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Even though Olea europaea L. is one of the most important and well-studied crops in the world, embryonic parts of the plants remain largely understudied. In this study, comprehensive phytochemical profiling of olive vegetative buds of two Croatian cultivars, Lastovka and Oblica, was performed with an analysis of essential oils and methanol extracts as well as biological activities (antioxidant, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic activities). A total of 113 different volatiles were identified in essential oils with hydrocarbons accounting for up to 60.30% and (Z)-3-heptadecene being the most abundant compound. Oleacein, oleuropein, and 3-hydroxytyrosol had the highest concentrations of all phenolics in the bud extracts. Other major compounds belong to the chemical classes of sugars, fatty acids, and triterpenoid acids. Antioxidant, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic activities were determined for both cultivars. Apart from antioxidant activity, essential oils had a weak overall biological effect. The extract from cultivar Lastovka showed much better antioxidant activity than both isolates with both methods (with an oxygen radical absorbance capacity value of 1835.42 μM TE/g and DPPH IC50 of 0.274 mg/mL), as well as antimicrobial activity with the best results against Listeria monocytogenes. The human breast adenocarcinoma MDA-MB-231 cell line showed the best response for cultivar Lastovka bud extract (IC50 = 150 μg/mL) among three human cancer cell lines tested. These results demonstrate great chemical and biological potential that is hidden in olive buds and the need to increase research in the area of embryonic parts of plants.

Submitted by Gabriela Lopes (gmachadolopesufpel@gmail.com) on 2022-04-25T21:38:16Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese_Patricia_Maciejewski.pdf: 2408401 bytes, checksum: 1b7fe5c1b38de5293db3e5544592402a (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2022-04-28T12:35:23Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese_Patricia_Maciejewski.pdf: 2408401 bytes, checksum: 1b7fe5c1b38de5293db3e5544592402a (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-28T12:35:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese_Patricia_Maciejewski.pdf: 2408401 bytes, checksum: 1b7fe5c1b38de5293db3e5544592402a (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2022-02-24 A olivicultura está em expansão no Brasil; porém, para atender os diferentes nichos de mercado é necessário estabelecer protocolos de propagação eficientes para a obtenção de mudas de qualidade, bem como determinar as condições adequadas para seu crescimento e desenvolvimento em recipiente, visando o uso na ornamentação. Com base nesses aspectos, foram realizados três experimentos que serão apresentados em capítulos. No primeiro, o objetivo foi verificar a propagação de miniestacas de oliveira ‘Arbequina’ coletadas em diferentes posições do ramo e submetidas a concentrações de ácido indolbutírico (AIB) e substâncias húmicas (SoloHumics®). O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, em esquema bifatorial 3x4 (posições de coleta no ramo (basal, mediana e apical) e concentrações de AIB com SoloHumics® (0 mg L-1 AIB + 10 mL SoloHumics®; 1.000 mg L-1 AIB + 10 mL SoloHumics®; 2.000 mg L-1 AIB + 10 mL SoloHumics®; e 3.000 mg L -1 AIB + 10 mL SoloHumics®)). Conclui-se que a oliveira ‘Arbequina’ pode ser propagada por miniestacas basais e apicais submetidas ao uso de 1.000 mg L-1 de AIB + SoloHumics®, e por miniestacas medianas tratadas com 2.000 mg L-1 de AIB + SoloHumics®, em função do maior potencial de enraizamento. No segundo capítulo, o objetivo foi avaliar a presença e ausência de lesão na base de miniestacas de oliveira ‘Arbequina’ submetidas a concentrações de AIB e SoloHumics®. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, em esquema bifatorial 2x4 (presença e ausência de lesão na base e concentrações de AIB + SoloHumics® (0 mg L-1 AIB + 10 mL SoloHumics®; 1.000 mg L-1 AIB + 10 mL SoloHumics®; 2.000 mg L-1 AIB + 10 mL SoloHumics®; e 3.000 mg L-1 AIB + 10 mL SoloHumics®). Constatou-se que a oliveira ‘Arbequina’ pode ser propagada por miniestacas com lesão na base submetidas ao uso de 1.000 mg L-1 de AIB + SoloHumics® e por miniestacas sem lesão na base tratadas com 3.000 mg L -1 de AIB + SoloHumics®, em função do maior potencial de enraizamento. No terceiro capítulo, objetivou-se avaliar a utilização de diferentes volumes de recipientes, substratos e tempo de cultivo no desenvolvimento da oliveira ‘Arbequina’. Para isto, o delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, em esquema trifatorial para as variáveis altura de planta, número e comprimento médio de brotações, sendo os fatores de tratamento: volumes de recipientes (20 L e 30 L), substratos (casca de arroz carbonizada, Beifort S-10B® e casca de arroz carbonizada + Beifort S-10B®), e tempo de cultivo (30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240, 270, 300, 330, 360 dias). Além disso, para o comprimento de maior raiz e massa de matéria seca de parte aérea e raízes adotou-se o esquema bifatorial, sendo os fatores de tratamento: volumes de recipientes (20 L e 30 L) e substratos (casca de arroz carbonizada, Beifort S-10B®, e casca de arroz carbonizada + Beifort S-10B®). Concluiu-se que o recipiente de 30 L contendo Beifort S-10B® pode ser usado no cultivo da oliveira ‘Arbequina’ durante 360 dias. Olive cultivation is expanding in Brazil; however, in order to meet the different market niches, it is necessary to establish efficient propagation protocols to obtain quality seedlings, as well as to determine the appropriate conditions for their growth and development in containers, aiming at their use in ornamentation. Based on these aspects, three experiments were carried out, which will be presented in chapters. In the first, the objective was to verify the propagation of 'Arbequina' olive minicuttings collected in different positions of the branch and subjected to concentrations of indolebutyric acid (IBA) and humic substances (SoloHumics®). The experimental design was completely randomized, in a 3x4 bifactorial scheme (collection positions in the branch (basal, median and apical) and IBA concentrations with SoloHumics® (0 mg L -1 IBA + 10 mL SoloHumics®; 1,000 mg L-1 IBA + 10 mL SoloHumics®; 2,000 mg L-1 IBA + 10 mL SoloHumics®; and 3,000 mg L-1 IBA + 10 mL SoloHumics®)). It is concluded that the 'Arbequina' olive tree can be propagated by basal and apical minicuttings submitted to the use of 1,000 mg L-1 of IBA + SoloHumics®, and by medium minicuttings treated with 2,000 mg L-1 of IBA + SoloHumics®, in due to the greater rooting potential. In the second chapter, the objective was to evaluate the presence and absence of lesion at the base of 'Arbequina' olive minicuttings subjected to concentrations of IBA and SoloHumics®. The experimental design was completely randomized, in a 2x4 bifactorial scheme (presence and absence of lesion at the base and IBA concentrations with SoloHumics® (0 mg L-1 IBA + 10 mL SoloHumics®; 1,000 mg L-1 IBA + 10 mL SoloHumics®; 2,000 mg L-1 IBA + 10 mL SoloHumics®; and 3,000 mg L-1 IBA + 10 mL SoloHumics®)). It was found that the 'Arbequina' olive tree can be propagated by minicuttings with basal lesion submitted to the use of 1,000 mg L-1 of IBA + SoloHumics® and by minicuttings without base injury treated with 3,000 mg L-1 of IBA + SoloHumics®, due to the greater rooting potential. In the third chapter, the objective was to evaluate the use of different volumes of containers, substrates and cultivation time in the development of the 'Arbequina' olive tree. For this, the experimental design was completely randomized, in a trifactorial scheme for the variables plant height, number and average length of shoots, being the treatment factors: container volumes (20 L and 30 L), substrates (carbonized rice husk, Beifort S-10B® and carbonized rice husk + Beifort S-10B®), and cultivation time (30, 60, 90, 120, 150 , 180, 210, 240, 270, 300, 330, 360 days). In addition, for the longest root length and shoot and root dry matter mass, the bifactorial scheme was adopted, with the treatment factors being: container volumes (20 L and 30 L) and substrates (carbonized rice husk, Beifort S-10B®, and carbonized rice husk + Beifort S-10B®). It was concluded that the 30 L container containing Beifort S-10B® can be used in the cultivation of the 'Arbequina' olive tree for 360 days.

