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A series of studies was performed to test the efficacy and safety of a parenteral lipid emulsion, Lipofundin S, when given as part of a complete nutritive mixture from the three-liter bag total parenteral nutrition (TPN) delivery system. In vitro stability studies with mixtures corresponding to high and low nutritional intakes showed the fat emulsion to be stable during refrigerated storage for at least 6 days. The clinical use of Lipofundin S in 3-liter TPN bags was studied in 39 consecutive patients requiring TPN, and there were no untoward side-effects. Nitrogen balance was maintained in patients with pancreatitis, those recovering postoperatively, and those with miscellaneous conditions. However, patients with multiple trauma remained in negative balance. The ability of sera, from patients on TPN to agglutinate Lipofundin S was compared to that from healthy controls, and acutely ill patients not on TPN. Patients on TPN showed a higher degree of in vitro creaming than acutely ill controls, and this may have been related to the severity of the underlying illness. These studies suggest that this parenteral lipid emulsion can be safely administered to patients requiring TPN when given from the 3-liter bag delivery system.

Hydnocarpus oil alone and mixed with dapsone in food and fed to the mice infected with Mycobacterium leprae; showed inhibition of the growth of the lepra bacilli, both sensitive and resistant to dapsone. There was an additive inhibitory effect of the combination of dapsone and oil on the growth of bacilli.

The concentration of prostaglandin E (PGE) was measured in the semen of 5 men of proven fertility and in 12 men of couples who were infertile but in whom no abnormality had been detected by conventional semen analysis, postcoital test of sperm motility, endometrial biopsy, and laparoscopic dye insufflation of the fallopian tubes. In the fertile men the mean PGE concentration was 52.7 +/- 9.9 mug/ml, and in infertile men the concentration was 22.1 +/- 2.76 mug/ml; the difference between the two groups was highly significant (P less than 0.001). In five of the infertile men attempts were made to raise the PGE concentration by the administration of either corn oil, which contains the prostaglandin precursor linoleic acid, or caffeine, which inhibits prostaglandin degradation; the response to both agents was insignificant.

Rats deficient in essential fatty acids (EFA) did not develop as much foot swelling on receiving injections of complete Freund's adjuvant as did normal controls. Both the acute inflammation and the chronic inflammation were affected. This reduction in the chronic phase of adjuvant inflammation was restored to normal levels by feeding a small supplement of corn oil as a dietary source of EFA. Since the EFA are biologic precursors of prostaglandins (PG), the lack of EFA is thought to influence adjuvant-induced inflammation by reducing available PG mediators of inflammation.

A group of essential hypertensives were treated for a period of six weeks with groundnut oil or safflower oil compared with a control group who were given a placebo medication. A significant drop in diastolic pressure occurred in the groups receiving the polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) preparation. In another group of eight patients, who were already receiving traditional antihypertensive therapy, supplementation with PUFA rich oil resulted in a significant reduction in blood pressure. Further, after the end of the treatment period, an increase in diastolic pressure was found six to eight weeks later with return of pressures to approximately the pre-treatment level. These preliminary observations suggest that PUFA rich vegetable oils may be useful in the control of mild-to-moderate hypertension.

Effective topical sunscreens are available in Australasia, but are some more effective and acceptable than others? For those who demand an early tan and longer protection there still remains some hope that effective topical applications may become available. Acute sunburn must be assessed from a general medical viewpoint. Severe sunburn requires a short "dermatological" course of systemic steroids. Prostaglandins and antiprostaglandins may have a role in the future treatment of sunburn.

Comparative studies were carried out on the inhibitory effect of some oleoemulsions on the acute course of an experimental coccidial infection caused by Eimeria tenella. Such effect was demonstrated with the oral application of sporulated oocysts both with the complete and incomplete Freund's adjuvant and with oleum ricini and oleum helianthi in combination. The results of histopathologic investigations showed that the two types of Freund's adjuvant inhibited the rapid and joint excysting of a large number of oocysts. Inhibited was the invasion of sporozoits in the epithelial cells of the mucous membrane and thus the acute course of the coccidial infection caused by Eimeria tenella.

Of 21 retinal detachments with a macular hole, 18 (86%) were cured by cerclage, combined with drainage of the subretinal fluid and light (laser) coagulation of the macula. By means of this simple procedure, recommended by Meyer-Schwickerath in 1961, many surgical difficulties and possible complications, especially posterior pole hemorrhages, can be avoided and relatively good function of the central retina can be achieved. Even highly myopic eyes with moderate staphyloma can be treated successfully by this technique.

