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This paper presents the results of crossing Domestic Spotted breed with beef cattle breeds in the People's Republic of China and the Republic of Serbia. China is a big country of beef production and consumption. In 2012, beef production in China was 5,540,000 tons, which accounted for 9.7% of the global beef production, ranking the third in the world. The main sources of China's beef are from crossbreeding cattle (native breed crossbred with foreign beef cattle). Simmental cattle are the most-widely used beef cattle in China's improved beef cattle. China has cultivated its own Simmental after over 40 years' crossbreeding and improvement. China's consumers mainly have three demands for beef quality as follows: expensive beef produced from Wagyu crossbreed with better marbling; lean beef from Simmental, Charolais and Limousin crossbreeds, top parts supplied to hotels while common parts to supermarkets; veal from cow calves. Chinese researchers are carrying out researches which are centered on marbling beef, lean beef and veal on complete techniques of good breed, feeding management, slaughter and cutting and carcass classification. At present, researchers have lively interest in functional genomics of meat quality traits of cattle, they expect to use these methods to study meat quality traits and then improve the meat quality. Improved cattle breeds universally utilized in China are mainly Simmental followed by Charolais, Limousin, Wagyu and Angus. Other three cattle breeds including Belgian blue cattle, Piedmontese and Gelbvien have ever been applied, however, rarely used in present beef cattle production. Republic of Serbia has in the future to quickly and efficiently provide adequate quantities of top quality meat. One of the ways to increase the yield and quality of the meat is crossing of Domestic spotted cattle of lower production traits with French beef cattle breeds. Beef production in the EU is adapted to the consumer taste. Meat must have a light red colour, U radu su prikazani rezultati ukrštanja domaće šarene rase sa tovnim rasama u Narodnoj Republici Kini i u Republici Srbiji. Kina je zemlja sa velikom govedarskom proizvodnjom i potrošnjom. U 2012. godini, proizvodnja govedine u Kini bila je 5.540.000 tona, što čini 9,7% svetske proizvodnje goveđeg mesa, rangirana treća u svetu. Glavni izvori goveda u Kini su grla iz iz ukrštanja (nativne rase ukrštene sa stranim rasama goveda). Simentalska rasa goveda se najviše koriste u poboljšanim grlima tovne junadi u Kini. Kina je odgajila svoju simentalsku rasu, nakon više od 40 godina ukrštanja i poboljšanje. Potrošači u Kini uglavnom imaju tri zahteva koji se odnose na kvalitet mesa i to: skupi goveđi proizvodi dobijeni od meleza Vagyu sa boljom marmoriranošću; odlično, nemasno goveđe meso grla simentalske, šarole i limuzin rase, najvredniji delovi trupa koji se isporučuju hotelima, a manje vredni delovi supermarketima; teletina koja se proizvodi od ženske teladi. Kineski istraživači su obavljali istraživanja koji su fokusirana na mramoriranost mesa, nemasnu govedinu i teletinu, na kompletne tehnike dobrof upravljanja u odgoju - rase i ishrana, klanje i rasecanje i klasifikaciju trupa. Trenutno, istraživači su su zainteresovani za genetiku funkcionalnih svojstava kvaliteta mesa goveda, oni očekuju da koriste ove metode za proučavanje osobine kvaliteta mesa, a zatim poboljšanje kvaliteta mesa. Poboljšane rase goveda koje se koriste u u Kini su uglavnom simentalska, zatim šarole, limuzin, Vagyu i angus. Ostale tri rase goveda, uključujući belgijsku plavu rasu goveda, pijedmont i žutu rasu goveda se retko koriste u govedarskoj proizvodnji. Republika Srbija u budućnosti mora da brzo i efikasno obezbedi adekvatne količine najkvalitetnijeg mesa. Jedan od načina da se poveća prinos i kvalitet mesa je ukrštanje goveda domaće šarene rase nižih proizvodnih osobina sa francuskim tovnim rasama goveda. Govedarska proizvodnja u EU je prilagođena ukusu potrošača. Meso mora da ima svetlo cr