Submitted by Helena Bejio (helena.bejio@unioeste.br) on 2022-08-16T21:47:54Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Giovana_Ritter_2022.pdf: 1697271 bytes, checksum: 41fb070ff4091b6142c11852859f3b7c (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2022-08-16T21:47:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Giovana_Ritter_2022.pdf: 1697271 bytes, checksum: 41fb070ff4091b6142c11852859f3b7c (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2022-02-22 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES The growth of national olive cultivation increases the demand for seedling production and the residue of this production can add value. The objective of the present work was to evaluate the growth of olive seedlings in a nursery and the performance of a clonal garden in the field with the use and application of biostimulants, as well as to evaluate the yield of essential oil extracted from the leaves. In this sense, four experiments were carried out, the first two with seedlings, the third with a clonal garden and the fourth with essential oil extraction. In experiment I, the seedlings received treatments with Azospirillum brasilense and humic substances, at concentrations of 0.4 and 0.5 mL per plant. In experiment II, the same product as in experiment I was applied, in different modes of application (foliar spraying, via soil and immersion), at a concentration of 0.5 mL per plant. Applications were performed monthly, as well as phytotechnical assessments of height (cm), neck diameter (mm) and number of nodes. At the end of 210 days, after the first application, 15 plants were selected per treatment for evaluation of fresh and dry biomass of the shoot and root. Experiment III referred to the clonal garden, being implemented in September 2019, with one-year-old seedlings of the cultivars Ascolano 315, Maria da Fé, Koroneiki and Picual, in a spacing of 0.50 x 1.0 m. After planting, the plants were pruned at a height of 50 cm. The treatments were applied monthly to the rhizosphere: T1 - control, T2 - 0.5 mL of A. brasilense, T3 - 0.4 mL of humic substances and T4 - humic substances + A. brasilense. The evaluations took place monthly for two years, as height (cm), accumulated growth rate (cm day-1), neck diameter (mm) and mean internode length (cm). At the end of the first year, evaluations of total plant biomass (kg), length of the largest branch (m), cutting yield and fresh and dry leaf biomass (g). At the end of the second year, total plant biomass (kg), length of the largest branch (m) and cuttings yield. The experimental design used was randomized blocks, in a 3 x 4 factorial scheme (cultivars x biostimulants), with 4 repetitions and 5 seedlings per repetition (experiment I) and a 3 x 4 factorial (cultivars x application modes of A. brasilense), with 3 repetitions and 5 seedlings per repetition (experiment II), both with split plot in time. In experiment III, the experimental design used was randomized blocks, in a 4 x 4 factorial scheme, with 3 repetitions and 3 plants per repetition, subdivided in time and essential oil extraction performed in triplicate by repetitions. Seedlings of the cultivar Maria da Fé obtained greater growth with the use of the sprayed biostimulant. For the Ascolano 315 cultivar, the use of biostimulants was not recommended. The immersion of the roots of the cultivar Arbequina in the biostimulant was efficient in the development of the root system. The method of application by immersion was not efficient in the formation of seedlings of the three cultivars studied. Humic substances favored agronomic attributes. The cultivar Maria da Fé showed the highest yield of cuttings. The cultivars Maria da Fé and Koroneiki were more vigorous. O crescimento da olivicultura nacional aumenta a demanda por produção de mudas e o resíduo dessa produção pode agregar valor. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi verificar crescimento de mudas de oliveira em viveiro e desempenho de jardim clonal a campo com bioestimulantes utilização de bioestimulantes, aplicados em diferentes métodos, além de determinar o rendimento de óleo essencial extraído das folhas de oliveiras de diferentes cultivares. Neste sentido, quatro experimentos foram realizados, sendo os dois primeiros com mudas, o terceiro com jardim clonal e o quarto com extração de óleo essencial. No experimento I as mudas receberam os tratamentos com Azospirillum brasilense e substâncias húmicas, nas concentrações de 0,4 e 0,5 mL por planta. No experimento II, aplicou-se o mesmo produto do experimento I, em diferentes modos de aplicação (pulverização foliar, via solo e imersão de raízes), na concentração de 0,5 mL por planta. As aplicações foram realizadas mensalmente, bem como as avaliações fitotécnicas de altura (cm), diâmetro do colo (mm) e número de nós. Ao final de 210 dias, após a primeira aplicação, foram selecionadas 15 plantas por tratamento para avaliação de biomassa fresca e seca da parte aérea e radicular. O experimento III se referiu ao jardim clonal, sendo implantado em setembro de 2019, com mudas de um ano, das cultivares Ascolano 315, Maria da Fé, Koroneiki e Picual, em espaçamento de 0,50 x 1,0 m. Após o plantio, foi realizada nas plantas a poda apical em 50 cm de altura. Aplicou-se mensalmente os tratamentos na rizosfera: T1 - testemunha, T2 - 0,5 mL de Azospirillum brasilense, T3 - 0,4 mL de substâncias húmicas e T4 - substâncias húmicas + A. brasilense. As avaliações ocorreram mensalmente por dois anos, como altura (cm), taxa de crescimento acumulado (cm dia -1), diâmetro do colo (mm) e comprimento médio do entrenó (cm). Ao final do primeiro ano, avaliações de biomassa total de planta (kg), comprimento do maior ramo (m), rendimento de estacas, biomassa fresca e seca das folhas (g) e taxa de crescimento. Ao final do segundo ano, biomassa total da planta (kg), comprimento do maior ramo (m), rendimento de estacas e Taxa de Crescimento. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 3 x 4 (cultivares x bioestimulantes), com 4 repetições e 5 mudas por repetição (experimento I) e fatorial 3 x 4 (cultivares x modos de aplicação de A. brasilense), com 3 repetições e 5 mudas por repetição (experimento II), ambos com parcela subdividida no tempo. No experimento III, o delineamento experimental foi blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 4 x 4, com 3 repetições e 3 plantas por repetição, subdividida no tempo e a extração de óleo essencial realizada em triplicata pelas repetições. Mudas da cultivar Maria da Fé obtiveram maior crescimento com o uso do bioestimulante pulverizado. Para a cultivar Ascolano 315, não foi recomendado utilizar bioestimulantes. A imersão das raízes da cultivar Arbequina no bioestimulante foi eficiente no desenvolvimento do sistema radicular. O modo de aplicação por imersão não foi eficiente na formação de mudas das três cultivares estudadas. As substâncias húmicas favoreceram os atributos agronômicos. A cultivar Maria da Fé apresentou maior rendimento de estacas. As cultivares Maria da Fé e Koroneiki foram as mais vigorosas no estudo. O rendimento de óleo essencial foi superior para a cultivar Picual com o uso dos bioestimulantes em conjunto. O composto mais abundante encontrado no óleo essencial das folhas foi o trans-β-damascenone.

Currently, there is an increasing interest in nanotechnology, since some nanomaterials can enhance crop growth, yield, nutritional status, and antioxidant defences. This work aimed to investigate for the first time the influence of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) on the in vitro growth and biochemical parameters of the olive tree (cv. Moraiolo). With this goal, biogenic ZnO-NPs (spherical shape and dimensions in the range of 10–20 nm), deriving from a green synthesis carried out with a Lemna minor L. extract were used. Different concentrations (0, 2, 6 and 18 mg L−1) of ZnO-NPs were added to the olive growth medium (OM substrate), and three sub-cultures of 45 days each were carried out. ZnO-NPs at 6 and 18 mg L−1 enhanced some growth parameters in the olive tree explants, such as the number of shoots, green fresh and total dry weight. Moreover, the abovementioned concentrations raised the chlorophyll a and b content and soluble protein. Finally, concerning the dosage applied, the treatments stimulated the content of carotenoids, anthocyanins, total phenol content (TPC), and the radical scavenging activity towards DPPH (2.2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl). In conclusion, this study highlighted that biogenic ZnO-NPs exerted beneficial effects on the olive tree explants in vitro, improving the effectiveness of the micropropagation technique.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential use of remote and proximal sensing techniques to identify homogeneous zones in a high density irrigated olive (Olea europaea L.) orchard subjected to three irrigation regimes (full irrigation, deficit irrigation and rainfed conditions). An unmanned aerial vehicle equipped with a multispectral camera was used to measure the canopy NDVI and two different proximal soil sensors to map soil spatial variability at high resolution. We identified two clusters of trees showing differences in fruit yield (17.259 and 14.003 kg per tree in Cluster 1 and 2, respectively) and annual TCSA increment (0.26 and 0.24 dm2, respectively). The higher tree productivity measured in Cluster 1 also resulted in a higher water use efficiency for fruit (WUEf of 0.90 g dry weight L−1 H2O) and oil (WUEo of 0.32 g oil L−1 H2O) compared to Cluster 2 (0.67 and 0.27 for WUEf and WUEo, respectively). Remote and proximal sensing technologies allowed to determine that: (i) the effect of different irrigation regimes on tree performance and WUE depended on the location within the orchard; (ii) tree vigour played a major role in determining the final fruit yield under optimal soil water availability, whereas soil features prevailed under rainfed conditions.

The olive tree (Olea europaeaL.) is one of the main crops of the Mediterranean region which suffers from drought and soil salinization. We assessed the photosynthetic rate, leaf water content and antioxidative enzyme activity (APX, GPX, SOD and CAT) of three Greek olive cultivars (‘Amfisis’, ‘Mastoidis’ and ‘Lefkolia Serron’) subjected to drought and salinity stresses. Hyperspectral reflectance data were acquired using an analytical spectral device (ASD) FieldSpec®3 spectroradiometer, while principal component regression, partial least squares regression and linear discriminant analysis were used to estimate the relationship between spectral and physiological measurements. The photosynthetic rate and water content of stressed plants decreased, while enzyme activity had an increasing tendency. ‘Amfisis’ was more resistant to drought and salinity stress than ‘Mastoidis’ and ‘Lefkolia Serron’. The NDVI appeared to have the highest correlation with the photosynthetic rate, followed by the PRI. APX enzyme activity was the most highly correlated with the 1150–1370 nm range, with an additional peak at 1840 nm. CAT enzyme activity resulted in the highest correlation with the visible part of the spectrum with two peaks at 1480 nm and 1950 nm, while GPX enzyme activity appeared to have a strong correlation within all the available spectral ranges except for 670–1180 nm. Finally, SOD activity showed high correlation values within 1190–1850 nm. This is the first time the correlation of hyperspectral imagery with photosynthetic rate and antioxidant enzyme activities was determined, providing the background for high-throughput plant phenotyping through a drone with a hyperspectral camera. This progress would provide the possibility of early stress detection in large olive groves and assist farmers in decision making and optimizing crop management, health and productivity.

The expansion of olive orchards into regions with no tradition of olive production and humid climates, such as Uruguay, with more than 1200 mm of annual rainfall, calls into question the need for irrigation. In these regions, however, years with water deficit during summers are quite common. The vapor pressure deficit during summer is lower than in countries with a Mediterranean climate. The high variability in interannual water availability in the current context of climate change, with a growing tendency for extreme events to occur, emphasizes the need to evaluate the production response of olive trees to irrigation. To achieve this, three irrigation treatments were applied to Arbequina and Frantoio cultivars according to the value of the maximum crop evapotranspiration: a first treatment applying 100% ETc, corresponding to being fully irrigated; a second treatment applying 50% ETc; and a third treatment in which neither irrigation nor rain inputs occurred from the end of the pit hardening period until harvest. Results show the possibility of an increasing fruit weight and pulp/pit ratio through irrigation in the local environmental conditions. The oil content in response to irrigation was different within cultivars. Water restriction conditions did not affect the oil content of olives in Arbequina, while in Frantoio it increased it. Polyphenols in fruit increased under water stress for both cultivars. The technological applicability of the results obtained must be accompanied by an economic analysis. The results obtained highlight the need for better use of irrigation water during the growth and ripening phase of the olive fruit under a humid climate.

