantic, 5 in the Pacific, and 1 in both oceans) are suspected to occur in Panamanian waters, based on their records from the neighbouring Costa Rica and/or Colombia, or their wide distribution in the Caribbean Sea or the tropical eastern Pacific. The presence of several cryptic or pseudocryptic species (at least some of them presumably undescribed), especially in the taxonomically challenging Petrolisthes galathinus (Bosc, 1802) species complex, or the eventual species splitting within some taxa currently seen as transisthmian, will likely further increase the total number of species present in Panama. The porcellanid fauna of Panama is also ecologically remarkably diversified. Most Panamanian porcelain crabs are free-living under rocks, in crevices of rocks, dead coral heads, coralline algae, coral rubble etc., or on mud, among mangrove roots. Euceramus panatelus lives in possibly self-dug burrows in soft mud or muddy sand, whereas its congener E. transversilineatus (Lockington, 1878) may occasionally be found in association with holothuroids. At least 15 further porcellanid species occurring in Panama live in permanent or facultative associations with a variety of other marine organisms, including sponges, cnidarians (octocorals), echinoderms (sea urchins, sea stars, sea cucumbers), polychaetes (parchment worms) and other decapod crustaceans (hermit crabs), making them one of the most attractive groups for studies of symbiosis-related behaviour and evolution.

BackgroundChinese grass shrimp (Palaemonetes sinensis) is an important species widely distributed throughout China, which is ecologically relevant and possesses ornamental and economic value. These organisms have experienced a sharp decline in population due to overfishing. Therefore interest inP. sinensisaquaculture has risen in an effort to alleviate fishing pressure on wild populations. Therefore, we investigated the genetic diversity and variation ofP. sinensisto verify the accuracy of previous research results, as well as to assess the risk of diversity decline in wild populations and provide data for artificial breeding.MethodsPalaemonetes sinensisspecimens from seven locations were collected and their genetic variability was assessed based on mitochondrialCOIgene segments. DNA sequence polymorphisms for each population were estimated using DNASP 6.12. The demographic history and genetic variation were evaluated using Arlequin 3.11. At last, the pairwise genetic distance (Ds) values and dendrograms were constructed with the MEGA 11 software package.ResultsOur study obtained sequences from 325 individuals, and 41 haplotypes were identified among the populations. The haplotype diversity (Hd) and nucleotide diversity (π) indices ranged from 0.244 ± 0.083 to 0.790 ± 0.048 and from 0.0004 ± 0.0001 to 0.0028 ± 0.0006, respectively. Haplotype network analyses identified haplotype Hap_1 as a potential maternal ancestral haplotype for the studied populations. AMOVA results indicated that genetic variations mainly occurred within populations (73.07%). Moreover, according to the maximum variation among groups (FCT), analysis of molecular variance using the optimal two-group scheme indicated that the maximum variation occurred among groups (53.36%). Neutrality and mismatch distribution tests suggested thatP. sinensisunderwent a recent population expansion. Consistent with the SAMOVA analysis and haplotype network analyses, theDs andFSTbetween the population pairs indicated that the JN population was distinctive from the others.ConclusionsOur study conducted a comprehensive characterization of seven wildP. sinensispopulations, and our findings elucidated highly significant differences within populations. The JN population was differentiated from the other six populations, as a result of long-term geographical separation. Overall, the present study provided a valuable basis for the management of genetic resources and a better understanding of the ecology and evolution of this species.

