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Between 1880–1962, gray and harbor seals were targeted in legal seal bounty hunts across Maine and Massachusetts due to a perceived competition with commercial fisheries. Following their extirpation 50 years ago, legislative protections allowed seals to recolonize historical grounds along the New England coast. With this conservation success story, conflict has re-emerged as seen in the numerous media articles reflecting a temperament beckoning to the past century, with calls to cull the population and the spread of misinformation. The return of seals after decades of near-absence has created a new ecological and psychological baseline for New Englanders where for three generations, seals were rarely present. Although seals are statutorily protected species, unlike the tools and resources available for depleted, threatened or endangered species, the support needed to increase opportunities for coexistence of humans with rebounding pinnipeds, are comparatively lacking. Even as gray seals have the highest fisheries bycatch levels of any marine mammal in the U.S., resources to address these management challenges are minimal due to limitations and prioritization processes for committing available support. While seal conservation has been a success, the manner in which management is often separately applied to ecosystem elements (e.g., harvested species, protected species) contributes to knowledge gaps, and a disconnect between the goals of conservation to sustainably utilize natural resources while also protecting the intrinsic value of resources for ecosystem health. Solutions to such coexistence challenges could benefit from a more holistic ecosystem conservation approach. To address these disconnects, a two-day workshop was convened to understand seal-fishery interactions where we provided opportunities for community members to meet and learn from one another including, but not limited to, fishermen, natural resource managers, marine mammal stranding response personnel and scientists. A convening that might otherwise result in tumultuous and adversarial engagement, we used as a tool to engage. This community science approach led to long-term relationships that have allowed for successful applied, and community driven, solutions. Here we share the lessons learned and subsequent partnerships. Our intent is to share our approach to address other marine mammal conservation conflict challenges, allowing for collaborative pathways toward long-term coexistence.

As Nigeria grew as an independent nation, the role of the Church Missionary Society (CMS) began to evolve, reflecting the needs of a burgeoning multi-ethnic society. This transformation is particularly evident in the Diocese on the Niger – the first indigenous Anglican diocese in Western Africa – a topic of debate within various factions of the Church of Nigeria, Anglican Communion. These contentions – centred on historical accuracy, heritage and primacy – mirror broader socio-political disputes concerning the Igbo people's history and reveal postwar ethnocentric trends in Nigeria. We propose that the strategic positioning of the Diocese on the Niger was part of the CMS mission's expansion plan into Islamic-dominated Western and Northern Nigeria. Igboland, with its geographical significance and potential as a fertile ground for the gospel, was a deliberate choice. The debates around these contested viewpoints and legacies epitomize the societal disputes over historical interpretation and its theological implications – extending beyond the events themselves and prompting reflection on the embodiment of Christ's teachings in navigating socio-political complexities. These discussions go beyond religious or geographical disagreements – they symbolize a broader struggle to understand and interpret the past. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knowledge of squid early life history is relatively poor despite its importance for fisheries management. The longfin inshore squid Doryteuthis pealeii (Lesueur, 1821) is a commercially important species harvested extensively along the northeastern United States continental shelf. To understand the effects of fishing and environmental variability on D. pealeii in an inshore spawning ground (Nantucket Sound, MA), egg deposition and embryonic development were monitored in situ at commercial fish weirs in spring and summer 2008 to 2016. Logbooks were maintained in which catch (including the presence of egg masses) and effort data for each weir were recorded daily. Seawater temperature was recorded using data loggers affixed to the weirs. Newly deposited egg masses were transferred to a mesh enclosure on an opportunistic basis and placed immediately adjacent to the weir to permit semiweekly retrieval and sampling. Samples (five randomly chosen 'fingers' excised from a mass) were chilled and transported to a nearby wet lab for microscopic examination to determine embryonic development stage. Hatch timing was determined via direct observation of paralarvae emerging from egg masses and development time was calculated as the number of days between egg mass deposition and hatching. The timing and duration of egg mass deposition varied between years. Embryonic development time of 15 egg masses ranged from 12 to 34 days and generally decreased at warmer temperatures. In situ observations were consistent with the findings of laboratory studies of D. pealeii and other loliginid squids. KEY WORDS: longfin squid, Doryteuthis pealeii, cephalopod, eggs, embryogenesis, hatching, INTRODUCTION Despite the importance of environmental effects on cephalopod life history and population dynamics (Rodhouse et al. 2014), the understanding of such effects on cephalopod early development is limited to [...]