The study of the production capacities of cattleaimed at increase of the capacity of cattle to produce milk, milk fat and calves, greatly depends on pehotypic and genetic variability, heritability and correlation between preferable traits, as well as level of production in the population. Objective of the study was to calculate the variability, phenotypic and genetic correlation of milk and type traits by applying the method of linear scoring of cows in the nucleus herd of Holstein-Friesian bull dams and also to determine their significance in cattle selection. For all studied traits, main variation-statistical parameters were calculated by applying method of least squares: arithmetic mean, standard deviation, variation coefficient, standard error and variation interval. Negative phenotypic correlations between production of milk and type traits ranged from -0.12 (rear leg set, side view) to -0.01 (rump height and body depth) and positive from 0.03 (rear teat placement) to 0.23 (suspensory ligament). Phenotypic correlations between milk fat percentage and type traits varied in the range from -0.08 (fore teat placement) to 0.14 (rump height). Negative genetic correlations between milk production and type traits ranged from -0.11 (rear udder height) to -0.01 (rump width and dairy form), and positive from 0.03 (rear legs set, rear view) to 0.23 (suspensory ligament). Genetic correlations between the percentage of milk fat and type traits ranged from -0.15 (pelvic position) to 0.18 (rump height). Information about phenotypic and genetic correlations between milk and type traits can be of multiple significance in cow selection since it offers possibility to select heads of cattle for multiple traits at the same time., Ispitivanje proizvodnih kapaciteta goveda u cilju povećanja proizvodnje mleka, mlečne masti i broja teladi, u velikoj meri zavisi od fenotipske i genetske varijabilnosti, heritabiliteta i povezanosti poželjnih osobina, kao i nivoa proizvodnje u populaciji. Cilj ovih istraživanja bio je da se u nukleus zapatu bikovskih majki holštajn frizijske rase primenom linearnog metoda ocenjivanja krava izračuna varijabilnost, fenotipska i genetska povezanost osobina mlečnosti i tipa, i njihov značaj u selekciji goveda. Za sve ispitivane osobine primenom metoda najmanjih kvadrata izračunati su osnovni varijaciono-statistički parametri: aritmetička sredina, standardna devijacija, koeficijenti varijacije, standardna greška i interval varijacije. Negativne fenotipske korelacije između proizvodnje mleka i osobina tipa kretale su se u intervalu od -0.12 (položaj zadnjih nogu sa strane) do -0.01 (visina krsta i dubina tela), a pozitivne od 0.03 (položaj zadnjih sisa) do 0.23 (centralni ligament). Fenotipske korealacije između procenta mlečne masti i osobina tipa kretale su se u intervalu od -0.08 (pozicija prednjih sisa) do 0.14 (visina krsta). Negativne genetske korelacije između proizvodnje mleka i osobina tipa varirale su u razmaku od -0.11 (visina zadnjeg vimena) do -0.01 (širina karlice i mlečne karakteristike), a pozitivne od 0.03 (položaj zadnjih nogu otpozadi) do 0.23 (centralni ligament). Genetske korealacije između procenta mlečne masti i osobina tipa kretale su se u intervalu od -0.15 (položaj karlice) do 0.18 (visina krsta). Postojanje informacija o fenotipskim i genetskim korelacijama između osobina mlečnosti i tipa, može imati višestruki značaj u selekciji krava, jer pruža mogućnost odabira grla na više osobina istovremeno.