To explore the physiological and behavioral responses of male and female为查明雌雄罗氏沼虾应对低氧胁迫的行为生理响应,设置6.46(对照)、4.48和3.27 mg·L

Polo-like kinase 1 (

Most bopyrid isopod parasites, which are crustaceans themselves, settle in the branchial chamber of decapod crustaceans and feed on host haemolymph. Here we report the results of an experiment on the common prawn Palaemon serratus and the parasite Bopyrus squillarum. Infected and uninfected prawns were stimulated with pokes of a plastic rod until an escape response was triggered; the number of pokes was recorded as an indicator of prawn responsiveness, whereas the time spent moving following stimulation was used as an indicator of prawn activity. Our results show that bopyrid infection affects both prawn responsiveness and activity, with infected prawns requiring more pokes to move, and moving for less time compared to uninfected prawns. In nature, such behavioural changes may impact defence mechanisms and survival of infected prawns. This could contribute to decreases in P. serratus abundance, thereby affecting the coastal ecosystems home to this species and the fisheries reliant on it, such as the Irish shrimp fishery.

The unsuitable substitution ratio of fish meal by plant protein will reshape the intestinal microbial composition and intestine immunity. However, previous studies were mostly limited to investigating how different feed or probiotics characterized the microbial composition but ignored the biological interactions between bacteria and host physiology through secondary metabolites. Therefore, this study integrates the apparent indicators monitoring, 16S rDNA sequencing, and metabonomics to systematically investigate the effects of cottonseed protein concentrate (CPC) substitution of fish meal and

Macrobrachium irwini sp. nov. (Figure 3 & 4) Type material. Holotype. 1 male (ZSI/SRC/C-354) CL (carapace length) 22 mm, TL (total length) 41 mm, collected from Nandhini River at Kateel, Karnataka, India (13°0′44″N; 77°32′10″E), Jan 2022. Coll. Maclean Antony Santos. Paratypes. Male (ZSI/SRC/C-355), CL 19 mm, TL 30 mm; Female (ZSI/SRC/C-356), CL 22 mm, TL 49 mm, same data as holotype. Diagnosis. Rostral formula 13/2 with 6 postorbital teeth, distal end of rostrum slightly curved upwards; carapace scabrous with minute spines, branchial margins with setae; second chelate legs unequal; propodus of second major pereiopod is 2.07 times as long as dactyl and 5.78 times longer than width. Cutting edges of immovable fingers armed with 11–16 tubercles and 10–12 along the movable fingers. The setae on the palm and basal regions of the fingers are matted together to form a velvety covering. Propodus of minor second pereiopod is 1.92 times longer than dactyl and 5.69 times as long as width. Second minor pereiopod with 4–5 tubercles on the immovable fingers and 4 tubercles on the movable fingers at the proximal cutting edges. Orange colouration at the extreme tips of claw. Appendix interna is 1.4 times longer than appendix masculina with numerous stiff setae on distal border, and extended up to 2/3 of endopod. Description. Rostrum (Figure 3 A, B) straight, slightly curved upwards distally, reaching distal margin of third antennular peduncle. Dorsal margin bearded with 13 teeth, 6 teeth appeared behind orbital margin and first three proximal teeth equally spaced. Distal end of the rostrum extends only as far as the terminal segment of antennular peduncle. Ventral margin slightly curved upwards, with two teeth, long setae closely arranged in between them. Carapace (Figure 3 A) scabrous with minute spines; antennal spine well developed, situated below the orbit. Gastro-frontal carina turning anterodorsally upon itself at posterior end. Adrostral sulcus and carina falling distinctly short. Long cervical grooves, extending almost to dorsal midline of carapace. Hepatic spine shorter appeared lower than antennal spine. Hepatic carina and sulcus well marked. Eyes well developed; cornea longer and broader than stalk. Abdomen segments (Figure 3 C) smooth, glabrous, first to third pleura broadly rounded; fourth subtriangular, fifth subrectangular and sixth pleuron with a distal sharp