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One of the source of air pollutants is emission from local coal-fired boiler-houses and domestic heating boilers. The consequence of incineration of municipal waste is the introduction of additional pollutants into the atmosphere, including fly ash. The aim of this work was to evaluate the particle size distribution of fly ash emitted by coal combustion and co-incineration of coal with municipal waste in a domestic 18 kW central heating boiler equipped with an automatic fuel feeder. Mixtures of bituminous coal with different types of solid waste (5, 10 and 15% of mass fraction) were used. Solid waste types consisted of: printed, colored PE caps, fragmented cable trunking, fragmented car gaskets and shredded tires from trucks. During the incineration of a given mixture of municipal waste with bituminous coal, the velocity of exhaust gas was specified, the concentration and mass flow of fly ash were determined together with the physico-chemical parameters of the exhaust gas, the samples of emitted fly ash were taken as the test material. Particle size analysis of fly ash was performed using laser particle sizer Fritch Analysette 22. The PM10 share from all fly ashes from incineration of mixtures was about 100%. Differences were noted between PM2.5 and PM1.

Coke plants, which produce various types of coke (metallurgical, foundry or heating), at temperatures between 600 and 1200°C, with limited access to oxygen, are major emitters of particulates and gaseous pollutants to air, water and soils. Primarily, the process of wet quenching should be mentioned, as one of the most cumbersome. Atmospheric pollutants include particulates, tar substances, organic pollutants including B(a)P and many others. Pollutants are also formed from the decomposition of water used to quench coke (CO, phenol, HCN, H2S, NH3, cresol) and decomposition of hot coke in the first phase of quenching (CO, H2S, SO2) [1]. The development of the coke oven technology has resulted in the changes made to different types of technological installations, such as the use of baffles in quench towers, the removal of nitrogen oxides by selective NOx reduction, and the introduction of fabric filters for particulates removal. The BAT conclusions for coke plants [2] provide a methodology for the measurement of particulate emission from a wet, low-emission technology using Mohrhauer probes. The conclusions define the emission level for wet quenching process as 25 g/Mgcoke. The conducted research was aimed at verification of the presented method. For two of three quench towers (A and C) the requirements included in the BAT conclusions are not met and emissions amount to 87.34 and 61.35 g/Mgcoke respectively. The lowest particulates emission was recorded on the quench tower B and amounted to 22.5 g/Mgcoke, therefore not exceeding the requirements.

O presente estudo tem como objetivo mensurar os efeitos quantitativos sobre as exportações de commodities agrícolas das cooperativas brasileiras em função de cenários diversos baseados nas possibilidades de negociação comercial que se colocam para o Brasil. Assim tem-se ênfase nas exportações de commodities onde há uma maior influência do movimento cooperativo. Um modelo computável de equilíbrio geral é utilizado para simular cenários alternativos de abertura comercial para a economia brasileira e seus impactos sobre os setores de interesse. Resultados de estudos anteriores também são considerados. Buscou-se identificar quais seriam os interesses maiores para as cooperativas do Brasil nas negociações desses acordos, considerando os impactos esperados sobre produção e fluxos comerciais. Os resultados mais favoráveis, considerando os cenários considerados e os setores de elevada participação das cooperativas podem ser resumidos como: uma liberalização multilateral parcial para os setores de aves e suínos e de soja, um acordo comercial Mercosul-UE para os setores de soja e café, e a Alca completa para o setor de café.Our goal in this paper is to evaluate the quantitative effects on exports of agricultural commodities of Brazilian cooperatives from several scenarios of possible trade agreements faced by Brazil. This paper is focused on exports of commodities under higher influence of cooperative firms. We use a computable general equilibrium model to simulate alternative scenarios of trade liberalization for Brazilian economy and their impacts on the sectors on focus. We also consider results from the previous studies. We seek to identify main interests to the Brazilian cooperatives on the negotiation of such agreements, considering impacts on production and the flow of trade. The best outcomes considering those sectors with high cooperative participation and trade agreements considered here could be summarized as: a partial multilateral liberalization for the poultry, pork and soybean sectors; an agreement Mercosul-EU for the soybean and coffee sectors; and full liberalization FTAA for the coffee sector.