Agriculture of the Republic of Serbia is going through significant reforms in legislation and agricultural policy, during this EU preaccession period, in order to comply to one of the most important EU policies - Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). The potential and tradition of Serbia in production of beef, on one hand and EU market needs on the other, impose the need for timely preparations from the legislative and technological aspect and human resources. Present study gives the review of major legislative regulations and main parameters of SEUROP beef classification system in sense of definition, presentation and categorization of carcass, as well as criteria in conformation evaluation and fat cover of the carcass., Poljoprivreda Srbije u pretpristupnom periodu EU, prolazi kroz značajne reforme zakonodavstva i agrarne politike kako bi se prilagodila jednoj od najznačajnijih EU politika- Zajedničkoj poljoprivrednoj politici. Potencijal i tradicija naše zemlje u proizvodnji junećeg mesa sa jedne i potrebe tržišta EU sa druge strane, nameću potrebu za blagovremenim obavljanjem priprema u zakonodavnom, tehničkom i kadrovskom smislu. SEUROP standard je koncipiran da omogući 'zajednički EU jezik' koji opisuje kvalitet junećih trupova kao i analitiku baze podataka o životinjama, rezultatima klasifikacije i cenama što je od velikog značaja za primenu različitih mera podrške na tržištu unije. Obzirom da ovaj sistem podržava isplatu odgajivačima prema kvalitetu trupova, ovo je i važan instrument kojim se podstiče rad na unapređenju genotipova, ishrane i tehnologije u govedarstvu. U radu je dat pregled najvažnijih zakonskih regulativa i osnovnih parametara SEUROP klasifikacije junećeg mesa u smislu definicije, prezentacije i kategorizacije trupa kao i kriterijuma u oceni konformacije i prekrivenosti trupa lojem.

The paper presents data on the cattle industry in the People's Republic of China and the Republic of Serbia. China is the third largest dairy producing country and the third largest beef producing country in the world. In 2011, the dairy cow population in China was 14.4 million. Chinese dairy breed is mainly obtained by grading hybridization from Holstein, Simmental, etc. which were introduced from foreign countries, and local cattle breeds for long time to form the offspring with stable genetic characteristics. Currently, the dairy breeds cultured in China mainly include Chinese Holstein, Chinese Simmental, dairy buffalo, Brown cattle, Sanhe cattle, etc. Chinese Holstein accounts for about 80% of the total dairy cattle. From 2000 to 2007, Chinese beef production has always been in a rapid growth phase, with an increase from 5.054 million tons to 6.134 million tons, reached a historical highest level of 6.355 million tons in 2009, but rapidly declined since 2009, and dropped to 5 million tons in 2011. In addition, the amounts of reproduction cow and beef cattle in stock were also declined. In 2011, there were about 32.7 million beef cattle slaughtered, and the beef cattle population was about 80 million at the end of 2011, the beef carcass yield was about 5.5 million tons, the national average carcass weight was 201.5kg/cow, and the production value of beef cattle was about 200.75 billion Yuan. Currently, the amount of reproduction cow in stock declined sharply; the contradiction between the lack of cattle resource and the continued growth of beef consumption is more and more serious. Chinese dairy farming is mainly concentrated in the North, Northeast and Northwest of China, the dairy cows population in Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Heilongjiang and Hebei account for 60% of the total population in China; the beef cattle is mainly concentrated in rural areas as Henan, Shandong and Hebei provinces, accounting for 80% of the national amount of slaughtered beef cattle. In, U radu su predstavljeni podaci o govedarskoj proizvodnji u narodnoj Republici Kini i Republici Srbiji. Kina je treća zemlja na svetu po proizvodnji mleka i treća zemlja na svetu po proizvodnji goveđeg mesa. 2011. Godine, populacija mlečnih goveda u kini je iznosila 14,4 miliona grla. Kineska mlečna rasa govedase uglavnom dobija hibridizacijom grlima holštajn, simentalske i drugih rasa, koje su uvežene iz inostranstva, i lokalnih rasa goveda kako bi se dobio podmladak stabilnih genetskih karakteristika. Trenutno se u Kini gaje grla rase kineski holštajn, kineski simentalac, mlečni bivoli, grla smeđe rase, goveda rase sahne, itd. U periodu od 2000 do 2007 godine, proizvodnja goveđeg mesa u Kini je bila u brzom usponu i porastu, sa povećanjem sa 5.054 miliona tona na 6.134 miliona tona, da bi dostigla istorijski najviši nivo od 6.355 miliona tona 2009. Godine, ali od tada je u drastičnom padu gde se 2011. godine