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This study presents comparable sets of churning and windage power loss measurements of a gear. Measurements are performed under windage (air only) and churning (immersion in oil up to a certain level) to quantify load-independent power losses of a family of spur and helical gears along with representative discs. Aiming at quantifying the impact of gear geometry on churning or windage losses to establish a baseline for the case of no enclosures around the gear, the test matrix is designed to investigate three key items: (a) contribution of losses along the periphery and faces, (b) the influences of gear teeth versus a toothless replacement disc as well as key design parameters (gear module and helix angle), and (c) a comparison of churning and windage power losses measured from the same exact set-up. The churning power losses are shown to increase with the static oil levels due to increased solid-fluid interactions. The impact of oil bath temperature (oil viscosity) on churning loss is observed to be more pronounced for higher oil levels. The presence of gear teeth on the rotating specimen (spur or helical) cause churning loss to increase modestly in comparison to the disc specimens. Furthermore, a larger tooth size results in higher churning power losses. The influence of gear teeth (gear vs. disc) on windage loss is shown to be significant, indicating that modeling a gear in a high-speed windage condition as a cylindrical disc might not be an acceptable practice.

Gallium-based liquid metals have gained plenty of attention in the scientific community due to their extraordinary properties. The most intriguing properties of liquid metals are high surface tension, density anomaly, high electrical and thermal conductivity, phase transition, and their temperature and low viscosity in combination with their low toxicity. Though there are many reports of the physical properties of gallium-based liquid metals, some of these are highly scattered and inconsistent. Therefore, we compile literature data of these aspects of gallium-based liquid metals, point out general relationships of these physical parameters, and unravel inconsistencies in the literature. Subsequently, we state reasons for the observed scatter and recommend science-based values researchers should employ. Furthermore, we discuss important dependencies between the physical parameters, introduce methods to alter the physical parameters, and introduce selected applications based on changing the physical properties. Finally, we point out open questions concerned with the physical parameters of liquid metals, which should be investigated in the future.

As one of the most outstanding materials, the analysis of the structure and function of hydrogels has been extensively carried out to tailor and adapt them to various fields of application. The high water content, which is beneficial for plenty of applications in the biomedical setting, prevents the adoption of hydrogels in flexible electronics and sensors in real life applications, because hydrogels lose their excellent properties, including conductivity, transparency, flexibility, etc., upon freezing at sub-zero temperatures. Therefore, depressing the liquid–solid phase transition temperature is a powerful means to expand the application scope of hydrogels, and will benefit the chemical engineering and materials science communities. This review summarizes the recent research progress of anti-freezing hydrogels. At first, approaches for the generation of anti-freezing (hydro)gels are introduced and their anti-freezing mechanisms and performances are briefly discussed. These approaches are either based on addition of salts, alcohols (cryoprotectants and organohydrogels), and ionic liquids (ionogels), modification of the polymer network or a combination of several techniques. Then, a concise overview of applications leveraged by the widened temperature resistance is provided and future research areas and developments are envisaged.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is characterized by insulin resistance and elevated blood glucose levels. Treatment protocols generally include dietary restriction of sugar, as well as drugs aiming at a reduction of blood glucose, mainly by activating the insulin system or supplementing insulin. This established approach does not take into account the outstanding physiological role of glucose as a key molecule in metabolism. Glucose is crucial to meet the high energy demand of the brain, which depends on it as an exclusive nutrient. Insulin independent glucose transporters GLUT1 import glucose into the brain. Reduction of blood glucose, as in current treatment concepts, may lead to energy deficiency in the brain and consecutively to worsening of – possibly already impaired – neurocognitive function. Reduced cell membrane fluidity of the vascular endothelium of the bloodbrain-barrier (BBB) – due to malnutrition and/or aging – is considered a major factor in pathogenesis of the cerebral metabolic syndrome, which is a key step in neurodegeneration. Under this aspect we suggest a novel approach to prophylaxis and treatment focusing on a sufficient supply of glucose to the brain.

Investigating the effects of the gender-affirming hormone treatment of transgender people using neuroimaging provides a unique opportunity to study the impact of high dosages of sex hormones on human brain structure and function. This line of research is of relevance from a basic neuroscientific as well as from a psychiatric viewpoint. Prevalence rates, etiopathology, and disease course of many psychiatric disorders exhibit sex differences which are linked to differences in sex hormone levels. Here, we review recent neuroimaging studies from others and our group that investigate the effects of gender-affirming hormone treatment in a longitudinal design utilizing structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography. Studies point to a general anabolic and anticatabolic effect of testosterone on grey and white matter structure, whereas estradiol and antiandrogen treatment seems to have partly opposite effects. Moreover, preliminary research indicates that gender-affirming hormone treatment influences serotonergic neurotransmission, a finding that is especially interesting for psychiatry. A clear picture of a hormonal influence on brain activity has yet to emerge. In conclusion, the available evidence reviewed here clearly indicates that sex hormone applications influence brain structure and function in the adult human brain.

Candida albicansy Rhodotorula mucilaginosason levaduras de importancia clínica en la cavidad oral. En pacientes inmunocomprometidos estas levaduras pueden producir enfermedades que deben ser controladas con antimicrobianos.

