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BACKGROUND: Dendritic cells (DC) linking innate and adaptive immune responses are present in human lungs, but the characterization of different subsets and their role in COPD pathogenesis remain to be elucidated. The aim of this study is to characterize and quantify pulmonary myeloid DC subsets in small airways of current and ex-smokers with or without COPD. METHODS: Myeloid DC were characterized using flowcytometry on single cell suspensions of digested human lung tissue. Immunohistochemical staining for langerin, BDCA-1, CD1a and DC-SIGN was performed on surgical resection specimens from 85 patients. Expression of factors inducing Langerhans-type DC (LDC) differentiation was evaluated by RT-PCR on total lung RNA. RESULTS: Two segregated subsets of tissue resident pulmonary myeloid DC were identified in single cell suspensions by flowcytometry: the langerin+ LDC and the DC-SIGN+ interstitial-type DC (intDC). LDC partially expressed the markers CD1a and BDCA-1, which are also present on their known blood precursors. In contrast, intDC did not express langerin, CD1a or BDCA-1, but were more closely related to monocytes.Quantification of DC in the small airways by immunohistochemistry revealed a higher number of LDC in current smokers without COPD and in COPD patients compared to never smokers and ex-smokers without COPD. Importantly, there was no difference in the number of LDC between current and ex-smoking COPD patients.In contrast, the number of intDC did not differ between study groups. Interestingly, the number of BDCA-1+ DC was significantly lower in COPD patients compared to never smokers and further decreased with the severity of the disease. In addition, the accumulation of LDC in the small airways significantly correlated with the expression of the LDC inducing differentiation factor activin-A. CONCLUSIONS: Myeloid DC differentiation is altered in small airways of current smokers and COPD patients resulting in a selective accumulation of the LDC subset which correlates with the pulmonary expression of the LDC-inducing differentiation factor activin-A. This study identified the LDC subset as an interesting focus for future research in COPD pathogenesis. ispartof: Respiratory research vol:11 issue:1 pages:35-35 ispartof: location:England status: published

Asthma is the eighth leading contributor to the burden of disease in South Africa, but has received less attention than other chronic diseases. The Asthma Guidelines Implementation Project (AGIP) was established to improve the impact of the South African guidelines for chronic asthma in adults and adolescents in the Western Cape. One strategy was an audit tool to assist with assessing and improving the quality of care. Methods. The audit of asthma care targeted all primary care facilities that managed adult patients with chronic asthma within all six districts of the Western Cape province. The usual steps in the quality improvement cycle were followed. Results. Data were obtained from 957 patients from 46 primary care facilities. Only 80% of patients had a consistent diagnosis of asthma, 11.5% of visits assessed control and 23.2% recorded a peak expiratory flow (PEF), 14% of patients had their inhaler technique assessed and 11.2% were given a self-management plan; 81% of medication was in stock, and the controller/reliever dispensing ratio was 0.6. Only 31.5% of patients were well controlled, 16.3% of all visits were for exacerbations, and 17.6% of all patients had been hospitalised in the previous year. Conclusion. The availability of medication and prescription of inhaled steroids is reasonable, yet control is poor. Health workers do not adequately distinguish asthma from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, do not assess control by questions or PEF, do not adequately demonstrate or assess the inhaler technique, and have no systematic approach to or resources for patient education. Ten recommendations are made to improve asthma care.

Los receptores semejantes a Toll forman parte del sistema inmune. Algunas mutaciones en estos receptores se han relacionado con el desarrollo de enfermedades como el asma bronquial y la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica. Se realizó un estudio de casos-controles, en el que se incluyeron 100 pacientes con asma bronquial, 100 pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica y 100 controles. A través de la técnica de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa, se investigó la presencia de polimorfismos en TLR2 (Arg677Trp y Arg753Gln) y TLR4 (Asp299Gly y Thr399Ile) y su asociación con asma y enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica. Se demostró la presencia de polimorfismos en TLR4 con una frecuencia del 9 % en cada grupo de estudio. No se observó relación alguna entre la presencia de polimorfismos en TLR4 y los índices de gravedad para asma bronquial o enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica. La gravedad de los pacientes con asma y enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica no está relacionada con los polimorfismos en TLR 4. Toll like receptors are important in the inflammatory immune response. Several mutations of these receptors have been related to the development and chronicity of different inflammatory diseases as bronchial asthma and obstructive pulmonary disease. A case control study was performed, 100 patients with bronchial asthma, 100 obstructive pulmonary disease and 100 controls. Restriction based polymorphism PCR analysis was performed for TLR2 (Arg677Trp and Arg753Gln) and TLR4 (Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile) genes and its association with asthma and obstructive pulmonary disease was assessed. The frequency of TLR4 polymorphism was 9 % in each group studied (asthma, obstructive pulmonary disease and controls). No association was found among TLR4 polymorphism and stage of disease for asthma or obstructive pulmonary disease. TLR4 polymorphism are not associated with the presence or severity of asthma or obstructive pulmonary disease in the Venezuelan population.

La enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica se caracteriza por una obstrucción al flujo aéreo a consecuencia de un proceso inflamatorio crónico que depende de muchos factores, entre ellos, el control a nivel genético. La presencia de polimorfismos en el sistema de antígenos leucocitarios humanos ha sido asociado con varias enfermedades. Pocos estudios se han enfocado hacia el posible rol de las variaciones en el locus antígenos leucocitarios humanos humano y el desarrollo de la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica. Se realizó la tipificación de antígenos leucocitarios humanos clase I y II en 50 pacientes de raza mestiza, con diagnóstico de enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica, utilizando la técnica de PCR-SSP, comparando los pacientes estudiados con 108 controles. No se encontró diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica y controles, con respecto a la frecuencia de los alelos antígenos leucocitarios humanos clase I y II. No se encontró asociación de alelos del sistema antígenos leucocitarios humanos con presencia de enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica. Obstructive pulmonary disease is characterized by the progressive obstruction of air flow and it is partially reversible due to the destruction of the pulmonary parenchyma and inflammation of the air ways. The development of this inflammatory pathology depends on several factors including the major histocompatibility complex. Few studies have dealt with the possible role of major histocompatibility complex variations and obstructive pulmonary disease development and chronicity. Major histocompatibility complex class I and II genetic analysis was performed in 50 hybrid patients, with technique of amplification of specific primers (PCR-SSP) (Genovision®). As a comparison 108 controls were used. No significant differences were encountered in frequencies of class I and II patients with obstructive pulmonary disease and controls. No association was found in major histocompatibility complex polymorphism and obstructive pulmonary disease. Further studies should assess other genes for ascertain susceptibility to develop the disease.

