Search

Purpose: Studies regarding oral health are mainly conducted on adult population and there is a lack of epidemiologic data on the oral health of children. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and distribution of oral lesions in Turkish children. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional survey was carried out on total of 1041 Turkish children attended by the outpatient Oral Medicine and Surgery Department of İstanbul University. Results: Examinations were performed and 277 of whom had a total of more than 30 different type of lesions detected. The fissured tongue (3.4%) was the most frequent lesion, followed by traumatic lesions (3.2%) and the cheek biting (2.5%). Conclusions: This is the first study in Turkey on oral lesions in this age group. We hope that our study will be a baseline data for future studies and for sure there is a need for more goodquality epidemiological studies in this area.

Stem cells have enormous potential to alleviate sufferings of many diseases that currently have no effective therapy. The research in this field is growing at an exponential rate. Stem cells are master cells that have specialized capability for self-renewal, potency and capability to differentiate to many cell types. At present, the adult mesenchymal stem cells are being used in the head and neck region for orofacial regeneration (including enamel, dentin, pulp and alveolar bone) in lieu of their proliferative and regenerative properties, their use in the treatment of oral mucosal lesions is still in budding stages. Moreover, there is scanty literature available regarding role of stem cell therapy in the treatment of commonly seen oral mucosal lesions like oral submucous fibrosis, oral lichen planus, oral ulcers and oral mucositis. The present review will focus on the current knowledge about the role of stem cell therapies in oral mucosal lesions and could facilitate new advancements in this area (articles were obtained from electronic media like PubMed, EBSCO, Cochrane and Medline etc., from year 2000 to 2014 to review the role of stem cell therapy in oral mucosal lesions).

Aim: The present cross-sectional study following the STROBE guidelines was conducted to assess the prevalence of oral mucosal lesions among males, females, and eunuchs residing in Bhopal city, Madhya Pradesh India. Materials and Methods: Based on convenient non-probability snowball sampling technique, all the self-identified eunuchs residing in the city of Bhopal who were present at the time of examination and who fulfilled the selection criteria were examined. A cross section of the general population (males and females) residing in the same locality where these eunuchs live was also examined. The World Health Organization (WHO) oral health assessment proforma (1997) was used to collect the information on oral mucosal lesions. All the obtained data were analyzed by using a Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 20. Results: Overall prevalence of oral mucosal lesions was 127 (19.9%) among the study subjects. Fifty-nine (28.5%) eunuchs, 56 (25.7%) males, and 12 (5.6%) females were observed to have some oral mucosal lesions. Oral submucous fibrosis (6.4%), leukoplakia (5.5%), and traumatic ulceration (4.2%) were the major oral mucosal conditions observed. Conclusion: The information presented in this study adds to our understanding of the common oral mucosal lesions occurring in the eunuch population. Efforts to increase patient awareness of the oral effects of tobacco use and to eliminate the habit are needed to improve the oral and general health of eunuchs.

Aims and Objectives: To assess and create awareness of oral medicine specialty among medical practitioners, and to assess the volume of oral medicine clinical cases that they come across in their routine practice and to whom they refer them to. Materials and Methods: Printed and validated questionnaires were given to a sample of 100 medical practitioners of different specialties personally in and around Tirupati and the results were analyzed. Results: Sixty-nine percent of medical practitioners were not aware of oral medicine specialty and only 31% were aware of it. Frequent incidence of oral manifestation of systemic diseases, occasional incidence of facial and TMJ pain, oral mucosal lesions, and rare incidence of salivary gland disorders were noted in their routine practice. Oral manifestation of systemic diseases and oral mucosal lesions were frequently being referred to a general dentist and not to any specific specialty. TMJ and facial pain were referred to an ENT specialist and salivary gland problems to a general surgeon commonly. Conclusion: It is time to reiterate and spread the awareness among the medical professionals about oral medicine speciality in diagnosis and management of many oral ailments. Proper diagnosis and medical management should be the preferred line of therapy for any ailment.

