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Communication through social media is a phenomenon whose relevance has involved the consideration of online discourse in the language teaching context. This article explores the functionality of Twitter (now called “X”) for science dissemination within the teaching and learning of English as a foreign language. To do this, 100 tweets from the accounts @WWF and @Greenpeace were gathered and analysed from the perspective of digital discourse analysis and communicative language teaching. I argue that using these tweets encourages the development of key competencies, provides room for the practice of integrated skills, and enhances the application of 21st-century skills. Conclusively, science dissemination tweets may be considered adequate for teaching and learning English.

Background: The GOG240 trial established bevacizumab with chemotherapy as standard first-line therapy for metastatic or recurrent cervical cancer. In the BEATcc trial (ENGOT-Cx10–GEICO 68-C–JGOG1084–GOG-3030), we aimed to evaluate the addition of an immune checkpoint inhibitor to this standard backbone. Methods: In this investigator-initiated, randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial, patients from 92 sites in Europe, Japan, and the USA with metastatic (stage IVB), persistent, or recurrent cervical cancer that was measurable, previously untreated, and not amenable to curative surgery or radiation were randomly assigned 1:1 to receive standard therapy (cisplatin 50 mg/m2 or carboplatin area under the curve of 5, paclitaxel 175 mg/m2, and bevacizumab 15 mg/kg, all on day 1 of every 3-week cycle) with or without atezolizumab 1200 mg. Treatment was continued until disease progression, unacceptable toxicity, patient withdrawal, or death. Stratification factors were previous concomitant chemoradiation (yes vs no), histology (squamous cell carcinoma vs adenocarcinoma including adenosquamous carcinoma), and platinum backbone (cisplatin vs carboplatin). Dual primary endpoints were investigator-assessed progression-free survival according to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumours version 1.1 and overall survival analysed in the intention-to-treat population. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03556839, and is ongoing. Findings: Between Oct 8, 2018, and Aug 20, 2021, 410 of 519 patients assessed for eligibility were enrolled. Median progression-free survival was 13·7 months (95% CI 12·3–16·6) with atezolizumab and 10·4 months (9·7–11·7) with standard therapy (hazard ratio [HR]=0·62 [95% CI 0·49–0·78]; p<0·0001); at the interim overall survival analysis, median overall survival was 32·1 months (95% CI 25·3–36·8) versus 22·8 months (20·3–28·0), respectively (HR 0·68 [95% CI 0·52–0·88]; p=0·0046). Grade 3 or worse adverse events occurred in 79% of patient