Wild boar space use and the determinants of its variation are crucial information for understanding wild boar Sus scrofa(L.) ecology and for wild boar management. Wild boar space use has mostly been investigated on broad temporal scales such as annual or seasonal home ranges. Ranges can vary depending on the observed timespan and on the temporal scales considered. The factors that affect space use variation can also depend on temporal scales. In this study, we present an analysis of time series of daily ranging behaviour in wild boar. Using GPS-telemetry, we tracked 46 collared wild boars in southwest Germany. With the collected data, we calculated 6716 daily ranges of individuals based on at least 18 daily locations with near hourly location intervals. We compared three home range estimation methods and fitted multivariate models to assess the effects of the landscape, temporal and climatic factors or individual traits on the daily range size. The daily range size varied significantly in the course of the year. The smallest daily ranges were covered from April to July, whereas the largest were covered in November and December. However, if the same days of the year are compared, lower temperatures reduced the size of daily ranges. Additionally, individual variation, social class, snow height, land use and elevation had a significant effect on the size of daily ranges. Our results may be useful for planning protected areas, for monitoring wild boar populations, attributing agricultural damages to wild boar groups and for searching wounded or escaped animals. Moreover, the knowledge of daily used space may help to identify African swine fever (ASF) infection paths or design measures to reduce ASF risk including carcass removal, fencing projects or demarcation of management zones.

Personal names can be specified as male or female in almost all languages of the world. Languages differ, however, whether the sex of the referent is lexical knowledge or overtly coded in the form of the name. Symmetrical systems – with overt marking on both male and female names – can be distinguished from asymmetrical ones, of which one subtype, overt coding of female names, is by far the most frequent. In addition, the morpho-syntactic system of encoding the sex of the referent can be either limited to personal names or use morphological material also employed on other types of nominals. This paper investigates the morpho-syntactic means used for the classification of personal names in the languages of the world as well as the integration of personal names into classificatory systems used for common nouns, namely gender and classifiers.

Expedited partner therapy is an intervention that was intended to address the growing public health crisis of sexually transmitted infections in the United States. Chlamydia, gonorrhea, and trichomoniasis infections are eligible for expedited partner treatment without a visit with a provider. Reduction of reinfection rates is key to reducing the incidence of poor gynecologic and reproductive outcomes along with the spread of infection among at-risk populations. Expedited partner therapy has been legalized federally, but not all states have adopted this method. The 46 states that have face additional clinical, social, and financial barriers to care.

The electric actuation of room-temperature liquid metals, such as Galinstan (gallium–indium–tin), has largely been conducted in alkaline electrolyte. Addition of surface-active anions and a proper acidic pH are expected to influence the interfacial tension of the liquid metal due to a high surface charge density. Hence, it should be possible to actuate liquid metals in such acidic environments. To ascertain this, at first, the dependence of the interfacial tension of Galinstan in NaOH, acidified KI, and acidified NaCl electrolyte on the concentration of the surface-active anions OH–, I–, and Cl–, respectively, were studied. Subsequently, a systematic study of the actuation of Galinstan in acidified KI electrolyte was executed and compared to actuation in alkaline medium. In the presence of HCl and acidified NaCl electrolyte, the interfacial tension of Galinstan is only marginally altered, while acidified KI solution reduced the interfacial tension of Galinstan significantly from 470.8 ± 1.4 (no KI) to 370.6 ± 4.1 mN/m (5 M KI) due to the high surface charge density of the electric double layer. Therefore, in acidified electrolyte in the presence of surface-active anions, the electrically actuated motion of LM can be realized. In particular, the actuation of Galinstan achieves a higher average and maximum speed at lower applied voltage and power consumption for acidified KI electrolyte. The formation of high surface charge density in acidified environments signifies a paradigm shift and opens up new possibilities to tune interfacial tension and controlled LM droplet motion of room-temperature liquid metals.

Deregulated proliferation is key to tumor progression. Although unrestricted proliferation of solid tumor cells correlates with the cold-shock protein Y-box (YB)-binding protein-1 accumulation in the nuclei, little is known about its expression and function in hematopoietic malignancies, such as T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). Here we show that YB-1 protein is highly enriched in the nuclei of activated T cells and malignant human T-ALL cell lines but not in resting T cells. YB-1 S102mutations that either mimic (S102D) or prevent phosphorylation (S102N) led to accumulation of YB-1 in the nucleus of T cells or strictly excluded it, respectively. Inactivation of ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK) was sufficient to abrogate T-cell and T-ALL cell proliferation, suggesting that RSK mediates cell-cycle progression, possibly dependent on YB-1-phosphorylation. Indeed, phosphomimetic YB-1S102Denhanced proliferation implying that S102phosphorylation is a prerequisite for malignant T-cell proliferation. At initial diagnosis of T-ALL, YB-1 localization was significantly altered in the nuclei of tumor blasts derived from bone marrow or peripheral blood. Our data show deregulated YB-1 in the nucleus as a yet unreported characteristic of T-ALL blasts and may refine strategies to restrict progression of hematopoietic tumors.