Bacterial microcompartments (MCPs) are protein-bound organelles that carry out diverse metabolic pathways in a wide range of bacteria. These supramolecular assemblies consist of a thin outer protein shell, reminiscent of a viral capsid, which encapsulates sequentially acting enzymes. The most complex MCP elucidated so far is the propanediol utilizing (Pdu) microcompartment. It contains the reactions for degrading 1,2-propanediol. While several experimental studies on the Pdu system have provided hints about its organization, a clear picture of how all the individual components interact has not emerged yet. Here we use co-evolution-based methods, involving pairwise comparisons of protein phylogenetic trees, to predict the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network governing the assembly of the Pdu MCP. We propose a model of the Pdu interactome, from which selected PPIs are further inspected via computational docking simulations. We find that shell protein PduA is able to serve as a "universal hub" for targeting an array of enzymes presenting special N-terminal extensions, namely PduC, D, E, L and P. The varied N-terminal peptides are predicted to bind in the same cleft on the presumptive luminal face of the PduA hexamer. We also propose that PduV, a protein of unknown function with remote homology to the Ras-like GTPase superfamily, is likely to localize outside the MCP, interacting with the protruding β-barrel of the hexameric PduU shell protein. Preliminary experiments involving a bacterial two-hybrid assay are presented that corroborate the existence of a PduU-PduV interaction. This first systematic computational study aimed at characterizing the interactome of a bacterial microcompartment provides fresh insight into the organization of the Pdu MCP.

Sinorhizobium meliloti is a soil bacterium able to induce the formation of nodules on the root of specific legumes, including alfalfa (Medicago sativa). Bacteria colonize nodules through infection threads, invade the plant intracellularly, and ultimately differentiate into bacteroids capable of reducing atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia, which is directly assimilated by the plant. As a first step to describe global changes in gene expression of S. meliloti during the symbiotic process, we used whole genome microarrays to establish the transcriptome profile of bacteria from nodules induced by a bacterial mutant blocked at the infection stage and from wild-type nodules harvested at various timepoints after inoculation. Comparison of these profiles to those of cultured bacteria grown either to log or stationary phase as well as examination of a number of genes with known symbiotic transcription patterns allowed us to correlate global gene-expression patterns to three known steps of symbiotic bacteria bacteroid differentiation, i.e., invading bacteria inside infection threads, young differentiating bacteroids, and fully differentiated, nitrogen-fixing bacteroids. Finally, analysis of individual gene transcription profiles revealed a number of new potential symbiotic genes.

Soluble P-selectin (sP-selectin), a biomarker of inflammatory related pathologies including cardiovascular and peripheral vascular diseases, also has pro-atherosclerotic effects including the ability to increase leukocyte recruitment and modulate thrombotic responses in vivo. The current study explores its role in progressing atherosclerotic plaque disease. Apoe-/- mice placed on a high fat diet (HFD) were given daily injections of recombinant dimeric murine P-selectin (22.5 µg/kg/day) for 8 or 16 weeks. Saline or sE-selectin injections were used as negative controls. In order to assess the role of sP-selectin on atherothrombosis an experimental plaque remodelling murine model, with sm22α-hDTR Apoe-/- mice on a HFD in conjunction with delivery of diphtheria toxin to induce targeted vascular smooth muscle apoptosis, was used. These mice were similarly given daily injections of sP-selectin for 8 or 16 weeks. While plaque mass and aortic lipid content did not change with sP-selectin treatment in Apoe-/- or SM22α-hDTR Apoe-/- mice on HFD, increased plasma MCP-1 and a higher plaque CD45 content in Apoe-/- HFD mice was observed. As well, a significant shift towards a more unstable plaque phenotype in the SM22α-hDTR Apoe-/- HFD mice, with increased macrophage accumulation and lower collagen content, leading to a lower plaque stability index, was observed. These results demonstrate that chronically raised sP-selectin favours progression of an unstable atherosclerotic plaque phenotype.