Aim: To assess the oral health status and treatment needs among elderly people aged 60 years and above residing as inmates in the old age homes of Hyderabad and Secunderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India. Settings and Design: A cross-sectional study was performed to determine the oral health status and treatment needs among elderly people. Materials and Methods: In order to assess the oral health status and treatment needs, the clinical assessment of oral mucosa, community periodontal index, loss of attachment, dentition status and treatment need, prosthetic status and prosthetic need was recorded based on a modified World Health Organization 1997 proforma. Statistical Analysis Used: Multi-group analysis was done using analysis of variance. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Of the 812 inmates, 431 (64.0%) of the study participants had oral mucosal lesions. In terms of periodontal status, all sextants were excluded (Code "X") in 324 (39.9%) subjects. Out of dentate population, a majority of the inmates (219; 27.0%) presented with deep pockets (Code "4") followed by shallow pockets (Code "3" - 183; 22.5%). The majority of the subjects had no prosthesis in the upper arch (85.0%) and lower arch (86.6%). Conclusion: The study demonstrated poor oral health among institutionalized elderly inmates. Oral mucosal lesions were found to be higher and periodontal status was also poor amongst the study population.

Introduction: Dental health and oral health are used almost synonymously when stating the goals of oral health; such statements are only valid for dental health. This may lead to severe underestimation of the need of total oral health care. When planning measures of oral health care, the lack of data may lead to a risk of overlooking diseases of the soft tissue in, and adjacent to, the oral cavity. Prevalence data of oral mucosal lesions are available from many countries, but the information is usually restricted to very few lesions in each survey. Materials and Methods: The present study is an attempt to assess and compare the various deleterious habits and its associated oral mucosal lesions among patients visiting outpatient department of Jaipur Dental College, Jaipur, Rajasthan. Results: It was found that the prevalence of habits was 51.4% including both the sexes and prevalence of oral mucosal lesions were 9.9%. Discussion: The prevalence of habits and oral mucosal lesions is very high as compared with other studies. The habit of smoking was higher in males as compared to females.

Context: The increasing use of chewing tobacco (CT) in the last 10-12 years has led to an increased incidence of potentially malignant oral disorders and frank oral malignancies. Aim: To determine the frequency of oral mucosal lesions and to correlate the dose-response relationship among CT users of Bengaluru North province. Settings and Design: This population-based cross-sectional study was conducted among a randomized cluster sample of adults in low-income group (slums), of Bengaluru North, Karnataka state, India. Materials and Methods: Nine hundred and one subjects, all CT users were surveyed in this cross-sectional study. A prestructured questionnaire which included information on type and amount of CT used, duration and frequency of use, and location of placement of tobacco in the oral cavity was used for assessment, which was followed by oral examination for the presence of lesions. Statistical Analysis Used: Chi-square and Fisher′s exact tests were used to assess the statistical significance. Results: Of the 901 subjects with CT habits, 55.8% revealed no clinically detectable oral mucosal changes and 44.1% showed mucosal changes of which 63.8% were males and 36.1% were females. The most common finding was chewers mucositis (59.5%) followed by submucous fibrosis (22.8%), leukoplakia (8%), lichenoid reaction (6.5%), oral cancer (2.7%), and lichen planus (0.5%). Conclusion: This study provides information about different CT habits and associated mucosal lesions among this population.

Introduction: The aim of this systematic review is to provide a clinical update of the current knowledge on COVID-19 and oral mucosal lesions, to analyze the types and prevalence of oral mucosal lesions in patients with COVID-19, and to clarify the potential association between COVID-19 and oral mucosal lesions., Methods: The literature search was conducted using PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and the Cochrane Library, as well as literatures via manual searches of the reference lists of included studies. Studies published in English that mentioned oral mucosal lesions in patients with COVID-19 were included, resulting in a total of 31 studies., Results: Most of the included studies were considered to have a moderate to high risk of bias according to the Joanna Briggs Institute bias assessment tools. Based on COVID-19 severity, the characteristics and patterns of oral mucosal lesions in COVID-19 patients were described, analyzed and synthesized. Overall, ulcers without specific diagnosis had the highest prevalence in COVID-19 patients, followed by traumatic ulcers, candidiasis, petechiae and aphthous-like lesions. Homogeneity of data cannot be achieved in statical analysis, indicating randomness of outcome (ulcers without specific diagnosis, 95% CI: 28%-96%, I 2  = 98.7%)., Discussion: Given the limited evidence from currently available studies, the association between COVID-19 and oral mucosal lesions remains difficult to clarify. Healthcare professionals should be aware of the possible association between COVID-19 and oral mucosal lesions, and we hereby discuss our findings., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (© 2023 Kot, Li, Chan and Zheng.)