Referencias bibliográficas • Alcaraz, F., P. Sánchez Gómez, A. De la Torre, S. Ríos, and J. Álvarez. 1991. Datos sobre la vegetación de Murcia. Guía Geobotánica de la Excursión de las XI Jornadas de Fitosociología. Promociones y Publicaciones Universitarias, S. A., 162 p. • Arnaiz, C. 1979. Ecología y fitosociología de los zarzales y espinales madrileños comprendidos en los sectores Guadarrámico, Manchego y Celtibérico-Alcarreño. Lazaroa 1: 129-38. • Asensi, A., and S. Rivas Martínez. 1979. Sobre la vegetación de Rhamno-Prunetea spinosae en Andalucía (España. Colloques Phytosociologia 8: 33-42. • Gómez Mercado, F., and F. Valle. 1988. Notas biogeográficas y ecológicas sobre el macizo de Cazorla-Segura: Las bojedas. Actes del Simposi Internacional de Botànica Pius Font i Quer, Vol II, 171-276. • Inocencio Pretel, C., F. Alcaraz, and S. Ríos. 1998. El paisaje vegetal de la Cuenca Albacetense del Guadalmena. Instituto de Estudios Albacetenses. Excma. Diputación. Provincial de Albacete. Serie I-Núm. 100, 327 p. • López, G. 1976. Contribución al conocimiento fitosociológico de la serranía de Cuenca I. Anales Institut Botanica Cavanilles 33: 5-87. • Martínez Parras, J. Ma, and J. Molero Mesa. 1982. Ecología y fitosociología de Quercus pyrenaica Willd. en la provincia Bética. Los melojares béticos y sus etapas de sustitución. Lazaroa 4: 91-104. • Martínez Parras, J.M.a, and J. Molero Mesa. 1983. Sobre la alianza Lonicero-Berberidion hispanicae O. de Bolòs, 1954, en la parte oriental de la provincia corológica Bética. Collectanea Botánica 14: 327-35. • Martínez Parras, J.M.a, M. Peinado, and F. Alcaraz. 1987. Comunidades vegetales de Sierra Nevada (España). Serv. Publ. Univ. Alcalá de Henares, 67 p. • Mota Poveda, J.F. 1990. Estudio Fitosociológico de las Altas Montañas Calcáreas de Andalucía (Provincia Corológica Bética). Tesis Doctoral. Univ. de Granada, 411 p. • Peinado, M., G. Moreno, and A. Velasco. 1983. Sur les boulaies lusoextremadurenses (Galio broteriani-Betuleto, This paper re-examines the Rhamno-Prunetea class in the centre and south of the Iberian Peninsula, especially in Andalusia. The paper also deals with the alliances Pruno-Rubion ulmifolii Lonicero-Berberidion hispanicae in the south of the Iberian Peninsula, and Berberidion vulgaris (Berberidenion seroi) in the area of Cuenca. Our analysis of 225 relevés arranged in 22 phytosociological tables helped us to re-organize the available information and subsequently propose three associations and two subassociations: Clematido vitalbae-Rosetum micranthae nova; Berberido hispanicae-Buxetum sempervirentis nova; Roso siculae-Berberidetum hispanicae Mota nova subas. prunetosum ramburii Mota nova; Lonicero arboreae-Rhamnetum cathartici Martínez-Parras and Molero Citation1983 subas. prunetosum ranburii nova. As a result of the study, a total of 18 syntaxa with the rank of association and four with the rank of subassociation are proposed for the south of the Iberian Peninsula., Depto. de Didáctica de las Ciencias Experimentales , Sociales y Matemáticas, Fac. de Educación, TRUE, pub

The article deals both with the Pinus occidentalis pine tree forests growing on high mountain limestones and siliceous substrates, and with the copses growing on serpentines in Dajabo´n (Cibao Valley), Dominican Republic. The samplings carried out in these forests reveal the occurrence of numerous endemic species and, consequently, the habitats can be considered as endemic, priority habitats of the Antilles. The article relies on some previous surveys carried out by us, Cano E, Velo´z Ramirez A, Cano-Ortiz A, Esteban FJ. (2009b). Analysis of the Pterocarpus officinalis forests in the Gran Estero (Dominican Republic). Acta Botanica Gallica 156(4):559–570, that made use of the data provided by 87 weather stations of the Dominican Republic. With the values of the Ci, Oi, Cti, etc. indexes, we make a bioclimatical proposal for Hispaniola. Our preliminary analysis of the studies published on the vegetation of the Island of Hispaniola and nearby islands, along with the samples taken by us, lead us to propose two new alliances: Ilici tuerckheimi–Pinion occidentalis and Phyllario mummularioidi–Leptogonion buchi, and three new associations: Dendropemon phycnophylli–Pinetum occidentalis, Cocotrino scopari–Pinetum occidentalis and Leptogono buchi–Pinetum occidentalis., Depto. de Didáctica de las Ciencias Experimentales , Sociales y Matemáticas, Fac. de Educación, TRUE, pub