beleži s proizvodnja od 5 miliona tona. Takođe, dolazi do smanjenja broja reproduktivnih/priplodnih krava i tovnih goveda u zapatu. Godine 2011., zaklano je oko 32.7 miliona tovnih goveda, a populacija tovnih grla goveda je na kraju 2011. godine iznosila 80 miliona, prinos mesa je bio oko 5.5 miliona tona, a prosečna težina trupa na nacionalnom nivou 201.5kg/kravi, a proizvodna vrednost tovnih goveda je bila oko 200.75 milijardi juana. Trenutno, broj reproduktivnih/priplodnih krava u zapatu je u drastičnom padu; kontradikcija između nedostatka resursa goveda i stalno rastuće potrošnje goveđeg mesa je sve ozbiljnija. Kinesko mlečno govedarstvo je koncentrovano u severnom, severno-istočnom i severno-zapadnom delu Kine, populacija mlečnih goveda u unutrašnjosti Mongolije, Xinjiangu, Heilongjiangu i Hebeiu i predstavlja 60% ukupne populacije mlečnih goveda u Kini; tovna goveda se uglavnom gaje u ruralnim regionima - provincijama Henan, Šandong i Hebei, i predstavljaju 80% ukupno zaklanih grla goveda na nacionalnom nivou. Zadnjih godina, regioni koji su nadmoćni sa

Objective of the research was to investigate the level, structure and variability of realized differences between average values of body condition scores in high-yielding cows during most critical phases of production cycle. Realized differences were used as criterion for assessment of changes occurring in the cows' energy status through the level of increase or decrease of body condition. Realized average values of body condition scores, for individual and all body regions, within all studied phases of production cycle, deviated statistically very significantly (p≤0,01) from target values. Differences between average values of body condition scores according to phases of production cycle, for individual and all body regions, were statistically very significant (p≤0,01). Optimum body condition in dry period was realized by 48,76% cows, at calving 53,61%, in the lactation peak 24,41% and in mid lactation 21,12%. Average value of body condition scores at calving was higher by 0,18 (-0,01 to 0,72) units compared to beginning of dry period, whereas at the lactation peak it was by -1,26 (-2,75 to - 0,41) units lower compared to calving, and in mid lactation compared to lactation peak it was higher by 0,18 (-0,94 to 0,85) units. Within the distribution of achieved differences in body condition scores in the time from the beginning of dry period to calving in 346 cows or 96,11% of total number of animals (n=360) increase of body condition score was realized ranging from ≤ 0,25 units. Distribution of differences in body condition scores between calving and lactation peak showed that 243 cows or 71,48% of total 340 cows realized loss of body condition score of >1,00 units. Within distribution of differences in body condition scores between the lactation peak and mid lactation, 261 cows or 81,06% of total number of scored animals (n=322) increased the body condition score in value of ≤ 0,25 units. Study showed that, except in the dry period, changes of the body condition duri, Realizovane prosečne vrednosti ocena telesne kondicije krava, za pojedinačne i sve telesne regije, u okviru svih ispitivanih faza proizvodnog ciklusa, statistički vrlo značajno (p≤0,01) su odstupale od ciljnih vrednosti. Razlike između prosečnih vrednosti ocena telesne kondicije po fazama proizvodnog ciklusa, u okviru svake pojedinačne i svih telesnih regija, bile su statistički vrlo značajne (p≤0,01). Optimalnu telesnu kondiciju na zasušenju ostvarilo je 48,76% krava, na teljenju 53,61%, u vrhu laktacije 24,41% i na sredini laktacije 21,12%. Prosečna vrednost ocena telesne kondicije krava kod teljenja bila je veća za 0,18 (-0,01 do 0,72) jedinica u odnosu na početak zasušenja. Srednja vrednost ocena telesne kondicije krava na vrhu laktacije bila je za -1,26 (-2,75 do -0,41) jedinica manja u odnosu na teljenje. Prosečna vrednost ocena na sredini u odnosu na vrh laktacije bila je povećana za 0,18 (-0,94 do 0,85) jedinica. Kod svih utvrđenih prosečnih razlika u ocenama telesne kondicije između svih ispitivanih faza proizvodnog ciklusa bila je prisutna visoka varijabilnost. U okviru distribucije ostvarenih razlika ocena telesne kondicije u periodu između početka zasušenja i teljenja kod 346 krave ili 96,11% od ukupnog broja grla (n=360) ostvareno je povećanje telesne kondicije u intervalu ≤ 0,25 jedinica. Raspodela razlika ocena telesne kondicije između teljenja i vrha laktacije kod ukupno 340 krava pokazala je da su 243 krave ili 71,48% ostvarile gubitak telesne kondicije u iznosu >1,00 jedinice. U okviru raspodele razlika u ocenama telesne kondicije između vrha i sredine laktacije 261 krava ili 81,06% od ukupnog broja ocenjenih grla (n=322) povećale su telesnu kondiciju u vrednosti ≤ 0,25 jedinica.