To date Bordetella petrii has infrequently been identified within the clinical setting likely due to the asaccharolytic nature of this organism. We present a case of B. petrii recovered on two separate events in a patient with adult cystic fibrosis experiencing chronic pansinusitis.

The cosmic rays differential intensity inside the heliosphere, for energy below 30 GeV/nuc, depends on solar activity and interplanetary magnetic field polarity. This variation, termed solar modulation, is described using a 2D (radius and colatitude) Monte Carlo approach for solving the Parker transport equation that includes diffusion, convection, magnetic drift, and adiabatic energy loss. Since the whole transport is strongly related to the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) structure, a better understanding of his description is needed in order to reproduce the cosmic rays intensity at the Earth, as well as outside the ecliptic plane. In this work an interplanetary magnetic field model including the standard description on ecliptic region and a polar correction is presented. This treatment of the IMF, implemented in the HelMod Monte Carlo code (version 2.0), was used to determine the effects on the differential intensity of Proton at 1 AU and allowed one to investigate how latitudinal gradients of proton intensities, observed in the inner heliosphere with the Ulysses spacecraft during 1995, can be affected by the modification of the IMF in the polar regions.

AIMS: Option to attenuate atherosclerosis by depleting B2 cells is currently limited to anti-CD20 antibodies which deplete all B-cell subtypes. In the present study we evaluated the capacity of a monoclonal antibody to B cell activating factor-receptor (BAFFR) to selectively deplete atherogenic B2 cells to prevent both development and progression of atherosclerosis in the ApoE(-/-) mouse. METHODS AND RESULTS: To determine whether the BAFFR antibody prevents atherosclerosis development, we treated ApoE(-/-) mice with the antibody while feeding them a high fat diet (HFD) for 8 weeks. Mature CD93(-) CD19(+) B2 cells were reduced by treatment, spleen B-cell zones disrupted and spleen CD20 mRNA expression decreased while B1a cells and non-B cells were spared. Atherosclerosis was ameliorated in the hyperlipidemic mice and CD19(+) B cells, CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells were reduced in atherosclerotic lesions. Expressions of proinflammatory cytokines, IL1β, TNFα, and IFNγ in the lesions were also reduced, while MCP1, MIF and VCAM-1 expressions were unaffected. Plasma immunoglobulins were reduced, but MDA-oxLDL specific antibodies were unaffected. To determine whether anti-BAFFR antibody ameliorates progression of atherosclerosis, we first fed ApoE(-/-) mice a HFD for 6 weeks, and then instigated anti-BAFFR antibody treatment for a further 6 week-HFD. CD93(-) CD19(+) B2 cells were selectively decreased and atherosclerotic lesions were reduced by this treatment. CONCLUSION: Anti-BAFFR monoclonal antibody selectively depletes mature B2 cells while sparing B1a cells, disrupts spleen B-cell zones and ameliorates atherosclerosis development and progression in hyperlipidemic ApoE(-/-) mice. Our findings have potential for clinical translation to manage atherosclerosis-based cardiovascular diseases.

