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Los avances en el tratamiento antirretroviral han hecho posible que la esperanza de vida de las personas infectadas por VIH se aproxime a la de población general. En este nuevo escenario están cobrando protagonismo las comorbilidades relacionadas con la edad y los síndromes geriátricos. Las experiencias de las diferentes iniciativas innovadoras para el cuidado de pacientes con enfermedades crónicas indican que la optimización de los resultados en salud no solo depende de buenos diagnósticos y tratamientos, sino también de la forma en que se organiza y gestiona la asistencia. Si se quieren cubrir las necesidades futuras de los pacientes infectados por VIH, tendrán que implantarse modelos asistenciales que hayan demostrado su efectividad en otro tipo de enfermedades crónicas; para ello será preciso disponer de un método fiable para estratificar a los pacientes según su nivel de complejidad o capacidad funcional con el fin de detectar a los más vulnerables.

Prevención, detección temprana, abordaje clínico, organización y gestión son elementos clave en los desafíos planteados por la infección por el VIH-1 en España. Sin embargo, existe otra categoría de intervención de carácter transversal que tiene gran importancia en la respuesta científica a la infección por VIH: la investigación. En este artículo se analiza la evolución de la investigación sobre el VIH/sida en España, sus principales hitos históricos y las estructuras de investigación que han permitido su desarrollo. Estos datos se enmarcan en el contexto general de la situación de la I+D en España y el impacto que sobre el sistema de ciencia español han tenido la crisis económica y los recortes presupuestarios. Por último se analizan las perspectivas de futuro de la investigación en VIH/sida en el contexto global.

Introduction. Primary Mediastinal B Lymphoma (PMBL) is a rare and aggressive neoplasia that typically occurs in young women and is primarily located in the mediastinum. Although the combination of anthracycline and rituximab immunochemotherapy, and PET-guided consolidation radiotherapy, results in a high cure rate, approximately 10-20% of patients show refractoriness or early failure to front-line treatment with a rapid clinical deterioration and a dismal prognosis. These cases, if promptly identified, could benefit from early treatment shift. Therefore, we addressed the development of a clinical score aimed at estimating the risk of early failure of PMBL patients treated with anthracycline-rituximab-based chemoimmunotherapy in a real-world nationwide setting.

IntroductionCD19-directed chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T can induce durable remissions in a fraction of relapsed/refractory large B-cell lymphomas (R/R LBCL), but 60% of patients (pts) still relapse. Biological mechanisms explaining lack of responses are emerging but they are largely unsuccessful in predicting disease response at the patient level.

Background: CD19 direct chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy is an efficacious therapy for patients (pts) affected by relapsed/refractory (R/R) large B-cell lymphomas (LBCL). The role of early evaluation by Positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) is still undefined. The study's objective was to analyze the role of early PET/CT according to histology and CAR T-cell product administered.

Introduction

Peripheral T-cell lymphomas (PTCLs) are a heterogeneous group of non-Hodgkin lymphomas with poor prognosis. Although some risk factors associated with worse survival are known, there are no reliable predictive biomarkers of response. Considering the prognostic relevance of cell-free DNA (cfDNA) in B-cell lymphomas, in this work we aimed to explore its role in 75 patients (pts) enrolled in the PTCL13 prospective study (NCT02223208), including newly diagnosed Peripheral T-cell Lymphoma, Not Otherwise specified (PTCL-NOS, n=30), nodular T Follicular Helper Lymphoma (nTFHL, n=26) and Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase negative Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma (ALK-ALCL, n=19).

Virtual Worlds (VWs) have been widely used to support learning processes. One main advantage is providing valuable data on student behaviour and interaction. Nonetheless, most platforms provide only limited access to student logs. Moreover, accessing logs usually requires technical skills most teachers do not have. In this context, the authors present a Domain Specific Language (DSL) designed to allow teachers to generate queries for retrieving valuable log information with a view to obtain evidence on learner behaviour and interaction; hence, to aid in the analysis of in-world behaviour and learning processes. Since this data is automatically retrieved, the teacher can easily run new queries to refine indicators or contrast hypotheses. The authors describe a case study carried out with undergraduate German language students using a VW-based video game. The results provide a set of indicators for analysing individual and group behaviour measuring student competence to communicate in the target language.

SQL is a key programming language for data scientists, but its learning is sometimes challenging, especially if the learner does not have a proper computer science background. This article introduces ChatbotSQL, a conversational agent that aims to support the autonomous learning of the SQL language for database querying. ChatbotSQL proposes exercises and guides about the steps to be taken by the learner in case of doubts, providing customised feedback. ChatbotSQL has been created on top of IBM Watson Assistant and is available in a web platform. Students in a higher education database subject used ChatbotSQL extensively, showing a positive perception of its usefulness in supporting the resolution of complex queries.