Funding Este trabajo fue apoyado por las subvenciones RD16/0011/0012 y PI18/0371 a IG-A, y PI12/01578 a SC del Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (Instituto de Salud Carlos III) y cofinanciado por el Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional. (FEDER). Actualmente, AT-M cuenta con una beca de doctorado de la Comunidad de Madrid (PEJD-2019-PRE/BMD-16851). Actualmente el NM se encuentra otorgado mediante RD16/0011/0012. El trabajo de ER-V cuenta actualmente con una subvención Rio-Hortega CM19/00149 del Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (Instituto de Salud Carlos III) y cofinanciado por el Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER)., Galectin 1 (Gal1) is a lectin with a wide cellular expression that functions as a negative regulator of the immune system in several animal models of autoimmune diseases. Identification of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has improved during the last decade, although there is still a need for biomarkers allowing an early diagnosis. In this regard, it has been recently proposed that Gal1 serum levels are increased in patients with RA compared to the general population. However, this topic is controversial in the literature. In this work, we provide additional information about the potential usefulness of Gal1 serum levels as a biomarker for RA diagnosis. We studied Gal1 serum and synovial fluid levels and clinical parameters in samples from 62 patients with early arthritis belonging to the PEARL study. In addition, 24 healthy donors were studied. We found that both patients fulfilling RA criteria and patients with undifferentiated arthritis showed higher Gal1 levels than healthy donors. Similar findings were observed in synovial fluid, which showed even higher levels than serum. However, we did not find correlation between Gal1 levels and disease activity or disability. Therefore, our results suggest that Gal1 could be a diagnostic but not a severity biomarker., Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad (MINECO), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) / FEDER, Comunidad de Madrid, Depto. de Biología Celular, Fac. de Ciencias Biológicas, TRUE, pub

Monthly, seasonal and annual trends in mean temperatures have been analysed in this study using data from 37 weather stations from the Pakistan Meteorological Department with records from 1952 to 2009. Statistical tests including Sen's slope and Mann‐Kendall were applied to each of the 37 stations in order to determine the sign and slopes of trends and their statistical significance. The study reveals that the temperature has generally increased in Pakistan at all time scales analysed over the past few decades. March and the pre‐monsoon season were the periods with the highest number of weather stations showing statistical significance, and also with the highest magnitudes of trends. Mean annual temperature increased around 0.36 °C/decade. This rise in temperature is slightly higher than other results found for Pakistan. The association between temperatures and certain teleconnection patterns, as well as the influence of the urban effect, might be among the causes of the trends found in this study. The largest number of correlations between mean temperatures and teleconnection patterns was found in March, April and May with NAO, ENSO and NCP, respectively. The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) may also have an influence on the temperatures of certain months in the monsoon season and particularly in August. At a seasonal resolution, NAO and NCP may control temperatures in the pre‐monsoon season. The lowest number of sites exhibiting correlations was found in winter and in the post‐monsoon seasons., Depto. de Didáctica de las Ciencias Experimentales , Sociales y Matemáticas, Fac. de Educación, TRUE, pub

The statistical and phytosociological study of 255 relevés taken in the south-west of the Iberian Peninsula and made up of our own samples and previous publications reveals how close these relevés, previously ascribed to different syntaxa, really are. Our re-arrangement of the data leads us to propose for the territory the 15 associations already pub lished and three new ones, namely: Genisto floridae-Adenocarpetum argyrophylli ass. nova hoc loco, Cytisetum bour gaei-eriocarpi nova, Lavandulo viridis-Cytisetum striati ass. nova hoc. loco. We also suggest a name correction, Adenocarpo anisochili-Cytisetum scoparii J.C. Costa et al. 2000 corr., and a status change, namely, Ulici latebracteati Cytisetum striati (Costa et al. 2000) status novo., L’étude statistique et phytosociologique de 255 inventaires du sud-ouest de la Péninsule Ibérique, de nos pro pres échantillonnages et des publications antérieures, fait voir la proximité entre les inventaires, qui auparavant ont été inclus dans des syntaxons différents. Nous avons réorganisé les données et maintenant nous proposons pour le térritoire 15 associations de celles qui ont été déjà publiées et en plus trois associations neuves: Genisto floridae-Adenocarpetum argyrophylli nova, Cytisetum bourgaei-eriocarpi nova, Lavandulo viridis-Cytisetum striati nova. Nous rectifions le nom Adenocarpo anisochili-Cytisetum scoparii J.C. Costa et al. 2000 corr., et nous changeons le status de Ulici latebracteati Cytisetum striati (Costa et al. 2000) status novo., Depto. de Didáctica de las Ciencias Experimentales , Sociales y Matemáticas, Fac. de Educación, TRUE, pub