We report the results of a multi-instrument, multi-technique, coordinated study of the solar eruptive event of 13 May 2005. We discuss the resultant Earth-directed (halo) coronal mass ejection (CME), and the effects on the terrestrial space environment and upper Earth atmosphere. The interplanetary CME (ICME) impacted the Earth’s magnetosphere and caused the most-intense geomagnetic storm of 2005 with a Disturbed Storm Time (Dst) index reaching −263 nT at its peak. The terrestrial environment responded to the storm on a global scale. We have combined observations and measurements from coronal and interplanetary remote-sensing instruments, interplanetary and near-Earth in-situ measurements, remote-sensing observations and in-situ measurements of the terrestrial magnetosphere and ionosphere, along with coronal and heliospheric modelling. These analyses are used to trace the origin, development, propagation, terrestrial impact, and subsequent consequences of this event to obtain the most comprehensive view of a geo-effective solar eruption to date. This particular event is also part of a NASA-sponsored Living With a Star (LWS) study and an on-going US NSF-sponsored Solar, Heliospheric, and INterplanetary Environment (SHINE) community investigation.

Context. In the solar wind (SW), the particle distribution functions are generally not Gaussian. They present nonthermal features that are related to underlying acceleration and heating processes. These processes are critical in the overall dynamics of this expanding astrophysical fluid. Aims. The Proton Alpha Sensor (PAS) on board Solar Orbiter commonly observes skewed proton distributions, with a more populated high-energy side in the magnetic field direction than the Gaussian distribution. Our objectives are: (1) to identify a theoretical statistical function that adequately models the observed distributions and (2) to use its statistical interpretation to constrain the acceleration and heating processes. Methods. We analyzed the 3D velocity distribution functions (VDFs) measured by PAS and compared them to model statistical functions. Results. We show that the normal inverse Gaussian (NIG), a type of hyperbolic statistical distribution, provides excellent fits of skewed and leptokurtic proton distributions. NIG can model both the core distribution and the beam, if present. We propose an interpretation that is inspired by the mathematical formulation of the NIG. It assumes that the acceleration or heating mechanism can be modeled as a drifting diffusion process in velocity space, controlled (or subordinated) by the time of interaction of the particles with "accelerating structures". The probability function of the interaction time is an inverse Gaussian (IG), obtained by considering a random drift across structures of a given size. The control of the diffusion by interaction times that follow an IG probability function formally defines the NIG distribution. Following this model, we show that skewness and kurtosis can be used to estimate the kinetic and thermal energy gains provided by the interaction with structures. For example, in the case studies presented here, the analyzed populations would have gained kinetic energy representing approximately two to four times their thermal energy, with an increase in velocity – due to acceleration – of from one-tenth to one-third of the observed flow velocity. We also show that the model constrains the initial temperature of the populations. Conclusions. Overall, the NIG model offers excellent fits of the observed proton distributions. Combining the skewness and the kurtosis, it also leads to constraints in the part of acceleration and heating due to the interactions with structures in the formation of the proton populations. We suggest that these effects add to the classical thermal evolution of the bulk velocity and temperature resulting from SW expansion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abandoned, lost, or otherwise discarded fishing gear (ALDFG) is a by‐product of many fisheries. ALDFG impacts extend beyond the targeted species and include by‐catch, habitat degradation, and increased plastic in the environment. In particular ALDFG such as lobster gear attracts a succession of fouling organisms, increasing species diversity and productivity.In Cape Cod Bay, Massachusetts, USA, a seasonal lobster gear closure occurs for the protection of North Atlantic right whales (Eubalaena glacialis), allowing for the removal of ALDFG. In this study, the percentage cover of fouling organisms on recovered gear was used to model the age of the recovered gear (of indeterminate age because of missing tags).Between 2017 and 2021, a total of 379 traps were photo documented, of which 223 were of known age (1–22 years) and 156 were of unknown age. The age of the unknown traps was modelled utilizing a random forest algorithm using traps with a known age as a training library.High correlations between modelled ages and known ages (R2 = 0.634, P < 0.001*) slightly underestimated the age of the traps by 1.2–1.8 years, but are sufficient for developing an age distribution. The majority (79%) of traps were recovered off Provincetown and averaged 10–11 years old. Approximately 50% of the traps recovered in Cape Cod Bay were deposited or lost between 2005 and 2010.Calculating the age of ALDFG aids in determining the loss rate of gear and in identifying high concentrations of untended gear that can be recycled or reused. This analysis allows practitioners to understand the scale of the problem, helps quantify the quantity of gear in the ocean, and helps identify the areas most affected. This information improves the effectiveness of removal efforts by focusing on discrete areas of recurring and recent gear loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]