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An extensive study concerning the terrestrial gamma dose rates of the surface soils from Canaanland entrance Road, Ota to Eleha Complex along Idiroko Road, Ota has been carried out to cover the road running across both areas. The In-situ measurements of gamma dose rates and radionuclides were carried out using the Gamma detector (Super Spec RS 125). The result shows that the average outdoor gamma dose rate in the study area is 73.57 nGyh−1. The average values of the radionuclides obtained were 32.9 Bq/kg for 238U, 68.4 Bq/kg for 232Th, and 328.7 Bq/kg for 40K. The background dose rate of 113.3 nGy/h was found in station 9 and is twice higher than the recommended permissible limit of 59 nGy/h suggested by UNCSEAR, 2000, and ICRP, 1999, respectively. Results were obtained based on radiological parameters for the outdoor absorbed dose rate (Dout) with a mean value of 73.57 nGyh−1, the indoor absorbed dose rate (Din) with a mean value of 131.84 nGyh−1, the annual effective dose rate (AEDR) with a mean value of 0.74, the radium equivalent (Raeq) with a mean value of 156.0, the internal hazard index (Hin) with a mean value of 0.51, the external hazard index (Hex) with a mean value of 0.42 and the excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) with a mean value of 2.57. Similarly, results obtained from estimated radiological parameters show that the station with the highest value for radium equivalent (Raeq), external hazard index (Hex), internal hazard index (Hin), and annual effective dose rate (AEDR) is Station 9 at 237.91 Bq/Kg, 0.64, 0.72 and 1.13 mSvy−1 respectively while the station with the lowest value for radium equivalent (Raeq), external hazard index (Hex), internal hazard index (Hin) and annual effective dose rate (AEDR) is Station 17 at 85.58 Bq/Kg, 0.23, 0.27 and 0.40 mSvy−1 respectively. This study will serve as a guide on assessing the road construction materials on radioactive contents before application to reduce the exposure risks to the populace along the busy roadsides.

An important driving force for precision and individualized medicine is the provision of tailor-made care for patients on an individual basis, in accordance with best evidence practice. Liquid biopsy(LB) has emerged as a critical tool for the early diagnosis of cancer and for treatment monitoring, but its clinical utility for oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) requires more research and validation. Hence, in this review, we have discussed the current applications of LB and the practicality of its routine use in Africa; the potential advantages of LB over the conventional “gold-standard” of tissue biopsy; and finally, practical considerations were discussed in three parts: pre-analytic, analytic processing, and the statistical quality and postprocessing phases. Although it is imperative to establish clinically validated and standardized working guidelines for various aspects of LB sample collection, processing, and analysis for optimal and reliable use, manpower and technological infrastructures may also be an important factor to consider for the routine clinical application of LB for OSCC. LB is poised as a non-invasive precision tool for personalized oral cancer medicine, particularly for OSCC in Africa, when fully embraced. The promising application of different LB approaches using various downstream analyses such as released circulating tumor cells (CTCs), cell free DNA (cfDNA), microRNA (miRNA), messenger RNA (mRNA), and salivary exosomes were discussed. A better understanding of the diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers of OSCC, using LB applications, would significantly reduce the cost, provide an opportunity for prompt detection and early treatment, and a method to adequately monitor the effectiveness of the therapy for OSCC, which typically presents with ominous prognosis.

Although there are many histopathologic prognosticators, grading of early oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC) is still based on morphological cell differentiation which has low prognostic value. Here we summarize the emerging histopathological markers showing powerful prognostic value, but are not included in pathology reports. Using PubMed, Scopus, Ovid Medline, and Web of Science databases, a systematic literature search was preformed to identify early OTSCC studies that investigated the prognostic significance of hematoxylin-eosin-based histopathologic markers. Our meta-analysis showed that tumor budding was associated with overall survival (hazard ratio [HR] 2.32; 95% CI 1.40-3.84; p 0.01) and disease-specific survival (DSS) (1.89; 95% CI 1.13-3.15; p = 0.02). Worst pattern of invasion was associated with disease-free survival (DFS) (1.95; 95% CI 1.04-3.64; p = 0.04). Tumor-stroma ratio was also associated with DFS (1.75, 95% CI 1.24-2.48; p 0.01) and DSS (1.69; 95% CI 1.19-2.42; p 0.01). Tumor budding, worst pattern of invasion, and tumor-stroma ratio have a promising prognostic value in early OTSCC. The evaluation and reporting of these markers is cost-effective and can be incorporated in daily practice.

The relationship between Islam and cultural heritage preservation continually comes under scrutiny. This is because of vicious attacks on heritage and artefacts by groups laying claim to Islamic tenets and texts to justify their action. Thus, under this pretext, heritage sites and cultural actors and icons, are eliminated. Why is this so? What is the position of Islam on heritage preservation? How can the narratives of destruction be countered? This chapter interrogates these questions. It argues that the narratives of destruction derive from poor interpretations of the texts and traditions of Islam in respect of cultural heritage. Several monuments in the Islamic world also predate the establishment of Islam. The study brings out textual facts and traditions to counter the narratives of violent elements such as Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS), Al-Qaida, Boko Haram, Islamic State in West Africa Province (ISWAP) and Al-Qaida in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM).

This study examines the influence of advertising on consumer preference for Guinness Stout and WIlfort Dark Ale. The survey method of research was adopted and 200 literate consumers of the brands under study who reside in Ibadan were purposively selected and sampled. Data collected were analyzed using percentage grade tabulation and correlation analysis. Results show that consumers perceive Guinness Stout adequately advertised and Wilfort Dark Ale under advertised. In terms of quality, consumers rated Guinness Stout adverts higher than that of Wilfort Dark Ale. The study also revealed that advertising influences consumer preference, however, quality (taste) and availability in that order, have greater influence on consumer preference than advertisements. The study concludes that advertisements alone cannot bring about brand preference. It is in this regard, that the following among others were recommended: That producers should ensure that their products are of very good quality and are made available to the people where and when needed. Specifically, Guinness Nigeria. Plc, producers of Guinness Stout should sustain Guinness Stout’s advertisement in terms of quality, reach and frequency, while, Sona Breweries, producers of Wilfort Dark Ale should consider it important to increase its advertisement of Wilfort and extend the advertisement to other media such as radio and television if and when they are ready to expand their market.