We have recently identified conventional B2 cells as atherogenic and B1a cells as atheroprotective in hypercholesterolemic ApoE(-/-) mice. Here, we examined the development of atherosclerosis in BAFF-R deficient ApoE(-/-) mice because B2 cells but not B1a cells are selectively depleted in BAFF-R deficient mice. We fed BAFF-R(-/-) ApoE(-/-) (BaffR.ApoE DKO) and BAFF-R(+/+)ApoE(-/-) (ApoE KO) mice a high fat diet (HFD) for 8-weeks. B2 cells were significantly reduced by 82%, 81%, 94%, 72% in blood, peritoneal fluid, spleen and peripheral lymph nodes respectively; while B1a cells and non-B lymphocytes were unaffected. Aortic atherosclerotic lesions assessed by oil red-O stained-lipid accumulation and CD68+ macrophage accumulation were decreased by 44% and 50% respectively. B cells were absent in atherosclerotic lesions of BaffR.ApoE DKO mice as were IgG1 and IgG2a immunoglobulins produced by B2 cells, despite low but measurable numbers of B2 cells and IgG1 and IgG2a immunoglobulin concentrations in plasma. Plasma IgM and IgM deposits in atherosclerotic lesions were also reduced. BAFF-R deficiency in ApoE(-/-) mice was also associated with a reduced expression of VCAM-1 and fewer macrophages, dendritic cells, CD4+ and CD8+ T cell infiltrates and PCNA+ cells in lesions. The expression of proinflammatory cytokines, TNF-α, IL1-β and proinflammatory chemokine MCP-1 was also reduced. Body weight and plasma cholesterols were unaffected in BaffR.ApoE DKO mice. Our data indicate that B2 cells are important contributors to the development of atherosclerosis and that targeting the BAFF-R to specifically reduce atherogenic B2 cell numbers while preserving atheroprotective B1a cell numbers may be a potential therapeutic strategy to reduce atherosclerosis by potently reducing arterial inflammation.

Salmonella enterica uses a bacterial microcompartment (MCP) for coenzyme B(12)-dependent 1,2-propanediol (1,2-PD) utilization (Pdu). The Pdu MCP consists of a protein shell that encapsulates enzymes and cofactors required for metabolizing 1,2-PD as a carbon and energy source. Here we show that the PduQ protein of S. enterica is an iron-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase used for 1,2-PD catabolism. PduQ is also demonstrated to be a new component of the Pdu MCP. In addition, a series of in vivo and in vitro studies show that a primary function of PduQ is to recycle NADH to NAD(+) internally within the Pdu MCP in order to supply propionaldehyde dehydrogenase (PduP) with its required cofactor (NAD(+)). Genetic tests determined that a pduQ deletion mutant grew slower than wild-type Salmonella on 1,2-PD and that this phenotype was not complemented by a non-MCP associated Adh2 from Zymomonas that catalyzes the same reaction. This suggests that PduQ has a MCP-specific function. We also found that a pduQ deletion mutant had no growth defect in a genetic background having a second mutation that prevents MCP formation which further supports a MCP-specific role for PduQ. Moreover, studies with purified Pdu MCPs demonstrated that the PduQ enzyme can convert NADH to NAD(+) to supply the PduP reaction in vitro. Cumulatively, these studies show that the PduQ enzyme is used to recycle NADH to NAD(+) internally within the Pdu MCP. To our knowledge, this is the first report of internal recycling as a mechanism for cofactor homeostasis within a bacterial MCP.

O presente artigo tem como objetivo mostrar que Borges convida o leitor a mergulhar, em alguns de seus textos, em uma complexa e instigante história acerca da formação da nacionalidade na Região do Prata durante o século XIX. Nessa história, podemos encontrar o debate entre duas visões que prevaleceram na literatura argentina na segunda metade do século retrasado: a “interpretação da barbárie”, de Domingo Faustino Sarmiento, em seu Facundo o Civilización y Barbarie e a “denúncia da exploração”, de José Hernández em seu poema El Gaucho Martin Fierro. Nesse debate, Borges procura caracterizar o gaucho, aquele que teria sido assimilado ou desaparecido no processo de consolidação da cidade de Buenos Aires como centro político e econômico da região. Podemos também encontrar um Borges contraditório. Se por um lado ele defende a civilização, por outro se vê fascinado pelo autêntico, por um ser não necessariamente civilizado. Estaria Borges preocupado em mostrar sua contradição? Essa talvez seja uma pergunta menor. Mais importante aqui é o método, o que une a história e a literatura.

