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Abstract Objective: to identify feelings, experiences and expectations of the mothers during the first visit to the child hospitalized in a Neonatal Intermediate Care Unit of a teaching hospital in the interior of the state of Minas Gerais. Method: qualitative research conducted between November 2016 and April 2017, with 24 mothers during a first visit to their children in the intermediate care unit. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, transcribed and submitted to Content Analysis. Results: from the analysis emerged three thematic categories: feelings that precede the first visit, the experience of the first visit, feelings experienced during the first visit. Conclusion and implications for practice: the participants demonstrated that the first visit to their children can bring positive feelings and negative experiences. Strategies to minimize fears and clarify doubts favor the realization of motherhood.

Landowners in the southern United States have witnessed unprecedented changes in the availability of genetically improved loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seedlings. Landowners can now purchase the most advanced seedlings bred by tree improvement programs to have increased productivity, improved stem and wood quality, and enhanced disease resistance. Until the mid-2000s, the best genetics were typically planted by forest product companies on their own lands to capture the maximum benefit from their investment in tree breeding. Other forest landowners typically did not have access to the very best genetics. Since the large, vertically integrated forest products companies no longer own or manage much of the land, virtually all seedling families are now available to all landowners. With the evolution of a more open market for seedlings, differential prices developed rapidly. The highest performing full-sibling families now sell for more than four times more than open-pollinated families of lower performance. Landowners who choose to invest in improved genetics are reaping the benefits of many years of selective breeding, which increases their own profitability as well as contributes to the long-term sustainability of cooperative tree improvement programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The aim of this study was to assess the degree of conformity with food safety hygiene requirements in children's nurseries in Warsaw over a period of 11 years and to predict the expected time to achieve full conformity. The survey was carried out in 55 nurseries using a specially designed check list containing questions regarded GMP/GHP and HACCP documentation and practice. The results showed that the level of compliance with both GMP/GHP and HACCP standards was high in respect of documentation. However, it was much lower in the case of practice, especially HACCP. Although a constant increase in compliance with HACCP criteria was observed over the evaluated period, improvement was slow and inadequate. In 2017, compliance of HACCP practice reached only a 3.4 score. Based on food safety system improvements acquired so far, achievement of its full compliance with requirements was optimistically expected during 3 years. Regular monitoring of compliance level and prediction of its conformity are of practical importance to improve food safety system management and to indicate the corrective actions which are necessary to eliminate the risk. Highlights • 11 years lasting 55 nurseries' food safety system survey was described. • Documentation of food safety system was much better than practice. • Precise control check list was elaborated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Botryosphaeria dieback caused by species of Botryosphaeriaceae is an economically significant disease of grapevine worldwide including in Australia and New Zealand. Symptoms such as dieback of the shoots and cordons, cankers, stunted shoots, bunch rot and bud necrosis are observed, eventually leading to yield loss and reduced grapevine longevity. The disease was first recognised as an important issue in vineyards in Australia and New Zealand in the early 2000s and since then, considerable research has been conducted for better understanding of the causal organisms and their management. However, there is also a need to better understand the role of nursery planting material as a potential source of infection in new or replanted vineyards. This review reports on the current knowledge of Botryosphaeriaceae in grapevines in Australia and New Zealand including their identification, distribution across various wine grape growing regions, symptomatology, pathogenicity, epidemiology and management strategies. Future strategies to increase our knowledge and to better manage these economically important pathogens are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Our Forests / Naše Šume is the property of Udruzenje Inzinjera i Tehnicara Sumarstva Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Facing rapid loss of biodiversity as a consequence of climate change, Chile has formally pledged to restore 600,000 ha of native forest by 2035. This effort, however, has not considered the amount and quality of native plants required to meet this pledge. Thus, we examined data collected during the annual, government-conducted census of small- and medium-sized nurseries from central Chile, which account for 78% of the nation’s total plant production, to assess if current production is sufficient to meet Chile´s restoration needs. We coupled this with data collected during our series of ongoing research projects to determine if nurseries are currently meeting minimum seedling quality standards based on morpho-physiological attributes. Our four-year analysis (2016–2019) shows that the number of native seedlings has increased by only 4%, but because only 19% of nursery managers have training, just 29% of all seedlings meet quality criteria for restoration. Thus, under the current rate and quality of plant production, meeting restoration pledges desired by the year 2035 would not be achieved until 2181. This timeline can be accelerated through an urgent expansion of nursery space, implementation of a continuous program for technology and knowledge transference, and strong support through governmental policies.

