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106. Unionist politics, the Belfast shipyards and the Labour Movement in the inter-war period

Author

Norton, C.

Subjects
320, Belfast shipworker politics
Abstract

This thesis looks at developments within Unionist and Labour politics in Ulster during the period 1920 to the early 1930's. In particular it seeks to explain why the Protestant working class accepted the leadership of a politically conservative Unionist Party, why it supported the Northern Ireland State, and why it rejected independent socialist politics. These actions have, in numerous accounts of Northern Ireland's Labour history, been characterised as 'irrational' or 'reactionary' and have been explained in terms of 'manipulation', 'privilege', 'sectarianism' or through the notion of the 'labour aristocracy'. Rejecting these forms of characterisation and blanket explanation as empirically unfounded, this thesis undertakes a detailed analysis of what is generally accepted as the most politically significant section of the Protestant working class: the Belfast shipyard workers. The thesis emphasises the heterogeneous nature of the workforce which is shown to be not only occupationally but also politically and ideologically based. It also outlines within the shipyard workforce, the existence of two contrasting and competing political and ideological traditions which can be designated 'sectarian' and 'labour and trade union'. The dominance of sectarian ideological traditions and political practices in the shipyards in 1920 (most visibly demonstrated in the July expulsions of that year) and their effects on the workforce and on the Unionist political leadership are dealt with at some length. The thesis also examines how the policies of the Northern Ireland State, after its establishment in 1921, were affected by Protestant middle class and working class non-sectarian traditions. This appreciation of the complexity of Unionist politics allows for a greater understanding of Government policy decisions of the time and the divisions that they caused within the State. Finally the thesis analyses the political organisations of the Left in order to determine the reasons for their failure to attract appreciable working class support.

Published
1987

108. Plasticating single-screw extrusion of amorphous polymers: development of a mathematical model and comparison with experiment

Author

Han, Chang Dae, Lee, Kee Yoon, and Wheeler, Norton C.

Subjects
Mathematical models -- Usage -- Models, Crystalline polymers -- Models -- Usage, Plastics -- Extrusion, Engineering and manufacturing industries, Science and technology, Usage, Models
Abstract

A mathematical model was developed for plasticating single-screw extrusion of amorphous polymers. We considered a standard metering screw design. By introducing a 'critical flow temperature' ([T.sub.cf]), below which an amorphous polymer may be regarded as a 'rubber-like' solid, we modified the Lee-Han melting model, which had been developed earlier for the extrusion of crystalline polymers, to model the flow of an amorphous polymer in the screw channel. [T.sub.cf] is de facto a temperature equivalent to the melting point of a crystalline polymer. The introduction of [T.sub.cf] was necessary for defining the interface between the solid bed and the melt pool, and between the solid bed and thin melt films surrounding the solid bed. We found from numerical simulations that (1) when the [T.sub.cf] was assumed to be close to its glass transition temperature ([T.sub.g]), the viscosity of the polymer became so high that no numerical solutions of the system of equations could be obtained, and (2) when the value of [T.sub.cf] was assumed to be much higher than [T.sub.g], the extrusion pressure did not develop inside the screw channel. Thus, an optimum modeling value of [T.sub.cf] appears to exist, enabling us to predict pressure profiles along the extruder axis. We found that for both polystyrene and polycarbonate, [T.sub.cf] lies about 55 ° C above their respective [T.sub.g]s. In carrying out the numerical simulation we employed (1) the WLF equation to describe the temperature dependence of the shear modulus of the bulk solid bed at temperatures between [T.sub.g] and [T.sub.cf], (2) the WLF equation to describe the temperature dependence of the viscosity of molten polymer at temperatures between [T.sub.cf] and [T.sub.g] + 100 ° C, (3) the Arrhenius relationship to describe the temperature dependence of the viscosity of molten polymer at temperatures above [T.sub.g] + 100 ° C, and (4) the truncated power-law model to describe the shear-rate dependence of the viscosity of molten polymer. We have shown that the [T.sub.g] of an amorphous polymer cannot be regarded as being equal to the [T.sub.m] of a crystalline polymer, because the viscosities of an amorphous polymer at or near its [T.sub.g] are too large to flow like a crystalline polymer above its [T.sub.m]. Also conducted was an experimental study for polystyrene and polycarbonate, using both a standard metering screw and a barrier screw design having a length-to-diameter ratio of 24. For the study, nine pressure transducers were mounted on the barrel along the extruder axis, and the pressure signal patterns and axial pressure profiles were measured at various screw speeds, throughputs, and head pressures. In addition to significantly higher rates, we found that the barrier screw design gives rise to much more stable pressure signals, thus minimizing surging, than the metering screw design. The experimentally measured axial pressure profiles were compared with prediction., BACKGROUND During the past three decades, numerous researchers have made efforts to develop mathematical models for simulating the plasticating extrusion of crystalline polymers (1-8). There are too many papers to [...]