Treatment of psoriasis vulgaris with tar and oil containing seawater baths are reported and compared to sulfur baths. The superiority of the tar-seawater treatment compared to sulfur baths is confirmed. For the first time good experiences with a new oil bath are reported.

We have used silicone-oil injection in a consecutive series of 44 patients with retinal detachment and advanced proliferative vitreoretinopathy, all of whom had previously failed to reattach with vitrectomy, membrane peeling, and scleral buckling. After a minimal follow-up period of 6 months, complete anatomic retinal reattachment posterior to the encircling scleral buckle was obtained in 64% of these eyes. Ambulatory visual acuity (5/200 or better) was achieved in 57% of the anatomically successful cases. Silicone-oil removal was performed in 69% of the anatomically and visually successful eyes without recurrent retinal detachment. Because of the frequent and severe complications associated with the use of silicone oil, we recommend that silicone-oil injection be considered only when conventional vitreoretinal techniques have failed to achieve retinal reattachment.

Ten schizophrenic patients were treated with onager oil. It was hypothesized that E1 prostaglandin deficiency underlies the different biological disorders of schizophrenia. The clinical and biological results were disappointing. However the fact that the patients had been severely ill for a long time might have to be taken into account. Moreover, the blood level of gamma-linolenic acid was normal, at the start, in all the patients.

Tolerance for Intralipid fat emulsion during total parenteral nutrition (PN) was studied in 6 children. The Intralipid dose was monitored by the daily determination of plasma Intralipid levels. Fat removal was investigated at the start of and during the PN period by the intravenous fat tolerance test (IVFTT) and by determining the plasma postheparin lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity. When the plasma Intralipid levels exceeded a value of 100 mg/100 ml, hyper pre-beta lipoproteinaemia, hypertriglyceridaemia, hypercholesterolaemia and hyperphospholipidaemia appeared. During PN most patients showed marked increases of postheparin LPL. Return to normal values occurred after discontinuation of PN. Maximal LPL activities were found to correlate significantly with total daily caloric intake (r=0.95, 0.05 less than p less than 0.01). The Intralipid elimination constant hardly changed during PN, with the exception of patient 6, who showed a marked increase (from 7 to 22%). Conclusions of this study are as follows: First a high caloric intake during PN leads to a marked increase of postheparin LPL activity. Second, by monitoring plasma Intralipid levels at 100 mg/100 ml approximately, it is possible to adjust the Intralipid dose in order to prevent hyperlipaemia and to take maximal benefit from rising fat tolerance. Thirdly the IVFTT appeared to be of little value to estimate the child's fat elimination capacity.

A study of 105 eyes in which intraocular injection of silicone oil was used to treat retinal detachment with massive preretinal retraction showed that early results were encouraging, and anatomical and visual results correlated well. Operative complications had little influence on the immediate outcome, the reasons for failure being poor case selection or inadequate surgical technique. When a deterioration occurred during the postoperative period it was found to be associated with late complications, particularly cataract; redetachment occurred in only a small number (12%) of cases.

The use of Alpha Keri bath oil in a postshower therapeutic regimen was effective in reducing the severity of moderate to severe xerosis.

Vomiting, drowsiness, metabolic acidosis, polymorphonuclear leucocytosis, and encephalopathy developed in thirteen infants within hours of ingestion of margosa oil. Liver biopsy of one infant and necropsy examination of ICR strain mice after experimentally induced margosa-oil poisoning demonstrated pronounced fatty infiltration of the liver and proximal renal tubules as well as cerebral oedema. Electron microscopy demonstrated mitochondrial damage. These findings indicate that margosa oil may be involved in the aetiology of Reye's syndrome among Indians in Malaysia.

Long-term assessment of eyes in which silicone oil injection had been used in the treatment of retinal detachment with massive preretinal retraction was undertaken in 92 consecutive patients. While a high incidence of complications, particularly cataract, was confirmed, this study showed that they were probably caused not by any toxic effect of silicone oil but by obstruction of normal metabolic exchange at the silicone-tissue interface. The incidence of complications causing deterioration of vision or serious symptoms was not found to be high, and navigating vision was well preserved.

The comparison was made of the protective (the administration 3 h before irradiation with a dose of 7.3 Gy) and therapeutic (the administration immediately and later after exposure) effects of soya oil (150 mg/kg) and oil solution of ubiquinone-9 (100-200 mg/kg) on survival of exposed rats. It was shown that soya oil and ubiquinone-9 increased the survival rate of rats when administered before and, to a lesser extent, immediately after irradiation. Corn oil administered immediately after exposure increased the survival rate as well. DMF for the therapeutic effect of soya oil solution of ubiquinone-9 was 1.08.

