Search

Long-term monitoring projects are becoming more than ever crucial in assessing the effects of climate change on marine communities, especially in Antarctica, where these changes are expected to be particularly dramatic. Detailed studies of the Antarctic benthos are in fact particularly important for a better understanding of benthos dynamics and potential climate-driven shifts. Here, due to the extreme fragility of benthic communities, non-destructive techniques represent the best solution in long-term monitoring programs. In this paper we report new results from 2017, 2018, 2019 photogrammetric campaigns within the Italian National Antarctic Research Program (PNRA). A new protocol of data acquisition and multi-temporal processing that provides co-registered 3D point clouds between the three years without control points nor direct georeferencing methods is presented. This is achieved by adding a level of image understanding leveraging semantic segmentation with convolutional neural network (CNN) of the benthic features. Slow growing (estimated less than a mm per year) organisms, such as Corallinales (Rhodophyta algae), represent a natural stable pattern, leveraged to automatically orient in the same reference system the photogrammetric surveys of different epochs. This approach is also proved to be effective in improving the orientation of adjacent strips acquired within the same campaign. Within the paper an in depth analysis of the achieved results shows the effectiveness of the implemented procedure.

Background: Patient diaries are a supportive intervention aiding intensive care unit (ICU) survivors and their families post‐critical illness. Despite their growing acceptance, ICU diary usage varies across settings. Aim: This study explored themes in nurse‐written ICU diaries and their impact on nursing work and communication. Study Design: This qualitative study employed an interpretative narrative methodology to explore the experiences of ICU nurses. The narrative approach enabled the synthesis of diverse events and impressions into coherent stories, facilitating a deeper understanding of participants' perspectives. Data collection involved thematic analysis of diaries following Braun and Clarke's methodology. The analysis included familiarization, coding, theme identification and validation by the research team. The findings were reviewed by participants and translated into English using the WHO's cultural adaptation guidelines, ensuring reliability and credibility in the study's outcomes. Results: The sample consisted of 28 ICU nurses, each with professional experience ranging from 1 to 23 years. The hospitalized subjects for whom our sample wrote the diary consist of 13 participants aged 23–79 years. Two main themes emerged from the analysis: (1) simplifying the intensive care situation with specific minimization strategies and (2) attention to nonverbal communication. Conclusions: This study highlights the role of nurse‐written ICU diaries in making the ICU environment more understandable and less intimidating for patients. Nurse‐written ICU diaries contribute to improved communication and emotional support within the ICU environment. Further research is needed to explore these effects more fully and to assess the broader implications of ICU diaries on patient outcomes. Relevance to Clinical Practice: Nurse‐written intensive care unit (ICU) diaries have a significant impact on both patient care and nursing practice in ICUs. ICU diaries serve as a crucial tool for enhancing communication, emotional support and empathetic care within these high‐stress environments. By simplifying complex medical information and focusing on nonverbal communication, nurses can make the ICU experience more comprehensible and less intimidating for patients. This approach reduces patient anxiety and psychological stress while fostering a stronger nurse–patient relationship, ultimately improving care quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clays have been exploited in the manufacture of diverse products from ceramics to paints, pharmaceuticals, plastics, cosmetics, and more. Thus, they can be used in many industrial applications, showing good adsorbent ability thanks to their lamellar structure, high cation exchange capacity, pore size distribution, and large surface area. For this reason, considerable attention has been paid to their in-depth characterization, for further integration in sectors such as biomedicine, construction, remediation, aerospace, and nanotechnology. For this aim, two samples of natural clays, ALO1 and PRE4, from the southeast part of Albania, were subject to a multi-methodological characterization, with the aim of addressing the use of such geomaterials in possible sensing applications. X-ray fluorescence analysis, morphological characterization of the samples, and energy-dispersive system spectroscopy pointed to an extreme mineralogical variety, with kaolinite in AL01 and montmorillonite in PRE4 as the most abundant phases. This fact was further confirmed by powder X-ray diffraction, showing a quartz content of 20%, a kaolinite content of 64%, and a muscovite content of 16% for ALO1; meanwhile, for PRE4, we found a content of quartz of 45%, a content of montmorillonite of 34.9%, and a content of clinochlore of 20%. Infrared spectroscopy and thermal analyses confirmed the presence of hydroxyl groups in both samples, suggesting a higher content in ALO1. Measurement