The results of the scientific work presented in the World Health Organisation (WHO) report indicate that exposure to radon increases the risk of lung cancer in humans. In the past, radon concentrations of 400 Bq/m3 were considered dangerous, but today the level that poses a threat has been lowered to 100 Bq/m3. Children are particularly vulnerable to the effects of ionising radiation. In the article, the exposure of children to the effects of radon was evaluated on the basis of measurements in nurseries taken in the course of several months. A pulsed ionisation chamber with a passive diffusion sampling method was used for the measurements. The effective dose was assumed as the evaluation criterion. The research was carried out in selected rooms of two nurseries located in the city of Poznań in Poland. Similar profiles of variability in radon concentration (r = 0.88, p < 0.001) were observed in two different nurseries. The higher values of radon concentration in the rooms were found to be influenced by the low value of the wind speed. The experimental studies were supplemented with questionnaire studies, which showed that the average person's awareness of radioactivity is at a low level. The results of the effective dose level can be used to optimise future radon testing in buildings intended for various purposes. [Display omitted] • Public awareness of radioactivity is at a relatively low level. • IAQ studies should take into account the variability of radon over time. • Annual variability of radon depends on the building, its use profile, and location. • Radon measurements with active meters are recommended for public buildings. • Higher indoor radon values will be influenced by low wind speed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nine different visual evaluations of Plum pox virus (PPV) presence were carried out in four nurseries during 2012-2015. Results of visual evaluation were verified by ELISA. The presence of PPV was confirmed by ELISA in all the trees showing PPV symptoms. PPV has never been detected by ELISA in trees without PPV symptoms on leaves. A very low occurrence of PPV was proved in plums in all the four nurseries. There were two cases of higher occurrence of PPV in plum cultivars, where PPV originated from infected grafts. The PPV occurrence was 0.126 and 1.59%. The average occurrence of PPV in plums was 0.075%, 93 trees out of 123 630 inspected were PPV-infected. All the PPV-infected trees were destroyed immediately. No new PPV infection was proved later in season (August-September). In comparison with the situation in the 60s of the last century, the PPV occurrence in plums was 2.48% in one nursery in 1963 and there were nurseries with PPV occurrence exceeding 5%. All growing plants were destroyed in this case. The occurrence of PPV in the Czech fruit nurseries today is more than hundred times lower in comparison with the situation fifty years ago. The incidental occurrence of PPV in nurseries cannot be excluded in countries and areas with the endemic presence of PPV (in the Czech Republic and in most European countries). Visual inspection of PPV symptoms in nurseries confirmed by ELISA testing is sufficient. Infected plants must be removed immediately.

In this paper, the effect of the Bio-Algeen® product (bio-alginate from the seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum (Linnaeus) Le Jolis) was evaluated in relation to basic mycorrhizal and growth characteristics of Norway spruce (Picea abies (Linnaeus) H. Karsten) seedlings. The seedlings were planted in a forest nursery in 5 different treatments: 4 treatments with the Bio-Algeen® product in different regimes (soaking, granulate, soaking + granulate, irrigation) and control. Compared to the control, mycorrhizal characteristics of the treated seedlings differed significantly for soaking treatment only, but they were less favourable for all treatments with this product. Among the growth characteristics, the height of aboveground parts was significantly taller compared to the control for soaking and granulate treatments, while the shoot dry weight was significantly higher for granulate treatment only. Both of these characteristics showed higher values across all treatments compared to the control. Although treated seedlings showed worse mycorrhizal characteristics, their growth was not affected by these characteristics. Thus, Bio-Algeen® can be used for an improvement of seedling growth in forest nurseries.