A technical paper analysing TVET in Nigeria

Plasmodium falciparum infection, like any other clinical condition, is prone to generating free radicals. This can worsen patients' clinical presentations. Antioxidants do help in ameliorating these free radical effects. These antioxidants, especially vitamins, are sometimes given routinely to patients with Plasmodium falciparum infection of which it can be given according to the severity of this free radical injury.A total number of qualified 245 patients that came for malaria parasite test between March and October, 2020 were recruited into the study. Patients on arrival at the laboratory had their samples collected for malaria parasite test and for the proposed biochemical parameters (MDA, GPx, SOD and TAS). Malaria parasite test was used to categorize the severity of Plasmodium falciparum infection.There were statistically significant differences (p0.0001) in MDA, GPx, SOD and TAS among patients with negative MP, 1+ and2+ on blood film for malaria parasite. Patients with2+ MP had highest levels (2.21±0.40) while patients with negative blood film had lowest levels(0.8194±0.33) of MDA. Patients with2+ had lowest levels of GPx (2406.41±1272.10), SOD (104.54±30.62) and TAS (1.18±.35) as against patients with negative MP that had highest levels (5229.85±.2957.95)( 206.41±36.70)( 2.40±.53), respectively.There was evidence of free radical generation as evidenced with raised plasma malondialdehyde in patients with Plasmodium falciparum infection. This was associated with severity of this infection. There was also corresponding decrease in measured antioxidants (GPx, SOD and TAS).L’infection à Plasmodium falciparum, comme toute autre affection clinique, est susceptible de générer des radicaux libres. Cela peut aggraver les présentations cliniques des patients. Les antioxydants aident à améliorer ces effets des radicaux libres. Ces antioxydants, notamment des vitamines, sont parfois administrés en routine aux patients infectés par Plasmodium falciparum dont il peut être administré en fonction de la gravité de cette lésion radicalaire.Un nombre total de 245 patients qualifiés qui sont venus pour un test de dépistage du paludisme entre mars et octobre 2020 ont été recrutés dans l’étude. Les patients à leur arrivée au laboratoire ont eu leurs échantillons collectés pour le test du parasite du paludisme et pour les paramètres biochimiques proposés (MDA, GPx, SOD et TAS). Le test du parasite du paludisme a été utilisé pour catégoriser la gravité de l’infection à Plasmodium falciparum.Il y avait des différences statistiquement significatives (p0,0001) dans le MDA, GPx, SOD et TAS parmi les patients avec MP négatif, 1+ et2+ sur frottis sanguin pour le parasite du paludisme. Les patients avec2+ MP avaient les niveaux les plus élevés (2,21 ± 0,40) tandis que les patients avec un frottis sanguin négatif avaient les niveaux les plus bas (0,8194 ± 0,33) de MDA. Les patients avec2+ avaient les niveaux les plus bas de GPx (2406,41 ± 1272,10), SOD (104,54 ± 30,62) et TAS (1,18 ± 0,35) par rapport aux patients avec MP négatif qui avaient les niveaux les plus bas (5229,85 ± 0,2957,95) (206,41 ± 36,70 )( 2,40 ± 0,53), respectivement.Il y avait des preuves de génération de radicaux libres comme en témoigne l’augmentation du malondialdéhyde plasmatique chez les patients infectés par Plasmodium falciparum. Ceci était associé à la gravité de cette infection. Il y avait également une diminution correspondante des antioxydants mesurés (GPx, SOD et TAS).Radicaux libres, stress oxydatif, antioxydants, Plasmodium falciparum, paludisme.

This study was conducted to determine welfare of broiler chickens fed ad libitum and restricted feed during early (08.00hour) and late (16:00hour) of the day. One hundred and eighty (21d old) broiler chickens were randomly allocated to 4 treatments in a 2x2 factorial arrangement comprising of ad libitum and restricted feeding (75% of ad libitum) quantity at 8 and 16 hours feeding time in three replicates. Data were collected on leg problem, dust bathing, body temperature, mortality and haematology. Result revealed that neither feed quantity nor time had significant (P>0.05) effect on leg problem, dust bathing and mortality of broiler chickens. Broiler chickens under ad lib feed quantity and 16:00hours feeding time had (P0.05) increase from 26.75% at the beginning (21d) to 31.25 (%) at 56d with broiler chickens under restricted feeding and fed at 16:00hours feeding time. Basophil count reduced from a range of 0.5-2% (P0.05) with restricted feeding. Also eosinophil reduced from 2-4% (P0.05) with restricted feeding while birds under ad lib increased from 0-1% (P0.05) at 56d. Better welfare (good body temperature) of broiler chicken could be achieved with early feeding time irrespective of quantity. However, restricted feeding could be explored in broiler production where reduced basophil, eosinophil and stress are vital for enhanced welfare and performance.