of N2 adsorption isotherms on the clay samples yields specific surface areas of 87 m2/g for PRE4 and 32 m2/g for ALO1, pore volumes of 0.721 cm3/g for PRE4 and 0.637 cm3/g for ALO1, and similar pore sizes in the range of 6–12 nm. Electrochemical analysis highlighted a good conductivity of ALO1 and PRE4 when used for the modification of commercial carbon-based screen-printed electrodes. In detail, higher currents were registered by differential pulse voltammetry for the electrodes modified with the clays with respect to bare electrodes, as well as good repeatability of the measurements. In addition, a comparative study with nanomaterials, known for their good conductivity, was achieved, using carbon black and gold nanoparticles as a reference, showing that the conductivity of the clays was lower than but not so different from those of the reference materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Cow milk protein allergy (CMPA) is one of the most common food allergies in the pediatric age worldwide. Prevalence, persistence, and severity of this condition are on the rise, with a negative impact on the health‐related quality of life of the patients and families and on the costs related to its management. Another relevant issue is that CMPA in early life may be the first stage of the "allergic march," leading to the occurrence of other atopic manifestations later in life, especially asthma, atopic eczema, urticaria, and rhinoconjunctivitis. Thus, "disease modification" options that are able to modulate the disease course of pediatric patients affected by CMPA would be very welcomed by affected families and healthcare systems. In this review, we report the most relevant progress on this topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID) and food neophobia present significant challenges in pediatric healthcare, particularly among children with food allergies (FAs). These eating disorders, characterized by the persistent avoidance or restriction of food, can lead to severe nutritional deficiencies and psychosocial impairments. The presence of FAs further complicates these eating behaviors, as the fear of allergic reactions exacerbates avoidance and restrictive patterns. This comprehensive review synthesizes current knowledge on ARFID and food neophobia, focusing on their definitions, characteristics, and the unique challenges they present in the context of FAs. The review explores the critical role of healthcare professionals, especially nurses, in integrating psychological and clinical care to improve outcomes for affected children. A multidisciplinary approach, including Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Family-Based Therapy (FBT), is emphasized as essential in addressing the complex needs of these patients. The review also highlights the need for standardized treatment protocols and further research on the long-term outcomes of these disorders, aiming to enhance therapeutic strategies and family support systems. Effective management of ARFID and food neophobia in the context of FAs requires a holistic and integrated approach to mitigate the profound impacts on a child's growth, development, and overall well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Image stabilisation (IS) is a family of approaches whose aim is to reduce motion blur in still images and shaking effect in video frames. A variety of techniques are currently implemented in cameras and camcorders: some involve hardware solutions, other are software approaches. In general, IS for still photography entails hardware in-camera or in-lens solutions. Video stabilisation, on the other hand, can be accomplished with software algorithms, either in real-time within the camera or in post-processing.Whereas IS aids photography and video making, its influence on the photogrammetric 3D modelling process has not been investigated. This article addresses this aspect. To this purpose, several laboratory and real-world tests were carried out, whose results showed that IS must be disabled when accuracy matters in photogrammetric projects. Details are provided in the manuscript.

Rural contexts have received legal and cultural attention since the late twentieth century, as a result of their social, political and economic development and in parallel with the evolution of the concept of heritage in the Charters and Conventions. In particular, for rural heritage, the time lag between the World Heritage Convention (1992) and the Icomos-Ifla Principles on Rural Landscapes as Heritage (2017) is significant. In relation to this issue, the contribution intends to retrace this evolution, carrying out reflections on some topics, such as: the inclusion of rural heritages in world and national lists (WHL, Italian Register of Historic Rural Landscapes); the different consideration given over time to architecture with respect to rural landscapes; the implications between rural heritage and the most recent environmental initiatives (Agenda 2030). With reference to the most recent Charters and documents on rural heritage and the current orientations to be traced back to the paradigms of the ecological transition - as well as through some examples, such as the Historic Rural Land- scape of the Land Reclamation in Valdichiana – it’s important to reflect about the possibility that these cultural tools can guide practices on rural landscape and restoration interventions on architecture, in order to protect them.