Abstract Background The provision of affordable and reliable daycare services is a potentially important policy lever for empowering Indian women. Access to daycare might reduce barriers to labor force entry and generate economic opportunities for women, improve education for girls caring for younger siblings, and promote nutrition and learning among children. However, empirical evidence concerning the effects of daycare programs in low-and-middle-income countries is scarce. This cluster-randomized trial will estimate the effect of a community-based daycare program on health and economic well-being over the life-course among women and children living in rural Rajasthan, India. Methods This three-year study takes place in rural communities from five blocks in the Udaipur District of rural Rajasthan. The intervention is the introduction of a full-time, affordable, community-based daycare program. At baseline, 3177 mothers with age eligible children living in 160 village hamlets were surveyed. After the baseline, these hamlets were randomized to the intervention or control groups and respondents will be interviewed on two more occasions. Primary social and economic outcomes include women’s economic status and economic opportunity, women’s empowerment, and children’s educational attainment. Primary health outcomes include women’s mental health, as well as children’s nutritional status. Discussion This interdisciplinary research initiative will provide rigorous evidence concerning the effects of daycare in lower-income settings. In doing so it will address an important research gap and has the potential to inform policies for improving the daycare system in India in ways that promote health and economic well-being. Trial registration (1) The ISRCTN clinical trial registry (ISRCTN45369145), http://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN45369145 , registered on May 16, 2016 and (2) The American Economic Association’s registry for randomized controlled trials (AEARCTR-0000774), http://www.socialscienceregistry.org/trials/774 , registered on July 15, 2015

Mango is a favorite tropical fruit in both domestic and international markets. Due to its features that are relatively easy to grow and more resistant to pests and diseases, the success rate of producing the seedlings is higher compared to the other perennial fruit plants. Despite of these advantages, the sector is still facing several constrains. One of them is the low rate of certified seedling used that may affects the productivity of mango trees. Limited availability of superior certified mango seedlings that is faced by mango nurseries is suspected as one of the cause. This paper aims to describe the dynamic that occurs in mango nursery sector in one of mango production centres in West Java. The data was collected through survey of 260 nurseries in 2016 and was part of Indohort project research; a collaboration between Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR), Iindonesian Center for Horticulture Research and Development (ICHORD), and the University of Adelaide. The results showed that: (1) Only 7% of the total number of nurseries has a formal certification for seedlings that are produced, (2) in average, mango nurseries produce less mango seedlings in 2016 compared to 2011; (3) mango nursery’s specialization rate decreased from 32% in 2011 to 19% in 2016, (4) the share of Harumanis (mango variety that is most preferred in Indonesia) seedlings production per nursery, decreased from 89% in 2011 to 65% in 2016; (4) Further improvement related to mango seedlings marketting chain needs to be done to create a better mango seedling market structure along the chain.

Abstract The importance of mineral nutrition to the various plant species has been recognized for many years. Since nutrients are directly linked to physiological and metabolic processes, they promote the growth of rootstocks and seedlings, contributing to the formation of more productive orchards. As a consequence of the lack of technical information for most fruit trees, fertilization in nurseries has still been carried out empirically, sometimes underestimating or overestimating nutritional requirements and compromising the quality of plants produced. Given the importance of mineral nutrition in the formation of high-quality seedlings and the lack of scientific information on the topic, the aim of the present review was to raise interest in further research, and contribute to produce nutritionally balanced fruit seedlings.

Phytophthora ramorum is a quarantine pathogen that causes leaf blight and shoot dieback of the crown, bark cankers and death on a number of both ornamental and forest trees, especially in North America and northern Europe, where it has produced severe outbreaks.In Italy it was first reported in 2002, on Rhodondendron yakushimanum in a Piedmont nursery; after that it seemed to have disappeared, only to re-emerge in 2013 when numerous isolates were detected on batches of Viburnum tinus plants growing in some nurseries in the Pistoia area (Tuscany), which is an important district in the trade of nursery plants world-wide. This work reports on a number of laboratory tests that were carried out on isolates from infected plant samples. The micromorphological and macromorphological characteristics of the pathogen growing on carrot agar (CA), corn meal agar (CMA), malt extract agar (MEA) potato dextrose agar, and V8 agar with added PARPNH (see text) were determined, as was the growth rate at 10º, 15º, 20º, 25°, 30º, 32º and 35ºC. Molecular analysis was employed to identify the isolates more precisely. Inoculation trials under the bark were also carried out to ascertain the isolate virulence and the Koch’s Postulates.The Plant Protection Service of the Tuscan Region (SFR, Servizio Fitosanitario Regionale) was alerted as soon as the pathogen infection was detected and it took the prescribed steps to eradicate the infection in the field and prevent the recurrence of an epidemic.