edge at the posterodistal margin. Antennular peduncle (Figure 3 D) three segmented. Middle segment is the shortest. Basal segment of antennular peduncle broad, 1.73 times as longer than middle and 1.44 times as long as the terminal segment. Two branches of outer flagellum of antennule fused basally for 6 segments. Antennal scale (Figure 3 E) large, rectangular, 3.2 times as long as width, lateral margin straight, sharply pointed in disto‐lateral end. Telson (Figure 3 F) conical and slender with two pair of dorsal spines. First and second pair of dorsal spines are located at 2.47 mm and 3.828 mm from the anterior region of telson. Posterior end with two pairs of spines, outer pair smaller than inner pair, a tuft of long plumose setae present in between the inner pair of spines. Telson terminated with a conical spine at the apices. Uropodal diaeresis with an accessory spine longer than the major one bordering long setae. First pleopod (Figure 3 G) The exopods from the first pair of pleopods was approximately twice the length of the endopods. The endopods had no appendix interna and no cincinulli. Second pleopods (Figure 3 H) with well-developed appendix masculine, almost reaching middle of endopod, bearing numerous spines on distal margin. Appendix interna is 1.4 times longer than appendix masculina with numerous stiff setae on distal border, and extended up to 2/3 of endopod. First pereiopod (Figure 4 A, B) slender; ischium slightly inflated, shorter than merus; carpus 2.45 times longer than propodus, 4.64 times than dactyl and 1.3 times than merus. Palm cylindrical, equal length to fingers; fingers slender, equal sized with tufts of setae on outer margins. Second pereiopods (Figure 4 C, D) unequal, dorsal surfaces of dactyl, propodus, carpus, merus and ischium covered with minute spines and long setae. The major second pereiopod sub-equals to size of total body length. Ischium 0.4 times as long as merus; merus subequal to (1.02 times) carpus; carpus short, conical shaped, with proximal part narrow, about 0.4 times as long as propodus; propodus 2.08 times as long as dactyl and 5.78 times longer than width. Fingers nearly straight with pointed tips and dark reddish setae in claw tips, 13–16 blunt teeth along both cutting edges, reduce gradually in size towards the distal end. The setae on the palm and basal regions of the fingers are matted together to form a velvety covering. Minor second pereiopod (Figure 4 E, F) short and slender, with minute spines and setae as on major second pereiopod, about 0.69 times of body length; ischium 0.68 times as long as merus; merus 1.01 times as long as carpus; carpus 0.57 times longer than propodus; propodus 1.92 times longer than dactyl and 5.69 times as long as width. Fingers with blunt teeth on both the proximal cutting edges. Third to firth pereiopods (Figure 4 G–L) nearly equal sized, slender and smooth with long setae scattered on the lateral margins. Dactylus slender, sharply pointed and hooked with tuft of setae. The propodus of pereiopods have 8 prominent spines on the dorso‐ventral margin. Live colour patterns. Male: In wild, the carapace is dark brown. A yellow transverse band runs along the dorsal surface from the rostral tip up to the last abdominal segment. Lateral sides of the abdomen are black with sparsely scattered yellow dots. First and third to fifth pereiopods are encircled with alternative black and yellow bands. Second pereiopods brownish yellow with black claws; extreme tips are orange. Telson black with yellow uropods. (Figure 5 A, B) Female: In wild, the carapace is dark blue.A discontinuous yellow transverse band runs along the dorsal surface from the rostral tip to the last abdominal segment. A prominent yellow and black band around the third abdominal segment. Lateral sides of the abdomen are bluish-black with sparsely scattered yellow dots. First and third to fifth pereiopods are encircled with alternative blue and yellow bands. Second pereiopods blue with extreme tips of the claw in orange. Telson black with blue uropods. (Figure 5 C) In aquarium, the colour fades over time until the body appears translucent. Initially, the first third to fifth pereiopods