Este artigo tem como objetivo entender o pensamento político e econômico de um intelectual argentino do século XIX: Juan Bautista Alberdi. Tal interpretação baseia-se em duas das principais obras do autor: Bases y Puntos de Partida para la Organización Política de la República Argentina, escrito originalmente em 1852, e a obra póstuma Estudios Económicos, publicada originalmente em 1886. Juan Bautista Alberdi foi um pensador preocupado com a construção institucional da Argentina em uma das fases mais importantes da história do capitalismo mundial. Procurou entender o seu país a partir de uma perspectiva liberal, porém sem simplesmente importar e aceitar as teorias desenvolvidas na Europa ou nos Estados Unidos. Tentaremos responder à seguinte questão: o que pensava um liberal latino-americano no século XIX em um país cujas instituições e as relações políticas ainda estão para serem construídas? A partir da leitura das obras de Alberdi, poderemos perceber várias questões fundamentais para a compreensão do processo de formação econômica e política da América Latina.

Badania prowadzono w Instytucie Uprawy Nawożenia i Gleboznawstwa – Państwowym Instytucie Badawczym w Puławach, w wazonach Mitscherlicha zawierających mieszaninę 5 kg ziemi ogrodowej i 2 kg piasku. Czynnikiem I rzędu były dwa genotypy bobiku: Nadwiślański – typ tradycyjny i Tim – typ samokończący, a czynnikiem II rzędu rodzaj wody stosowanej do podlewania roślin: woda zwykła i uzdatniona magnetycznie. Woda uzdatniana magnetycznie wpływała korzystnie na plonowanie obydwu odmian bobiku. Przyrost plonu nasion był konsekwencją większej liczby strąków na roślinie i większą liczbą nasion w strąku. Masa 1000 nasion nie ulegała bowiem istotnej zmianie.

Passadas seis décadas de sua existência, a Comissão Econômica para a América Latina e Caribe — Cepal ainda é conhecida por ter defendido políticas contrárias ao livre comércio. Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar os primeiros documentos da Comissão, elaborados por Raul Prebisch. A partir dessa análise, pode-se concluir que Prebisch jamais se opôs ao livre comércio. Pelo contrário, desejava uma maior participação da América Latina no comércio internacional, não apenas de bens primários, mas também de manufaturas. Prebisch também reconhecia as limitações do processo de substituição de importações e considerava a integração econômica regional como uma forma de superar tais limitações.

O artigo mostra que a desvalorização do real em 1999 afetou negativamente as relações comerciais entre Brasil e Argentina, impulsionando antigas demandas protecionistas. De forma geral, os números do comércio bilateral comprovam que a temida invasão de produtos brasileiros ao mercado argentino nunca se concretizou. Entretanto, a ausência de regras claras e de uma institucionalização de fato para o Mercosul abriu espaço para a utilização de medidas de anti-dumping e tentativas de adoção de salvaguardas dentro do bloco. Tais medidas ajudaram a reduzir o comércio bilateral, que sentiu também os efeitos da crise que se instalou na região. Através das análises de jornais brasileiros e argentinos, o artigo mostra ainda que empresários e políticos de ambos os países travaram uma guerra de acusações e ameaças, que dificultaram as negociações setoriais em andamento e colocaram em dúvida a viabilidade do Mercosul.

Este artigo procura resgatar e sintetizar o pensamento da Comissão Econômica para a América Latina e Caribe – CEPAL sobre a integração econômica regional latino-americana. Tal pensamento pode ser dividido em duas grandes fases. A primeira analisa a integração econômica como parte da estratégia de desenvolvimento econômico e, em particular, do processo de substituição de importações adotado na América Latina na década de 50. A segunda, caracterizada pelo chamado "regionalismo aberto" dos anos 90, busca na integração regional uma maior inserção das economias latino-americanas na economia internacional. Entre estas duas fases, há um contexto em que a CEPAL tem o seu interesse voltado para o ajuste macroeconômico dos países latino americanos e para os problemas ditos estruturais. Nesta fase intermediária, apesar da idéia do regionalismo na América Latina não ter tido grande destaque nos trabalhos e documentos da CEPAL, surgem as bases para o estudo de novos e importantes elementos para o aprofundamento do tema , principalmente no que diz respeito à cooperação no âmbito macroeconômico entre os países envolvidos no processo deintegração.