International agreements combined with the recent Chilean Forestry Policy (2015–2035) represent a challenge and an opportunity for forest landscape restoration in Chile. Nevertheless, restoring over 500,000 ha using mainly native species seems like a daunting task by 2035. Here, we discuss the three major bottlenecks that currently constrain the restoration efforts of forest ecosystems in Chile. First, Chile urgently needs a national strategic plan for forest landscape restoration, which should take into account mid‐ and long‐term goals. There is also a need to prioritize resource allocation for efficient use, promoting the creation of economic subsidies for restoration that consider different types of forest ecosystems. Second, there is a great need for better nursery protocols in plant production as well as to strengthen educational programs for professional and technical training, given the lack of high‐quality personnel in Chilean nurseries. This would help increase the currently limited national plant supply, improving quality and increasing the diversity of native species suitable for forest restoration. Lastly, taking advantage of novel eco‐technological tools and promoting innovative plantation design would help to overcome the usually deficient results in the establishment phase, leading to higher survival rates and promoting better performance of native species. Beyond current experiments that are relatively efficient on a small spatial scale, the practice of forest restoration needs to become massive and successful at a landscape scale. More and better applied research is crucial for improving the impact of forest landscape restoration, so that Chile can achieve its forest restoration challenge in the next decade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ciência Florestal (01039954) is the property of Ciencia Florestal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

According to the decision of the National Court of Appeals in Administrative Matters in the file Etcheverry, Juan Bautista c/ EN s/ Amparo Ley 16.986, the Executive Power should regulate article 179 of the Employment Contract Act, which determines the duty of establishing childcare facilities and nurseries in places where there are women workers. Under the light of some constitutional principles and human rights and according to the legislative and cultural changes that took place in the last years, it becomes necessary to reflect about the manner in which the regulation will be done. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ciência Florestal (01039954) is the property of Ciencia Florestal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Urban forests are increasingly acknowledged as important areas for producing ecosystem services and maintaining ecosystem processes. In response, municipalities throughout North America have been adopting long-term plans to support strategic management of the urban forest. These plans have the potential to shape the urban forest for decades to come. Most management plans emphasize the planting of native trees, to improve ecological integrity and ecosystem services, and acknowledge the need for resident stewardship to help meet urban forestry goals. Residents' support and action is crucial, since the majority of urban trees are located on residential property, yet it is unclear what residents' attitudes and actions are regarding native trees. Using a case study of four municipalities in southern Ontario, Canada (two that have management plans that call for more native species plantings and two that do not), researchers administered a survey that explored residents' attitudes and actions toward native tree species, focusing on the relationship between municipal emphasis on native species planting, household socio-demographics, and residents' attitudes and actions toward native species. The results indicate that residents' generally have positive attitudes toward native trees, although fewer are interested in planting native species if they create a hazard or increase costs. Moreover, these generally positive attitudes do not translate into emphasizing native species when actually selecting tree species to plant. This paper adds to existing research surrounding the need for further outreach and environmental education and greater availability of native plants in local nurseries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Short-term variability in condition factor: relative condition factor Kn; biochemical condition: RNA:DNA and protein content; and instantaneous growth rates were determined in estuarine and coastal fish. Dicentrarchus labrax , Solea senegalensis and Pomatoschistus microps were sampled in the Tejo estuary, while Trachurus trachurus was sampled in an adjacent shallow coastal area. Variation of condition indices was more frequent at the week scale (sampling periods with fortnight intervals) than at the daily scale (consecutive days in each sampling period) in all species. Water temperature was correlated with biochemical indices, while salinity showed no effect, evidencing the influence of environmental short-term variation (temperature) on biochemical condition in natural populations. Yet, decreasing individual variability in fish condition was observed along the sampled weeks, resulting in a more homogeneous condition of populations, particularly for T. trachurus likely due