Published
1996

109. ELECtric Tibial nerve stimulation to Reduce Incontinence in Care homes: protocol for the ELECTRIC randomised trial

Author

Booth, J, Aucott, L, Cotton, C, Goodman, C, Hagen, S, Harari, D, Lawrence, M, Lowndes, A, Macaulay, L, MacLennan, G, Mason, H, McClurg, D, Norrie, J, Norton, C, O'Dolon, C, Skelton, DA, Surr, C, Treweek, S, Booth, J, Aucott, L, Cotton, C, Goodman, C, Hagen, S, Harari, D, Lawrence, M, Lowndes, A, Macaulay, L, MacLennan, G, Mason, H, McClurg, D, Norrie, J, Norton, C, O'Dolon, C, Skelton, DA, Surr, C, and Treweek, S

Abstract

Background Urinary incontinence (UI) is highly prevalent in nursing and residential care homes (CH) and profoundly impacts on residents’ dignity and quality of life. Care homes predominantly use absorbent pads to contain UI rather than actively treat the condition. Transcutaneous posterior tibial nerve stimulation (TPTNS) is a non-invasive, safe, low-cost intervention with demonstrated effectiveness for reducing UI in adults. However, the effectiveness of TPTNS to treat UI in older adults living in care homes is not known. The ELECTRIC Trial aims to establish if a programme of TPTNS is a clinically effective treatment for UI in care home residents and investigate the associated costs and consequences. Methods This is a pragmatic, multicentre, placebo controlled randomised parallel group trial comparing effectiveness of TPTNS (target n=250) with sham stimulation (target n=250) in reducing volume of UI in CH residents. CH residents (men and women) with self- or staff- reported UI of more than once per week are eligible to take part, including those with cognitive impairment. Outcomes will be measured at 6, 12 and 18 weeks post randomisation using the following measures: 24-hour pad weight tests (PWT), post void residual urine (bladder scans), Patient Perception of Bladder Condition (PPBC), Minnesota Toileting Skills Questionnaire (MTSQ) and Dementia Quality of Life (DEMQOL). Economic evaluation based on a bespoke Resource Use Questionnaire will assess the costs of providing a programme of TPTNS. A concurrent process evaluation will investigate fidelity to the intervention and influencing factors and qualitative interviews will explore the experiences of TPTNS from the perspective of CH residents, family members, CH staff and managers. Discussion TPTNS is a non-invasive intervention that has demonstrated effectiveness in reducing UI in adults. The ELECTRIC Trial will involve CH staff delivering TPTNS to residents and establish whether TPTNS is more effective than sham

Published
2019

123. Finite element mesh adaptation with PYRAMID

Author

Norton, C. D, Lou, J. Z, and Cwik, T. A

Abstract

An advanced software library supporting parallel unstructured adaptive mesh refinement for large-scale scientific and engineering simulations.

Published
2002

133. The use of cluster computer systems for NASA/JPL applications

Author

Wang, P, Villegas, F, Sterling, T, Norton, C, McAuley, M, Klimeck, G, and Cwik, T

Abstract

In this paper we outline the results of using three generations of cluster machines at JPL for a select set of applications drawn from a larger development effort.

Published
2001

137. Highly parallel structured adaptive mesh refinement using parallel language-based approaches

Author

Norton, C and Balsara, D

Abstract

Adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) calculations carried out on structured meshes play an exceedingly important role in several areas of science and engineering. A strategy for using Fortran 90 in an object-oriented fashion is presented. This permits AMR applications to be expressed in terms of familiar abstractions that are natural to the process of solving AMR hierarchies. The OpenMP features that are useful for parallel processing of AMR hierarchies in a load balanced fashion on multiprocessors is described.

Published
2001

141. Systematic review: psychosocial factors associated with pain in Inflammatory Bowel Disease:Psychosocial factors associated with pain in inflammatory bowel disease

Author

Sweeney, L., Moss-Morris, R., Czuber-Dochan, W., Meade, L., Chumbley, G., and Norton, C.

Subjects
Journal Article, Review
Abstract

BACKGROUND: Pain is a frequently reported symptom of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) experienced by patients in active disease and remission. Psychological factors play a significant role in pain, but have not been systematically reviewed in IBD.AIM: To review psychosocial factors associated with pain in adults diagnosed with IBD.METHODS: Electronic (PsycInfo, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, Web of Science), and hand-searching were conducted February-May 2017. Two authors carried out screening and data extraction.RESULTS: Fifteen studies including 5539 IBD patients were identified. Emotional, cognitive-behavioural and personality factors were associated with IBD-pain. Depression and anxiety were the most commonly explored constructs, followed by perceived stress and pain catastrophising, all of which were positively associated with greater pain. Greater abdominal pain was associated with a concurrent mood disorder over fivefold (OR 5.76, 95% CI 1.39, 23.89). Coping strategies and pain fear avoidance correlated with pain levels. Perceived social support (r = .26) and internal locus of control (r = .33) correlated with less pain. Patients reporting pain in IBD remission more frequently had an existing diagnosis of a mood disorder, a chronic pain disorder and irritable bowel syndrome. Six studies controlled for disease activity, of which 4 found that psychosocial factors significantly predicted pain. The majority of studies (n = 10) were of high quality.CONCLUSION: Psychosocial factors appear to play a significant role in IBD-pain. Further research is required to explore psychosocial constructs in relation to IBD-pain, with use of validated pain measures, large sample sizes and clearer characterisation of disease activity.