This study reveals the occurrence of Phalaris coerulescens communities both in Portugal and the south of Andalusia (Spain). These grasslands present a variable cover ratio and have an average dominant vegetation size of about 100 cm. They tend to occur in river beds and in places which are sometimes water-logged, with a certain amount of organic matter inducing the occurrence of nitrophilous companion species. The soils are always siliceous, very poor in carbonates, but with a high proportion of sand. Consequently, flooding never lasts for long. The grasslands of Portugal are located in the Marianic Monchiquensean unit, within the series of Pyro bourgaeanae-Queceto rotundifoliae s. and Poterio agrimonioidis-Querceto suberis s. The new Senecio foliosi-Phalaridetum coerulescentis is characterized by Senecio jacobaea var foliosus, meanwhile, in the the south of Andalusia, the Hedysaro coronarii Phalaridetum coerulescentis is described for the Aljibic and Gaditan Onubensean Sectors, and, in the Rondean and Bermejensean areas, the Elymo repentis-Phalaridetum coerulescentis. These associations are included in the Gaudinio fragilis-Hordeion bulbosi alliance, Depto. de Didáctica de las Ciencias Experimentales , Sociales y Matemáticas, Fac. de Educación, TRUE, pub

This paper, which deals with the geological history of Hispaniola in the general framework of Central America and particularly the Caribbean Sea, aims at revealing the influence of it on other areas. The paper studies the distribution of 675 species of Melastomataceae family, a family which has been used to establish the biogeographical ranges of Superprovince and biogeographical Province. The research also carried out a floristic and distributional study of 1.582 endemic species on Hispaniola. Nineteen working areas were defined and plant samples were taken in most of them following the Central European phytosociological method. With these datas, we plotted a map with the biogeographical Subprovinces and another one with the Sectors. The Superprovinces of Western Antilles, Central-Eastern Antilles have been established. This latter includes the Provinces of Eastern Antilles and Hispaniola. We propose a comprehensive biogeographical typology of the island. Due to its high endemicity and the great diversity of its habitats is moved to a upper range called biogeographical Province encompassing two Subprovinces: Central (one Sector) and Caribbean-Atlantic (Bahoruco-Hottense, Neiba-Metheux-Noroeste, Azua - San Juan - Hoya Henriquillo - Puerto Príncipe - Artiobonite - Gonaives, CaribbeanCibense and North)., Nous analysons ici l'histoire géologique de La Hispaniola, pour étudier l'influence de l'Amérique centrale et surtout de la Caraïbe par la distribution de 675 espèces de Melastomataceae, afin d’établir les rangs biogéographiques de sous-region, superprovince, province et sous-province. L’étude florístique et de la distribution de 1.582 plantes endémiques de La Hispaniola révèle finalement deux grandes régions. Nous avons fait l’inventaire de la végétation dans ces deux régions, en suivant la méthode phytosociologique européenne ; on en déduit deux sous-provinces. La haute endémicité et la grande diversité d'habitats justifient le rang de province, en distinguant deux sous-provincias : la Centrale (un seul secteur), la Caribéo-atlantique (avec les secteurs BahorucoHottense, Neiba-Metheux-Nord-Ouest, Azua - Sán Juán - Lac Henriquillo - Port Prince - Artiobonite - Gonaives, Caribéo-Cibense et Nord)., Depto. de Didáctica de las Ciencias Experimentales , Sociales y Matemáticas, Fac. de Educación, TRUE, pub

The Poa bulbosa communities present in the Iberian Peninsula are studied. With the aid of tables of associations provided by other authors and unpublished data, some statistical analyses (cluster analysis, Euclidean distance and PCA-analysis) were car ried out and a synthetic table was made to characterize the distinctive groups of taxa of each association. In both cases there are some rearrangements, which, together with the floristic and ecological study, lead us to propose the following novelties: Poetum ligu latae-bulbosae ass. nova hoc loco with a variant of Hieracium baeticum in the basophi lous communities, Festuco amplae-Poetum bulbosae plantaginetosum radica tae comb. nova for the silicicolous grasslands, and Plantaginenion serrariae stat. nov. (Tri folio sub te r ranei -Pe riballion ) for neutro-basophilous, vertic and siliceous soils., Depto. de Didáctica de las Ciencias Experimentales , Sociales y Matemáticas, Fac. de Educación, TRUE, pub