This review aimed to comprehensively assess the association between tobacco use and oral health outcomes, specifically the presence of premalignant lesions (PMLs), through a synthesis of multiple assessments conducted in diverse populations. A systematic search of relevant literature was performed, and studies meeting the inclusion criteria were selected using appropriate Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) words and Boolean operators. Data from these studies was pooled and analysed using Review Manager 5.4 (The Cochrane Collaboration, The Nordic Cochrane Centre, Copenhagen). The Newcastle-Ottawa scale was used to assess the methodological quality of the studies included. The pooled analysis of the five selected papers revealed a significant correlation between tobacco use and an increased prevalence of PMLs among tobacco users. Tobacco users had an odds ratio of 15.22 (95% CI: 10.01-23.15) as compared to non-user cohorts, significant at p 0.0001. This comprehensive synthesis of assessments underscores the detrimental impact of tobacco use on oral health, particularly in terms of potentially malignant lesions. The findings emphasise the urgency of targeted public health interventions to address tobacco consumption and promote oral health awareness, especially in populations with high tobacco consumption rates. Standardisation of methodologies and representation of diverse populations in future research would strengthen the evidence base and facilitate more effective strategies to improve oral health outcomes globally., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2023, Gupta et al.)

Background: To evaluate the changes of oral mucosa in malignancy and pre-malignant oral conditions using fluorescence spectroscopy during various phases of treatment.Material and Methods: The study involved patients of squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity and the premalignant lesions coming for the follow up/post-operative radiotherapy. The autofluorescence spectra were recorded in vivo using a Nitrogen laser based fluorimeter. Three sites of each patient were examined-right & the left buccal mucosa and the tongue. For a given pathology, spectra from all the individuals were grouped and mean spectra after different radiation cycles were compared. The quantitative analysis of the spectra involved extraction of diagnostically relevant spectral information through Maximum Representation and Discrimination Feature.Results: As different patients had different response to the radiation, it was difficult to visualize any particular trend with increased number of radiation cycles. However, for a given pathology and an individual, when mean spectra after different radiation cycles and surgery were compared, the observation was: Intensity of the 460 nm fluorescence band for each pathology was increased with the number of radiation cycle. That had indicated tissue was being reverted back to its grossly normal features. As 460 nm fluorescence spike was a standard spectra for normal mucosa.Conclusion: The results strengthened the hypothesis that fluorescence spectroscopy has considerable potential for use as a tool to evaluate the response to treatment in oral malignancy. These spectra of radiotherapy and surgically treated patients can be used as standards for treated patients in further studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims and Objectives: Nicotine absorption through the mucous membrane is directly proportional to pH, so the snuff is buffered to pH of 8-9 by adding sodium carbonate. The objective of the present study is to assess the impact of various forms of sodium carbonate in snuff on mucosal conditions. Materials and Methods: The present cross-sectional study was conducted on 284 participants. Snuff users adding sodium carbonate were further splitted into two groups, that is, one group using sodium carbonate in premixed form, that is, (already mixed within pouches) and other group adding sodium carbonate separately (freshly mixed). The parametric one-way (ANOVA) of variance, stepwise regression analysis, and multiple logistic regression analysis have been done to narrate the relationship between variables of different forms of sodium carbonate in snuff and different oral conditions. Results: The statistics of our study reveals highly significant relationship between snuff users using sodium carbonate in freshly mixed (0.001**) form than that of premixed form (P = 0.030*). Conclusion: The present study narrates that there seems to be liaison between the use of sodium carbonate in snuff and oral mucosal