Published
2018
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142. Stepped-wedge randomised trial of laparoscopic ventral mesh rectopexy in adults with chronic constipation: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Author

Grossi, U., Stevens, N., Mcalees, E., Lacy-Colson, J., Brown, S., Dixon, A., Di Tanna, G. L., Scott, S. M., Norton, C., Marlin, N., Mason, J., Knowles, C. H., Chapman, M., Williams, A., Mercer-Jones, M., Telford, K., Clarke, A., Pilkington, S., Yiannakou, Y., Smart, N., Tincello, D., Miller, A., Campbell, K., Cruickshank, N., Emmett, C., Pares, D., Horrocks, E., Vollebregt, P., Lindsey, I., Jayne, D., Pearce, R., Corrigan, N., Mclaughlin, J., Gilbert, D., Mccurrach, I., Smalley, L., Emmanuel, A., Ukoumunne, O. C., Al-Khafaji, P., Bellamacina, C., Davies, G., Webb-Wilson, H., Tinkler, L., Cairns, L., Harding, J., Stoker, C., Burrows, J., Burlinson, A., Ogden, K., Savage, I., Giordano, P., Siddiqi, S., Hance, J., Praveen, B. V. R., Nisar, P., Collie, M., Eldridge, S., Waring, M., Michael, K., Hansen, J., Manivannan, A., Uddin, N., Vaizey, C., Taylor, S., and Moss-Morris, R.

Subjects
Male, Time Factors, Constipation, CapaCiTY, CapaCiTY study 3, Chronic constipation, Internal rectal prolapse, Laparoscopic ventral mesh rectopexy (LVMR), Rectopexy, Stepped wedge, Surgery, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Chronic Disease, Digestive System Surgical Procedures, Female, Humans, Laparoscopy, Middle Aged, Multicenter Studies as Topic, Quality of Life, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Recovery of Function, Rectal Prolapse, Rectum, Treatment Outcome, United Kingdom, Young Adult, Defecation, Surgical Mesh, Medicine (miscellaneous), law.invention, Study Protocol, 0302 clinical medicine, Randomized controlled trial, Quality of life, law, Medicine, Pharmacology (medical), lcsh:R5-920, medicine.diagnostic_test, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, 030211 gastroenterology & hepatology, medicine.symptom, lcsh:Medicine (General), medicine.medical_specialty, 03 medical and health sciences, Journal Article, business.industry, medicine.disease, Rectal prolapse, Surgical mesh, Physical therapy, business
Abstract

Background Laparoscopic ventral mesh rectopexy (LVMR) is an established treatment for external full-thickness rectal prolapse. However, its clinical efficacy in patients with internal prolapse is uncertain due to the lack of high-quality evidence. Methods An individual level, stepped-wedge randomised trial has been designed to allow observer-blinded data comparisons between patients awaiting LVMR with those who have undergone surgery. Adults with symptomatic internal rectal prolapse, unresponsive to prior conservative management, will be eligible to participate. They will be randomised to three arms with different delays before surgery (0, 12 and 24 weeks). Efficacy outcome data will be collected at equally stepped time points (12, 24, 36 and 48 weeks). The primary objective is to determine clinical efficacy of LVMR compared to controls with reduction in the Patient Assessment of Constipation Quality of Life (PAC-QOL) at 24 weeks serving as the primary outcome. Secondary objectives are to determine: (1) the clinical effectiveness of LVMR to 48 weeks to a maximum of 72 weeks; (2) pre-operative determinants of outcome; (3) relevant health economics for LVMR; (4) qualitative evaluation of patient and health professional experience of LVMR and (5) 30-day morbidity and mortality rates. Discussion An individual-level, stepped-wedge, randomised trial serves the purpose of providing an untreated comparison for the active treatment group, while at the same time allowing the waiting-listed participants an opportunity to obtain the intervention at a later date. In keeping with the basic ethical tenets of this design, the average waiting time for LVMR (12 weeks) will be shorter than that for routine services (24 weeks). Trial registration ISRCTN registry, ISRCTN11747152. Registered on 30 September 2015. The trial was prospectively registered (first patient enrolled on 21 March 2016). Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13063-018-2456-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Published
2018
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144. Modernizing Fortran 77 legacy codes

Author

Norton, C. D and Decyk, V. K

Abstract

Legacy software has great value since it is generally well debugged, produces results that are trusted and is actively meeting end-user goals. The amount of hidden expert knowledge embedded in such software can be significant, making its preservation important.

Published
2000

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