Résumé.- Nous avons étudié les communautés de Leptochloopsis virgata en République Dominicaine. Elles sont généralement dans des sites ombragés, comme dans le sud-ouest et la vallée de Cibao. Elles sont localisées généralement dans la sous-province Caribeo-Atlantique, sur marne à Cibao, Azua, Bani, Lac Enriquillo, et sur les serpentines de Port Argent. Le haut pourcentage d’endémicité et les biotopes créent un grand nombre d'habitats endémiques, de haute valeur écologique et géobotanique. Nous proposons dans ce travail deux nouvelles alliances et quatre associations ; au moins celles-ci possèdent un caractère endémique et devraient être considérées comme des habitats priori- taires pour la conservation, d’autant qu'elles sont localisées dans des régions influencées par l’homme, avec un risque d’extinction d'espèces, This paper deals with the Leptochloopsis virgata esparto patches growing in the Dominican Republic. These communities thrive mostly in shaded areas, as happens in the southwest of the island and the Cibao valley, where xericity records are high and vegetative inactivity lasts for over 7 months. The Leptochloopsis virgata esparto patches tend to be located in the Caribbean-Atlantic Subprovince, on the Quaternary marls of the Cibao valley, Azua, Bani, Lago Enriquillo, and on the serpentines of Puerto Plata, with an ombrotype ranging from semiarid to subhumid, but with a semiarid and dry character in the areas colonized by the espartillo and a thermotype which always remains infra-tropical. The high percentage of endemic species and media give rise to a high number of endemic, ecologically and geobotanically, highly valuable habitats. This paper suggests two new alliances and four associations. These latter, a least, present an endemic character and, consequently, should be considered as priority habitats for preservation purposes, since they are located in man-altered areas and the risk of species extinction cannot be ignored., Depto. de Didáctica de las Ciencias Experimentales , Sociales y Matemáticas, Fac. de Educación, TRUE, pub

This study analyzes the mean maximum and minimum temperature trends on a monthly, seasonal, and annual timescale by applying various statistical tools to data from 476 Spanish weather stations during the period between 1961 and 2006. The magnitude of the trends was derived from the slopes of the regression lines using the least squares method, and the nonparametric Mann–Kendall test was used to determine the statistical significance of the trends. Temperature significantly increased in over 60% of the country in March, June, spring, and summer in the case of maximum temperatures and in March, May, June, August, spring, and summer for minimum temperatures. At the annual resolution, temperatures significantly increased in over 90% of Spain with a rise of around 0.3°C/decade. The maximum temperature increased at a higher rate than the minimum temperature from midsummer to early winter as well as in winter, spring, and summer and also on an annual basis., Depto. de Didáctica de las Ciencias Experimentales , Sociales y Matemáticas, Fac. de Educación, TRUE, pub

Our soil study of the chromic soils located in the strip of land between Sierra Morena and the Guadalquivir Valley reveals a pH-value close to neutral in 25 samples. The pH-values are close to 5.5 only in the samples taken from the arenosols of the granitic batholith of Los Pedroches. However, it is the percentage of clay, sand and silt that explains the occurrence of grassland dominated by Raphanus raphanistrum, in the company of species with a psammophilous character such as Linaria spartea, Linaria amethystea and Brassica barrelieri. Our soil analysis reveals the presence of acid or base-poor soils. Consequently, the community of Raphanus raphanistrum found there displays an acidophilous, neutro-basophilous and subarenicolous character. Different types of sabulicolous plant communities appear as a result of the gradation of the soil texture. Since the Raphanus communities cannot be considered as genuinely sabulicolous, we have coined the term ‘subarenicolous’ to describe any plant community whose optimum sand content lies between 50% and 70%. The community of Linaria spartea and Raphanus rapha nistrum is neutro-basophilous and is found in at least the Marianic-Monchiquensean and North Hispalensean sectors. The floristic composition of the association is made up of Raphanus raphanistrum, Linaria spartea, Linaria amethystea, Medicago polymorpha, Hordeum leporinum, Bromus diandrus, Brassica barrelieri., Depto. de Didáctica de las Ciencias Experimentales , Sociales y Matemáticas, Fac. de Educación, TRUE, pub

