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Cutting fluids, usually in the form of a liquid, are applied to the chip formation zone in order to improve the cutting conditions. Cutting fluid can be expensive and represents a biological and environmental hazard that requires proper recycling and disposal, thus adding to the cost of the machining operation. For these reasons dry cutting or dry machining has become an increasingly important approach; in dry machining no coolant or lubricant is used. This paper discussed the effect of the dry cutting on cutting force and tool life when machining aerospace materials (Haynes 242) with using two different coated carbide cutting tools (TiAlN and TiN/MT-TiCN/TiN). Response surface method (RSM) was used to minimize the number of experiments. ParTiAlN Swarm Optimisation (PSO) models were developed to optimize the machining parameters (cutting speed, federate and axial depth) and obtain the optimum cutting force and tool life. It observed that carbide cutting tool coated with TiAlN performed better in dry cutting compared with TiN/MT-TiCN/TiN. On other hand, TiAlN performed more superior with using of 100 % water soluble coolant. Due to the high temperature produced by aerospace materials, the cutting tool still required lubricant to sustain the heat transfer from the workpiece., {"references":["Richards N, Aspinwall D. Use of ceramic tools for machining\nnickelbased alloys. Int J Mach Tool Manf 1989;294:575-88.","Khamsehzadeh H. Behaviour of ceramic cutting tools when machining\nsuperalloys. Ph.D. thesis, University of Warwick; 1991. p. 125.","Ezugwu EO, Machado AR, Pashby IR, Wallbank J. The effect of highpressure\ncoolant supply. Lub Eng 1990;479:751-7.","Ezugwu EO, Wang ZM. Performance of PVD and CVD coated tools\nwhen nickel-based machining Inconel 718 alloy. In: Narutaki N, et al.,\neditors. Progress of cutting and grinding; 1996. p. 111:102-7.","Wang ZM. 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The influence of various parameters on oxygen stripping for a two stage spray and tray type de-aerator is analyzed experimentally. It is observed that increasing the mass flow rate of water leads to an increase in heat and mass transfer coefficients in both stages. There is no significant influence of de-aerator pressure and length of the second stage on the heat transfer coefficients in the range tested. The increase in de-aerator pressure enhances the mass transfer coefficient by 14 percent, whereas the increase in length of the second stage has no significant influence. The empirical correlations available in the literature predict the mass transfer coefficients satisfactorily in the experimental range tested. The total length of the de-aerator is a significant parameter influencing the quantity of oxygen removed from the feed water.

The world natural gas reserve is plentiful. Instead of using gasoline to power ground vehicles, usage of Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) can improve the environment and reduce energy cost. However, most engines that runs on CNG are converted from gasoline based engine. Hence, the engines are not optimized for CNG. Other problems of converted engines are loss of power due to slower burn rate of CNG and gas displacement effect of CNG, hotter exhaust gas which degrade engine’s reliability, low mileage per tank and higher NO x . Since, converted engines are gasoline base engine, a dual fuel injection engine system can be developed to reduce the stated problems. Are activity controlled approach was incorporated where both gasoline and CNG are mixed before going into the combustion chamber. With this technique, when a blend of high reactive 35% gasoline and 65% CNG was used, the engine had its engine performance such torque, power and efficiency increasing by 10%. Also, the engine emissions such as hydrocarbon was reduced by 50% and carbon monoxide emission was reduced by 75% and NO x emission was reduced by 50% when compared with CNG baseline. Combustion of spark ignition engines converted to bi-fuel CNG is unstable and proper air and fuel mixing strategy is a concern here.