The purpose of the paper is to measure the degree of temperature anisotropy of the oxygen ions in the outer corona. The ratio of the Doppler dimmed O VI1037-1032 line intensity as a function of the velocity of the fast solar wind, computed for typical values of coronal density, is consistent with the observed ratio, only when a significant temperature anisotropy is established in polar coronal holes. The oxygen ion velocity distribution is constrained to be bi-Maxwellian from 2$R_\odot$to 3.7$R_\odot$, where the lowest degree of anisotropy compatible with the observational data increases up to ~7 at 2.9$R_\odot$, proving that the oxygen ions are accelerated across the magnetic field, in accordance with a preferential energy deposition perpendicular to the field lines, consistent with the process of ion-cyclotron dissipation of Alfvén waves. The most plausible evolution of the velocity distribution of the O+5ions departs from the bi-Maxwellian configuration at 2$R_\odot$, according to an anisotropy ratio that reaches its maximum value $T_\perp/T_\parallel$~14 at 2.9$R_\odot$, and further out approaches isotropy, at 3.7$R_\odot$. In response to the acceleration across the field, energy redistribution along the magnetic field lines accelerates the oxygen component of the solar wind to velocities of 760 km s-1at 5$R_\odot$. The variation of the anisotropy ratio with the heliocentric distance might be satisfactorily explained by theoretical models of the fast solar wind heating based on the oxygen cyclotron instability or the fast shock mechanism. The observations of the extended corona analyzed in this paper are performed with the Ultraviolet Coronagraph Spectrometer on board the Solar Heliospheric Observatory, during the solar minimum activity period 1996–1997.

The purpose of the paper is to extend the measurement of the kinetic temperature and outflow velocity of the oxygen ions in the outer corona above polar holes out to 5 $R_\odot$. An analytical model of the solar corona at the minimum of activity has been employed in order to synthesize the spectral line profiles to be fitted with the data: the kinetic temperature of the O+5ions on the plane of the sky is derived from the width of the O VI1031.9 Å line by applying the $\chi^2$minimization. The oxygen temperature peaks at about 2.9 $R_\odot$, reaching a value of 1.5 $\times$108K, and further out it is somehow flattening. The outflow velocity of the oxygen component of the fast solar wind, derived from the intensity ratio of the Doppler dimmed O VIdoublet, increases outward to reach $550{-}760$km s-1at 5 $R_\odot$. The upper and lower limits of the outflow speed are due to the fact that its measurement depends on the velocity distribution of the oxygen ions which cannot be directly measured along the radial direction, but only along the line of sight. Hence the uncertainty is related to the temperature anisotropy assumed in the analysis. For this reason in this paper the measurement of the temperature anisotropy, found beyond 2 $R_\odot$according to the previous literature on UVCS results, has been as well extended at higher altitudes, and it is found that above 3.7 $R_\odot$anisotropy can still exist but not necessarily. The observations of the extended corona analyzed in this paper are performed with the Ultraviolet Coronagraph Spectrometer on board the Solar Heliospheric Observatory, during the solar minimum activity period 1996-1997.

This study examines the physical conditions of the outer solar corona in order to identify the regions where the slow solar wind is accelerated and to investigate the latitudinal transition from slow to fast wind during the minimum of the solar cycle. The analysis is based on observations of six streamers obtained during the years of solar minimum, 1996 and 1997, with the Ultraviolet Coronagraph Spectrometer (UVCS) onboard the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO). The outflow velocity of the oxygen ions and the electron density of the coronal plasma are determined in altitude ranging from 1.5 to 3.5 solar radii ($R_{\odot}$). The adopted diagnostic method, based on spectroscopic analysis of the O VI 1032 and 1038 Å  lines, fully accounts for the large expansion factor of the magnetic field lines expected in the regions surrounding the streamers. The analysis leads to the conclusion that the slow coronal wind is observed (i) in the region external to and running along the streamer boundary; and (ii) in the region above the streamer core beyond 2.7 $R_\odot$, where the transition between closed and open magnetic field lines takes place and the heliospheric current sheet forms. Regions in the immediate vicinity of the streamer boundary can be identified with the edges of the large polar coronal holes that characterize solar minimum. Results point to gradual variations of the properties of a coronal hole from the streamer boundary to its polar core, most likely related to the topology of the coronal magnetic field.