Among photogrammetric products, orthophotos are probably the most versatile and widely used in many fields of application. In the last years, coupled with the spread of semi-automated survey and processing approaches based on photogrammetry, orthophotos have become almost a standard for monitoring the underwater environment. If on land the definition of the reference coordinate system and projection plane for the orthophoto generation is trivial, underwater it may represent a challenge. In this paper, we address the issue of defining the vertical direction and resulting horizontal plane (levelling) for the differential ortho rectification. We propose a non-invasive, contactless method based on roll and pitch angular data provided by in-camera IMU sensors and embedded in the Exif metadata of JPEG and raw image files. We show how our approach can be seamlessly integrated into automatic SfM/MVS pipelines, provide the mathematical background, and showcase real-world applications results in an underwater monitoring project. The results illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method and, for the first time, provide a metric evaluation of the definition of the vertical direction with low-cost sensors enclosed in digital cameras directly underwater.

Cow's milk allergy (CMA) is one of the earliest and most common food allergy and can be elicited by both IgE- or non-IgE-mediated mechanism. We previously described dysbiosis in children with IgE-mediated CMA and the effect of dietary treatment with extensively hydrolyzed casein formula (EHCF) alone or in combination with the probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG). On the contrary, the gut microbiota in non-IgE-mediated CMA remains uncharacterized. In this study we evaluated gut microbiota composition and fecal butyrate levels in children affected by non-IgE-mediated CMA. We found a gut microbiota dysbiosis in non-IgE-mediated CMA, driven by an enrichment of Bacteroides and Alistipes. Comparing these results with those previously obtained in children with IgE-mediated CMA, we demonstrated overlapping signatures in the gut microbiota dysbiosis of non-IgE-mediated and IgE-mediated CMA children, characterized by a progressive increase in Bacteroides from healthy to IgE-mediated CMA patients. EHCF containg LGG was more strongly associated with an effect on dysbiosis and on butyrate production if compared to what observed in children treated with EHCF alone. If longitudinal cohort studies in children with CMA will confirm these results, gut microbiota dysbiosis could be a relevant target for innovative therapeutic strategies in children with non-IgE-mediated CMA.

Here, the authors profile the taxonomic composition and genetic potential of the gut microbiome of children with food or respiratory allergies and find that the gut metagenome of these patients is characterized by higher proinflammatory potential and reduced capacity of degrading complex polysaccharides, with Ruminococcus gnavus playing a central role.

IntroductionMaternal diet during pregnancy has been linked to offspring allergy risk and it could represent a potential target for allergy prevention. The Mediterranean Diet (MD) is considered one of the healthiest dietary models. Randomized-controlled trials on the effect of MD in preventing pediatric allergic diseases are still needed.Methods and analysisThe Mediterranean Diet during Pregnancy study (PREMEDI) will be a 9-month multi-center, randomized-controlled, parallel groups, prospective trial. Healthy women (20–35 years) at their first trimester of pregnancy at risk for atopy baby, will be randomly allocated to Group 1 (standard obstetrical and gynecological follow-up and nutritional counseling to promote MD) or Group 2 (standard obstetrical and gynecological follow-up alone). 138 mother-child pair per group will be needed to detect a reduction in cumulative incidence of ≥1 allergic disease at 24 months of age. The primary study aim will be the evaluation of the occurrence of allergic disorders in the first 24 months of life. The secondary aims will be the evaluation of maternal weight gain, pregnancy/perinatal complications, growth indices and occurrence of other chronic disorders, mother-child pair adherence to MD and gut microbiome features, breastfeeding duration and breast milk composition, epigenetic modulation of genes involved in immune system, and metabolic pathways in the offspring.Ethics and disseminationThe study protocol has been approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Naples Federico II (number 283/21) and it will be conducted in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration (Fortaleza revision, 2013), the Good Clinical Practice Standards (CPMP/ICH/135/95), the Italian Decree-Law 196/2003 regarding personal data and the European regulations on this subject. The study has been registered in the Clinical Trials Protocol Registration System.Clinical trial registration[http://clinicaltrials.gov], identifier [NCT05119868].