The use of humic substances in agriculture has increased in recent years, and leonardite has been an important raw material in the manufacture of commercial products rich in humic and fulvic acids. Leonardite-based products have been used to improve soil properties and to help plants cope with abiotic and biotic stresses. In this study, the effects of two commercial leonardites and an organic compost, in addition to a control treatment, were assessed for pot-grown olive plants over a period of fourteen months on soil properties, tissue elemental composition and dry matter yield (DMY). Three organic amendments were applied at single and double rates of that set by the manufacturer. The study was arranged in two experiments: one containing the seven treatments mentioned above and the other containing the same treatments supplemented with mineral nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) fertilization. Overall, organic compost increased soil organic carbon by ~8% over the control. In the experiment without NPK supplementation, N concentrations in shoots and P in roots were the highest for the compost application (leaf N 12% and root P 32% higher than in the control), while in the experiment with NPK supplementation, no significant differences were observed between treatments. Total DMY was ~10% higher in the set of treatments with NPK in comparison to treatments without NPK. Leonardites did not affect significantly any measured variables in comparison to the control. In this study, a good management of the majority of environmental variables affecting plant growth may have reduced the possibility of obtaining a positive effect on plant nutritional status and growth from the use of commercial leonardites. The leonardites seemed to have caused a slight effect on biological N immobilization. This is not necessarily an advantage or a drawback; it is rather a feature that must be understood to help farmers make better use of these products. This research was funded by the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal) and FEDER under Programme PT2020 for financial support to CIMO (UIDB/00690/2020). The research was integrated in the activities of the operational group “Novas práticas em olivais de sequeiro: estratégias de mitigação e adaptação às alterações climáticas”, funded by PT2020 and EAFRD (European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development). info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

List je središnji dio metabolizma masline ali povezanost folijarne aplikacije mineralnih hraniva i biosinteze fenola još uvijek nije dovoljno istražena. Fenolne komponente lista masline imaju dokazano pozitivan učinak na ljudsko zdravlje te se sve češće koriste kao nutraceutici ili prirodni aditivi u prehrambenoj industriji. Među fenolnim spojevima u lišću masline, domininira oleuropein. Stoga je cilj ovog rada bio utvrditi utjecaj folijalno primjenjenog selena (Se) i silicija (Si) na koncentraciju oleuropeina u listovima sorte ‘Leccino’ tijekom berbe. Pokus je postavljen po shemi slučajnog bloknog rasporeda s dva glavna faktora: a) folijarna gnojidba (netretirana kontrola (C), selen (Se), silicij (Si) i tretman selenom i silicijem (Se+Si) i b) starost lista (ovo sezonski list masline (mladi list), prošlo sezonski list masline (stari list)). Svaki tretman činila su četiri stabla masline raspoređena u četiri ponavljanja. Kombinirani tretman Se i Si (Se+Si) kao i primjena Si (Si) rezultirali su većom koncentracijom oleuropeina (5850 mg 100 g -1 DW odnosno 4899 mg 100 g -1 DW) u usporedbi s netretiranom kontrolom (C) (3962 mg 100 g -1 DW). Nadalje, koncentracija oleuropeina bila je veća u mladim (5721 mg 100 g -1 DW) u usporedbi sa starim listovima masline (3962 mg 100 g -1 DW), dok je suprotan učinak uočen za sadržaj silicija u lišću masline. U usporedbi s drugim tretmanima Se i Se+Si, kao i tretmani Si i Se+Si povećali su koncentraciju selena odnosno silicija u listu masline.

Olive leaf is a residue in olive oil and fruits production, which is considered with bioactive potential due to the high antioxidant activity attributed mainly to the phenolic compounds. The research aimed to investigate the Brazilian olive leaf drying, and also study its influence on the bioactive potential of the leaf. The desorption isotherms of olive leaves were determined and experimental curves were fitted to GAB, BET and Peleg models. Convective drying in a fixed bed dryer was used in different conditions of air temperature (50 ºC and 70 ºC) and air speed (0.9 m s-1 and 1.5 m s-1). Drying curves were obtained for each experimental test. The bioactive potential was reflected in the determination of total phenolic content, antioxidant activity and color parameters. Among the moisture equilibrium predictions between the GAB, BET and Peleg models, the first showed a better predictable capability. The results showed that in the drying operation, the increase in air temperature and speed influenced the increase in the drying rate and the reduction of time. The values of the effective diffusivity of the olive leaves varied between 2.61 x 10- 9 m2 s-1 and 10.12 x 10-9 m2 s-1. The samples dried until 10% of moisture (wet-basis) showed a good antioxidant activity, higher than 85%, and maintenance of the phenolic compounds regarding the fresh leaves around 70%. Bleaching and yellowing of leaves after drying were observed for all studied conditions and a decrease in green color at 70 ºC and 1.5 m s-1, in this condition the L*a*b* color parameters were 35.39, -5.00 and 42.66, respectively. This study demonstrated that the proper drying condition was at 70 ºC and 1.5 m s-1 for olive leaf drying and these conditions were important to maintain the original characteristics of the leaves and to spend less time in operation. Thus, this paper describe a viable drying process to take advantage of the olive leaf for the benefit of the environment and human health. Resumo A folha de oliveira, um resíduo da produção do azeite e de seus frutos, é considerada com potencial bioativo devido à elevada atividade antioxidante, atribuída principalmente aos compostos fenólicos. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi investigar a secagem da folha da oliveira de origem brasileira, estudando sua influência no potencial bioativo da folha. Para tal, as isotermas de dessorção das folhas de oliveira foram determinadas. Curvas experimentais foram ajustadas aos modelos GAB, BET e Peleg. A secagem por convecção em leito fixo foi utilizada em diferentes condições de temperatura do ar (50 °C e 70 °C) e velocidade do ar (0,9 m s-1 e 1,5 m s-1). Curvas de secagem foram obtidas para cada teste experimental. O potencial bioativo é refletido na determinação dos parâmetros de fenólicos totais, atividade antioxidante e cor. Dentre as previsões de equilíbrio de umidade, entre os modelos GAB, BET e Peleg, o primeiro tem uma capacidade de melhor previsibilidade. Os resultados mostraram que, na operação de secagem, o aumento da temperatura e da velocidade do ar acarretou aumento da taxa de secagem e redução do tempo de secagem. Os valores de difusividade efetiva das folhas de oliveira variaram entre 2,61 × 10-9 m2 s-1 e 10,12 × 10-9 m2 s-1. As amostras secas até 10% de umidade (base úmida) apresentaram boa atividade antioxidante, superior a 85%, e manutenção dos compostos fenólicos em relação às folhas frescas em torno de 70%. Observaram-se o branqueamento e o amarelecimento das folhas após a secagem para todas as condições estudadas e a diminuição da coloração verde a 70 ºC e 1,5 m s-1. Nessa condição, os parâmetros de cor L*a*b* foram 35,39, -5,00 e 42,66, respectivamente. Este estudo demonstrou que a condição de secagem adequada é a 70 ºC e 1,5 m s-1 para a secagem da folha da oliveira e mostra-se importante por manter as características originais das folhas e dispender menos tempo de operação. Assim, este trabalho descreve um processo de secagem viável para aproveitar a folha da oliveira em benefício do meio ambiente e da saúde humana.

Bu tezde ilkbahar yağışlarının düzensiz olduğu Akdeniz ikliminde susuz koşullarda yetiştiriciliği yapılan Ayvalık zeytin çeşidinde yavaş salınımlı gübre uygulamalarının verim ve meyve kalite özelliklerine etkileri incelenmiştir. Çalışmada Şubat ayında tek seferde 3 farklı dozda (250 g, 375 g, 500 g) uygulanan yavaş salınımlı gübre ile zeytin ağacına kademeli olarak sağlanan N, P, K makro elementlerinin, yıkanma sonucu gübre kayıplarını azaltmak, zeytin meyvesindeki verim ve kaliteye olan etkisini tespit etmek amaçlanmıştır. Analiz sonucunda artan doz miktarına paralel olarak verimde önemli derecede artış kaydedilmiştir. Meyve ağırlığı kontrol grubuyla karşılaştırıldığında önemli oranda yüksek bulunmuştur. Olgunluk indeksinde ortalama değerler 6 indeks değerine yakın olduğu analiz edilmiştir. Gübre uygulamasıyla birlikte et-çekirdek oranı artmış ve %56,26 ile 500 g doz uygulamasında saptanmıştır. Meyve eni kontrol grubuyla karşılaştırıldığında aradaki farklılık önemli oranda yüksek bulunmuştur. Meyve boyu bakımından uygulamalar arasında farklılık bulunmamıştır. Yavaş salınımlı gübre uygulamasıyla kg’daki meyve adedi azalırken, tane boyutlarında artış kaydedilmiştir. Diğer yandan, yaprak analizi sonucuna göre; uygulamalara bağlı olarak, fosfor (P) ve potasyum (K) içeriği istatistiki olarak önemli bulunurken, azot (N), kalsiyum (Ca) ve magnezyum (Mg) içeriğinin ise önemsiz olduğu tespit edilmiştir., In this thesis, the effects of slow release fertilizer applications on yield and fruit quality characteristics of Ayvalık olive cultivar grown in anhydrous conditions in the Mediterranean climate, where spring precipitation is irregular, were investigated. In the study, it was determined the effect of N, P, K macro elements gradually supplied to the olive tree with slow release fertilizer applied in 3 different doses (250 g, 375 g, 500 g) at once in February, on reducing fertilizer losses as a result of washing and on yield and quality in olive fruit intended to. As a result of the analysis, a significant increase in yield was recorded in parallel with the increasing dose amount. Fruit weight was significantly higher when compared to the control group. It has been analyzed that the mean values in the maturity index are close to the 6 index values. Flesh/stone ratio increased with fertilizer application and it was found to be 56.26% in 500 g dose application. When the fruit width was compared with the control group, the difference was found to be significantly higher. There was no difference between the applications in terms of fruit size. While the number of fruits per kg decreased with the application of slow-release fertilizer, the grain size increased. On the other hand, according to the results of leaf analysis; Depending on the applications, phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) contents were found to be statistically significant, while nitrogen (N), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) contents were found to be insignificant.