lesions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of oral mucosal lesions of Thai elderly dental patients and to determine its association with age, gender, medical conditions, oral habits and denture wearing. Materials and Methods: Two hundred eleven patients who were 60-years-old or older and attended Dental Hospital, Naresuan University, Thailand participated in the present study. The prevalence of oral mucosal lesions as well as the medico-demographic data were collected. Intraoral examination and diagnosis were done according to the World Health Organization Guideline. The association and the correlation between variables were analyzed using Pearson's Chi-square test. Results: The overall prevalence of oral mucosal lesions was 61.6%. There was no statistically significant difference between age groups, genders, medical conditions, smoking, alcoholic beverage consumption, areca nut chewing and denture wearing. The three most common lesions were traumatic ulcer (12.8%), frictional keratosis (10.9%), and melanotic macule (9.5%). Conclusion: Thai elderly dental patient group in Thailand has slightly high prevalence of oral mucosal lesions. Age, gender, medical conditions, oral habits and denture wearing are not associated with overall prevalence, but specifically associated with some individual lesions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To obtain data on the prevalence of oral mucosal lesions (OMLs) among Cambodians, and to assess the relationship between known risk habits of oral diseases with prevalence of oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs). Design: This was a population-based, cross-sectional study whereby subjects were adults aged 18 years old and above. A workshop on the identification of OML was held to train and calibrate dental officers prior to data collection in the field. Sociodemographic and risk habits data were collected via face-to-face interview, whilst presence of OML and clinical details of lesions such as type and site were collected following clinical oral examination by the examiners. Data analysis was carried out using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 12.0. The association between risk habits and risk of OPMD was explored using logistic regression analysis. Results: A total of 1634 subjects were recruited. Prevalence of OML for this population was 54.1%. Linea alba was the most common lesion seen (28.7%). This study showed an overall OPMD prevalence of 5.6%. The most common type of OPMD was leukoplakia (64.8%), followed by lichen planus (30.8%). Subjects who only smoked were found to have an increased risk for OPMD of almost four-fold (RR 3.74, 95%CI 1.89–7.41). The highest risk was found for betel quid chewers, where the increased risk observed was more than six times (RR 6.75, 95%CI 3.32–13.72). Alcohol consumption on its own did not seem to confer an increased risk for OPMD, however when practiced concurrently with smoking, a significant risk of more than five times was noted (RR 5.69 95%CI 3.14–10.29). Conclusion: The prevalence of OML was 54.1%, with linea alba being the most commonly occurring lesion. Smoking, alcohol consumption and betel quid chewing were found to be associated with the prevalence of OPMD, which was 5.6%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geographic tongue (GT) is an oral mucosal lesion that affects the tongue. The association between GT and the bacterial colonization profiles of the tongue is not clear. Lingual swabs were collected from lesion sites and healthy sites of 35 patients with GT (19 males and 16 females; Mage = 54.3 ± 16.1 years) and 22 controls (12 males and 10 females; Mage = 56.3 ± 15.8 years). Bacterial DNA was extracted and sequenced by next-generation sequencing. At the phylum level, Fusobacteria were significantly less abundant, while Spirochaetes were significantly more abundant in GT patients compared to controls. At the operational taxonomic units level, multivariate analysis revealed distinct clusters for the three groups based on the lingual microbiota composition. Acinetobacter and Delftia were significantly associated with GT lesion and healthy sites. However, Microbacterium, Leptospira, Methylotenera, and Lactococcus were significantly associated with GT lesion sites. Additionally, Mogibacterium and Simonsiella were significantly associated with GT healthy sites and controls. The changes in the lingual microbiota profiles of patients with GT imply a shift in the lingual bacterial ecology. However, it remains unknown if this shift is a consequence of the lesions or of factors associated with the initiation and progression of the disease.