This paper deals with the study of Taeniathero-Aegilopion geniculatae subnitrophilous communities found in the centre and south of Portugal, particularly in abandoned olive groves with vegetal cover. The edaphic and phytosociological study reveals that these pasturelands thrive on neutro-basic soils. In the corresponding dendrogram and in the co-location network, their peculiar floristic composition and, in particular, the co-existence of acidophilous and basophilous species give rise to a cluster of relevés distinctly separated from the rest. Consequently we propose the new Plantagini bellardii-Aegilopetum geniculatae association. It is different from the rest not only because of a number of differential species, but also for ecological reasons. In this respect, the edaphic analysis clearly reveals that all these samples correspond to soils with a pH value equal to or higher than 7, whereas the closest association, Trifolio cherleri-Taenitheretum capitis-medusae, presents a pH record below 7. There are also differences as far as the biogeographical unit and the vegetation series are concerned., Nous avons mené une étude des communautés subnitrophiles du Taeniathero-Aegilopion geniculatae dans le centre et le sud du Portugal dans les olivettes abandonnées végétalisées. L’étude édaphique et phytosociologique montre que ces pelouses croissent sur des sols neutro-basiques. Par la composition floristique caractéristique, dans le dendrogramme et dans la grille d’emplacement, se sépare des autres un groupe de relevés, séparation liée à la coexistence d’espèces acidophiles et basophiles. Par conséquent, nous proposons ici la nouvelle association Plantagini bellardii-Aegilopetum geniculatae, différente des autres par un ensemble d’espèces différentielles et par son écologie, puisque l’analyse édaphique montre que tous les relevés se trouvent dans des sols à pH égal ou supérieur à 7, tandis que l’association la plus proche, le Trifoliocherleri-Taenitheretum capitis-medusae, présente un pH inférieur à 7. Il y a aussi des différences phytogéographiques et dynamiques., Depto. de Didáctica de las Ciencias Experimentales , Sociales y Matemáticas, Fac. de Educación, TRUE, pub

The aim of this study is to know the diversity and state of conservation of the mangrove swamps of Central America. The study area is the State of Guerrero and the Dominican Republic and more precisely the sites of Tres Palos, Laguna de Coyuca, Majagua, Punta Arena (Sabana de la Mar), Barracote, Bahı´a de Samana´, Playa Las Cejas, Playa Moro´ n, Playa El Alema´n, Portillo, Laguna Redonda, Boca de Nisibo´ n, Playa del Macao, Laguna de Ba´varo, Punta Aljibe (Bahı´a Catalina), Isla Catalinita, Boca del Soco and Laguna de Oviedo. With the plant samples taken in the above mentioned sites, we created a synthetic table out of 16 phytosociological tables belonging to 6 original associations and 9 associations obtained from the bibliographical study. With the purpose of obtaining a similarity gradient (matching) between the associations under study, we carried out a statistical analysis (clustering, principal component analysis and Jaccard similarity/dissimilarity analysis). Our phytosociological approach relied on criteria such as biogreography and dynamic-catenal contact. Our sampling análisis has led us to propose the following syntaxa: Machaerio lunati-Rhizophoretum manglis; Rhabdadenio biflorae-Laguncularietum racemosae; Sthalio monospermae-Laguncularietum racemosae; Lonchocarpo pycnifolii-Conocarpetum erecatae; Lonchocarpo sericei Laguncularietum racemosae; Crataevo tapiae-Conocarpetum erectae. We also propose a new alliance and a change of status: Phyllantho elsiae-Laguncurion racemosae; Dalbergio-Rhizophorion manglis (Borhidi 1991) status novo. The mangrove swamps of Central America are arranged in three vegetation bands corresponding to different plant associations. The analysis of the three sampled area not only revealed the degradation of the vegetation but also the causative factors., Depto. de Didáctica de las Ciencias Experimentales , Sociales y Matemáticas, Fac. de Educación, TRUE, pub