O uso de fertilizantes tem enorme importância para a manutenção das reservas de nutrientes no solo. Para evitar o uso intensivo e indiscriminado de fertilizantes minerais tem-se buscado outras alternativas mais sustentáveis. A leonardite é um material orgânico muito rico em ácidos húmicos e fúlvicos e vem sendo comercializada como fertilizante orgânico ou condicionador do solo. Seus efeitos sobre as propriedades do solo e plantas ainda são pouco conhecidos. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o efeito de duas leonardites comerciais sobre propriedades do solo, o estado nutricional das plantas e a produção de biomassa de plantas jovens de oliveira por comparação com outros substratos orgânicos e uma modalidade testemunha. O experimento foi conduzido nas estufas do Instituto Politécnico de Bragança. Os tratamentos utilizados foram: Testemunha sem fertilização (T), Fertilizante mineral NPK (5 g/vaso), Composto C1 (35,7 g/vaso), Composto C2 (71,4 g/vaso), Condicionador leonardite H1 (1,75 g/vaso), Condicionador leonardite H2 (3,57 g/vaso), Condicionador leonardite M1 (0,18 g/vaso), Condicionador leonardite M2 (0,36 g/vaso), Composto C1+F (35,7 g + 5 g de adubo composto NPK), Composto C2+F (71,4 g + 5 g de adubo composto NPK), Condicionador H1+F (1,74 g + 5 g de adubo composto NPK), Condicionador H2+F (3,57 g + 5 g de adubo composto NPK), Condicionador M1+F (0,18 g + 5 g de adubo composto NPK), Condicionador M2+F (0,36 g + 5 g de adubo composto NPK). O experimento foi organizado de forma inteiramente casualizada com quatorze tratamentos e três repetições. Nas plantas de oliveira avaliou-se a produção de matéria seca, a concentração de nutrientes nos tecidos e a quantidade de nutrientes recuperados. No solo avaliaram-se diversos parâmetros da fertilidade. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e quando significativos as médias foram comparadas utilizando o teste de Scott Knott (α = 0,05). Houve diferença em função dos tratamentos para a matéria seca da raiz. Na concentração de nutrientes nos tecidos encontrou-se diferença estatística entre os tratamentos para nitrogênio, boro, ferro, manganês, zinco e cobre. Em relação ao nitrogênio a maioria dos tratamentos tiveram concentrações de nutrientes nas folhas acima dos intervalos de suficiência estabelecidos para a cultura. A folha apresentou maior exportação de macronutrientes que as outras partes da planta, tendo o nitrogênio e o fósforo apresentado diferença estatística. Em relação aos micronutrientes a maioria ficou retida na raiz sendo o ferro presente em maior quantidade. Nos solos foi registada diferença em matéria orgânica entre os tratamentos. Os solos de todos os tratamentos foram classificados como neutros. As bases de trocas diferiram entre tratamentos, havendo relação com a composição inicial do fertilizante. Os teores de nutrientes no solo apresentaram diferença estatística. Conclui-se que o uso da leonardite como condicionador do solo influenciou de forma significativa a performance das plantas, além disso seu uso e de compostos orgânicos melhoram as propriedades químicas do solo e a disponibilidade de nutrientes. Os resultados também mostram a necessidade de mais estudos sobre sua aplicação na agricultura. The use of fertilizers is of enormous importance for the maintenance of nutrient reserves in the soil. To avoid the intensive and indiscriminate use of mineral fertilizers, other more sustainable alternatives have been sought. Leonardite is an organic material very rich in humic and fulvic acids which has been commercialized as an organic amendment or soil conditioner. Its effects on soil properties and plants are still poorly understood. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of two commercial leonardites on some soil properties, the nutritional status of the plants, and the biomass produced by young olive cuttings in comparison with other organic substrates and a non-fertilized control. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouses at the Instituto Politécnico de Bragança. The treatments used were: Control without fertilization (T), Mineral fertilizer NPK (5 g/pot), Compound C1 (35,7 g/pot), Compound C2 (71,4 g/pot), Leonardite H1 conditioner (1,75 g / pot), Leonardite H2 conditioner (3,57 g/pot), Leonardite conditioner M1 (0,18 g/pot), Leonardite conditioner M2 (0,36 g/pot), Compound C1+F (35,7 g + 5 g of compound NPK fertilizer), Compound C2+F (71,4 g + 5 g of compound NPK fertilizer), Conditioner H1+F (1,74 g + 5 g of compound NPK fertilizer), Conditioner H2+F (3,57 g + 5 g of NPK compound fertilizer), Conditioner M1+F (0,18 g + 5 g of compound NPK fertilizer), Conditioner M2+F (0,36 g + 5 g of NPK compound fertilizer). The experiment was aranged as a completely randomized design with fourteen treatments and three replications. In the olive plants it was evaluated the production of dry matter, the concentration of nutrients in the tissues and the nutrient removal plant tissues. In the soil, several properties were evaluated. The data were subjected to analysis of variance and when significant, the means were compared using the Scott Knott test (α=0,05). There was a difference depending on treatments for root dry matter. In the concentration of nutrients in the tissues, a statistical difference was found between the treatments for nitrogen, boron, iron, manganese, zinc and copper. Regarding nitrogen, most treatments showed concentrations of this nutrient in the leaves above the sufficiency range established for the crop. The leaf was the tissue removing higher amount of macronutrients in comparison with the other parts of the plant, and nitrogen and phosphorus showed statistical difference to the other treatments. In relation to micronutrients, most were retained in the root, with iron being present in noticeably high quantity. In the soil there was a difference in organic matter between treatments. The soils of all treatments were classified as neutral. The exchangeable bases differed between treatments, being related to the initial composition of the fertilizer. The levels of nutrients in the soil showed statistical difference between treatments. It can be concluded that the use of leonardite as a soil conditioner significantly influenced the performance of plants. In addition, its use as an organic amendment improved the chemical properties of the soil and the availability of nutrients. The results also showed the need for further studies on its application in agriculture. Mestrado de dupla diplomação com a UTFPR - Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná

Two bacteria belonging to the Pseudomonas and Pantoea genera were isolated from olive knots. Both bacterial strains were omnipresent in this study’s olive orchard with high susceptibility of the autochthonous olive genotypes indicating coevolution of bacteria with host plants. Genomes of two endemic bacteria show conserved core genomes and genome plasticity. The Pseudomonas ST1 genome has conserved virulence-related genes including genes for quorum sensing, pilus, and flagella biosynthesis, two copies of indole acetic acid biosynthesis (IAA) operons, type I-VI secretions systems, and genes for alginate and levan biosynthesis. Development of knots depends only on the presence of the Pseudomonas ST1 strain which then allows Pantoea paga strain co-infection and cohabitation in developed knots. The two bacteria are sensitive to a large number of antimicrobials, antibiotics, H2O2, and Cu (II) salts that can be efficiently used in propagation of bacterial free olive cultivars.

Olive (Olea europaea L.) is a crop of great economic and cultural interest for the Mediterranean Basin, including Portugal. Olive anthracnose, caused by several Colletotrichum species, is the most economically harmful fruit disease of olive crop worldwide, by causing high losses in fruit yield and oil quality. Strategies to control this disease are mostly based on the use of copper-based products, with limited efficacy and not compatible with sustainable production systems. The development of new, more effective and safe tools for olive anthracnose control is therefore an urgent need. In this regard, the exploitation of endophytes as biological control agents against anthracnose, may holds great promise. Thus, this work aimed to evaluate the ability of the endophyte Penicillium commune to induced the production of volatile organic compounds within olive tree tissues with antifungal activity towards Colletotrichum acutatum. For this purpose, branches of five olive trees were inoculated with buffer (control), endophyte, pathogen (C. acutatum), or endophyte and one month later with the pathogen (endophyte+pathogen). After 0, 3 and 24h of inoculation with the pathogen, both leaves and fruits were collected for evaluation of their composition on volatiles (by HS-SPME- GC/MS) and of the effect of plant-derived volatiles towards C. acutatum. The volatile profile varied over time and between treatments, especially in fruits. It was at 3 h where the greatest differences between treatments were recorded, with fruits from endophyte+pathogen inoculated branches being differentiated from the other treatments due to the emission of 7-octen-2-ol, 2,6-dimethyl-, 3-octanol, 3,7-dimethyl- and propanoic acid, 2-methyl-, 3-methyl-2-butenyl ester. The analysis of the leaves showed a different pattern at 3h, with leaves from branches inoculated with endophyte or endophyte+pathogen exhibiting a similar volatile profile, but distinct from pathogen treatment. Plant-derived volatiles induced by P. commune reduced significantly the growth and sporulation of C. acutatum. Although preliminary, these findings provide new viable possibilities of controlling olive anthracnose using the endophyte P. commune and/or volatiles. These volatile inhibitory metabolites should be further tested against anthracnose. A oliveira (Olea europaea L.) é uma cultura de grande interesse económico e cultural para a Bacia Mediterrânica, incluindo Portugal. A gafa, causada por várias espécies de Colletotrichum, é a doença frutífera economicamente mais nociva da cultura da azeitona a nível mundial, causando elevadas perdas na produção de frutos e na qualidade do azeite. As estratégias para controlar esta doença baseiam-se principalmente na utilização de produtos à base de cobre, com eficácia limitada e não compatíveis com sistemas de produção sustentáveis. O desenvolvimento de ferramentas novas, mais eficazes e seguras para o controlo da gafa é, portanto, uma necessidade urgente. A este respeito, a exploração de endófitos como agentes de controlo biológico contra a gafa, pode ser uma das soluções. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivos avaliar a capacidade do endófito Penicillium commune, para induzir a produção de compostos orgânicos voláteis dentro dos tecidos da oliveira com atividade antifúngica para o Colletotrichum acutatum. Para tal, ramos de cinco oliveiras foram inoculados com tampão (controlo), endófito, patogéneo (C. acutatum), ou endófito e um mês depois com o patogéneo (endófito+patófito). Após 0, 3 e 24h da inoculação com o patogéneo, tanto as folhas como os frutos foram colhidos para avaliação da sua composição em voláteis (por HS-SPME-GC/MS) e do efeito dos voláteis derivados de plantas contra o C. acutatum. O perfil volátil variou ao longo do tempo e entre tratamentos, principalmente em frutos. Foi às 3h onde se registaram as maiores diferenças entre os tratamentos, sendo os frutos de ramos inoculados de endófito+patogéneo diferenciados dos outros tratamentos devido à emissão de 7-octen-2- ol, 2,6-dimetil-, 3-octanol, 3,7-dimetil- e ácido propanóico, 2-metil-, 3-metil-2-éster de butil. A análise das folhas mostrou um padrão diferente às 3h, com folhas de ramos inoculados com endófito ou endófito+patógeneo exibindo um perfil volátil semelhante, mas distinto do tratamento com patogéneo. Os voláteis derivados de plantas induzidos por P. commune reduziram significativamente o crescimento e a esporulação de C. acutatum. Embora preliminares, estas descobertas oferecem novas possibilidades viáveis de controlar a gafa utilizando o endófito P. commune e/ou os voláteis. Estes metabolitos voláteis inibidores devem ser testados contra a gafa. This work is supported by FEDER funds through the COMPETE (Operational Program for Competitiveness Factors) and by National funds through the FCT (Foundation for Science and Technology) in the scope of the project POCI-01-0145-FEDER-031133 “MicOlives - Exploiting plant induced resistance by beneficial fungi as a new sustainable approach to olive crop protection”.