Climate change poses an important constraint to agricultural sector and food security in tropical African countries dominated by rain-fed agriculture. This research focuses on the effects of climate variability on yam production in central and northern Benin. Daily climate data such as temperatures, precipitation, potential evapotranspiration, relative humidity and insolation) from 1981 to 2016 were collected at the direction of METEO-Benin. A survey was then conducted with 351 producers to collect their perceptions of the effect of climate variability on the yams production. Descriptive statistics, principal component analysis (PCA) followed by trend analyses, Lamb index calculations and the agro-climatic stress index were carried out. The distribution of rain during the yam cycle (91.5% of those surveyed), the ambient temperature (84.9%), insolation (83.5%), the amount of rainwater that fell during the rainy season (82.2%) and the harmattan (53.3%) are perceived by sociolinguistic groups as climatic factors affecting the growth, the tuberization and yield of yams according to the producers. The results indicate an upward trend in temperature over the period 2001 to 2016 in the transition zone (28.4°C) and in the Northeast (27.76°C) and over the period from 2001 to 2011 in the North-West of Benin (27.71°C), where the average annual temperature during these periods is higher than normal (27.82°C in the center, 27.44°C in the Northeast and 27.42°C to the northwest). This research also shows an instability of the rains with a regular decrease in the rainfall in the Centre and the North-East of the country. The agro-climatic stress index (ISA) and above all the annual rainfall constitute the main climatic factors which determine the yield of yam in the various growing areas in Benin. The average annual temperature and that of January in the transition zone, the rains of January and April in the North-East zone and the relative humidity in the North-West zone also probability determine the yield of the yam.

Introduction: Pregnancy is a physiological process that may be complicated by a number of clinical conditions. Gestational diabetes and pre-eclampsia are known complications in pregnancy. Pre-eclampsia is a disease of hypothesis in which the pathogenesis is yet to be fully explained. The role of magnesium in the pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia has been suggested by studies and it is being investigated all over the world. The study aimed to compare serum magnesium levels in pre-eclampsia and control groups from second trimester of pregnancy and assessed maternofetal outcome. Materials and Methods: This was a nested case control study in which consenting three hundred and sixty (360) normal pregnant women were enrolled. These women were recruited in their second trimester of pregnancy. Blood samples for serum magnesium estimation were obtained from subjects and controls at recruitment and after development of pre-eclampsia. Results: Thirty seven pregnant women that developed pre-eclampsia were nested as cases and were matched with 37 controls (apparently healthy pregnant women). The mean serum magnesium at recruitment was 0.75 ± 0.028 mmol/l (cases) and 0.76 ± 0.036 mmol/l (controls) (P = 0.123); this became significant when diagnosis of pre-eclampsia were made with mean of 0.53 ± 0.06 mmol/l (cases) and 0.69 ± 0.08 mmol/l (controls), (P 0.001). There was significant statistical relationship between preterm delivery, low birth weight and need for special care baby unit (SCBU) admission in newborn of mothers with low serum magnesium level (P = 0.001, 0.002 and 0.035 respectively). Conclusion: Findings from this study revealed that hypomagnesaemia appears to be a complication of pre-eclampsia. Serum levels of magnesium were normal until the development of the disease. Serum level of this biomarker affects maternofetal outcome significantly.

The nutrients requirement for Cucurbita pepo L. (summer squash) for optimal yield and quality fruits production can be achieved through adequate nutrient supply. A field experiment was carried out during the cropping season of 2015 and 2016 at Landmark University Teaching and Research Farm, Omu-Aran, Nigeria to investigate the impact of Tithonia diversifolia, poultry manure and NPK fertilizer on the growth, yield, mineral and vitamin C content in the fruit of C. pepo. The experiment consisted of T. diversifolia at 30 tons ha−1, poultry manure at 10 tons ha−1, T. diversifolia at 30 tons ha−1 + Poultry manure 10 tons ha−1, T. diversifolia at 30 tons ha−1 + NPK (20:10:10), NPK (20:10:10) and control (no amendment of any kind) arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. The growth and fruit yield of C. pepo using the mean of the two years was increased by 68% and 2% respectively by T. diversifolia + poultry manure as compared to control due to an increase in nutrient availability in the soil with the amendment used. Also, Vitamin C content and Mg value of the fruit was increased by application of T. diversifolia as soil amendments as compared to the control. While the application of NPK fertilizer alone significantly increased the Ca, Mn and Fe contents of fruits. Fruit content of K was increased by 39 % by the application of T. diversifolia + NPK. Therefore, for the purpose of growing squash for the quality of fruits (vitamin C), the use of T. diversifolia at 30 tons ha−1 as organic fertilizer is sufficient for the cultivation, while for growing the crop with interest in quantity, application of T. diversifolia at 30 tons ha−1 + poultry manure at 10 tons ha−1 is recommended.

Purpose The popularity and use of mobile marketing technologies or devices have led to significant interest from researchers and practitioners, particularly in small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), where these technologies offer significant benefits to SMEs given the poor human capital and financial constraints encountered. The use of mobile marketing devices assists SMEs to boost their sales promotion strategies which aim at increasing the sales of their products and services. However, there has been limited focus on developing a suitable framework that enables the evaluation and shared an understanding of the factors influencing the adoption of mobile marketing technology by service SMEs in Nigeria. Therefore, this paper aims to develop a theoretically grounded framework for exploring these factors and explaining their impact on mobile marketing technology adoption in SMEs in Nigeria. Design/methodology/approach The study is qualitative and used both unstructured and semi-structured interviews with a total of 26 participants drawn purposively from NIJA database in Nigeria. Thematic analysis was deployed in analysing the data. Findings The study developed an extended technology organisation environment (TOE) framework by incorporating the value anticipation context which helped to unveil 16 key factors influencing mobile marketing technology adoption in service SMEs in Nigeria. The finding revealed that factors associated with the extended TOE framework have an impact on SMEs mobile le marketing technology adoption but at different levels. Research limitations/implications The limitation of this study emerged because of the use of qualitative methodologies about the research design, rigour in the collection and management of the large volume of the raw data, the data analysis and the credibility of the findings. This may lead to unforeseen respondent and research bias in the data analysis, which may lead to a limited understanding of alternatives and insights into the factors influencing the adoption of mobile marketing. Hence, other measures and approaches such as case study and mix-method could be deployed to validate the findings further. Also, one of the limitations of qualitative study has been the issue of theoretical generalizability of the framework. The generalizability of the formwork needs to be established across a broader range of the population. Future studies may apply confirmatory statistical techniques to test and ascertain the validity and reliability of the framework across a broader population of mobile marketing technology adopters in Nigeria. Such studies may be used as a benchmark for the theoretical constructs and the factors that may lead to the success or failure of mobile marketing technology adoption. Originality/value The study had further enriched TOE framework and provided an analytical dimension for exploring the adoption of mobile marketing technology. It also demonstrates the capacity to provide a reliable explanation of the factors and serves as a tool for evaluating the benefits or challenges of mobile marketing technology adoption in SMEs in Nigeria.