Referencias bibliográficas: • Acevedo-Rodríguez, P., & Strong, M. T. (2008). Floristic richness and affinities in the West Indies. Botanical Review, 74, 5-36. doi: 10.1007/s12229-008-9000-1 • Addison, P. F. E., Rumpft, L., Ban, S. S., Carey, S. M., Chee, Y. E., Jarrad, F. C.,. Burgman, M. A. (2013). Practical solutions for making models indispensable in conservation decision-making. Diversity and Distributions, 19, 490-502. doi: 10.1111/ddi.12054 • Agrawal, A. (2009). Why "indigenous" knowledge? Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 39, 157-158. doi: 10.1080/03014220909510569 • Aitken, S. (2012). The value of diversity. Biodiversity, 13, 1. doi: 10.1080/14888386.2012.666722 • Berkes, F. (2009). Indigenous ways of knowing and the study of environmental change. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 39, 151-156. doi: 10.1080/03014220909510568 • Borhidi, A. (1991). Phytogeography and vegetation ecology of Cuba. Nordic Journal of Botany, 12, 470. doi: 10.1111/j.1756-1051.1992.tb01330.x • Braun-Blanquet, J. (1979). Pflanzensoziologie: Grundzüge der Vegetationskunde. Madrid: Ed. Blume. • Cano, E., & Cano-Ortiz, A. (2012). Establishment of biogeographic areas by distributing endemic flora and habitats (Dominican Republic, Haiti R.). In L. Stevens (Ed.), Global Advances in Biogeography. (pp. 1-118) Croatia: Rijeka. doi: 10.5772/31591. Retrieved from http://www.intechopen.com/books/global-advances-inbiogeography/stablishmentof-biogeographicareas-by-distributing-endemic-flora-and-habitats. (accessed 16 September 2015). • Cano, E., Cano-Ortiz, A., Del Río, S., Veloz Ramirez, A., & Esteban Ruiz, F. J. (2014b). A phytosociological survey of some serpentine plant communities in the Dominican Republic. Plant Biosystems, 148, 200-212. doi: 10.1080/11263504.2012.760498 • Cano, E., Cano-Ortiz, A., Veloz Ramirez, A., Alatorre, J., & Otero, R. (2012). Comparative analysis between the mangrove swamps of the Caribbean and those of the State of Guerrero (Mexico). Plant Biosys, Nineteen areas on the island of Hispaniola (Haiti and the Dominican Republic) were studied with the aim of determining the distribution pattern of the endemic flora in these areas, and their variability with altitude. The main concentration of endemic species occurs in mountains with a medium altitude and in certain mountain sites (palaeo-islands), which coincide with hotspots; a lower number of endemics are found in low-lying areas (coldspots), due to the degradation of their habitats. A total of 1,582 endemic species were studied and were distributed in 19 areas. The whole island is of outstanding interest for its richness in endemics; it has 2,050 endemic species, representing 34.16% of its total flora. The territory in the study is home to 1,284 genera of which 31 are endemic to the island, including monotypical genera such as Tortuella abietifolia Urb. & Ekman, and endemic genera such as Hottea, containing seven endemic species. The sites with the highest rate of endemics are area A16 in the central range with a total of 440 endemic species, of which 278 are exclusive to the territory; and the Sierra de Bahoruco, la Selle, La Hotte and Tibur on in area A12, where we found 699 plants of which 482 are endemic and exclusive to the area; and A13 with 173 and 129 respectively. This work highlights the exceptional floristic diversity in endemic species and genera and analyses their distribution patterns as a tool for conservation in this area of the world, whose high endemicity rate makes it one of the most significant hotspots in the Caribbean., Depto. de Didáctica de las Ciencias Experimentales , Sociales y Matemáticas, Fac. de Educación, TRUE, pub