Σκοπός: Η FEV1 αποτελεί μέτρο του βαθμού της απόφραξης των αεραγωγών και γι’ αυτό το λόγο χρησιμοποιείται για τη σταδιοποίηση της ΧΑΠ και του άσθματος. Οι μηχανισμοί που εμπλέκονται και προσδιορίζουν τη δυνατότητα ανοχής στην κόπωση αυτών των ασθενών είναι πλέον πολύπλοκοι και δεν καθορίζονται μόνο από το βαθμό απόφραξης των αεραγωγών . Σκοπός της μελέτης ήταν η αξιολόγηση 1. Του βαθμού που ο λειτουργικός έλεγχος που προηγείται της κόπωσης σχετίζεται με την ανοχή στην κόπωση 2. Της σχέσης που υπάρχει μεταξύ της ποιότητας ζωής και της ανοχής στην κόπωση σε ασθενείς με αποφρακτική πνευμονοπάθεια Υλικό-Μέθοδος: Μελετήθηκαν 163 ενήλικες (107 άνδρες, 56 γυναίκες), οι οποίοι παρακολουθούνται στο τακτικό Πνευμονολογικό Ιατρείο της Πανεπιστημιακής Παθολογικής Κλινικής του Πανεπιστημίου Πατρών. Στην μελέτη περιλήφθησαν 57 ασθενείς (44 άνδρες, 13 γυναίκες) με ΧΑΠ Επίσης περιλήφθησαν 29 ασθενείς με άσθμα (16 άνδρες, 13 γυναίκες). 77 (47 άνδρες, 30 γυναίκες) είχαν φυσιολογική σπιρομέτρηση και χρησιμοποιήθηκαν ως ομάδα ελέγχου. Όλοι οι ασθενείς πριν την έναρξη του λειτουργικού ελέγχου συμπλήρωσαν την ελληνική μετάφραση του ερωτηματολογίου για τις αναπνευστικές νόσους το St. George’s Respiratory Questionnaire και υπεβλήθησαν σε πλήρη λειτυργικό έλεγχο της αναπνοής. Αποτελέσματα: Οι ασθενείς με ΧΑΠ και βαρύτητα νόσου σταδίου Ι είχαν φυσιολογική ανταπόκριση στην άσκηση με φυσιολογική ικανότητα για άσκηση, οι ασθενείς σταδίου ΙΙ είχαν μειωμένη ικανότητα κόπωσης 70%, ενώ οι ασθενείς σταδίου ΙΙΙ και ΙV είχαν πολλή μεγαλύτερη μείωση της ικανότητας για άσκηση. Όσο αφορα τους ασθματικούς 28 από τους 29 ασθματικούς ασθενείς είχαν φυσιολογική VO2peak (109%) και είχαν επαρκείς αναπνευστικές εφεδρείες (>43%), δείγμα ότι το αναπνευστικό σύστημα γι’ αυτούς τους ασθενείς δεν αποτέλεσε περιοριστικό παράγοντα άσκησης. Η ποιότητα ζωής των ασθενών με ΧΑΠ και ιδιαίτερα οι δραστηριότητες τους εξαρτώνται από τη μέγιστη ικανότητα για άσκηση και επομένως από τον περιορισμό των εκπνευστικών ροών όπως αυτές περιγράφονται από την FEF25-75, από τη βλάβη που υφίστανται οι μηχανικές ιδιότητες του πνεύμονα όπως αυτές περιγράφονται από τον MVV καθώς επίσης και από το δείκτη επιφανείας σώματος. Συμπεράσματα: Με αρκετά σημαντική ακρίβεια είναι δυνατόν να προβλεφθεί η μείωση της ικανότητας για άσκηση των ασθενών με ΧΑΠ από τις τιμές του λειτουργικού ελέγχου που προηγείται της άσκησης, ενώ και η ποιότητα ζωής των ασθενών με ΧΑΠ φαίνεται να επηρεάζεται από λειτουργικές παραμέτρους που συμβάλουν στη μειωμένη αυτή ικανότητα για άσκηση που εμφανίζουν οι ασθενείς με αποφρακτική πνευμονοπάθεια. Exercise tolerance in patients with airflow limitation (COPD and Asthma) has multiple determinants and is difficult to predict from measurements of resting pulmonary function. Measurements of maximum exercise tolerance have been reported to be useful in disability evaluation and determination of the cause of exertional symptoms. In addition, understanding the factors which predict exercise capacity will provide clues to a better understanding of physical activity limitations in patients with airflow limitation (COPD and asthma). Previous studies in patients with COPD have indicated that ventilatory limitation is a primary determinant of exercise tolerance. However, individual pulmonary function parameters as FEV1 explain only about half of the variance in measured exercise tolerance. For many patients with airflow limitation, psychosocial characteristics may interact with physiologic abnormalities to limit physical work capacity. To date, few published studies have closely examined the role of psychosocial variables in the prediction of peak VO2 in patients with COPD and asthma. The Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (GOLD) statement and GINA statement recommended that chronic obstructive disease and asthma be staged on the basis of the percentage of predicted FEV1. Patients with COPD have restricted respiratory airflow, which predisposes them to dyspnea. To avoid dyspnea, patients develop a sedentary lifestyle that leads to a decreased exercise tolerance, which, in turn, aggravates the dyspnea. The decrease in exercise tolerance is marked by a reduced maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) and lower ventilatory anaerobic threshold (Vth). This study uses data from a clinical trial of rehabilitation in COPD patient and from outpatient stable asthmatic patient. The purposes of the analysis were the following: to examine how well exercise tolerance, specifically PaO2 after exercise and VO2 peak, can be predicted from a combination of physiologic and psychosocial measurements, and to provide insight into factors determining and limiting exercise capacity in COPD and asthmatic patients. The other purpose of this study was to examine the relation between patients with airway limitation (COPD and Asthma) and health-related quality of life. A total of 57 outpatient stable COPD patients and 29 asthmatic stable patients underwent cardiopulmonary testing and filled in a form of Saint George’s Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ). We examined the correlation between GOLD criteria for staging COPD patients and health-related QoL throughout the performance of a cardiopulmonary exercise test. CONCLUSIONS According to our results, maximum exercise tolerance is predicted reasonably well from measurements of resting pulmonary function in COPD patients. The most consistent predictors of VO2 peak were measurements of expiratory airflow limitation (FEF2575) and inspiratory– expiratory strength (MVV); none of the psychosocial variables added significantly to the accuracy of the prediction of peak VO2. In addition, only symptoms (dyspnea) influenced maximum exercise performance and decreased it. The effect of symptoms on VO2max depended on the severity of the disease set by the GOLD guidelines. Our findings indicate that we will have to include additional parameters in GOLD stages, such as the SGRQ and probably ergometry test, when COPD patients are classified. The predicted value and FEV1/FVC