A new spectroscopic method, aimed to derive the plasma electron density and outflow velocity in expanding solar coronal regions, is discussed in this paper. The method is based on the analysis of a pair of coronal lines emitted via collisional and radiative excitation by the same ion, such as the O VI 1032, 1037 Å  doublet. The merit of this technique consists in allowing us to derive at the same time electron density and outflow velocity of the coronal plasma from nearby lines detectable with the same instrument, provided the constraint on mass flux conservation along the flow tube connecting solar corona and heliosphere is taken into account. The results obtained from the analysis of the OVI emission imply that the physical conditions of a polar coronal hole plasma, observed during minimum activity, are the following. The electron density decreases from $4\times 10^5$cm-3at 1.7 $R_{\odot}$to $2{-}4\times 10^4$cm-3at 3.1 $R_{\odot}$, whereas the outflow velocity of the oxygen ions is monotonically increasing to reach 350–500 km s-1at 3.1 $R_{\odot}$, depending on the assumptions on the degree of anisotropy of the velocity distribution of the ions. These results of the velocity of expansion of the fast wind confirm those obtained with Doppler dimming techniques when assuming the lowest observed density values for the coronal hole plasma. This implies that, for a rarified corona, the outflow velocity of the fast solar wind in polar holes can be traced by the motion of the O VI ions at least up to 2.4 $R_{\odot}$. The analysis also shows that the degree of anisotropy of the oxygen ions, due to the acceleration of the ions across the magnetic field in a coronal hole, exhibits a steep increase and that the geometry of the flow tube diverges very rapidly low down in the inner corona/transition region. The observations of the extended corona analysed in this paper are obtained with the Ultraviolet Coronagraph Spectrometer of the SOHO space mission.

With increasing globalization, foreign language skills have become one of the main requirements when applying for a job in leading ICT companies. Due to their ubiquity and multi-functionality, mobile devices allow teachers to provide technology-friendly students with highly dynamic learning contents in line with their lifestyle. Unfortunately, most of the available APPs still support a mainly one-way interaction (teacher to learner or computer-client interaction). The authors have designed an APP based on a highly interactive, ubiquitous and constructive learning approach. The current paper illustrates firstly how the APP has helped learners to get actively involved in their own learning process sharing and assessing their foreign language knowledge. And secondly, how students' logs can be used to automate the assessment of different skills such as the ability to explain terms in a foreign language or to assess definitions created by other game players.

Peripheral T-cell lymphomas represent a rare, heterogeneous group of nodal and extra-nodal mature T-cell lymphomas. Among those, the subtype of PTCL not otherwise specified (PTCL-NOS) account for about 25% of all PTCL. While other PTCL subtypes are increasingly recognized as discrete entities based on specific genotypic and phenotypic alterations, the diagnosis of PTCL-NOS is currently performed on an “exclusion criteria” model, since PTCL-NOS lack pathognomonic features.

There is great potential for improving the financial sustainability of urban transport projects by rethinking how to structure projects in Mexico. In recent years, several Mexican cities have experienced a notable improvement in their urban transport services. However, as old structures are replaced by new schemes, new challenges arise. One of these challenges is discussed: how to improve bus financing in urban transport projects in Mexico. These projects are experiencing financial problems because the cost of formalization and the large investments required for service provision are placing pressure on tariff levels. Solutions range from local tax exemptions to direct government interventions (equity for the acquisition of buses) with a cost to local and state financing. However, these solutions do not take into account project structuring in terms of risk allocation. In Mexico, service providers are responsible for the acquisition of buses even if they have insufficient access to financing, and project structures do not enable off-balance-sheet financing. Therefore, private agents with weak creditworthiness have to bear high financial costs and risk both their own financial sustainability and that of the project. This situation is mainly the result of commercial, political, and regulatory risks. The public authority is in a better position to manage some of these risks. Reallocating these risks would boost market interest and competition and enable a more efficient investment of public resources. In this way, project structures would get closer to a project finance scheme that would lower financing costs by better aligning incentives and reallocating risks among stakeholders.

Gender-based violence on public transportation in Mexico City, Mexico, is a growing concern. Current efforts to counteract the violence have focused on transit vehicles for exclusive use by women and children and campaigns to promote the report of offenses. To characterize the problem, this study conducted a transit user survey, workshops with transit users, interviews with operators, and interviews with experts in the field. The study found that, even though transit users believed that the gender-exclusive transport service reduced problematic encounters, they did not view the service as a solution to the problem of gender-based violence. Transit users would prefer to see the problem addressed through a combination of interventions including social marketing, mobile phone reporting systems, and transit service upgrades. Government agencies acknowledged that gender segregation and current reporting systems were only partially successful, and nongovernmental organizations and private operators agreed. Those agencies added that they were ready to contribute to the effort to find solutions to the problem. Study recommendations included (a) a communication campaign to foster better social behavior by passengers; (b) the use of technology, such as cell phone applications, to enable users to report offenses; and (c) the further investigation of the potential for new technology-based niche transportation services to address particular markets that were unsafe.