Oral mucosal lesions have many etiologies, including viral or bacterial infections, local trauma or irritation, systemic disorders, and even excessive alcohol and tobacco consumption. Folk knowledge on medicinal plants and phytochemicals in the treatment of oral mucosal lesions has gained special attention among the scientific community. Thus, this review aims to provide a brief overview on the traditional knowledge of plants in the treatment of oral mucosal lesions. This review was carried out consulting reports between 2008 and 2018 of PubMed (Medline), Web of Science, Embase, Scopus, Cochrane Database, Science Direct, and Google Scholar. The chosen keywords were plant, phytochemical, oral mucosa, leukoplakia, oral lichen planus and oral health. A special emphasis was given to certain plants (e.g., chamomile, Aloe vera, green tea, and coffea) and plant-derived bioactives (e.g., curcumin, lycopene) with anti-oral mucosal lesion activity. Finally, preclinical (in vitro and in vivo) and clinical studies examining both the safety and efficacy of medicinal plants and their derived phytochemicals were also carefully addressed.

Introduction: Chewing tobacco, smoking, and consumption of alcoholic beverages have become common social habits in India. No study has been conducted so far in this part of Bihar regarding the prevalence of tobacco. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of tobacco use, its influences, triggers, and associated oral lesions.Materials and Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted. Patients who consume tobacco in any form were selected and were interviewed through a pretested structured questionnaire in relation to their tobacco habits, its influences, and triggers. In addition, clinical examination was carried out to check for any tobacco-related oral lesions.Results: The overall prevalence of tobacco use was 16.69%, out of which 14.48% were males and 2.21% were females. The most affected age group was from 19 to 50 years. 13.45% were below 18 years of age. 43.40% males and 77.42% females having the tobacco habit were illiterates. The majority of individuals were addicted due to peer pressure and friends, some acquired it, due to loneliness, stress, and for adapting themselves in the work place. Females frequently used smokeless for cleaning teeth. The most common oral mucosal lesion in both males (53.26%) and females (18.55%) was tobacco hyperkeratosis.Conclusion: The present study reflects the high prevalence rates of tobacco use among various sections of society. Apart from mass against tobacco products, authorities should focus on strict enforcement of law and promote research for creating new and harmless replacement products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In last few decades the people and dental health care professionals have become more aware about the significance of oral mucosal lesions (OML). Therefore, the diagnosis of OML among patients is important to understand the etiology and its effects on oral health of an individual. The purpose of this study was to find out the frequency of oral mucosal lesions among patients seen at a tertiary care hospital with respect to gender, age and type of lesions. This cross-sectional study was conducted at Bahria University Dental Hospital (BUDH) Karachi, Pakistan. The present study comprised of 1999 subjects out of which 411 (20.5%) patients were found to have oral mucosal lesions. Females constituted 36.7% (n=734) and males 63.3% (n=1265). The age ranged 10 to 80 years. Informed consent was taken prior to oral examination. Data were transformed into SPSS version 23. The most frequent finding in present study was Fordyce Granule 84(4.2%) in males and 54(2.7%) in females followed by Linea Alba which was 49(2.4%) in males and 27(1.3%) in females. Racial pigmentation was 37(1.8%) in males and 34(1.7%) in females with higher predilection in males. The maximum number of OML was found in 31 to 40 years of age group. The current study findings showed statistically significant p > .006. The present study attempts to provide the data about types, frequency of OML in dental patients of a teaching hospital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To evaluate the prevalence of various oral mucosal lesions occurring in the geriatric population. Study design: A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the prevalence of various oral mucosal lesions occurring in the geriatric population from the outpatients attending to The Oxford Dental College and Hospital, Bangalore. Material and Methods: The study sample included adults aged 50 years and above, who have come to the dental hospital for a routine dental check up (N=1000). Their oral cavity was screened, and the variations were recorded on a proforma. Results: The study revealed that 89.4% had various changes in their oral cavity, of which 53.9% was found in 51-60 years; slight female predilection (58.4%) was observed. Among various oral mucosal changes, the statistically significant ones were the oral lichenoid reaction, median rhomboid glossitis, oral submucous fibrosis, mucous membrane pemphigoid, lingual varices, tobacco pouch keratosis and xerostomia. Conclusion: The findings of the present study provide information on the prevalence of normal variations and oral changes among the elderly dental patients. The study findings also concluded that most of these patients had no awareness of the lesions seen in their oral cavity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the fluoride levels in groundwater and their effect on oral health status among the general population of Erode district, Tamil Nadu, India., Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among the general population of index age groups 5, 12, 15, 35-44, and 65-74 years. A total of 540 subjects participated in the study. High fluoride blocks of Erode district were selected based on the Central Ground Water Board (CGWB), Ministry of Jal Shakti, Department of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation, Government of India, 2010, and the low fluoride were taken from the Groundwater Year Book (GWYB) of Tamil Nadu and UT of Puducherry, 2018. The Oral Health Assessment Form 2013 (adult and children) of the World Health Organization (WHO) was used to assess dental caries and enamel fluorosis. Clinical examination was performed using a mouth mirror and explorer under natural illumination by a single examiner. Data obtained were processed and analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics version 26. A Chi-squared test was employed to analyze the difference between the high and low fluoride blocks. A P value of 0.05 was set to be statistically significant., Results: The current study had a contrary finding with the CGWB on water quality analysis of fluoride levels in drinking water for high fluoride block, Ammapet (1.12 ppm) and Anthiyur (1.08 ppm). The prevalence of enamel fluorosis in high fluoride block Ammapet was 44.4% and Anthiyur was 54.8%. The prevalence of dental caries in high fluoride block Ammapet was 45.9% and in Anthiyur was 43%. The prevalence of enamel fluorosis in low fluoride block Bhavanisagar was 27.4% and in Gobichettipalayam was 28.2%. The prevalence of dental caries in low fluoride block Bhavanisagar was 61.5%, and in Gobichettipalayam was 54.8%., Conclusion: This study's contradictory finding emphasizes the importance of drinking water; sanitation staff should monitor and report water fluoridation data on a monthly basis in accordance with the Water Fluoridation Reporting System, and CGWB should plan and organize a team for the upgradation of water quality in India. The National Program for Prevention and Control of Dental Diseases should look on to the endemic areas for the prevention of dental fluorosis, which should be assessed, implemented, and monitored by the public health dentist who should be recruited as oral health program officers in both central and state governments., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2023 Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences.)