Purpose Most studies in information behaviour have focussed on information behaviour aspects such as environmental uncertainty, scanning behaviour of top management executives, student and women information behaviour, information source and credibility, while little is known about the information behaviour of small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) when the need for emerging information and communication technology (EICT) adoption decision-making arises. This paper, therefore, aims to explore the major determinants of perceived information need for EICT adoption by UK small service-oriented businesses. Design/methodology/approach The study adopted qualitative method to explore 13 key determinants of SME managers’ information behaviour for EICT adoption decision-making by using both unstructured and semi-structured interviews at two different stages with 20 participants drawn purposeful from Luton directories. Findings The study developed an extended technology, organisation and environment (TOE) framework by identifying and incorporating the information context which helped to unveil 13 key determinants of perceived information need and their impact on EICT adoption decision-making in SMEs. This further provided insight into understanding SMEs’ information behaviour. While the determinants associated with TOE and information contexts influence SMEs’ perceived information need for EICT adoption, the extent at which these four constructs shape SMEs’ perceived information need for EICT adoption decision-making differs. Research limitations/implications The limitation of this study emerged because of the use of qualitative methodologies in relation to the research design, rigour in the collection and management of the large volume of the raw data, the data analysis and the credibility of the findings. This may lead to unforeseen respondent – and research – bias in the data analysis, which may lead to limited understanding of alternatives and insights into the key determinants of perceived information need for EICT adoption decision. Hence, other measures and approaches such as case study and mix-method could be deployed to further validate the findings. Also, one of the limitations of qualitative study has been the issue of theoretical generalizability of the framework. The generalizability of the formwork needs to be established across a wider range of population. Future studies may apply a confirmatory statistical techniques to test and ascertain the validity and reliability of the framework across a wider population. Such studies may be used as a benchmark for the theoretical constructs and the factors that may lead to success or failure of mobile marketing technology adoption. Originality/value The study has further enriched TOE framework and provided an analytical dimension for exploring key determinants of SMEs’ perceived information need for EICT adoption decision-making. It also demonstrates the capacity to provide a reliable explanation of the determinants and serves as a tool for evaluating the benefits or challenges of SMEs’ information behaviours when the need for EICT adoption arises.

Aim: This study was carried out to determine the occurrence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing bacteria in salad vegetables in Ondo City, Nigeria. Study Design: An experimental study design with randomized sampling. Place and Duration of the Study: The research was carried out in the Department of Biological Sciences of Wesley University, Ondo State, Nigeria. Methodology: Samples of cucumber, carrot, green pea, green beans, sweet corn and cabbage were analysed on appropriate agar medium. Pure isolates were identified by biochemical tests and confirmation was done by the use of API 20 E and API 20 NE in accordance with standard procedures. ESBLs screening was carried out using the double disk synergy test. Data were statistically analyzed using MedCalc statistical software (version 17.2). Results: Total viable bacterial counts (TVBCs) ranged from 1.1 × 103 to 7.1 x 105 cfu/ml; total coliform counts (TCC) ranged from 1.2 x 102 to 3.9 x 103 cfu/ml while total faecal counts (TFC) ranged from 0 to 2.9 × 102 cfu/ml. There were statistical differences in mean TVBCs of the samples (P < 0.05). The mean TCCs of cabbage, carrot and cucumber showed no statistical significance; green beans, green pea and sweet corn also showed no statistical significance (P > 0.05). One hundred and sixty (166) isolates obtained from the samples were identified as Bacillus cereus, Citrobacter freundii, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Morganella morganii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Serratia marcesens and Staphylococcus saprophyticus. At least one member of all bacterial species, except S. saprophyticus, produced ESBL. Conclusion: This study revealed that salad vegetables could be a vehicle for the spread of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing bacteria which translates to a threat to public health around the world as salads are loved and consumed by all categories of people globally.

The study assessed the effect of baobab (Adansonia digitata) seed meal (BSM) on some growth and reproductive parameters of rabbit does. A total of 24 adult does (age range) were used, the rabbits were grouped into four treatments having six replicates with each replicate consisting of one doe. Treatment 1 (T1) served as the control, treatment 2 (T2) had 5% BSM, treatment 3 (T3) had 10% BSM and treatment 4 (T4) had 15% BSM. The study lasted for 10 weeks. The antinutritional factor content of the diet increased with BSM inclusion. Tannin, saponin and alkaloid content in the control diet was 0.27, 260.00 and 0.86 mg/100 g respectively, while the diet with 15% BSM (T4) had 0.0055 mg/g (tannin), 7.73 mg/g (saponin) and 0.022 mg/g (alkaloid). However, the pure BSM had 0.0017 mg/g (tannin), 130.00 mg/kg (saponin) and 0.03 mg/g (alkaloid). Feed intake and weight gain were significantly (P0.05) difference was observed in the litter size of does fed different diets with means ranging from 5.33 to 6.00, although the highest birth weight of kindles was observed in T2 (5% BSM) but was not significantly (P>0.05) different from kindles of other treatments. It is concluded from the result of this study that inclusion of 5% ADSM in the diet of does did not result in any significant weight loss. However, inclusion levels above 5% posed a threat to the growth performance and reproductive attributes of does.