BackgroundAmino acid-based formula (AAF) is a relevant dietary option for non-breastfed children. The present study was designed to evaluate the body growth pattern in cow's milk protein allergy (CMPA) children treated for 6 months with a new AAF.MethodsThis was an open-label, single arm study evaluating body growth pattern in immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated CMPA infants receiving a new AAF for 6 months. The outcomes were anthropometry (weight, length, head circumference), adherence to the study formula and occurrence of adverse events (AEs).ResultsFifteen children [all Caucasian and born at term; 53.3% born with spontaneous delivery; 80% male; 80% with familial allergy risk; mean age (±SD) 3 ± 2.5 months at IgE-mediated CMPA diagnosis; mean age (±SD) 16.7 ± 5.9 months at enrolment, mean total serum IgE (±SD) 298.2 ± 200.4 kU/L] were included and completed the 6-month study. Data from fifteen age- and sex-matched healthy controls were also adopted as comparison. At baseline, all CMPA patients were weaned and were receiving the new AAF. All 15 patients completed the 6-month study period. For the entire CMPA pediatric patients’ cohort, from baseline to the end of the study period, the body growth pattern resulted within the normal range of World Health Organization (WHO) growth references and resulted similar to healthy controls anthropometric values. The formula was well tolerated. The adherence was optimal and no AEs related to AAF use were reported.ConclusionsThe new AAF ensured normal growth in subjects affected by IgE-mediated CMPA. This formula constitutes another suitable safe option for the management of pediatric patients affected by CMPA.

Bullying and cyberbullying are harmful social phenomena that involve the intentional, repeated use of power to intimidate or harm others. The ramifications of these actions are felt not just at the individual level but also pervasively throughout society, necessitating immediate attention and practical solutions. The BullyBuster project pioneers a multi-disciplinary approach, integrating artificial intelligence (AI) techniques with psychological models to comprehensively understand and combat these issues. In particular, employing AI in the project allows the automatic identification of potentially harmful content by analyzing linguistic patterns and behaviors in various data sources, including photos and videos. This timely detection enables alerts to relevant authorities or moderators, allowing for rapid interventions and potential harm mitigation. This paper, a culmination of previous research and advancements, details the potential for significantly enhancing cyberbullying detection and prevention by focusing on the system’s design and the novel application of AI classifiers within an integrated framework. Our primary aim is to evaluate the feasibility and applicability of such a framework in a real-world application context. The proposed approach is shown to tackle the pervasive issue of cyberbullying effectively.

Detecting the impacts of natural and anthropogenic disturbances that cause declines in organisms or changes in community composition has long been a focus of ecology. However, a tradeoff often exists between the spatial extent over which relevant data can be collected, and the resolution of those data. Recent advances in underwater photogrammetry, as well as computer vision and machine learning tools that employ artificial intelligence (AI), offer potential solutions with which to resolve this tradeoff. Here, we coupled a rigorous photogrammetric survey method with novel AI-assisted image segmentation software in order to quantify the impact of a coral bleaching event on a tropical reef, both at an ecologically meaningful spatial scale and with high spatial resolution. In addition to outlining our workflow, we highlight three key results: (1) dramatic changes in the three-dimensional surface areas of live and dead coral, as well as the ratio of live to dead colonies before and after bleaching; (2) a size-dependent pattern of mortality in bleached corals, where the largest corals were disproportionately affected, and (3) a significantly greater decline in the surface area of live coral, as revealed by our approximation of the 3D shape compared to the more standard planar area (2D) approach. The technique of photogrammetry allows us to turn 2D images into approximate 3D models in a flexible and efficient way. Increasing the resolution, accuracy, spatial extent, and efficiency with which we can quantify effects of disturbances will improve our ability to understand the ecological consequences that cascade from small to large scales, as well as allow more informed decisions to be made regarding the mitigation of undesired impacts.

Due to global warming, animals are experiencing heat stress (HS), affecting many organic functions and species’ survival. In this line, some characteristics of immune cells in sea urchins subjected to short-term HS were evaluated. Paracentrotus lividus adult females were randomly divided into three groups and housed in tanks at 17 °C. In two of these tanks, the temperatures were gradually increased up to 23 and 28 °C. Celomatic fluid was collected after 3 and 7 days. The coelomocytes were morphologically typed and evaluated for their mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), lipoperoxidation extent (LPO), and hydrogen peroxide content (H2O2). Respiratory burst was induced by treatment with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). HS caused a significant change in the coelomocytes’ type distribution. MMP increased in the 23 °C-group and decreased in the 28 °C-group at both 3 and 7 days. LPO only increased in the 28 °C-group at 7 days. H2O2 progressively decreased together with the temperature increase. Respiratory burst was detected in all groups, but it was higher in the 17 °C group. In conclusion, the increase in temperature above the comfort zone for this animal species affects their immune cells with possible impairment of their functions.