to a more stable coastal environment. Biochemical indices proved to be sensitive to short-term environmental variability, despite species-specific responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Restoration projects and nurseries from 7 Hawaiian islands are working jointly to propagate and reestablish rare and endangered plant species and to rehabilitate island habitats. Long-range goals of these projects may benefit rare and endangered fauna. Conservation of habitat and augmentation of rare plant populations are crucial for preserving genetic diversity and recovery. Such efforts have resulted in successful propagation of many at-risk species. The propagation and outplanting efforts of these unique species are described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ornamental horticulture is the primary pathway for invasive alien plant introductions. We critically appraise published evidence on the effectiveness of four policy instruments that tackle invasions along the horticulture supply chain: pre-border import restrictions, post-border bans, industry codes of conduct and consumer education., Effective pre-border interventions rely on rigorous risk assessment and high industry compliance. Post-border sales bans become progressively less effective when alien species become widespread in a region., A lack of independent performance evaluation and of public disclosure, limits the uptake and effectiveness of voluntary codes of conduct and discourages shifts in consumer preference away from invasive alien species., Policy implications. Closing the plant invasion pathway associated with ornamental horticulture requires government-industry agreements to fund effective pre- and post-border weed risk assessments that can be subsequently supported by widely adopted, as well as verifiable, industry codes of conduct. This will ensure producers and consumers make informed choices in the face of better targeted public education addressing plant invasions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of planting distances on the development of root and crown rot diseases of strawberry in the transplanting nursery was studied in two successive seasons of 2015 and 2016. Three Super Elite mother plants of Festival, Florida and Sweet Charlie were tested. Seven Planting distances (0.6, 0.9, 1.2, 1.5, 1.8, 2.1, 2.4 m) were used between mother plants. The first three planting distances (0.6, 0.9, 1.2 m) were the standard distances used by strawberry growers in the commercial nurseries. The rest of planting distances (1.5, 1.8, 2.1, 2.4 m) represented the suggested modified distances. The obtained results showed a considerable amount of reduction (%) on root and crown rot diseases on the produced transplants of the modified planting distances. The modification of planting distances in strawberry nurseries could be used as one of banned methyl bromide alternatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of native ornamental plants in urban landscapes and ornamental consumers' designs is one strategy to preserve biodiversity. Sprekelia formosissima (L.) Herb., known as Aztec lily (ALY), is one of the nearly 4000 species of native ornamental plants of Mexico. However, its domestic market is not yet developed and is virtually unknown. The objectives of this study were to: (1) compare consumers' and retailers' knowledge of ALY, and (2) to identify potential clusters of consumers and retailers based on their knowledge and preferences, such that marketing of the ALY could be best tailored to different market segments, leading to its sustainable commercialization. There were 464 interviews conducted in four nurseries in Mexico. Results showed only one consumer knew about the ALY; additionally, we found different behaviors in consumers and in retailers: those not interested in the ALY, but when they know it is Mexican they will acquire it; those interested no matter the ALY origin, and those who dislike the ALY because it is Mexican. Those answers suggest that improving consumers/retailers knowledge about this native flower could lead to a sustainable commercialization in Mexico, helping to ensure its conservation as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many indoor air pollutants have been demonstrated to have a negative impact on occupants and due to physiological and behavioural differences, young children are more vulnerable to these effects than adults. Millions of children in the UK spend large parts of the day in nurseries, where occupant density is high, and indoor air quality can be poor. Therefore, it is imperative to understand the quality of indoor air in nurseries and how to improve it. The aims of the research presented here were to explore the indoor air quality (IAQ) in nurseries and the impact of both the use of air purifiers and window operations on IAQ. Three nurseries in London were selected and monitored via both continuous air quality sensors and passive sampling covering a total of 21 pollutants. Key findings include that mean reduction rate of PM 2.5 by using air purifier was 63% with window closed, and 46% with window open. The results also highlight the impacts of operational changes implemented during the Covid-19 pandemic. Windows were operated more frequently for ventilation needs rather than being driven by temperature alone. The increased ventilation in the monitored nurseries in London