PurposeWhile traditional theories of information and communication technology (ICT) adoption have been deployed to study ICT adoption in the past, these theories considers ICT adoption as static and rely on conceptualising factors as variables and predicting their levels of outcome at a single decision stage. Although much has been credited to these theories, they have continuously ignored the fact that as decisions to adopt are made and challenged along the adoption process, such decision can be influenced by the same, different or combination of factors at different stages of the adoption process. This paper aims to examine ICT adoption from a dynamic process perspective and to explore the key determinants and how these differ from one stage of the adoption process to another.Design/methodology/approachQualitative method was adopted in this study. Both unstructured and semi-structured interviews were conducted in two separate stages using purposeful random sampling. Hybrid approach of thematic analysis was adopted in analysing the data.FindingsThis study develops a framework informed by actor network theory (ANT) concepts and finds that using ANT to examine the process of adoption helps to unveil the recursive nature of the process. The study reveals that the 14 determinants identified in this study influenced adoption at different stages. Factors such as ease of use, managerial time, customer focus and adoption influenced adoption at all the stages. This reveals that factors influencing ICT adoption are not static at one particular stage rather it may influence ICT adoption at different stages.Research limitations/implicationsQualitative research is often subjective and interpretive in nature, and one of the limitations is the sample used in this research. Considering the small number of interviews carried out in this study, the generalisation of finding and the framework remains to be established across a wider population. Therefore, the factors presented could be limited considering that a number of practitioners that are involved in establishing emerging ICT are numerous. Therefore, other factors are prevailing to other industries or sectors that may provide scholars another way of examining these factors. Also, the framework demonstrates that it is a valuable analytical tool for researchers to examine how and why different actors including small and medium enterprise (SME) managers act around emerging ICT.Originality/valueThis study develops a framework that revealed the interactive and recursive nature of ICT adoption and the determinants influencing the process of ICT adoption at different stages thereby advancing ICT adoption research. The study challenges researchers to always consider ICT adoption as dynamic and unpredictable instead of one-off action as factors influencing its adoption are not static rather; they vary from one stage to another.

Laribacter hongkongensis is a human pathogen harboured in food and environmental matrices. This present study aimed to meta-analysed the prevalence of L. hongkongensis in humans, aquatic products, food/non-food animals, and environmental waters to provide update information on the pathogen. Nine electronic databases were systematically searched for articles on L. hongkongensis and a random-effects-model meta-analysis on its prevalence was conducted. Assessment of heterogeneities and publication biases across the studies was determined by using the I

Background:HIV is a chronic inflammatory state with the production of many acute-phase-reactant proteins. Some of these proteins have procoagulant activities that predispose HIV-infected patients to thrombosis. Objectives:The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of HIV infection on the serum levels of C4b-binding protein (C4BP) and protein S as markers of predisposition to thrombosis in HIV-infected adults. Methods:The study population comprised of 61 HIV-infected adults on antiretroviral treatment (ART) who had achieved virological suppression, 58 HIV-infected adults not yet on ART and 59 HIV-negative healthy controls. The serum levels of free protein S, C4BP and the euglobulin clot lysis time (ECLT) were determined. Results:The mean plasma-free protein S level of HIV-infected patients on ART (86.9% ± 25.8%) was significantly higher than that of treatment-naïve HIV-infected patients (75.7% ± 27.3%) (p= 0.005). Conversely, there was no statistically significant difference between the protein S levels of the HIV-infected subjects on ART (86.9% ± 25.8%) and those of the controls (94.9% ± 7.9%) (p= 0.119). The mean C4BP was significantly higher in the treatment-naïve HIV-infected subjects (36.7 ± 1.7 ng/dL) than that in those on ART (30.7 ± 2.6 ng/dL) and that in the controls (22.4 ± 2.4 ng/dL) (p< 0.0001). Protein S deficiency was more prevalent among the subjects with elevated C4BP (p= 0.023). The mean ECLT was significantly more prolonged in the treatment-naïve HIV-infected subjects (241.9 ± 34.7 s) than controls (189.5 ± 40.7 s) (p&nbsp

The application of deep machine learning, a subfield of artificial intelligence, has become a growing area of interest in predictive medicine in recent years. The deep machine learning approach has been used to analyze imaging and radiomics and to develop models that have the potential to assist the clinicians to make an informed and guided decision that can assist to improve patient outcomes. Improved prognostication of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) will greatly benefit the clinical management of oral cancer patients. This review examines the recent development in the field of deep learning for OSCC prognostication. The search was carried out using five different databases—PubMed, Scopus, OvidMedline, Web of Science, and Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE). The search was carried time from inception until 15 May 2021. There were 34 studies that have used deep machine learning for the prognostication of OSCC. The majority of these studies used a convolutional neural network (CNN). This review showed that a range of novel imaging modalities such as computed tomography (or enhanced computed tomography) images and spectra data have shown significant applicability to improve OSCC outcomes. The average specificity, sensitivity, area under receiving operating characteristics curve [AUC]), and accuracy for studies that used spectra data were 0.97, 0.99, 0.96, and 96.6%, respectively. Conversely, the corresponding average values for these parameters for computed tomography images were 0.84, 0.81, 0.967, and 81.8%, respectively. Ethical concerns such as privacy and confidentiality, data and model bias, peer disagreement, responsibility gap, patient-clinician relationship, and patient autonomy have limited the widespread adoption of these models in daily clinical practices. The accumulated evidence indicates that deep machine learning models have great potential in the prognostication of OSCC. This approach offers a more generic model that requires less data engineering with improved accuracy.