Body condition of high yielding Holstein-Friesian dairy cows changes during the production cycle. It represents important indicator of achieved level of nutrition and degree of nourishment. BCS is a functional method, and integral part of the strategy and basis of corrective activities in farm management. BCS of cows in all phases of production cycle is important indicator of applied nutrition, but also of the technological process sin general. The amount of body reserves in form of fat tissue cow has before calving as huge impact on incidence of potential post-calving problems, production of milk, reproductive efficiency and health condition. Very often animals are culled from the herds prematurely, which shortenes the life exploitation of cows. Longevity is the ability to survice in certain production conditions. Life expectancy is from the economical aspect the most important functional trait of high yielding cows and represents necessary condition for sustainability of milk production over longer period. Average BCS of culled cows for the first stage of lactation was 3,35 (2,41-4,37) for the second stage of lactation 3,50 (2,59-4,59), for the third 2,22 (1,44-2,91) and the fourth 2,36 (1,37- 3,37). Variation coefficient (Cv) ranged from 12,59 to 16,82. Average age of culled cows was 2037,07 days or 5,58 years with variation interval of 742,00 to 5430,00 days. Age at culling showed high variability (Cv=45,69). Number of culled cows (n=34 or 32.69%) was the highest at the age of over 7 years (7,10-14,88). The same cows showed the highest variability in regard to longevity (Cv=17,97)., Prikazani rezultati jasno ukazuju na relizovane prosečne vrednosti, interval varijacije, standardnu devijaciju, koeficijent varijacije ispitivanih krava holštajnfrizijske rase. Prosečna BCS izlučenih krava za prvu fazu laktacije iznosila je 3,35 (2,41-4,37) za drugu fazu 3,50 (2,59-4,59), za treću fazu 2,22 (1,44-2,91) i četvrtu fazu 2,36 (1,37-3,37). Koeficijent varijacije (Cv) kretao se od 12,59 do 16,82. Realizovane vrednosti ukazuju da je kod distribucije prosečnih BCS krava u prvoj fazi proizvodnog ciklusa od ukupnog broja krava koji čini 107 grla najviše (n=23 ili 21,50 %) bilo u intervalu BCS od 2,76 do 3,00. Ispod tog intervala BCS bilo je 12 grla ili 11,21%, a iznad 72 grla ili 67,29%. U drugoj fazi od ukupno 104 ocenjenih krava najviše grla (n=19 ili 18,27%) bilo je u intervalu BCS od 2,76 do 3,00. Ispod tog intervala BCS bilo je 5 grla ili 4,81%, a iznad 80 grlo ili 76,92%. U ovoj fazi proizvodnje u intervalu BCS od 3,76 do 4,75 bilo 31 krave ili 29,81%. U trećoj fazi od 84 ocenjene krave najviše grla (n=25 ili 29,76%) bilo je u intervalu BCS od 2,00 do 2,25. Ispod navedenog nivoa BCS bilo je 19 grla ili 22,62%, a iznad 40 krava ili 47,62%. U četvrtoj fazi od ukupno 66 ocenjena grla najviše krava (n=17 ili 25,76%) bilo je u intervalu BCS od 2,26 do 2,50. Ispod tog intervala BCS bilo je 26 grla ili 39,39%, a iznad 23 krave ili 34,85%. U celini posmatrano rezultati su značajno su odstupali od preporučenih vrednosti za BCS. Prosečna starost krava kod izlučenja iznosila je 2037,07 dana ili 5,58 godina sa intervalom varijacije od 742,00 do 5430,00 dana, odnosno, od 2,04 do 14,88 godina. Starost kod izlučenja pokazala je visoku varijabilnost (Cv=45,69). Broj izlučenih krava (n=34 ili 32.69%) bio je najveći u starosti preko 7 godina (7,10-14,88). Iste krave pokazale su i najveću varijabilnost u pogledu dugovečnosti (Cv=17,97). Najviši prosečan nivo BCS u prvoj i drugoj fazi proizvodnog ciklusa imale su krave koje su bile stare na izlučenju od 4,1 do 5 godina (3