Gender-based violence on public transportation in Mexico City, Mexico, is a growing concern. Current efforts to counteract the violence have focused on transit vehicles for exclusive use by women and children and campaigns to promote the report of offenses. To characterize the problem, this study conducted a transit user survey, workshops with transit users, interviews with operators, and interviews with experts in the field. The study found that, even though transit users believed that the gender-exclusive transport service reduced problematic encounters, they did not view the service as a solution to the problem of gender-based violence. Transit users would prefer to see the problem addressed through a combination of interventions including social marketing, mobile phone reporting systems, and transit service upgrades. Government agencies acknowledged that gender segregation and current reporting systems were only partially successful, and nongovernmental organizations and private operators agreed. Those agencies added that they were ready to contribute to the effort to find solutions to the problem. Study recommendations included (a) a communication campaign to foster better social behavior by passengers; (b) the use of technology, such as cell phone applications, to enable users to report offenses; and (c) the further investigation of the potential for new technology-based niche transportation services to address particular markets that were unsafe.

Medicinal chemistry is intimately connected with basic science such as organic synthesis, chemical biology and biophysical chemistry among other disciplines. The reason of such connections is due to the power of organic synthesis to provide designed molecules; chemical biology to give tools to discover biological and/or pathological pathways and biophysical chemistry which provides the techniques to characterize and the theoretical background to understand molecular behaviour. The present review provides some selective examples of these research areas. Initially, template dsDNA organic synthesis and the spatio-temporal control of transcription are presenting following by the supramolecular entities used in drug delivery, such as liposomes and liquid crystal among others. Finally, peptides and protein self-assembly is connected with biomaterials and as an important event in the balance between health and disease. The final aim of the present review is to show the power of chemical tools not only for the synthesis of new molecules but also to improve our understanding of recognition and self-assembly in the biological context.

In several cities, bus rapid transit (BRT) systems have begun to experience problems of capacity. Various solutions have been proposed to address these problems, from simple operational modifications to improvements that require modification of the existing infrastructure. Decisions about modification are a challenging undertaking for policy makers; proposals need to be evaluated on the basis of costs (monetary and qualitative or unconventional) and expected returns. For this paper, seven scenarios for Line 1 of the BRT system in Mexico City, Mexico, were structured and modeled to evaluate how operational and level of service improve as a result of (a) operational modifications, (b) investments in infrastructure, and (c) technology acquisitions. Scenarios were modeled by using the simulation tool EMBARQ SimBRT and were ranked by the relative complexity of their execution. Three criteria were used for determining the level of complexity: the cost of implementation, the required time, and the administrative process. Results of the scenarios show positive impacts on operation and level-of-service indicators. The paper also reveals that better results are obtained for implementations requiring infrastructure investment than for those involving operational modifications. However, the impact of the proposed implementation is limited; few implementations show progress on the analyzed indicators in a range of 10% variation, giving evidence of the difficulties of improving service. Finally, the paper provides important insights in the decision-making process for transport upgrading, as it describes a methodology to select a proposed improvement on the basis of tradeoff between expected benefits and required administrative process and financial costs.

Inputs are provided for the decision-making process of transit improvements in developing countries. With an analysis of the willingness of private bus operators to participate in transit improvements, political feasibility can be assessed, and the likelihood of successful implementation can be increased. Data from 156 surveys conducted in cities in Mexico are used to develop probabilistic models that quantify the influence of private bus operators' characteristics, perceptions about business and operating efficiencies, and their relationship with government on their willingness to participate. Evidence shows that several elements can increase the willingness of private operators to participate in government-led proposals. These elements include the level of trust and communication between private bus operators and government authorities, the economic power of private bus operators, and the attachment to the status quo. Several features are shown to limit operators' willingness to participate, including the model of operation, likelihood of lost revenue through taxation, and concerns about the potential modifications of their legal rights to operate. An analysis of Mexico City, Mexico, and surrounding areas demonstrates the need to establish a well-defined strategy for engaging private bus operators in transit improvements; failure to do so has resulted in much less trust of government and led to more conflicts about future projects. The importance of analyzing private bus operators' participative profiles in the assessment of transit improvements is revealed. Selected areas for improvements might present challenges for engaging private bus operators in proposed improvements.