are encircled with alternative light blue and pale‐yellow bands. Second pereiopods appears yellow with black patches on the margins and dorsal surface. Blue spots towards the distal ends on uropods. Habitat. Specimens of Macrobrachium irwini sp. nov. were collected from a river running through a secondary forest with heavily vegetated banks. The river is fast flowing with deep waters during monsoon to almost dry with few patches of water during the summer season. The topography of the river is rocky bed with rubbles and abundant in aquatic plants, leaf litters and driftwoods that make this place an excellent habitat for freshwater shrimps for feeding and hiding. (Figure 2) Etymology. The new species Macrobrachium irwini sp. nov., has been honoured in the name of Stephen Robert Irwin (also Steve Irwin), nicknamed ‘The Crocodile Hunter’. The ‘ irwini ’ has also been dedicated to his entire family members Terri Irwin (Wife), Robert Irwin (Son), Bindi Irwin (Daughter), Candler Powell (Son in law) and Gracy Warrior (Grand Daughter) for being an inspiration for nature enthusiasts through multitasking role as zookeeper, conservationist, television personality and wildlife photographer. Overall, we would like to dedicate the new species to Irwin’s family efforts in continuing Steve Irwin’s mission of “Conservation Through Exciting Education” in Australia Zoo, Queensland. Distribution. Known only from Nandini River, Kateel, Dakshina Kannada District, Western ghats (Karnataka), India. Remarks. The new species is morphologically different to M. snpurii and M. scabriculum. It can be clearly distinguished from the other species in the genus based on set of characters such as rostrum, tubercles of second pereiopods and color pattern (Table 1). First, the distal end of the rostrum reaching up to the tip of antennular peduncle in M. irwini sp. nov., compared to not exceeding the tip of 3 rd antennular segment in M. snpurii. Whereas in M. scabriculum, it generally reach as far as the tip of the antennular peduncle, but in some cases may fall short or extends slightly beyond (Henderson & Matthai, 1910). Distal end of the rostrum is slightly curved upwards in M. irwini sp. nov., whereas straight in M. scabriculum and upwards in M. snpurii (Pillai & Unnikrishnan, 2013). The dorsal rostral dentition is 13–14 in M. irwini sp. nov., 12–14 in M. snpurii and 12–15 in M. scabriculum. Dorsal margin with 6 post‐orbital teeth in M. irwini sp. nov., 2 in M. snpurii and 4–5 in M. scabriculum. The ventral rostral dentition is 2 in M. irwini sp. nov., compared to 4 in M. snpurii and 2–3 in M. scabriculum. The distance between the ventral rostral teeth clearly varies between M. irwini sp. nov., and M. snpurii. In M. irwini sp. nov., the first three proximal rostral teeth on dorsal region are widely spaced, where in M. snpurii only the first two proximal rostral teeth is widely spaced. Uniform distance is maintained between the remaining series of teeth in M. irwini sp. nov., compared to the even distribution of second to tenth and uneven distribution of tenth to twelfth rostral teeth in M. snpurii. The carapace is rugged and scabrous in M. irwini sp. nov. and M. scabriculum (Jalihal et al. 1988), compared to the smooth and glabrous carapace in M. snpurii. First pereopod: Carpus of M. irwini sp. nov. is 2.5 times longer than propodus compared to is 2.42 times in M. snpurii and 2.0 to 2.3 times in M. scabriculum. Palm is cylindrical in M. irwini sp. nov., and M. snpurii compared to inflated palm in M. scabriculum. Second pereiopods of M. irwini sp. nov., and M. scabriculum is unequal in size for males and subequal for females, however it’s equally sized in M. snpurii. Large second pereiopod of M. irwini sp. nov. have 11–16 tubercles along the cutting edges of immovable finger, whereas 22–29 in M. scabriculum (Jalihal et al. 1988) and 2 in M. snpurii. Similarly, 10–12 tubercles along the cutting edges of movable fingers of M. irwini sp. nov., compared to 18–28 in M. scabriculum and 2 in M. snpurii. The surface of second pereiopod from dactyl to merus is rugged with minute close‐set spinules in M. irwini sp. nov., however, in M. scabriculum only