Climate change (CC), which causes temperatures to rise steadily, is causing global warming. Rising temperatures can reduce plant yield and affect pollen characteristics. In particular, heat stress strongly influences pollen viability for its sensitivity to this extreme environmental condition. This work evaluated the effect of heat stress on olive pollen after in vitro incubation at different temperatures (20, 30, and 40 °C). Furthermore, the potential of selenium-methionine (Se-met) in mitigating the detrimental effects of heat stress on olive pollen was investigated. In particular, how thermal stress can affect pollen was evaluated by testing the effect of temperature on pollen germinability and morphology and cytosolic Ca2+ content. The results suggest that the heat stress at 40 °C caused a marked reduction in the germination rate, changes in the morphology of the external pollen wall, and a decreased response to Ca2+-agonist agents. On the contrary, in vitro treatment of pollen with Se-met improved the germination rate and Ca2+-cytosolic homeostasis under heat stress conditions and confirmed the protective role of this compound in containing the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) toxicity. Therefore, this study revealed that organic selenium could play a crucial role in promoting heat tolerance in olive tree pollen.

Na região do Vale do Côa, existem alguns exemplares de oliveira com centenas de anos. Estas árvores monumentais necessitam de ser estudadas de forma a promover a sua valorização e manutenção. Assim, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo contribuir para a caracterização de azeitonas de mesa produzidas a partir de oliveiras centenárias dessa região. Para tal, um total de 28 amostras de azeitonas foram amostradas e sujeitas a cura natural. Após fermentação, realizou-se a determinação biométrica (peso, diâmetro máximo e comprimento) e cor de 20 frutos. Os resultados obtidos mostram que as azeitonas avaliadas apresentaram uma grande variabilidade no peso, variando entre 1,16 a 6,03 g. Relativamente ao diâmetro máximo, verificou-se que este variou entre 4,44 e 20,03 mm, com mais de 24,1% dos frutos a apresentarem um valor superior a 16,0 mm. Na avaliação do comprimento, observou-se que este variou de 11,94 a 27,03 mm, com 18,6% dos frutos a ter um comprimento superior a 22,0 mm. Os frutos avaliados apresentaram uma relação polpa caroço média de 2,38. Na determinação da cor, verificou- se que o parâmetro L* variou entre 23,85 e 58,09. As coordenadas a* e b* variaram entre -1.99 a 18,87, e -7,24 a 38,02, respetivamente, demonstrando frutos com diferentes cores. Os resultados obtidos ajudarão na construção de uma base de dados de azeitonas de mesa produzidas a partir de oliveiras centenárias da região do Vale do Côa. Os autores agradecem à Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT, Portugal) e aos fundos nacionais FCT/MCTES (PIDDAC) pelo apoio financeiro ao CIMO (UIDB/00690/2020 e UIDP/00690/2020) e SusTEC (LA/P/0007/2021), bem como ao Projeto “OLIVECOA – Oliveiras Centenárias da Região do Vale do Côa: redescobrir o passado para valorizar o futuro” (ref. COA/BRB/0035/2019). Nuno Rodrigues agradece ao financiamento nacional da FCT - Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia, P.I., através do contrato-programa institucional de emprego científico info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

The negative impacts of extreme heat and drought on olive plants have driven the quest for mitigation approaches based on the use of biostimulants, which have proved to be effective in contrasting environmental stresses. The aim of our study was to evaluate the effectiveness of six biostimulants in mitigating high temperature and water stress in young olive trees in terms of vegetative and eco-physiological parameters as well as bioactive compound content. Biostimulants based on glycine betaine and macro- and micro-algae effectively protected the plants from abiotic stress by improving their eco-physiological and vegetative parameters. At the end of the growing season, olive plants were experiencing water deficit which had built up through the summer months. At this time, the glycine betaine-treated plants had a three-fold higher stomatal conductance compared with the control, while plants sprayed with the seaweed mix had a relative water content 33% higher than the control. The kaolin treatment resulted in higher total phenolics and antioxidant activities (DPPH, FRAP and ABTS) in water stress conditions and caused an increase of 238.53 and 443.49% in leaves total polyphenols content in 100% and 50% water regime, respectively. This study showed the effectiveness of biostimulants in mitigating the damage from abiotic stress on young olive trees, by improving some vegetative, eco-physiological and leaf nutraceutical parameters. Further studies are needed to test the efficiency of these biostimulants in open field conditions on olive trees in full production.

Maslinin moljac (Prays oleae Bern.) jedan je od najvažnijih štetnika masline koji svake godine čini štete. Godinama je jedna od glavih mjera suzbijanja istog bila primjena pesticida, čija je intenzivna uporaba imala negativan utjecaj na okoliš. Stoga je EU uvođenjem Europskog zelenog plana obvezala svoje članice na smanjenje utroška pesticida za 50 % do 2030. godine. te 100 % do 2050. godine. Zbog svega navedenog prijeko je potrebno iznaći nova rješenja koja bi bila učinkovita u suzbijanju moljca i ekološki povoljna za okoliš. Trenutne spoznaje govore da različite vrste kukaca privlače hlapive tvari biljke domaćina. Kako interakcija masline i moljca još uvijek nije istraživana, cilj istraživanja je bio identificirati hlapive tvari masline koje bi mogle biti odgovorne za privlačenje istog, te ih testirati u maslinicima. Na odabranim sortama masline uzorkovan je biljni materijal te su identificirane hlapive tvari pomoću HS-SPME/GC-MS uređaja. Tijekom istraživanja identificirano je oko 70 različitih hlapivih tvari, među kojima su odabrana dva aldehida, dva alkohola i ester, te su testirani pojedinačno i u kombinacijama u maslinicima pomoću delta lovki. Rezultati ovog istraživanja su pokazali kako su alkohol i kombinacija aldehid:alkohol:ester, kao dodatak feromonu, privukle puno veći broj moljaca od lovki koje sadrže samo feromon. Ovo otkriće može dovesti do razvoja novog i poboljšanog mamaca za maslinovog moljca, koji bi se u budućnosti mogao koristiti za monitoring i/ili suzbijanje istog.

Olive leaf is one of the traditional herbal remedies, used since the time of ancient Egypt. One of the most important biological components of olive leaves are phenols, the most represented by secoiridoid oleuropein. Is to be assumed that different olive cultivars can differ by their leaf oleuropein content. Thus, the aim of this work was to investigate the difference in oleuropein concentrations in olive leaves of five Croatian autochthonous cultivars: Buža puntoža, Buža, Istarska bjelica, Karbonaca, Rošinjola and Italian Leccino as one of the most common allochthonous olive cultivar in Croatian olive groves. Sampling was conducted at a growth season 2017/2018 in olive grove located in Istria during two terms, harvest and pruning. Each of the six cultivars was represented by 3 trees. Selected cultivars had shown significant differences in oleuropein concentrations in both sampling periods. During harvest, the highest concentration of oleuropein in the leaf was measured in Leccino cv. leaves 4962, 29 (mg/100 g DW), and the lowest in Rošinjola cv. 500, 8 (mg/100 g DW). During pruning, the highest concentration of oleuropein in the leaf was measured in Buža cv. 8064, 04 (mg/100 g DW) and the lowest was Karbonaca cv. 1627, 73 (mg/100 g DW). Due to leaf oleuropein concentration differences in selected Croatian olive cultivars further trials with more cultivars and different locations need to be conducted.

Blends of olive oils obtained from four cultivars (Olea europaea L. cv. Chemlali, Chetoui, Oueslati and Koroneiki) were produced by two different methods of blending: processing fruit mixtures or mixing monovarietal oils, using the same proportions of selected cultivars. The obtained blends were biochemically characterized to evaluate quality, and the two methods were compared. The results indicated that the most successful formulations are mainly F8 (60% Chemlali × 20% Oueslati × 20% Koroneiki) characterized by the highest contents of phenols and an elevated oxidative stability, and F5 (50% Chemlali × 50% Koroneiki) containing the highest MUFA level and the highest oxidative stability. The effect of the blending process on pigments and volatiles cannot be easily regulated, unlike phenols, fatty acid composition and OS, all of which positively correlated to the fruit mass ratio in the blend. Results suggest that processing fruit mixtures of different cultivars resulted in a better oil quality than that of oils obtained by the common oil blending method. This blending procedure offers a possibility to modulate the contents of antioxidants, fatty acids and volatile compounds in virgin olive oil, and therefore, its quality and sensorial characteristics.