Oleothorax was largely used for the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis, before the advent of specific chemotherapy. Although the method was dis-continued more than 30 years ago, late complications do occur. We report here a case of a painful oleothorax that took up 99mTc-MDP and 67Ga-citrate.

The effects of supplementing a basal diet, in which the low level of fatty acids limited milk production, with soya oil, a palm oil/palmitic acid mixture and tallow, on the yield of milk and of its constituents, and on the composition of the milk, are reported. The yields of milk and milk fat were greatly increased by all the oil-supplemented diets; the mean daily yield of solids-not-fat (SNF) was also increased, but supplementation with soya oil caused the yield of crude protein (CP) to decrease, whereas the other fat-rich concentrate mixtures gave the same mean yield of protein as did the low-fat, control diet. All 3 oil-supplemented diets lowered the proportion of CP in the milk, but the SNF content was unchanged by any treatment. Dietary soya oil tended to lower the proportion of fat in the milk, whilst the palm oil/palmitic acid mixture raised it, with the tallow exerting no effect. The results are discussed in relation to previous work in which these dietary oils have been used, but in which the intake of fatty acids from the control diets did not limit milk production to the extent reported here.

The pharmaceutical and therapeutic aspects of the use of 10% soybean oil emulsion in total parenteral nutrition (TPN) are reviewed. The composition of the commercial preparation (intralipid), comparison with cottonseed oil emulsion, advantages and disadvantages of use, metabolism, toxicity, therapeutic monitoring, clinical uses, and evaluative studies are discussed. Soybean oil emulsion is a useful source of calories and essential fatty acids in TPN. The product is more expensive than other solutions used in TPN. Woybean oil emulsion should be considered for use in small hospitals and in home therapy because of the advantage of peripheral administration.

The authors report a study of long-term parenteral nutrition with a homogeneous media (produce? Solution?) containing glucido-lipidic calories and essential amino-acids. This solution has the advantage of an easy dosage of the number of calories and of grams of nitrogen to administer; it also decreases the risks of bacterial contamination from "handicraft" mixing and excessive manipulations.

Eight eyes were examined histologically after silicone oil injection. Intraretinal deposits suggestive of silicone were not present in attached retinas, but were frequently observed in detached retinas when subretinal silicone occurred. This may possibly be due to defects in the horizontal conducting structures of the retina such as those occurring in persistent detachment with disorganization of the retina. Morphologically, the retina was essentially normal 3.5 years after the silicone injection. This observation contradicts the idea that silicone oil has a toxic effect.

The toxic or allergic contact dermatitis is the most frequent occupational disease of the skin. It is caused by repeated contact with irritant or sensitizing occupational substances. The aim of the skin protection is to prevent or at least to lessen the contact with these injuring substances. Protective gloves as well as skin protective unguents are of use for preventive skin protection. We differentiate two types of emulsions among the skin protective unguents: O/W-emulsions protect against injuring components, insoluble in water, and W/O-emulsions protect against injuring stuffs, soluble in water. The cleaning agents of the skin have to be chosen according to the degree and kind of the contamination; today surfactants such as soap and detergents are chiefly used. THe preserving skin protection is very important: with the regenerating care of the skin the water and fatty constituents of the injured skin are repaired.

Severe atherosclerotic lesions were produced without thyroid suppression in seven out of eight dogs by feeding semisynthetic diets containing 5 per cent cholesterol and 16 per cent hydrogenated coconut oil for 12 to 14 months. Occlusive plaques were located in the coronary arteries and major cerebral arteries as well as in the aorta and iliac vessels. The lesions were characterized by an intense sclerotic reaction to areas of lipid deposition and foam cell accumulation in the intima. The diet induced a rapid elevation of plasma-free and esterfied cholesterol, triglyceride, and phospholipid, and the extent of aortic atherosclerosis was shown to be partially dependent on mean plasma cholesterol concentration. A second group of eight dogs were fed a diet identical with the first except for the replacement of 4 per cent hydrogenated coconut oil by 4 per cent safflower oil. Despite receiving the same amounts of dietary cholesterol and fat, this second group of dogs was completely protected from the atherogenic process. Plasma lipids became only slightly elevated and no induced atherosclerotic lesions were found at autopsy. Circulating thyroid hormone concentrations were similar between the two groups of dogs and the thyroid glands had a normal morphology in both groups.