Background: It has been suggested that the antihypertensive agent nebivolol, a β1-adrenoceptor-blocking agent that modulates the endogenous production of nitric oxide, is preferable to ‘conventional’ β1-blockers in hypertensive patients with airway dysfunction. Objectives: Since β1-blockade by nebivolol is larger after repeated dosing than after a single oral intake, we have explored its effect on pulmonary function after a 2-week treatment in hypertensive patients with mild to moderate COPD. Methods: A single-blind crossover design was used. Twenty patients with COPD as selected above and with a diastolic blood pressure of 95–110 mm Hg after 1 week of placebo run-in were entered into the two 2-week active treatment periods with either 5 mg nebivolol (n = 10) or 30 mg nifedipine gastrointestinal-transport-system (GITS) (n = 10) taken for a period of 2 weeks. After a further 1-week washout, subjects were crossed-over to receive the other drug for 2 additional weeks. At each visit, changes in spirometric indexes and the interaction with the bronchodilator effect of salbutamol were investigated. Moreover, systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP) together with heart rate were manually measured in order to evaluate the cardiovascular effects of the different treatments. Throughout the study, patients recorded symptoms. Results: Similar and significant reductions in systolic and diastolic BP were observed with both treatments. The impact of nifedipine on FEV1 was not significant (p > 0.05), while that of nebivolol was slight. The maximum response to salbutamol was slightly decreased with either nebivolol or nifedipine GITS. Day-to-day airway obstruction control, interpreted from patient recordings of symptom scores and inhaler use, was similar with both treatments. Conclusions: Our pilot study suggests that the use of nebivolol in hypertensive patients with stable mild to moderate COPD was safe during a 2-week trial. Evaluation of longer time periods, larger patient numbers with more severe COPD or during exacerbations is warranted.

Kronik obstrüktif akciğer hastalığı (Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease - COPD) performansı iyi olan atlarda egzersiz intoleransi, ekspiratorik dispne, kronik purulent burun akıntısı, öksürük ve zayıflamaya kadar değişen klinik belirtiler ile karakterize kompleks bir hastalıktır. Hastalık kapalı ahırlarda barındırılan, altlık olarak ot ve saman kullanılan atlarda yaygın olarak gözlenir. COPD ’nin etyolojisinde ot ve samanda bulunan küf mantarlarına karşı gelişen allerji ve daha önce geçirilen viral enfeksiyonlar önemli rol oynar. Etkilenen atlarda kronik öksürük, burun akıntısı, solunum sayısında artış, ekspiratorik dispne ve egzersiz intoleransı gözlenir. Hastalığın tanısında endoskopik muayene, bronkoalveolar lavaj sıvısı sitolojisi ve arteriyel kan gaz analizi kullanılır. Bronkoalveolar lavaj Sivisinin sitolojik muayenesinde nötrofilinin belirlenmesi tanıda önemlidir. Sağaltımda ortam değişiklikleri, kortikosteroidler, bronkodilatörler, mukolitikler ve antibakteriyel ilaçlar etkilidir. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a complex disease characterized with clinical signs ranging from exercise intolerance in the performance horse to expiratory dyspnea, chronic purulent nasal discharge, cough and weight loss. Disease is commonly observed in horses housed indoors and used hay and straw as beddings. Allergy against mold fungi in hay and straw and previous viral infections play important role in the etiology of COPD. Chronic cough, nasal discharge, increased respiratory rate, expiratoric dyspnea and exercise intolerance are observed in affected horses. Endoscopic examination, bronchoalveolar lavage cytology and arterial blood gas anlysis are used in the diagnosis of disease. Detection of neutrophlia at the cytological examination of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid is of value in the diagnosis. Enviromental changes, corticosteroids, bronchodilators, mucolitics and antibacterial drugs are effective at the treatment.