Background: Balanites aegyptiaca L. Delile (Zygophyllaceae) is a perennial tree found mostly in the desert environments. Decoctions of its stem barks are used traditionally in northern Nigeria to treat wounds, ulcers and stomach ailments. Other ethnomedicinal uses include: treatment of malaria, pain and fever. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antiulcer activity of the chloroform stem bark extract of Balanites aegyptiaca in Wistar rats. Materials and methods: Acute toxicity study on the chloroform fraction of the stem bark extract of Balanites aegyptiaca was carried out using the OECD 425 guidelines at a limit dose of 3000 mg/kg. Phytochemical analysis of the fraction was carried out to detect the presence of alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, steroids, carbohydrates, saponins and glycosides using standard procedures. The antiulcer activity of the fraction was evaluated in ethanol and indomethacin-induced ulcer models in rats. Rats were allotted into five groups (n=5). Group 1 received 10% Tween 20 (1 ml/kg), group 2 received standard drug, omeprazole (20 mg/kg), and groups 3-5 were the extract groups and received 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg, p.o. respectively of the chloroform fraction of Balanites aegyptiaca. The mean ulcer indices were assessed and the percentage ulcer inhibition calculated. Results: At the limit dose of 3000 mg/kg the fraction of Balanites aegyptiaca did not produce any mortality or observable signs of toxicity in the rats. The phytochemical analysis showed the presence of flavonoids, saponins and steroids. The fraction at the doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg caused a significant (p

The immune system is one of the most complex biological systems in the body. During infection, the immune system is under attack by a large number of viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites. Immune response firstly involves, recognition of the pathogen or foreign object and secondly, a reaction to eliminate it. Aqueous extract of Antiaris africana is used to study their immune modulator activity. This plant has its various parts used in folk medicines. The mechanism of action has not been fully elucidated. Therefore, this research work studies the effect of aqueous extract of Antiaris Africana stem bark on phagocytic activities of neutrophil isolated from apparently healthy individual using a non-subjective commercial colourimetric assay kit obtained from Cell-Biolab Inc., USA. The purity and viability of isolated neutrophils were >90% and >95% respectively. The extract enhances neutrophil phagocytosis at 1.0, 5.0, 10.0, 15.0, 20.0 and 25 μg/ml by 2.5%, 11.6%, 18.4%, 24.4%, 31.2% and 38.2% respectively, compared to the control (100%). Hence, it was observed that neutrophil phagocytosis increases with increased extract concentrations. It can be concluded from the study that enhancement of phagocytosis may be the possible mechanism of action of the plant as an immune modulator.

Bullous pemphigoid (BP) appears to be rising in incidence across the Western World, especially in the elderly. Some of the pathogenetic mechanisms involving antigen mimicry and antibody cross‐reactivity have been elucidated for cases associated with neurological disease and certain drugs. There have been reports of cutaneous manifestations of Covid‐19 (SARS‐Cov2 infection) as the pandemic has raged across the world. We report here a case of prolonged Covid‐19, symptomatic with dermatoses only, which was seen to evolve initially from a maculo‐papular exanthema with acral vesicular dermatitis, into classical BP disease. This was confirmed histologically by positive skin autoantibody serology, direct IMF on peri‐lesional skin and also salt‐split IMF. Although possible that the development of BP could be a purely co‐incidental finding during Covid‐19, we suggest that it is more likely that prolonged SARS‐Cov2 infection triggered an autoimmune response to the basement membrane antigens, BP 180 and 230. To our knowledge, this is the first case of BP developing during concurrent Covid‐19 disease. It will be necessary to continue dermatological surveillance as the pandemic continues, to collate data on BP incidence and to test these patients for Covid‐19 disease. As the pandemic continues, even potential and rare associations such as this will be clarified eventually. What's already known about this topic? Covid‐19 disease has been associated with a spectrum of dermatoses Common presentations in up to 20% of patients include exanthema, pseudo‐chilblain like acral lesions ‘Covid toes’, livedo‐/retiform purpuric/necrotic vascular lesions, acute urticarial lesions, and vesicular/varicella‐like lesions A multi‐system inflammatory syndrome in children akin to Kawasaki syndrome has been described What does this study add? To our knowledge, this is the first description of classic Bullous Pemphigoid evolving from vesicular lesions caused by prolonged SARS‐Cov2 induced skin inflammation

Treatment Failure with chloroquine is one of the challenges that faced the dedicated efforts to eradicate malaria This study aims at investigating the impact of treatment failure with chloroquine on the progression of the disease-induced histo-pathogenic and immunogenic outcomes. To achieve this, Rane's protocol with modifications was applied on a model of Plasmodium berghei ANKA infected ICR mice to determine the dose response curve of chloroquine and to screen the treatment impact on the disease progression. Chloroquine was given at 1, 5, 10, 15 and 20 mg/kg once the parasitemia reached to 20-30% (the experimental initiation point). During the subsequent days, the mice were monitored for changes in the clinical signs, hematology parameters and the progress of the parasitemia until the parasitemia reached to 60-70% (the experimental termination point) or up to 10 days after chloroquine administration in case of achieving a complete eradication of the parasite. At the end, the mice were exsanguinated and their blood and organs were collected for the biochemistry and the histology study. A complete eradication of the parasite was achieved at 20 mg/kg while recrudescence was observed at the lower doses. At 1 mg/kg, the parasite growth was comparable to that of the positive control. The histo-pathogenic and immunogenic changes were stronger in the groups that experienced recrudescence (at 5 and 10 mg/kg). All in all, the study highlights the possibility of having a worsened clinical condition when chloroquine is given at its sub-therapeutic doses during malaria treatment.

Concerns about the safety of food, plants’ and animals’ welfares, as well as traceability are more preferred to the food products being supplied in plenitude. Vegetables are considered as the major reservoirs of opportunistic and emerging pathogens due to its diverse microbiome and they are also strongly influenced by biogeographic aspects of farming and food processing practices Aim: This study was carried out to determine the occurrence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing bacteria in salad vegetables in Ondo City, Nigeria. Study Design: An experimental study design with randomized sampling. Place and Duration of the Study: The research was carried out in the Department of Biological Sciences of Wesley University, Ondo State, Nigeria. Methodology: Samples of cucumber, carrot, green pea, green beans, sweet corn and cabbage were analysed on appropriate agar medium. Pure isolates were identified by biochemical tests and confirmation was done by the use of API 20 E and API 20 NE in accordance with standard procedures. ESBLs screening was carried out using the double disk synergy test. Data were statistically analyzed using MedCalc statistical software (version 17.2). Results: Total viable bacterial counts (TVBCs) ranged from 1.1 × 103 to 7.1 x 105 cfu/ml; total coliform counts (TCC) ranged from 1.2 x 102 to 3.9 x 103 cfu/ml while total faecal counts (TFC) ranged from 0 to 2.9 × 102 cfu/ml. There were statistical differences in mean TVBCs of the samples (P 0.05). One hundred and sixty (166) isolates obtained from the samples were identified as Bacillus cereus, Citrobacter freundii, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Morganella morganii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Serratia marcesens and Staphylococcus saprophyticus. At least one member of all bacterial species, except S. saprophyticus, produced ESBL. Conclusion: This study revealed that salad vegetables could be a vehicle for the spread of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing bacteria which translates to a threat to public health around the world as salads are loved and consumed by all categories of people globally. There is need to educate the vendors and consumers on good sanitary practices during processing, display and sale of vegetables and also dangers associated with misuse of antibiotics.