Agriculture of the Republic of Serbia is going through significant reforms in legislation and agricultural policy, during this EU preaccession period, in order to comply to one of the most important EU policies - Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). The potential and tradition of Serbia in production of beef, on one hand and EU market needs on the other, impose the need for timely preparations from the legislative and technological aspect and human resources. Present study gives the review of major legislative regulations and main parameters of SEUROP beef classification system in sense of definition, presentation and categorization of carcass, as well as criteria in conformation evaluation and fat cover of the carcass., Poljoprivreda Srbije u pretpristupnom periodu EU, prolazi kroz značajne reforme zakonodavstva i agrarne politike kako bi se prilagodila jednoj od najznačajnijih EU politika- Zajedničkoj poljoprivrednoj politici. Potencijal i tradicija naše zemlje u proizvodnji junećeg mesa sa jedne i potrebe tržišta EU sa druge strane, nameću potrebu za blagovremenim obavljanjem priprema u zakonodavnom, tehničkom i kadrovskom smislu. SEUROP standard je koncipiran da omogući 'zajednički EU jezik' koji opisuje kvalitet junećih trupova kao i analitiku baze podataka o životinjama, rezultatima klasifikacije i cenama što je od velikog značaja za primenu različitih mera podrške na tržištu unije. Obzirom da ovaj sistem podržava isplatu odgajivačima prema kvalitetu trupova, ovo je i važan instrument kojim se podstiče rad na unapređenju genotipova, ishrane i tehnologije u govedarstvu. U radu je dat pregled najvažnijih zakonskih regulativa i osnovnih parametara SEUROP klasifikacije junećeg mesa u smislu definicije, prezentacije i kategorizacije trupa kao i kriterijuma u oceni konformacije i prekrivenosti trupa lojem.

Possibilities for improvement of the quality of beef in population of Domestic spotted cattle breed (D) by application of industrial crossing with French fattening breeds Charolais (DxS) and Limousine (DxL) were investigated. Comparative research included 25 heads of young cattle of DxS, 18 crosses of DxL and 21 crosses of D genotype. Results of the analysis of chemical composition of longissimus muscle in young cattle show significant statistical differences (P (lt) 0.05) in percentage of intramuscular fat, the highest value was determined in cattle of group DxS (2.37%), and in total pigments which was the highest in cattle of group D (101.12 ppm). Young cattle in group D had the lowest value of the meat shear force after heat treatment (5.43 kg/cm2), i.e. they had the tenderest meat. Data obtained in the sensory analysis of cooked meat were very high and showed no significant differences between groups. Statistically significant difference (P (lt) 0.05) was established only in assessment of aroma/taste, which was somewhat higher in young cattle of group DxS (4.87). Data obtained in this trial justify the economic goal of crossing of domestic Simmental breed with noble cattle breeds in production of meat of high quality, which is of great importance both for producers (farmers) and final customer (consumer)., U radu je ispitivana mogućnost poboljšanja kvaliteta mesa domaće simentalske rase goveda (D) ukrštanjem sa francuskim tovnim rasama šarole (DxS) i limuzin (DxL). U ogled je bilo uključeno 25 meleza DxS rase junadi, 18 meleza rase DxL i 21 june rase D. Rezultati ispitivanja hemijskog sastava longissimus mišića junadi su se statistički značajno razlikovali (P (lt) 0.05) u procentu intramuskularne masti, koji je bio najveći kod junadi grupe DxS (2.37%) i u količini ukupnih pigmenata, koja je bila najveća kod junadi grupe D (101.12 ppm). Junad grupe D su imala najmanju vrednost sile sečenja mesa nakon termičke obrade (5.43 kg/cm2), tj. imala su najmekše meso. Dobijeni podaci za senzornu analizu kuvanog mesa su bili visoki i nisu se značajnije razlikovali između grupa. Statistički značajna razlika (P (lt) 0.05) je utvrđena samo u oceni ukusa, koja je bila nešto viša kod junadi grupe DxS (4.87). Podaci dobijeni u ovom ogledu opravdavaju ekonomski cilj ukrštanja domaće simentalske rase sa plemenitim rasama goveda u pravcu dobijanja mesa dobrog kvaliteta, što je od velikog interesa i za proizvođača (farmera) i za krajnjeg kupca (potrošača).