The objective of this study was to assess the potential relationship between the daily levels of black smoke, total suspended particles (TSP), NO_2, O_3 and SO_2 with the number of emergency room visits due to chronic bronchitis in the city of Zagreb. Daily numbers of emergency room visits were compiled from the clinical records of 3 lung hospitals in Zagreb metropolitan area, from Jan.1, 1994 to Dec. 31, 1995. Visits with diagnoses coded by ICD-9 codes 490-492, 494 and 496 were counted Data were analysed using the methodological procedure established by the APHEA collaborative group. Seasonality and trend were removed by LOESS regression. Effects of weekend and weather (mean daily temperature, rel. humidity, air pressure and water vapour pressure) were included in the analysis. Data were analysed using autoregressive linear regression on logarithmically transformed counts for each pollutant separately. A significant relationship was found only for the TPS on a day before the visit. Relative risk for an increase of 10 micro g/m^3 was 1.0155 with the 95% confidence interval of (1.0011, 1.0301). The study provided further evidence of the effects of particulate pollution (total suspended particles) on chronic bronchitis.

Background Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) may be more severe in those with asthma or COPD and these patients are more frequently in need of health care. The aim of the study was to describe the frequency of RTI symptoms in a general adult population and how care-seeking is associated with the presence of obstructive lung disease. Methods Cross-sectional data including spirometry and self-reported chronic diseases were collected among middle-aged and elderly subjects in the Tromsø population survey (Tromsø 6). Self- reported RTI symptoms, consultations and antibiotic use were the main outcome variables. Possible predictors of RTI symptoms were evaluated by multivariable logistic regression. Results Of the 6414 subjects included, 798 (12.4%) reported RTI symptoms in the previous week. RTI symptoms were reported less frequently by subjects aged 75 years or above, than by those younger than 55 years (OR 0.5). Winter season (OR 1.28), current smoking (OR 1.60), low self-rated health (OR 1.26) and moderate to severe bronchial obstruction (OR 1.51), were also statistically significant independent predictors of RTI symptoms, but these variables did not predict RTI symptoms that had started within the previous seven days. Among subjects with RTI symptoms, 5.1% also reported a consultation with a doctor. In those with bronchial obstruction by spirometry, who did not report asthma or COPD, this frequency was 2.4%. Antibiotic treatment was reported by 7.4% of the participants, among whom one third had consulted a doctor. Antibiotics were taken more frequently when asthma or COPD was reported (13.7%), but not in subjects with bronchial obstruction who did not report these diseases (7.2%). Conclusions RTI symptoms seldom led to consultation with a doctor and not even in subjects with obstructive lung disease. This was in particular the case in subjects who did not know about their obstructive lung disease. Strategies for early diagnosis of COPD and providing health care to subjects with such disease cannot rely on their doctor visits due to respiratory symptoms.

Quality-of-life (QOL) in patients with respiratory illness is a topic of increasing interest to clinicians and researchers. In a multicentre trial, which studies the long-term effects of three medication regimens (beta-agonist plus either placebo, anti-cholinergic agent or corticosteroid, all by inhalation) in patients with chronic non-specific lung disease ((CNSLD): asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)), quality-of-life was included as an additional outcome measure. We wanted to provide a baseline assessment of quality-of-life in 274 adult patients with a mild to moderate degree of CNSLD. Quality-of-life was measured using a set of six standardized tests: Anxiety, Depression and Sleep Disorders, Optimism and Stigma, and Activities of Daily Living were via scales with adequate validity and reliability, as established in previous work in Dutch patients with CNSLD. We found that quality-of-life was mildly impaired in these patients. Although differences with a reference group were present throughout, these were not significant, probably due to selection of relatively young, clinically stable, and highly motivated patients for our study. Quality-of-life scores showed higher correlation coefficients (0.20 These results are in line with other behavioural research in patients with CNSLD: the response of the patient to the illness, in combination with more objective characteristics of the illness, determines the impact of CNSLD on the quality-of-life of the patient. In the clinical management of and research on patients with CNSLD, quality-of-life should be taken into account. There is also a need for co-operation between behavioural and medical experts in the development of a disease-specific quality-of-life instrument for patients with CNSLD.