Stromal categorization has been used to classify many epithelial cancer types. We assessed the desmoplastic reaction and compared its significance with other stromal characteristics in early (cT1-2N0) oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC). In this multi-institutional study, we included 308 cases treated for early OTSCC at five Finnish university hospitals or at the A.C. Camargo Cancer Center in São Paulo, Brazil. The desmoplastic reaction was classified as immature, intermediate, or mature based on the amount of hyalinized keloid-like collagen and myxoid stroma. We compared the prognostic value of the desmoplastic reaction with a stromal grading system based on tumor-stroma ratio and stromal tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. We found that a high amount of stroma with a weak infiltration of lymphocytes was associated statistically significantly with a worse disease-free survival with a hazard ratio (HR) of 2.68 (95% CI 1.26–5.69), worse overall survival (HR 2.95, 95% CI 1.69–5.15), and poor disease-specific survival (HR 2.66, 95% CI 1.11–6.33). Tumors having a high amount of stroma with a weak infiltration of lymphocytes were also significantly associated with a high rate of local recurrence (HR 4.13, 95% CI 1.67–10.24), but no significant association was found with lymph node metastasis (HR 1.27, 95% CI 0.37–4.35). Categorization of the stroma based on desmoplastic reaction (immature, intermediate, mature) showed a low prognostic value for early OTSCC in all survival analyses (P > 0.05). In conclusion, categorization of the stroma based on the amount of stroma and its infiltrating lymphocytes shows clinical relevance in early OTSCC superior to categorization based on the maturity of stroma.

The Agri-Food Sector is the center hub of human survival as it comprises all field, industrial and laboratory processes that are used in food production, a necessity for human survival. This sector has been faced with numerous challenges in its processes over time, some of which include pollution of agricultural sites, pest infestation, low crop yield, low shelf-life of food products, inadequate packaging models etc. Numerous technological approaches have been developed to increase agricultural productivity and enhance food safety, some of which have been met with limitations. The application of nanomaterials in Agri-Food Sector is a promising technology that has great potential in enhancing food safety. The Agri-Food Sector stands to benefit from the use of nanomaterials in areas such as remediation of polluted sites, pest control, increasing crop yield, improvement in nutrients and bioactive delivery systems, texture and flavor encapsulation. However, there have been concerns over the application of nanotechnology in food, such as toxicity of nanoparticles, energy consuming and expensive synthetic processes. The objective of this chapter is to provide a comprehensive review of green synthesis of nanoparticles (Nanobiotechnology) and the application of such bio-nanoparticles in the Agri-Food Sector.

Nigerian indigenous chickens have the potentials of contributing substantially to improved livelihood and food security if managed under an improved condition similar to their exotic counterparts. This study investigated the growth performance, meat and egg quality of Large Fulani Eco-type Chicken (LFEC) reared under modern management practices. Semen livability was 86.07%. Fertile eggs had 57 to 99% hatchability. The eggs contained 11.97 to 13.57% protein, 8.57 to 10.33% fat, 395.2 to 423.7 mg/100 g total cholesterol (TC), 207.5 to 236.4 mg/100 g Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) and 106.30 to 125.20 mg/100 g High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL). The live, de-feathered and eviscerated weights of LFEC ranged from 1.405 to 2.78 kg, 1.325 to 2.60 kg and 1.05 to 2.20 kg, respectively. The breast, drumstick, and thigh of LFEC varied from 0.205 to 0.365 kg, 0.097 to 0.293 kg and 0.136 to 0.319 kg, respectively. The protein, fat, TC, LDL and HDL of the meat varied from 19.08 to 21.58%, 4.14 to 5.28%, 71.25 to 72.49 mg/100 g, 28.25 to 31.09 mg/100 g and 15.67 to 18.18 mg/100 g, respectively. Sensory evaluation of the meat revealed high acceptance scores relative to exotic chicken. LFEC recorded better cost-benefit than Harco black strain.

While research into the adoption of e-learning in Nigeria has mainly focused on its use in public Higher Education Institutions (HEIs), there is still a lack of research on factors affecting students’ use of e-learning in private HEIs in Nigeria. This study, therefore, explores factors influencing the use of e-learning by students in private HEIs in Nigeria using Technology-Organisation-Environment (TOE) framework. We use a data collection method encompassing semi-structured interviews with 15 students from L-University drawn purposefully from the Landmark directory and a hybrid thematic analysis to analyse the data. Our findings reveal that technology-related factors (ease of use, speed accessibility and service delivery), organisation-related factors (training support and diversity), environment-related factors (attitudes of the users) and impact-related factors (learning experience, skill development, academic performance, and degree of engagement) influence the students’ adoption of e-learning facilities. We develop an extended TOE framework that integrates the impact context which considers the students likely expectations if these facilities are fully adopted and implemented. The study also unveils techniques that may accelerate the development of e-learning structure in private HEIs and which could provide the opportunity of assisting communities of learners to adopt and use e-learning facilities regularly.