The high level of copper (Cu) accumulation in the soil, the risk of surface water contamination, and the potential public health problems due to Cu entering the food chain have raised concerns on the use of Cu compounds in agriculture, including olive growing. As a consequence, there is worldwide regulatory pressure on agricultural systems to limit the use of Cu compounds. Hence, a field trial was carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of low copper containing chemicals to control olive leaf spot (OLS) disease caused by Venturia oleaginea. The trial was conducted in 2021 in an olive (cv. Nabali Baladi) grove in Palestine. Copper complexed with lignosulphonate and gluconate (Disper Cu Max®) and the self-defense inducer Disper Broton GS® were evaluated and compared to dodine and the traditionally and frequently used copper hydroxide. In addition, untreated trees were used as the control. Treatments were made in March, July, and August. In March 2021, leaves grown in 2020 were present and 100% infected. V. oleaginea infections caused defoliation in untreated and treated olive trees with varying degrees of intensity: the Control had the most defoliation, followed by copper hydroxide and Disper Cu Max®, whereas dodine and, in particular, Disper Broton GS® had the least. All treatments reduced symptomatic leaves but their efficacy varied significantly: copper hydroxide was the least effective, Disper Cu Max® was intermediate, dodine and, mainly, Disper Broton GS® were the most effective. Overall, the results are promising since Disper Cu Max® and Disper Broton GS® were able to significantly reduce OLS damage and the amount of copper used for treatments.

Mestrado de dupla diplomação com a UTFPR - Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. savastanoi (Pss) é a bactéria patogénica causal da doença tuberculose-da-oliveira, sendo uma das principais responsáveis pelas perdas significativas na produção e qualidade do olival em todo o mundo especialmente em países do Mediterrâneo. O seu ataque na oliveira ocorre na parte aérea, formando nódulos visíveis no tronco, caule, folhas e frutos, não existindo um tratamento específico e eficaz quando estabelecida no olival. Ocasionando a necessidade no desenvolvimento de ferramentas inovadoras, seguras e eficazes para o seu controlo. Assim, neste trabalho pretendeu-se identificar bacteriófagos com potencial de serem usados contra a tuberculose. Devido à elevada especificidade dos fagos, procedeu-se numa primeira fase ao estudo da comunidade bacteriana endofítica associada a tumores e a ramos de oliveira sem sintomas com o intuito de constituir uma coleção de estirpes de Pss que será útil no processo de seleção de bacteriófagos. O isolamento em cultura seguida pela identificação dos isolados bacterianos através da sequenciação da região 16S do rDNA permitiu identificar um total de 69 taxa, sendo Pantoea e Erwinia os géneros mais abundantes em caules assintomáticos, tendo destaque nos sintomáticos os géneros Pantoea e Curtobacterium. O método por maceração gerou uma maior diversidade taxonómica que no método de explante, sendo nos caules sintomáticos que verificou maior diversidade e abundância bacteriana relativamente aos caules assintomáticos. O isolamento de bacteriófagos em amostras de solo de olival permitiu identificar, pela primeira vez, um total de nove bacteriófagos com capacidade de causar a lise de Pss. A sua ação na luta contra a tuberculose deverá ser avaliada no futuro com ensaios in planta. Quando avaliada a eficiência dos bacteriófagos contra a Pss em fatias de cenoura biológica, não se obteve diferenças significativas, no entanto os resultados obtidos sugerem que os bacteriófagos podem ser considerados possíveis agentes de biocontrolo contra a multiplicação do patógeno, necessitando, porém, de estudos complementares. Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. savastanoi (Pss) is a pathogenic bacterium that causes olive knot, being one of the main responsible for the significant loss in the production and quality of olive groves worldwide, especially in Mediterranean countries. The attack on the olive tree occurs in the aerial part, forming visible nodules on the trunk, stem, leaves and fruits, and there is no specific and effective treatment when established in the olive grove. Causing the development of innovative, safe and effective tools for its control. Thus, this work aimed to identify bacteriophages with the potential to be used against tuberculosis. Due to the high specificity of the phages, the study of the endophytic bacterial community associated with tumors and symptomless olive branches was carried out in a first phase, with the aim of constituting a collection of Pss strains that will be useful in the bacteriophage selection process. The isolation in culture followed by the identification of bacterial isolates through the sequencing of the 16S region of the rDNA allowed the identification of a total of 69 taxa, with Pantoea and Erwinia being the most abundant genera in asymptomatic stems, with emphasis on the symptomatic genera Pantoea and Curtobacterium. The maceration method generated a greater taxonomic diversity than the explant method, and the symptomatic stems showed greater bacterial diversity and abundance than the asymptomatic stems. The isolation of bacteriophages in olive grove soil samples allowed the identification, for the first time, of a total of nine bacteriophages capable of causing Pss lysis. Its action in the fight against tuberculosis should be evaluated in the future with in plant test. When evaluating the efficiency of bacteriophages against Pss in slices of biological carrot, no significant differences were obtained, however the results obtained suggest that bacteriophages can be considered possible biocontrol agents against the multiplication of the pathogen, requiring, however, additional studies. Este trabalho é financiado por fundos FEDER através do programa COMPETE (Programa Operacional Fatores de Competitividade), por fundos nacionais através da FCT – Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, e Europeus (Horizon 2020) através do projeto PRIMA/0002/2018 (INTOMED - Innovative tools to combat crop pests in the Mediterranean).

Em olivicultura a gestão do solo por intermédio de herbicidas, mobilização, corte ou pastoreio é um fator muito importante no controlo da erosão hídrica dos solos e da competição pela água, luz e nutrientes. Sistemas que garantam uma boa cobertura da superfície do solo, como é o caso dos cobertos vegetais, são, neste momento, uma opção válida na generalidade dos olivais pois, protegem o solo da erosão, incrementam a matéria orgânica no solo, devido ao sequestro de carbono e aumentam a capacidade de retenção de água. Se forem utilizados cobertos de leguminosas anuais de ressementeira natural, para além do efeito reforçado do sequestro de carbono, devido à maior produção de biomassa, acresce o aumento da disponibilidade de azoto com consequências muito positivas para a fertilidade do solo e para o desenvolvimento das culturas. As espécies e variedades mais aconselhadas e o sucesso na instalação de cobertos vegetais de leguminosas anuais de ressementeira dependem de variáveis agroecológicas diversas, como o clima local, a fertilidade do solo, o cultivo em sequeiro ou em regadio e o volume da copa da cultura perene e o grau de cobertura que confere ao solo. O estudo a seguir apresentado teve como objetivo principal testar uma mistura de trevos subterrâneos de ciclo curto em um olival instalado num solo de boa fertilidade, cultivado em sequeiro e com árvores adultas que fornecem uma ampla cobertura do solo. Avalia-se a capacidade de instalação do coberto no primeiro ano, o grau de cobertura, produção de biomassa e o azoto acumulado e também o seu efeito no estado nutricional das árvores e na fertilidade do solo. Os resultados mostraram um bom poder de germinação das cultivares de trevo subterrâneo, Dalkeith e Campeda, usadas neste estudo. Mostraram também que as plantas semeadas rapidamente dominaram o coberto. Neste estudo ficou também presente que o tratamento com trevos produziu mais biomassa. Ficou também demonstrado que o tratamento com trevos alberga uma maior concentração de nutrientes nos tecidos, consegue obter melhores resultados na capacidade de recuperar nutrientes o que mais tarde terá efeitos benéficos para as oliveiras e para o solo. Soil management with herbicides, conventional tillage or grazing is very important in controlling soil erosion of agricultural field. Systems that ensure good ground surface coverage, such as cover cropping are currently an option valid in most olive groves because they protect the soil from erosion, increase organic matter due to carbon sequestration and increase the soil water holding capacity. If, in addition to enhanced effect on carbon sequestration, due to higher biomass production, nitrogen availability will also increase with very positive effects for soil fertility and crop development. The most recommended species and varieties and the success in the installation of the covers of annual legumes depend on diverse agroecological variables such as local climate, soil fertility, rainfed or irrigated regimes and also the size of the canopy of the trees and the degree of coverage they give to the soil. The present study hads as a main objective to test a mixture of early-maturing subterranean clovers in an olive grove installed in a soil of good fertility, rainfed managed and with mature trees that provide ample ground cover. The success of cover installation in the first year was assessed as well as, ground cover percentage, dry matter yield, nitrogen recover on above-ground biomass, the nutritional status of olive trees and soil fertility. The results showed good seed germination rates of the subterranean clover cultivars, Dalkeith and Campeda used in this study. The results also showed that sown plants quickly dominated the cover over natural vegetation. The plot managed with sown cover crops produced also mor biomass, and biomass with a higher content of nitrogen and other nutrients. Thus, it is expected that in the long term more benefits will be achieved in terms of soil fertility and nutritional status of plants and olive yield.

A single phenolic group and even a compound play different roles in the sensory properties and stability of virgin olive oil (VOO), which in turn are strongly influenced by several factors. Understanding the causes of differences in phenolic compound composition and oxidative stability (OS) in VOOs is essential for targeted and timely harvest and processing while maintaining desired oil quality. The phenolic profile and OS of two monocultivar VOOs (Oblica and Leccino) grown in two geographical sites of different altitudes (coastal plain and hilly hinterland) were analyzed throughout the ripening period over two years. Concentration of secoiridoids was 30% higher in the Oblica than in the Leccino VOOs, which in turn had significantly higher values of OS. Both cultivars had more than twice as high concentrations of the two most abundant phenolic compounds, the dialdehyde form of decarboxymethyl oleuropein aglycone and the dialdehyde form of decarboxymethyl ligstroside aglycone, and OS values in a colder growing site of higher altitude. Among the studied monocultivar VOOs, the secoiridoid group did not behave equally during ripening. The hierarchy of different influencing factors was investigated using multivariate statistics and revealed: cultivar > geographical site > harvest period > growing season. In addition, the possibility of traceability of VOO using molecular markers was investigated by establishing SSR profiles of oils of the studied cultivars and comparing them with SSR profiles of leaves.