The deposition patterns of aerosol inhalation scintigraphies and lung function tests were studied in 102 cases ; 64 cases of obstructive pulmonary diseases (19 pulmonary emphysema, 27 diffuse panbronchiolitis, 18 chronic bronchitis) and 38 restrictive pulmonary diseases (15 idiopathic interstitial pneumonia, 16 pulmonary asbestosis, 7 interstitial pneumonia due to collagen vascular disease). The deposition patterns were classified into 5 patterns (Type A : normal homogenous distribution ; Type B : mildly unhomogenous distribution ; Type C : severely unhomogenous distribution mingled with hot spots ; Type D : non-hilar hot spots ; and Type E : hilar hot spots). The results were as follows ; 1) The deposition patterns of restrictive pulmonary diseases were markedly abnormal as well as obstructive pulmonary diseases. 2) The deposition patterns showed mainly Types C, D and E in obstructve pulmonary diseases, Type B in restrictive pulmonary diseases. The deposition patterns showed mainly Type E in pulmonary emphysema, Types C and D in diffuse panbronchiolitis, Types A, B and C in chronic bronchitis, Type B in idiopathic interstitial pneumonia interstitial pneumonia due to collagen vascular disease, Types B and C in pulmonary asbestosis. 3) The deposition patterns correlated well with % FEV₁.₀ which was a good indicator of the severity of obstructive pulmonary diseases and restrictive pulmonary diseases. Furthermore, the mean % FEV₁.₀ in obstructve pulmonary diseases was nearly equal to the mean % FEV₁.₀ in restrictve pulmonary diseases in each type of the deposition patterns. I concluded that aerosol scintigraphy was very useful to represent not only regional lung function but also total lung function.

Background The ozone challenge model can be used to assess the efficacy of anti-inflammatory compounds in early phases of clinical drug development. PUR118, a calcium salt based formulation engineered in the iSPERSETM dry powder delivery technology, is a novel anti-inflammatory drug for COPD. Here we evaluated the efficacy and safety of three doses of PUR118 in attenuating ozone-induced airway inflammation in healthy volunteers. Methods In a single-blind, phase 1B proof of concept study, 24 subjects were enrolled to sequentially receive three doses of PUR118 (5.5 mg, n = 18; 11.0 mg, n = 18; 2.8 mg, n = 16). Each dose was inhaled 3 times (1, 13, 25 h, preceded by 2 puffs salbutamol) before the ozone exposure (250 ppb, 3 h intermittent exercise). Sputum was induced 3 h after the end of exposure. Results Sputum neutrophils, sputum CD14+ cells, as well as concentrations of IL1B, IL6, IL8, MMP9, and TNFA in sputum supernatant significantly increased after ozone exposure (n = 24). The percentage of sputum neutrophils (n = 12 who completed all treatments) did not change following treatment with different doses of PUR118. The high dose treatment group (n = 16) showed a decrease in the percentage and number of sputum macrophages (p ≤ 0.05) as well as a decrease in blood neutrophils (p = 0.04), and an increase in blood CD14 + cells (p = 0.04) compared to baseline. All dosages of PUR118 were safe and well tolerated. Conclusion Ozone challenge resulted in the expected and significant increase of sputum inflammatory parameters. Treatment with multiple rising doses of PUR118 was safe and three applications within 25 h prior to the ozone challenge had small effects on ozone-induced airway inflammation. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01690949. Registered 12 September 2012. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40360-015-0021-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

To quantify the number of goblet cells and inflammatory cells in the epithelium of peripheral airways in smokers with both symptoms of chronic bronchitis and chronic airflow limitation, we examined surgical specimens obtained from 25 subjects undergoing lung resection for localized pulmonary lesions: 10 smokers with symptoms of chronic bronchitis and chronic airflow limitation, six asymptomatic smokers with normal lung function, and nine nonsmoking control subjects. Peripheral airways were examined with histochemical methods to identify goblet cells and with immunohistochemical methods to identify total leukocytes (CD45(+) cells), neutrophils, macrophages, CD4(+) and CD8(+) cells in the epithelium. When compared with nonsmokers, smokers with both symptoms of chronic bronchitis and chronic airflow limitation had an increased number of goblet cells (p < 0.01), CD45(+) cells (p < 0. 01), macrophages (p < 0.05), and CD8(+) cells (p < 0.01) in the epithelium of peripheral airways. When all the smokers were grouped together, they showed an increased number of neutrophils (p < 0.05) along with an increased number of goblet cells, CD45(+) cells, macrophages and CD8(+) cells (p < 0.05) compared with nonsmokers. In conclusion, smokers with both symptoms of chronic bronchitis and chronic airflow limitation have an increased number of goblet cells and inflammatory cells in the epithelium of peripheral airways.