Bu çalışmanın amacı; süt 3-5yaş , karma 6- 12yaş ve daimi 13-17yaş dişlenme dönemlerindeki çocuklarda gözlenen oral yumuşak dokulardaki bazı atipik gelişimsel yapıların, oral lezyonların ve halitozisin sıklığının değerlendirilmesidir. SDÜ Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi Pedodonti A.D Kliniğimize başvuran hastalardan rastgele seçilen 188 çocuk 27 süt, 99 karma, 62 daimi dişlenme dönemlerinde çalışmada yer almıştır. Muayene sırasında; “coğrafik dil”, “fissürlü dil”, “ankiloglossi” gibi bazı atipik gelişimsel yapıların, “rekürrent aftöz stomatit”, “herpes labialis”, “oral ülserasyonlar” gibi bazı oral lezyonların ve “halitozis” bulgusunun sıklığı değerlendirilmiştir. Dişlenme dönemlerine ait atipik gelişimsel yapıların toplam görülme sıklığı; “fissürlü dil” %7.4 , “coğrafik dil” %1.6 , “ankiloglossi” %0.5 olarak belirlenmiştir. Dişlenme dönemlerine göre bazı oral lezyonların görülme sıklığıysa; “rekürrent aftöz stomatit” %3.7 süt, %0 karma, % 4.8 daimi , “herpes labialis” %0 süt, %2 karma, %3.2 daimi , “oral ülserasyonlar” %0 süt, %1 karma, %1.6 daimi şeklinde tespit edilmiştir. Halitozis bulgusuysa; %7.4 süt , %9.1 karma , %6.5 daimi şeklinde belirlenmiştir. Her üç dişlenme için en fazla “fissürlü dil”in gözlendiği, süt ve daimi dişlenmede en fazla “rekürrent aftöz stomatitın”, karma dişlenmedeyse en fazla “herpes labialis”in izlendiği belirlenmiştir. Halitozis ise en fazla karma dişlenme döneminde görülmüştür.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of oral mucosal lesions (OML) in adult patients reporting to the dental outpatient department at the Institute of Dental Studies and Technologies, Modinagar, Uttar Pradesh, India. The purpose was to determine the priorities in oral health education, preventive measures, and identify the group in urgent need of treatment. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted over a period of 6 months in 2010, when 8866 subjects were offered structured interviews and standardized extraoral and intraoral examinations according to the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines . Result: Overall prevalence of OML was 1736 (16.8%), the most prevalent being smoker′s palate (10.44%) followed by leukoplakia (2.83%), oral submucous fibrosis (1.97%), oral candidiasis (1.61%), recurrent aphthous stomatitis (1.53%), oral lichen planus (0.8%) and others (0.78%). The highest prevalence of the tobacco habit in both forms was recorded in the group aged 40-44 yearsand those aged between 60 and 64 years who wore dentures. Lesions were most prevalent in those aged 40-44 years with a significant predominance of males at 3:1 (M = 12.6% and F = 4.3%). Patients who consumed tobacco in any form or wore dentures had a significantly higher prevalence of OML (P < 0.001). The highest number of lesions were on the palate (59.7%) followed by buccal mucosa (19.9%). Various normal mucosal variants were recorded. Fordyce′s granules (0.13%), fissured tongue (3.3%), leukoedema (1.47%), and lingual varices (2.73%) were also recorded. The tongue showed the highest number of variants (64.4%). Patients were grouped according to the treatment needed under the WHO criteria. One hundred and ninety-seven patients were given oral hygiene instructions only, whereas 1422 patients were advised on change of habit and a follow-up and 674 patients needed definitive treatment. Conclusion: This study thus highlights diagnostic criteria, multifactorial risk factors to make standard measurements of OML a basis for planning and evaluating oral health programs for data collection.