Cultural Heritage (CH) resources are partial, heterogeneous, discontinuous, and subject to ongoing updates and revisions. The use of semantic web technologies associated with 3D graphical tools is proposed to improve access, exploration, exploitation and enrichment of these CH data in a standardized and more structured form. This article presents the monitoring work developed for more than ten years on the excavation of the Xlendi site. Around an exceptional shipwreck, the oldest from the Archaic period in the Western Mediterranean, we have set up a unique excavation at a depth of 110m assisted by a rigorous and continuous photogrammetry campaign. All the collected results are modelled by an ontology and visualized with virtual and augmented reality tools that allow a bidirectional link between the proposed graphical representations and the non-graphical archaeological data. It is also important to highlight the development of an innovative 3D mobile app that lets users study and understand the site as well as experience sensations close to those of a diver visiting the site.

Abstract Background Amino acid-based formula (AAF) is a relevant dietary strategy for paediatric patients affected by cow’s milk allergy (CMA). The present study was designed to evaluate the hypoallergenicity of a new AAF in children with immunoglobulin (Ig)E-mediated CMA. Methods According to the criteria provided by the American Academy of Pediatrics Subcommittee on Nutrition and Allergic Diseases, we designed a prospective trial in CMA children (aged 1–36 months) aimed to demonstrate the hypoallergenicity of the new AAF in 90% of subjects with 95% confidence during the double-blind, placebo-controlled challenge (DBPCFC). A skin prick test (SPT) with the new AAF was also performed. Results Twenty-nine children [all Caucasian, 55.2% male, mean age (±SD) 16.9 ± 5.7 months] were enrolled. The SPT and the DBPCFC with the new AAF were negative in all study subjects. Conclusions The study results support the hypoallergenicity of the new AAF. This formula could be considered an additional dietary option for non-breastfed children affected by CMA. Trial registration The trial was registered in the ClinicalTrials.gov Protocol Registration System (ID number: NCT03909113 ).

Photogrammetry needs known geometric elements to provide metric traceable measurements. These known elements can be a distance between two three-dimensional object points or two camera stations, or a combination of known coordinates and/or angles to solve the seven degrees of freedom that lead to rank deficiency of the normal-equation matrix. In this paper we present a novel approach for scaling and levelling to the local vertical direction an underwater photogrammetric survey. The developed methodology is based on a portable low-cost device designed and realized by the authors that uses depth measurements from a high resolution pressure sensor. The prototype consists of a data logger featuring a pressure sensor synchronized with a digital camera in its underwater pressure housing. The modular design, with optical communication and synchronization, provides great flexibility not requiring the camera housing to undergo any hardware modifications. The proposed methodology allows for a full 3D levelling transformation comprising two angles, a vertical translation and a scale factor and can work for surveying scenes extending horizontally, vertically or both. The paper presents the theoretical principles, an overview of the developed system together with preliminary calibration results. Tests in a lake and at sea are reported. An accuracy better than 1:5000 on the length measurement was achieved in calm water conditions.

During underwater investigations, whatever the mission objective and the type of vehicle, obstacles detection and avoidance are essential tasks. They can either represent a target of interest that is the object of the mission or, on the contrary, represent obstacles that can hinder or affect the navigation of the vehicle. The underwater optical cameras that are usually fitted to underwater vehicles only offer a narrow field of view. The absorption of electromagnetic waves in the first few meters and the diffusion of light by the particles limit the use of these sensors to only a few meters range. The use of acoustic sensors, such as the forward looking sonar (FLS), is then necessary to enlarge the volume in which a target can be detected during the progression of the vehicle. Traditionally, sonars featured mechanical rotating parts, but lately bidirectional forward looking sonar, which directly produces a 2D image of the area, are becoming more and more common. Although these sonars can operate at frequency higher than 1MHz, their spatial resolution remains much lower if compared to current optical sensors and can be insufficient to identify and characterize a target. The combination of these two sensors in an operational scenario is essential to take advantage of each technology. In this paper we describe a low cost, multi-sensor, underwater survey solution for the identification, tracking, and 3D mapping of targets. After a description of the architecture of the opto-acoustics data acquisition and processing platform, we will focus on the calibration of the rigid transformation between the two sensors.