Kao jedna od najvažnijih mediteranskih voćnih vrsta, maslina (Olea europaea L.) je poznata kao bogat izvor fenola i drugih nutritivno važnih spojeva. Proteklih godina na Institutu za poljoprivredu i turizam provedena su brojna istraživanja vezana uz utjecaj ishrane masline na fenolne komponente lista ili maslinovog ulja.Temeljem odabranog seta podataka prikazanih u ovom radu, sorta 'Istarska bjelica' pokazala je najveću koncentraciju oleuropeina u listu i ukupnih fenola u maslinovom ulju. U hidroponskom pokusu smanjena razina magnezija u hranivoj otopini povećala je, a niska razina mangana, cinka i bakra smanjila koncentraciju ukupnih fenola u listu masline sorte 'Istarska bjelica'. Folijarna gnojidba sumporom imala je pozitivan učinak na količinu ulja po stablu u rodnoj godini neovisno o proučavanoj sorti.

The olive tree (Olea europaea L.) is a species of great importance in history and economic, with large phenotypic variability, represented through a wide range of cultivars spread throughout the world. There are several studies on the characterization of a large number of cultivars of the species. However, there is a need to uncover how these phenotypic traits are heritable, and how they can change when environmental conditions vary. For this reason, the objective here was to estimate the heritability coefficients for fruit characters in six commercial cultivars, analyzed under conditions in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The study was carried out in a single year, based on the analysis of fruit and oil traits on the cultivars Arbequina, Arbosana, Frantoio, Koroneiki, Manzanilla de Sevilla, and Picual, under environmental conditions in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. Phenotypic plasticity and broad-sense heritability were estimated in both inter and intra-cultivar comparisons. From the analyses of variance and heritability, it was observed that some cultivars such as Koroneiki or Picual had their characters mainly under genetic control, while Arbequina was more influenced by genotype-environment interaction. The information derived from this work can help guide the selection of cultivars that are best adapted under the local environments of the southern region of Brazil.

In olive (Olea europaea L.), the floral quality is a key feature affecting the final fruit crop. The aim of this study was to evaluate the inflorescence traits and the floral quality parameters of three clones of Leccino cultivar (L 1.3, L 1.4, L 1.9). To assess a possible effect of light limitations on these parameters two canopy zones, internal (IZ) and external (EZ), were considered. The inflorescences were collected over two consecutive years in order to establish: (i) the characteristics of inflorescences (length, flowers per inflorescence) and flowers (open and perfect flowers); (ii) the ovary structure by histological analysis; and (iii) the viability and germination of pollen grains by in vitro culture. The preliminary results highlighted some differences among clones. The L 1.9 was the less affected by the canopy position for inflorescence morphological traits, and the presence of ovaries with at least three fully developed ovules denoting a high female fertility. Regardless of the canopy position, L 1.4 showed the highest pollen viability, suggesting its possible use as pollinator. The lower sensitivity of female and male floral organs to partial shading of L 1.9 and L 1.4 needs further investigations aimed at evaluating their suitability in high-density olive orchards.

Xylella fastidiosa (Xf) Wells, Raju et al., 1986 is a bacterium that causes plant diseases in the Americas. In Europe, it was first detected on the Salento Peninsula (Italy), where it was found to be associated with the olive quick decline syndrome. Here, we present the results of the first tree-ring study of infected and uninfected olive trees (Olea europaea L.) of two different cultivars, one resistant and one susceptible, to establish the effects induced by the spread of the pathogen inside the tree. Changes in wood anatomical characteristics, such as an increase in the number of vessels and in ring width, were observed in the infected plants of both the cultivars Cellina di Nardò (susceptible to Xf infection) and Leccino (resistant to Xf infection). Thus, whether infection affects the mortality of the tree or not, the tree shows a reaction to it. The presence of occlusions was detected in the wood of both 4-year-old branches and the tree stem core. As expected, the percentage of occluded vessels in the Xf-susceptible cultivar Cellina di Nardò was significantly higher than in the Xf-resistant cultivar Leccino. The δ 18O of the 4-year-old branches was significantly higher in infected trees of both cultivars than in noninfected trees, while no variations in δ 13C were observed. This suggests a reduction in leaf transpiration rates during infection and seems to be related to the occlusions observed in rings of the 4-year-old branches. Such occlusions can determine effects at leaf level that could influence stomatal activity. On the other hand, the significant increase in the number of vessels in infected trees could be related to the tree’s attempt to enhance water conductivity in response to the pathogen-induced vessel occlusions.

Маслина европейская (Olea europaea L.) – одно из древнейших культурных растений на Земле. Помимо пищевой ценности плодов большое значение имеют препараты из различных частей маслины, проявляющие широкий спектр фармакологического действия. Цель работы: сравнительный анализ содержания фенольных соединений в листьях и плодах сортов и подвида маслины европейской, произрастающих в климатических условиях Южного берега Крыма. Суммарное содержание фенольных веществ и флавоноидов определяли спектрофотометрически. Компонентный состав – методом ВЭЖХ с диодно-матричным детектированием. В результате сравнительного исследования фенольных соединений листьев и плодов четырех сортов и одного подвида маслины установлено, что в листьях маслины содержится 740–980 мг/100 г фенольных веществ (в пересчете на сырой вес), в плодах – 840–1260 мг/100 г. В листьях содержится 190–312 мг/100 г флавоноидов, в плодах – 59–990 мг/100 г. Среди фенольных соединений листьев и плодов идентифицированы лютеолин-7-О-глюкозид, апигенин-7-О-глюкозид, рутин и олеуропеин. Выявлено, что доминирующим компонентом как листьев, так и плодов четырех сортов маслины является олеуропеин, а плодов подвида O. europaea subsp. cuspidata – рутин. Содержание флавоноидов и олеуропеина в листьях и плодах наиболее морозостойкого сорта Никитская оказалось самым низким из всех исследованных образцов, что может быть связано с участием данных веществ в подготовке этого генотипа к воздействию отрицательных температур. Показано, что содержание фенольных соединений листьев и плодов O. europaea зависит от сортовой принадлежности и климатических условий выращивания., European olive (Olea europaea L.) is one of the oldest cultivated plants on Earth. In addition to the nutritional value of the fruit, medications made from different parts of the olive are of great importance cause they exhibit a wide range of pharmacological action. The main objective of the present study was a comparative analysis of the content of phenolic compounds in the leaves and fruits of varieties and subspecies of European olives growing in the climatic conditions of the Southern Coast of Crimea. Total phenolics and flavonoids were determined spectrophotometrically. HPLC with diode-array detection was applied to determine individual components. As a result of the comparative study of the phenolic compounds of leaves and fruits in four varieties and one subspecies of olives it was found that total phenolics in the leaves of olives are in the range of 740–980mg/100 g (on a wet weight basis) and total phenolics in fruits are in the range of 840–1260 mg/100 g (on a wet weight basis). Flavonoids content in the leaves is in the range of 190–312 mg/100 g and in the range of 59–990 mg/100 g in the fruits. Luteolin-7-O-glucoside, apigenin-7-O-glucoside, rutin and oleuropein were identified among the phenolics of leaves and fruits. It was found that the oleuropein was a majour component either in leaves or in fruits of four varieties of olives but rutin was a majour component in the fruits of the O. europaea subsp. cuspidata subspecies. The content of flavonoids and oleuropein in the leaves and fruits of the most frost-resistant variety Nikitskaya turned out to be the lowest among all the studied samples. It may be related to the participation of these substances during preparation of the variety to the effects of below-freezing temperatures. It has been shown that the content of phenolic compounds in leaves and fruits of O. europaea depends on the variety and agroclimatic growing conditions.

A oliveira é uma cultura em expansão no Brasil e dados sobre produção de mudas, como substratos utilizados são escassos para essa frutífera. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desenvolvimento de mudas de oliveira cultivar Arbequina em dois substratos e quantificar os teores de nutrientes nas folhas das mudas avaliadas. As mudas utilizadas foram obtidas a partir de enraizamento de miniestacas e plantadas em sacos de polietileno nos substratos areia e fibra de coco e conduzidas com uma haste. As variáveis avaliadas foram: altura de haste medida a cada 30 dias até 270 dias de cultivo, o comprimento das raízes, os teores de nutrientes foliares das mudas e a porcentagem de sobrevivência das mudas ao término do experimento. Verificou-se que o substrato fibra de coco permitiu o melhor desenvolvimento de mudas de oliveira ‘Arbequina’ e maior teor de nutrientes nas folhas.

The phenotypic and genotypic variability of olive tree cv. Leccino (Olea europaea L.), an ancient cultivar from North-Central Italy, was investigated using 44 quantitative and qualitative agro-morphological traits, SDS-PAGE of seed proteins (storage proteins and tegument proteins) and molecular markers such as RAPDs (30 primers) and SSRs (8 primers). Fifteen accessions of Olea europaea catalogued as "Leccino" and one certified tree of "Leccino" (LESt) were examined. The plants were clonally propagated and the measuring of all morphological characteristics was conducted over a period of seven years. The ANOVA analysis showed that all accessions were homogenous for many traits while very few variations were recorded for length of one year old shoots, leaf width, leaf length/leaf width ratio, fruit length, fruit fresh weight, fruit length/fruit width ratio, pit length and pit fresh weight. The PCA analysis and similarity coefficients confirmed a low level of variability of Leccino cultivar. SDS-PAGE analysis of seed proteins showed monomorphic patterns of storage proteins. Protein subunits of teguments revealed a generally high level of similarity as evidenced by Nei-Li coefficient. SSRs and RAPDs markers showed molecular monomorphism among Leccino accessions. The results of agro-morphological, biochemical and molecular nature, taken as a whole, seem to indicate a weakly differentiated/homogeneity of the accessions tested belonging to the Leccino cultivar. The limited morphological and genetic variation could support the assumptions of a monophyletic origin of Leccino cultivar with a genetically restricted base.