the chelipeds and lower surface of carpus are furnished with minute spinules. In males, the setae of large second pereiopod is matted together to form a velvety covering on the chela of M. irwini sp. nov., and M. scabriculum which is absent in M. snpurii. In M. scabriculum and M. snpurii a wide gaping exist when fingers are closed as the opposed margins do not meet, compared to a narrow gap in M. irwini sp. nov.. In second major pereiopod, propodus is 2 times longer than dactyl in M. snpurii and 1.6 to 2.1 times for M. scabriculum. However, in M. irwini sp. nov., the propodus is 2.08 times longer than dactyl of major pereiopod. Carpus is 1.06 times longer than propodus in M. snpurii whereas it’s 0.4 to 0.6 times as long as propodus in M. scabriculum and 0.4 times as long as propodus in M. irwini sp. nov.. Size of merus is nearly equal to carpus in M. scabriculum compared to 1.02 times as long as carpus in M. irwini sp. nov., and 0.52 times as long as carpus in M. snpurii (Pillai & Unnikrishnan, 2013). Ischium and merus are of equal length in M. snpurii compared to ischium longer than merus by 0.4 times in M. irwini sp. nov., and 0.5 to 0.8 times in M. scabriculum. Lastly, M. irwini sp. nov., can also be easily distinguished from closely related species based on colour pattern. A pale band runs along the dorsal surface from the tip of the telson to the rostrum in M. scabriculum compared to a yellow transverse band that runs along the dorsal surface from the rostral tip up to the last abdominal segment in M. irwini sp. nov. In M. scabriculum, the fingers of shorter cheliped are dark blue except its extreme tips whereas in M. irwini sp. nov., fingers are black with extreme tips in orange colouration (Figure 5). In M. scabriculum the uropods are violet with white borders compared to the pale‐blue patches on the uropods of M. irwini sp. nov., and have tuft of long plumose setae on telson, whereas M. scabriculum possess 15–20 pair of setae and M. snpurii has a single pair of plumose setae. Discussion. M. irwini sp. nov., is known only from the type‐locality. It has considerable potential for commercial exploitation in the aquarium trade, because of its striking colour patterns. The species is threatened by over‐harvesting and deterioration of the freshwater habitats due to non‐judicious anthropogenic interventions. In order to guarantee supply for the ornamental trade, and to protect the species from over‐exploitation, protocols for sustainable harvesting and culturing of this shrimp have to be established to promote livelihood sustainability. Further, more exploration needs to be done in Western ghats region, which is a hotspot for biological diversity to document more endemic species., Published as part of Kunjulakshmi, K., Santos, Maclean Antony & Prakash, S., 2022, Macrobrachium irwini sp. nov., a new species of freshwater shrimp from Western Ghats, India (Caridea: Palaemonidae), pp. 416-425 in Zootaxa 5194 (3) on pages 418-424, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5194.3.5, http://zenodo.org/record/7154610, {"references":["Henderson, J. R. & Matthai, G. (1910) XXVIII. On certain species of Palaemon from South India. Records of the Indian Museum, 5, 297 - 299. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 10503","Pillai, P. M. & Unnikrishnan, V. (2013) Morphology and molecular phylogeny of Macrobrachium snpurii, a new species of the genus Macrobrachium (Bate, 1868) from Kerala, India. Zootaxa, 3664 (4), 434 - 444. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3664.4.2","Jalihal, D. R., Shenoy, S. & Sankolli, K. N. (1988) Freshwater prawns of the genus Macrobrachium Bate, 1868 (Crustacea, Decapoda, Palaemonidae) from Karnataka, India. Records of Zoological Survey of India, 112, 1 - 74."]}

The caridean shrimp Tuleariocaris neglecta Chace, 1969, is reported from the Alcatraz Archipelago (24°S, off the coast of southeastern Brazil) in association with the sea urchin Astropyga magnifica Clark, 1934. This finding significantly increases the known range of this species from 20°S to 24°S. An overview of the species in Tuleariocaris with their respective associated host sea urchins is provided.