References: • García, R.; Mejía, M.; Peguero, B. Jiménez, F. Flora endémica de la sierra de Bahoruco, República Dominicana. Moscosoa 2001, 12, 9–44. • De Los Ángeles, I.; Clase, T.; Peguero, B. Flora y vegetación del Parque Nacional El Choco, Sosúa, provincia Puerto Plata, República Dominicana. Moscosoa 2005, 14, 10–55.. • Guerrero, A.; Jiménez, F.; Höner, D.; Zanoni, T. La flora y la vegetación de la loma Barbacoa, Cordillera Central, República Dominicana. Moscosoa 1997, 9, 84–116. • Höner, D.; Jiménez, F. Flora vascular y vegetación de la loma la Herradura (Cordillera Oriental), República Dominicana. Moscosoa 1994, 8, 65–85. • May, T. Regeneración de la Vegetación arbórea y arbustiva en un terreno de cultivos abandonado durante 12 años en la zona de bosques húmedos montanos (Reserva Científica Ébano Verde, Cordillera Central, República Dominicana). Moscosoa 1994, 8, 131–149. • May, T. Fases tempranas de la sucesión en un bosque nublado de Magnolia pallescens después de un incendio (Loma Casabito, Reserva Científica de Ebano Verde, Cordillera Central, República Dominicana). Moscosoa 1997, 9, 117–144. • May, T. Tres años de obervaciones fenológicas en el bosque nublado de Casabito (Reserva científica Ebano Verde, Cordillera Central, República Dominicana). Moscosoa 1998, 10, 164–178. • May, T. Respuesta de la vegeteción en un calimetal de Dicranopteris pectinata después de un fuego, en la parte oriental de la Cordillera Central, República Dominicana. Moscosoa 2000, 11, 113–132. • May, T. Composition, structure and diversity in broadleaved cloud forests in the Ebano Verde scientific reserve (Cordillera Central range, Dominican Republic). Moscosoa 2007, 15, 156–176. • May, T.; Peguero, B. Vegetación y flora de la loma el Mogote, Jarabacoa, Cordillera Central, República Dominicana. Moscosoa 2000, 11, 11–37. • Mejía, M.; García, R.; Jiménez, F. Sub-región fitogeográfica Barbacoa-Casabito: Riqueza florística y su importancia en la conservación de la flora de la isla Españ, The study of the forest in rainy environments of the Dominican Republic reveals the presence of four types of vegetation formations, clearly differentiated from each other in terms of their floristic and biogeographical composition, and also significantly different from the rainforests of Cuba. This leads us to propose two new alliances and four plant associations located in northern mountain areas exposed to moisture-laden winds from the Atlantic: All. Rondeletio ochraceae-Clusion roseae (Ass. Cyatheo furfuracei-Prestoetum motanae; Ass. Ormosio krugii-Prestoetum montanae); and All. Rondeletio ochraceae-Didymopanion tremuli (Ass. Hyeronimo montanae-Magnolietum pallescentis; Hyeronimo dominguensis-Magnolietum hamorii). We pay special attention to the description of cloud forest types, since they have a high rate of endemic species, and therefore there are endemic habitats, which need special protective actions. Therefore, we apply the Shannon diversity index to characteristic, companion, non-endemic, and endemic species. As result, the association Ormosio krugii-Prestoetum montanae has a Shannon_T = 2.4 and a value of Shannon_E = 0, whereas the other 3 associations have a better conservation status with Shannon values in all cases > 0: This is due to a worse conservation status of the Eastern Cordillera, in comparison with the Central Cordillera and Sierra de Bhaoruco. Due to human activity, some areas are very poorly conserved, as evidenced by the diversity index and the presence of endemic tree and plant elements. The worst conserved in terms of the relationship between characteristic plants vegetation (cloud forest) in areas with high rainfall are in the Dominican Republic, along with its floristic diversity and state of conservation. This study has made it possible to significantly increase the botanical knowledge of this important habitat., Depto. de Didáctica de las Ciencias Experimentales , Sociales y Matemáticas, Fac. de Educación, TRUE, pub