Self-incompatibility (SI) is the main mechanism that favors outcrossing in plants. Bylimiting compatible matings, SI interferes in fruit production and breeding of newcultivars. In the Oleeae tribe (Oleaceae), an unusual diallelic SI system (DSI) has beenproposed for three distantly related species including the olive (Olea europaea), butempirical evidence has remained controversial for this latter. The olive domesticationis a complex process with multiple origins. As a consequence, the mixing of S-allelesfrom two distinct taxa, the possible artificial selection of self-compatible mutants andthe large phenological variation of blooming may constitute obstacles for decipheringSI in olive. Here, we investigate cross-genotype compatibilities in the Saharanwild olive (O. e. subsp. laperrinei). As this taxon was geographically isolated for thousandsof years, SI should not be affected by human selection. A population of 37mature individuals maintained in a collection was investigated. Several embryos permother were genotyped with microsatellites in order to identify compatible fathersthat contributed to fertilization. While the pollination was limited by distance insidethe collection, our results strongly support the DSI hypothesis, and all individualswere assigned to two incompatibility groups (G1 and G2). No self-fertilization wasobserved in our conditions. In contrast, crosses between full or half siblings werefrequent (ca. 45%), which is likely due to a nonrandom assortment of related treesin the collection. Finally, implications of our results for orchard management and theconservation of olive genetic resources are discussed.

In this study, rooting performance of cuttings of local olive types of Northern Cyprus taken in spring and autumn seasons was investigated. Gemlik Olive cultivar was used as the control group and 14 different local olive types constituted the experimental groups. Green cuttings taken from local olive types were initially treated with 4000 ppm indole-3-butyric (IBA) and they were then rooted in perlite medium under fogging unit in a plastic greenhouse. Following 100-days of rooting, rooting ratios, root lengths, number of roots and shooting ratios were determined. As expected, the best rooting ratio was obtained from Gemlik Olive cultivar (control group). Among the local types, the best rooting ratio (58.67%) was obtained from Çamlıköy with Type 8 olive type and the best rooting performance (45.87%) was achieved in cuttings rooted in autumn season.

Olea europaea L., is a tree of great economic and cultural importance in the Mediterranean basin. Thousands of cultivars have been described, of which around 1200 are conserved in the different olive germplasm banks. The genetic characterisation of these cultivars can be performed in different ways. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) provides more information than the reduced representation methods such as genotype by sequencing (GBS), but at a much higher cost. This may change as the cost of sequencing continues to drop, but, currently, genotyping hundreds of cultivars using WGS is not a realistic goal for most research groups. Our aim is to systematically compare both methodologies applied to olive genotyping and summarise any possible recommendations for the geneticists and molecular breeders of the olive scientific community. In this work, we used a selection of 24 cultivars from an olive core collection from the World Olive Germplasm Collection of the Andalusian Institute of Agricultural and Fisheries Research and Training (WOGBC), which represent the most of the cultivars present in cultivated fields over the world. Our results show that both methodologies deliver similar results in the context of phylogenetic analysis and popular population genetic analysis methods such as clustering. Furthermore, WGS and GBS datasets from different experiments can be merged in a single dataset to perform these analytical methodologies with proper filtering. We also tested the influence of the different olive reference genomes in this type of analysis, finding that they have almost no effect when estimating genetic relationships. This work represents the first comparative study between both sequencing techniques in olive. Our results demonstrate that the use of GBS is a perfectly viable option for replacing WGS and reducing research costs when the goal of the experiment is to characterise the genetic relationship between different accessions. Besides this, we show that it is possible to combine variants from GBS and WGS datasets, allowing the reuse of publicly available data

‘Arauco’ forms part of the over two thousand olives (Olea europaea L.) varieties identified worldwide with the peculiarity of being the only recognized variety from Argentina. In this work, the fruit and oil characteristics from the ‘Arauco’ variety cultivated in the three main olive growing zones of Mendoza province (Argentina) were evaluated over two harvests (2016 and 2017). The characteristics assessed were oil and water concentrations, pulp/pit ratio, industrial yield, oxidative stability, fatty acid profile, total phenols and total flavonoids, among others. The results showed relatively high oleic acid and phenolic contents, together with low acidity and extinction coefficients (K232 and K270), as well as a well-balanced fatty acid profile. In addition, three interesting relationships among oxidative stability and ratios of monounsaturated fatty acids/polyunsaturated fatty acids (R2=0.96), oleic/linoleic (R2=0.96) and stearic acid (R2=0.93) were observed. These results showed that the ‘Arauco’ variety cultivated in Mendoza provides excellent oil quality. ‘Arauco’ forma parte de las más de dos mil variedades de olivo reconocidas mundialmente, con la particularidad de ser la única variedad reconocida de Argentina. En este trabajo, se evaluaron las características de frutos y aceite de la variedad ‘Arauco’ cultivada en las tres principales áreas productoras de la provincia de Mendoza (Argentina), durante dos cosechas (2016 y 2017). Las características estudiadas fueron concentración de agua y aceite, relación pulpa/hueso, rendimiento industrial, estabilidad oxidativa, perfil de ácidos grasos, fenoles y flavonoides totales entre otras. Los resultados mostraron un contenido relativamente alto de fenoles y de ácido oleico, sumado a bajos coeficientes de extinción (K232 y K270) y acidez, así como un perfil de ácidos grasos bien equilibrado. Además, se observaron tres interesantes relaciones entre estabilidad oxidativa y las relaciones de ácidos grasos monoinsaturados/poliinsaturados (R2=0.96), oleico/linoleico (R2=0.96) y el ácido esteárico (R2=0.93). Los resultados mostraron que la variedad ‘Arauco’ cultivada en Mendoza da aceite de excelente calidad. EEA Junín Fil: Banco, Adriana Pamela. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Junín; Argentina Fil: Puertas, Carlos Marcelo. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Junín; Argentina Fil: Trentacoste, Eduardo Rafael. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Junín; Argentina Fil: Monasterio, Romina Paula. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza; Argentina Fil: Monasterio, Romina Paula. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza; Argentina Fil: Monasterio, Romina Paula. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Departamento de Biomatemática y Físicoquímica; Argentina

Lipids are central at various stages of host–pathogen interactions in determining virulence and modulating plant defense. Free fatty acids may act as substrates for oxidizing enzymes [e.g., lipoxygenases (LOXs) and dioxygenases (DOXs)] that synthesize oxylipins. Fatty acids and oxylipins function as modulators of several pathways in cell-to-cell communication; their structural similarity among plant, fungal, and bacterial taxa suggests potential in cross-kingdom communication. We provide a prospect of the known role of fatty acids and oxylipins in fungi and bacteria during plant–pathogen interactions. In the pathogens, oxylipin-mediated signaling pathways are crucial both in development and host infection. Here, we report on case studies suggesting that oxylipins derived from oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids are crucial in modulating the pathogenic lifestyle in the host plant. Intriguingly, overlapping (fungi-plant/bacteria-plant) results suggest that different inter-kingdom pathosystems use similar lipid signals to reshape the lifestyle of the contenders and occasionally determine the outcome of the challenge.

Oxidative stress has a crucial role in diabetic pathophysiology, therefore consuming naturally derived antioxidants as a remedial target. This study examines the naturally occurring antioxidant and antidiabetic of Olea europaea L. ethanolic leaves extract. Olea europaea L. leaves were macerated (OLE) by using absolute ethanol. Phytochemical and physiochemical analysis of OLE was screened using standard methods. The antioxidant effects were examined by DPPH (1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazil) radical scavenging assay. In vitro antidiabetic was assayed by α-amylase enzyme inhibition study. Ethanolic extraction of OLE by maceration technique, 10% yield. Loss on drying, foreign organic matters and total ash value of OLE showed 2%, 0.2% and 16.5%, respectively. Phytochemical test on OLE confirmed saponin, flavonoid, glycoside, tannin, phenol and carbohydrate presences. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents of OLE is 490 mg GAE/g and 855 mg RUE/g of extract, respectively. OLE (IC50 38.37 ± 0.26 µg/ml) showed functional DPPH scavenging assay comparable to ascorbic acid (IC50 30.37 ± 0.17 µg/ml). In the alpha-amylase inhibitory activity, Acarbose showed an IC50 value of 20.06 ± 0.19 µg/ml, while OLE portrayed an IC50 value of 37.99 ± 0.15 µg/ml. The kinetic studies revealed that all samples at high concentrations reacted within a very short time, and a steady state was reached almost immediately. The lowest concentration showed slow kinetic behaviour implied longer periods before the constant state was reached. Molecular docking studies evidenced that most of the phenolic compounds of OLE interact with the active site of Human pancreatic α-amylase through the hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interaction confirming the alpha-amylase inhibitory effect. The results suggest that Olea europaea L. has been a conceivable natural bioactive source as an antioxidant and an antidiabetic agent.

In this study, four different kinds of table olive fermentations belonging to Olea europaea L. Itrana cultivar were evaluated: A, spontaneous fermentation; B, fermentation with a single inoculum (Lactiplantibacillus plantarum B1); C, fermentation with multiple inoculum (L. plantarum B1 + L. plantarum B51 + L. plantarum B124, 1:1:1); and D, fermentation with mixed (bacterium + yeast) inoculum (L. plantarum B1 + Candida boidinii). This research focuses on the correlation between the different mixes of inoculations and their effect under the chemical, sensorial, and textural profiles in the final products (olives) for potential applications on table olive fermentation. During the fermentation, some specific parameters were monitored: chemical characterization of oil fraction (pigments, tocopherols, fatty acids, alkyl esters, and sterol composition), Texture Profile Analysis (TPA), determination of olive color, and sensory evaluation of the final products. The use of LAB starters (single and multiple inocula) compared to spontaneous process revealed a greater performance in preventing the spoilage process and in developing favorable physico-chemical conditions during the fermentation. In fact, the highest values of fatty acid alkyl esters were reached in spontaneous fermentation (~480 mg/kg in jar A). The presence of C. boidinii as inoculum in jar D was involved in table olive softening: the fermented olives showed the lowest values of the parameters related to consistence of fruit as hardness (~2300 g) and gumminess (~990 g) and high value of fatty acid methyl esters (~110 mg/kg).