led to low levels of VOCs and aldehydes (except for formaldehyde and 2-ethylhexanol) but could bring thermal discomfort to occupants. Both temperature and noise levels were shown to be relevant factors impacting the operation of air purifiers. Air purifiers can be effective at reducing PM 2.5 when combined with proper window operation and have potential to bring substantial health benefits. • Mean reduction rate of PM 2.5 by using air purifier was 63% with window closed, and 46% with window open. • Windows were operated more frequently for ventilation needs rather than being driven by temperature during COVID-19. • The increased ventilation led to low levels of VOCs and aldehydes but could bring thermal discomfort in some circumstance. • Both temperature and noise levels were shown to be relevant factors impacting the operation of air purifiers. • Air purifiers can be effective at reducing PM 2.5 indoors when combined with proper window operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of the survey was to investigate if the grafting type influences the foliar expression of Esca during summer. Methods and Results: Observations were conducted on plots distributed in two French winegrowing regions (two different climatic regions) with two varieties (Cabernet-Sauvignon in the Bordeaux region and Mourvèdre in Provence). Three grafting types were compared: Omega graft, Whip and Tongue graft, and full cleft graft. For both varieties, we found a significant effect of the type of grafting on the foliar development of Esca symptoms. Full cleft grafted plots showed a significantly lower percentage of Esca foliar symptoms than the other two modalities, which were not significantly different from one another. Concerning Omega grafted plots, a significant difference in the rate of Esca foliar symptoms was highlighted compared to full cleft grafted plots, with a higher rate on Omega grafted plots, but these plots were also younger. Conclusions: The study established, for the first time, the difference between full cleft field grafted plots and Omega and Whip and Tongue grafted plots, revealing a higher incidence of Esca on the latter types of grafting. Significance and impact of the study: The spread of mechanical graft could be one of the factors explaining the increasing incidence of Esca in vineyard.

Twenty-one Clonostachys rosea strains, previously selected by its biocontrol activity higher than 80% against Fusarium circinatum, were evaluated for its ability to promote growth of Pinus radiata seedlings on natural substrate. Stem height, root length, dry weight of stem and roots, and ectomycorrhization were measured at 102 days after seeding. The results showed significant differences between some of the tested C. rosea strains when compared to the controls, showing increases for plant height of 25%, dry stem mass of 37%, root length of 13.5%, dry root mass of 20.5% and ectomycorrhization of 55% when compared to their respective controls, demonstrating a possible dual use of these strains for both plant protection and increased biomass of P. radiata.

The results of the application of molecular genetics methods for the analysis of the plant pathogens present in forest plantations and nurseries of the Russian Federation, including doughnut fungus and annosum root rot are presented. The prospects and benefits of using DNA analysis for early diagnosis of plant diseases without isolation of the pathogen in pure culture, shortening time of analysis, and the possibility of mass screening are discussed.

Introducción. Hay la percepción de que la frecuencia de displasia broncopulmonar en Bogotá ha aumentado notoriamente desde el año 2000. Este estudio estima su incidencia, la compara con datos históricos y describe factores asociados. Materiales y métodos. Se ensambló una cohorte analítica de 12 instituciones de Bogotá en 2004. Los participantes eran prematuros de menos de 34 semanas de edad gestacional al nacer, sin malformaciones mayores. Los desenlaces estudiados fueron la incidencia y la gravedad de la displasia broncopulmonar. Se hizo una comparación estandarizada de incidencias con cohorte histórica (1994 a 1999). Resultados. La mortalidad neonatal fue de 80/496 y la incidencia de displasia broncopulmonar, de 226/416 (54,3 %, IC95%: 49,4-59,1). Los datos mostraron que nacer en una institución de baja mortalidad disminuía el riesgo de muerte (OR=0,308; IC95%, 0,129-0,736), pero incrementaba el de displasia broncopulmonar moderada a grave (OR=1,797; IC95%, 1,046-3,088). El riesgo de displasia broncopulmonar fue casi el doble del observado en la cohorte histórica (1994-1999) (RR=1,924; IC95% 1,686 a 2,196). El incremento fue uniforme en todas las edades gestacionales. El peso y la edad gestacional al nacer, la respiración mecánica, el retardo en el crecimiento intrauterino y el tipo de institución se asociaron independientemente con el desenlace de displasia broncopulmonar grave o muerte. Conclusiones. La frecuencia de displasia broncopulmonar en Bogotá se ha incrementado por aumento en la supervivencia de niños más frágiles que si sobreviven, presentan secuelas respiratorias. Es probable que las prácticas de cuidado respiratorio agresivas y por debajo del nivel óptimo, asociadas con un reciente acceso irrestricto a la respiración mecánica en las unidades de recién nacidos en Bogotá, comprometan la calidad del cuidado respiratorio neonatal.