This paper provides performance evaluation of Genetic Algorithm and Simulated Annealing in view of their software complexity and Simulation runtime. Kirkman Schoolgirl is about arranging fifteen schoolgirls into five triplets in a week with a distinct constraint of no two schoolgirl must walk together in a week. The developed model was simulated using Matlab version R2015a. The performance evaluation of both Genetic algorithm and Simulated Annealing was carried out in terms of program size, program volume, program effort and the intelligent content of the program. The results obtained show that the runtime for GA and SA are 11.23sec and 6.20sec respectively. The program size for GA and SA are 2.01kb and 2.21kb, respectively. The lines of code for GA and SA are 324 and 404, respectively. The program volume for GA and SA are 1121.58 and 3127.92, respectively. The program effort for GA and SA are 135021.70 and 30633.26 respectively, while the intelligent content of the program for GA and SA are 72.461 and 41.06, respectively. Both Algorithms are good solvers, however it can be concluded that Genetic Algorithm outperformed simulated Annealing in most of the evaluated parameters. Keywords: Genetic Algorithm, Simulated Annealing, Kirkman Schoolgirl, software complexity and simulation runtime

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are synthetic chemicals consisting of 209 isomers classified as persistent organic pollutants...

In recent times, biological diversity has received increased attention in relation to environmental variables within coastal ecosystems...

Background: A role for incisional biopsy in preoperative prognostication is increasingly being advocated in oral tongue squamous cell carcinomas (OTSCC). Biopsies at two locations were compared and prognostic factors in biopsies and their corresponding resections were evaluated. Methods: A total of 138 OTSCC biopsy slides from Finland and Saudi-Arabia were compared for size (horizontal and vertical) and invasive front. The Finnish cases were assessed for tumor stroma ratio (TSR) and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) using light microscopy and digital image analysis assessment and compared. Furthermore, TSR, TILs, and previously analyzed budding and depth of invasion (BD) score in biopsies were compared with their evaluation in the corresponding resections. Results: Finnish biopsies were deeper than Saudi-Arabian biopsies (59% versus 42%) while Saudi-Arabian biopsies were wider (98% versus 76%). Invasion fronts were more readily assessable in Finnish biopsies (72% versus 40%). There was 86.8% agreement between TSR and 75% agreement between TIL evaluation using light microscopy and digital assessment. Significant agreement was obtained on comparing the TSR (P=0.04) and BD (P Conclusions: Biopsies of ≥5 mm depth from representative OTSCC areas are essential for prognostic information. Clinical pathologists are advised to assess BD score and TSR for prognostic features in such biopsies.

Caralluma dalzielii N. E. Brown belonging to family Asclepiadaceae, is a popular cactus-shaped plant native to East Africa. The aerial parts are used traditionally for treating various diseases including infertility. The present study evaluated the effects of the aqueous extract of the aerial parts of Caralluma dalzielii (AECD) on reproductive performance of female Wistar rats. Adult female virgin rats were allotted into four major groups namely pre-conception, post-conception, implantation site and ovariectomized rats' groups. Each group was subdivided into 4 groups and treated orally with 125, 250, 500 mg/kg of AECD or distilled water (vehicle). In the pre-conception and post-conception groups, litter sizes, pups' weights, deformities, gestation length and reproductive indices were determined. Number of implantation sites and weights of embryos were assessed in the implantation site group while in the ovariectomised rats' group, uterine weights were determined. AECD produced no difference in litter size and reproductive indices in pre-conception group while in post-conception group the litter size at 500 mg/kg was significantly (p < 0.05) reduced compared to the control. Post-implantation loss index was high, and the other reproductive indices were reduced at 500 mg/kg. Whereas at the dose of 125 mg/kg, post-implantation loss index was reduced, and litter size was increased when compared to the control group. At 500 mg/kg, AECD caused a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in the number of implantation sites and weight of embryos while at 125 mg/kg the implantation sites increased. A significant (p < 0.05) increase in the uterine weight in the ovariectomised rats' group was observed at all dose levels. Our study provides scientific evidence that supports the traditional use of AECD in the treatment of infertility. At a lower dose, AECD acts by increasing the number of implantation sites and litter size of animals but at a higher dose, it may be embryotoxic. AECD increases uterine wet weight in ovariectomised rats suggesting that the plant may be oestrogen-like., Caralluma dalzielii; Implantation site, Pregnant rat; Embryotoxic; Uterine weight; Litter size; Natural product; Pharmacology; Reproductive system; Toxicology; Alternative medicine; Evidence-based medicine

MOB was supported by a University of Aberdeen Elphinstone Scholarship and by TETFund through Adekunle Ajasin University Akungba (AAUA) Nigeria. CGR was funded by a Royal Society University Research Fellowship (UF150571) and CT by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC, NE/L006286/1) and AXA Chair in Ecosystem Engineering and Microbial Ecology.

Integrins function to bind cells to extracellular matrix in tissues, which triggers downstream signaling cascades that are important in cell survival, proliferation, cytokine activation, and cytoskeleton reorganization. These processes also play significant roles in neoplasms. This work aimed to investigate the pattern of expression of FAK, paxillin, and PI3K in ameloblastoma and adenomatoid odontogenic tumor (AOT).Immunohistochemistry was used to study FAK, paxillin, and PI3K in 45 ameloblastomas (32 conventional, 12 unicystic, and 1 peripheral types), 7 AOTs, and two developing human teeth.Weak expression of FAK was seen in all AOT cases, while ameloblastoma had varying expression patterns, mostly strong to weak. The pattern of expression of paxillin and PI3K was relatively similar in both tumor types. In the dental germ, FAK and paxillin stained all the enamel organ components, while PI3K stained strongly the inner enamel epithelium. Stromal expression of FAK was not found to be useful in differentiating between tumors or tumor classes.The expression of the proteins in the enamel organ suggests that their signaling may be important in odontogenesis. While some ameloblastomas strongly expressed FAK, all cases of AOT had weak signals suggesting low presence and phosphorylating activity of FAK in the latter.A subset of FAK-positive ameloblastoma (as well as their malignant or metastasizing counterparts) which may have relatively aggressive behavior may be candidates for drug targeting of FAK as an additional management option.