Uncontrolled refraction of optical rays in underwater photogrammetry is known to reduce its accuracy potential. Several strategies have been proposed aiming at restoring the accuracy to levels comparable with photogrammetry applied in air. These methods are mainly based on rigours modelling of the refraction phenomenon or empirical iterative refraction corrections. The authors of this contribution have proposed two mitigation strategies of image residuals systematic patterns in the image plane: (i) empirical weighting of image observations as function of their radial position; (ii) iterative look-up table corrections computed in a squared grid. Here, a novel approach is developed. It explicitly takes into account the object point-to-camera distance dependent error introduced by refraction in multimedia photogrammetry. A polynomial correction function is iteratively computed to correct the image residuals clustered in radial slices in the image plane as function of the point-to-camera distance. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated by simulations that allow to: (i) separate the geometric error under investigation from other effects not easily modellable and (ii) have reliable reference data against which to assess the accuracy of the result.

Abstract Background In 2019, a multidisciplinary panel of experts from eight Italian scientific paediatric societies developed a consensus document for the use of inhaled corticosteroids in the management and prevention of the most common paediatric airways disorders. The aim is to provide healthcare providers with a multidisciplinary document including indications useful in the clinical practice. The consensus document was intended to be addressed to paediatricians who work in the Paediatric Divisions, the Primary Care Services and the Emergency Departments, as well as to Residents or PhD students, paediatric nurses and specialists or consultants in paediatric pulmonology, allergy, infectious diseases, and ear, nose, and throat medicine. Methods Clinical questions identifying Population, Intervention(s), Comparison and Outcome(s) were addressed by methodologists and a general agreement on the topics and the strength of the recommendations (according to the GRADE system) was obtained following the Delphi method. The literature selection included secondary sources such as evidence-based guidelines and systematic reviews and was integrated with primary studies subsequently published. Results The expert panel provided a number of recommendations on the use of inhaled corticosteroids in preschool wheezing, bronchial asthma, allergic and non-allergic rhinitis, acute and chronic rhinosinusitis, adenoid hypertrophy, laryngitis and laryngospasm. Conclusions We provided a multidisciplinary update on the current recommendations for the management and prevention of the most common paediatric airways disorders requiring inhaled corticosteroids, in order to share useful indications, identify gaps in knowledge and drive future research.

Maddalena Napolitano,1 Gabriella Fabbrocini,2 Angelo Ruggiero,2 Vincenzo Marino,2 Mariateresa Nocerino,2 Cataldo Patruno3 1Department of Medicine and Health Sciences Vincenzo Tiberio, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy; 2Section of Dermatology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; 3Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, ItalyCorrespondence: Maddalena NapolitanoDepartment of Medicine and Health Sciences Vincenzo Tiberio, University of Molise, Campobasso, ItalyTel +39 0817462439Email maddy.napolitano@gmail.comAbstract: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, pruritic, inflammatory skin disease that predominantly affects children. However, it can persist in adulthood and/or start at older ages. Both dysfunction of the epidermal barrier and immune dysregulation are known to play a role in the pathogenesis of AD. In the last years, numerous studies showed that Janus kinase (JAK) enzymes have a key role in AD pathogenesis. Therefore, oral and topical JAK inhibitors are new emerging treatments for AD. We report the data relating to abrocitinib, an oral JAK1 inhibitor. For this purpose, we examined articles already published concerning, in particular, concluded clinical trials. Furthermore, we also report the design of current ongoing clinical trials. The search was carried out considering the main search engines relating to medical literature and clinical trials. From all the data we collected, abrocitinib proved to be an effective drug in significantly reducing the severity of moderate-to-severe AD when compared to placebo. Furthermore, the efficacy was similar to other well-established treatment for AD, such as dupilumab. Adverse events were generally mild; indeed, the drug was definitively suspended only in few patients.Keywords: atopic dermatitis, abrocitinib, JAK inhibitors, JAK-STAT