Rapid development has fragmented Singapore's coastal habitats and converted them into artificial shorelines, with implications for the ecosystem services they provide. This study investigated the impact of urban development on two ecosystem services related to fisheries (direct provisioning and indirect nursery functions) by comparing adjacent mangrove and artificial rocky shore sites at two locations. In terms of fisheries provisioning ecosystem services, fish video data indicated that fish assemblage structure was significantly different between the two habitat types, with Ellochelon vaigiensis, Ambassis kopsii, Ambassis interrupta, and Zenarchopterus buffonis contributing most significantly. Trap data indicated that there were significantly more fish on the artificial rocky shore than mangrove at one of our locations in Pasir Ris. There were also significant differences in the size distribution of fish between habitat types at both locations, with high proportions of smaller fish in the mangroves. Even with higher juvenile presence, the role of urban mangroves in providing nursery ecosystem services is less clear, since we cannot determine whether this habitat type is essential for any individual fish species. This study indicates that mangroves provide a level of fisheries ecosystem services as part of a heavily developed and fragmented landscape in conjunction with other substrate types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The drying disease affects plants grown in forest nurseries during the pre-emergence and post-emergence stages, constricting the stem and causing root rot. The objectives of this study were to identify the morphological and molecular characteristics of the Fusarium species that affects the nursery located in Atlangatepec, Tlaxcala, which causes the drying disease and root rot of Pinus greggii Engelm., to evaluate its effect in the germination of seeds in three substrates, and to analyse the incidence and pathogenicity of developing seedlings. The Fusarium fungus was isolated from diseased seedlings, it was purified, and, based on its morphology and molecular structure, as identified as F. circinatum Nirenberg & O'Donnell. The substrates were: peat moss, perlite, and vermiculite (S1); sawdust, bark, and peat moss (S2); and bark, sawdust, and peat moss (S3); they were evaluated in 60:20:20 ratios. The experiment had a completely randomized design, with six treatments and four repetitions per each one. The statistical analysis of the germination percentage was executed with ANOVA and the means comparison was carried out using the Duncan test (p≤0.05). The fungus produced a significant reduction in the germination of P. greggii's seeds. Disease incidence was lower in S2, during the first two months, and its post-emergence pathogenicity was proved by the induction of symptoms and reisolations of F. circinatum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With 796,500 places available for children in England, pre-school nurseries could serve as an important setting for population-wide dietary intervention. It is critical to understand the determinants of healthy food provision in this setting, which may include access to food stores. This study examined the association between objective, GIS-derived supermarket proximity and fruit and vegetable serving frequency, using data from 623 English nurseries. Overall, 116 (18%) nurseries served fruits and vegetables infrequently (<2-3 times/week), but provision differed by supermarket proximity. In adjusted multivariable regression models, nurseries farthest from their nearest supermarket (Q5, 1.7-19.8km) had 2.38 (95% CI 1.01-5.63) greater odds of infrequent provision. Our results suggest that supermarket access may be important for nurseries in meeting fruit and vegetable provision guidelines. We advance a growing body of international literature, for the first time linking the food practices of institutions to their neighbourhood food retail context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was conducted at the Pastures and Forages Research Station Indio Hatuey in order to evaluate the effect of the bioproducts EcoMic® and Pectimorf® on the growth in nursery of Leucaena leucocephala cv. Cunningham. The treatments were: 1) control, 2) inoculation with EcoMic®, 3) imbibition in Pectimorf®, 4) inoculation with EcoMic® plus imbibition in Pectimorf®. A completely randomized design was used, with three replications. The evaluated variables were: emergence from the seeds, seedling height, number of branches and root length. The emergence was higher (71,43 % of seedlings emerged 35 days after seeding) in the treatment that consisted in imbibing the seeds in Pectimorf® during 16 h. The control was higher and differed significantly from the others in the variable number of branches. Regarding height, the imbibition in Pectimorf® and the control did not differ statistically, and the treatments inoculated with EcoMic® alone and its combination with Pectimorf® showed lower growth; however, these last two ones had incidence on a higher root growth of the leucaena seedlings. The imbibition in Pectimorf® during 16 h caused higher emergence from the seeds, while the treatments inoculated with EcoMic® showed the highest root growth; this indicates that it is possible to reduce the nursery period in this species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pecan, Carya illinoinensis, is an economically important nut producing tree that can establish ectomycorrhizal symbiosis with a high diversity of fungi. In the southern USA, truffles ( Tuber spp.) sometimes fruit prolifically in cultivated pecan orchards and regularly associate with pecan roots as ectomycorrhizae (ECMs). It has been demonstrated that some valuable European truffle species (e.g., Tuber borchii and Tuber aestivum) can form ECMs with pecan seedlings in nursery conditions. Thus, pecan may represent an attractive alternative host to forest trees for truffle growers given the potential for co-cropping truffles and pecans. To further explore the capacity of pecan to host truffle symbionts, pecan seedlings were inoculated with species of black truffles that are economically important in Europe, T. melanosporum and T. brumale. Ectomycorrhizae were characterized molecularly and their morphology was described in detail. Mycorrhization rates on pecan roots were assessed over a 2-year period. Tuber melanosporum and T. brumale produced well-formed ECMs with a level of root colonization in the first year of 37.3 and 34.5%, respectively. After 24 months, the level of mycorrhization increased for T. brumale (49.4%) and decreased for T. melanosporum (10.5%) inversely to that of non-target ECM greenhouse contaminants (e.g., Sphaerosporella brunnea, Trichophaea woolhopeia, Pulvinula constellatio). To assess whether mating types segregated in T. melanosporum as been reported for other host species, we amplified the mating-type locus from single T. melanosporum ECM belonging to different seedlings over a 2-year period. The two mating idiomorphs were nearly equally represented along the 2-year time span: MAT 1-1-1 decreased from 59.4% in the first year to 48.5% in the second year after inoculation. Data reported in this study add to knowledge on the mycorrhization of pecan trees with commercial truffles and has application to truffle and nut co-cropping systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exotic ambrosia beetles have become serious pests in ornamental tree nurseries. However, research on their biology, ecology and behaviour to develop management tactics is hampered by the lack of reliable attacks on experimental trees., Injecting Magnolia virginiana L. with ethanol consistently induced attacks by exotic ambrosia beetles to facilitate research on their biology and management. The ability to attract ambrosia beetles to trap trees may be useful for developing nonchemical strategies and techniques for managing them in nurseries. However, to be useful in management techniques, ethanol-injection has to reliably induce attacks on a vlariety of tree species., Experiments were conducted in Ohio, Tennessee and Virginia, where ethanol-injection was tested on 16 species of deciduous trees from 11 families., Ethanol-injection reliably induced attacks by exotic ambrosia beetles on all tree species tested. There were differences in the numbers of attacks by ambrosia beetles among species of trees in most experiments, although no species was identified consistently as the most or least attacked in repeated experiments. The positive association of attacks with ethanol concentrations in bark tissue indicate that the attack rates were most likely related to the uptake and emission of ethanol., The results of the present study indicate that ethanol-injection reliably induces ambrosia beetle attacks on a wide range of deciduous tree species, which should further facilitate research on ambrosia beetles in nurseries and the development of behaviour-based management tactics that divert ambrosia beetles away from ornamental trees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mangroves are among the most productive ecosystems in tropical and subtropical regions. Historically, mangroves are assumed to support artisanal fisheries, leading decision-makers to protect mangroves based on this premise. However, this relationship remains unclear, despite positive correlations obtained in different geographical regions. Here, we provide the first meta-analysis of the mangroves-fisheries linkage at a global level. After conducting a systematic review, 23 publications containing 51 studies estimating the mangrove-fishery linkage were obtained. A random effect model was used to estimate the effect size (Pearson's correlation coefficient) of each individual study as well as the overall effect size. We found strong evidence for the mangrove-fishery linkage with an overall effect size of r = 0.72 (95% CI: 0.61-0.81), and substantial heterogeneity was observed ( Q = 143.88, df = 50, P < 0.01). The countries where the studies were carried out were the only significant moderator ( Q M = 26.07, P < 0.01), while fisheries types ( i.e. crab, fish, shellfish, prawn and total) and global regions were not good predictors of the relationship. Our results show that mangrove area is a good predictor of fishery catches overall, confirming the importance of conserving such habitats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]