Objective of this study was to calculate the variability and heritability of type traits in the nucleus herd of bull dams by using the linear method of evaluation, and to determine their importance in selection of cattle. Study included 127 Holstein-Friesian cows selected as bull dams on cattle farms of PKB Korporacija, Belgrade. By applying the Least square method, main variationstatistical parameters were calculated: arithmeitc mean, standard deviation, variation coefficient, standard error and variation range. Bull dams of Holstein- Friesian breed had average milk production of 10245.98 kg, with variation range from 6514 kg to 13251 kg. Average milk fat yield was 361.95 kg, and milk fat content 3,53%. Average values for type scores of Holstein-Friesian bull dams were: rump height 5.40, chest width 7.09, body depth 7.38, rump position 5.39, rump width 6.55, dairy form 7.35, rear legs set (rear view) 5.22, rear legs set (side view) 5.28, hoof angle 5.27, fore udder 6.65, front teats placement 5.43, teat length 4.76, udder depth 6.96, rear udder height 7.13, suspensory ligament 7.08 and rear teats placement 5.89. Also, heritability coefficients and errors were calculated for all milk and type traits. Type and body development scores are very important indicators of production ability of cows, their potential to consume sufficient quantities of food, produce high quality milk from the technological aspect, reduce the use of energy in production and remain as long as possible in exploitation., Cilj ovih istraživanja bio je da se u nukleus zapatu bikovskih majki primenom linearnog metoda ocenjivanja krava izračuna varijabilnost i heritabilitet osobina tipa, i njihov značaj u selekciji goveda. Istraživanjem je obuhvaćeno 127 krava holštajn frizijske rase odabrane u kategoriju bikovskih majki na farmama PKB Korporacije, Beograd. Za sve ispitivane osobine primenom metoda najmanjih kvadrata izračunati su osnovni varijaciono-statistički parametri: aritmetička sredina, standardna devijacija, koeficijenti varijacije, standardna greška i interval varijacije. Bikovske majke holštajn frizijske rase ostvarile su prosečnu proizvodnju mleka od 10245.98 kg, pri čemu je interval variranja bio od 6514 kg do 13251 kg. Prosečna proizvodnja mlečne masti iznosila je 361,95 kg, a sadržaj mlečne masti 3,53%. Prosečne vrednosti ocene tipa bikovskih majki holštajn frizijske rase iznosile su: visina krsta 5,40, širina grudi 7,09, dubina tela 7,38, položaj karlice 5,39, širina karlice 6,55, mlečne karakteristike 7,35, položaj zadnjih nogu otpozadi 5,22, položaj zadnjih nogu sa strane 5,28, ugao papaka 5,27, prednja veza vimena 6,65, pozicija prednjih sisa 5,43, dužina sisa 4,76, dubina vimena 6,96, visina zadnjeg vimena 7,13, centralni ligament 7,08 i položaj zadnjih sisa 5,89. Osim toga za sve osobine mlečnosti i tipa izračunati su koeficijenti heritabiliteta i njihove greške. Ocene tipa i telesne razvijenosti su veoma važni pokazatelji proizvodnih sposobnosti krava, njihovih mogućnosti da konzumiraju dovoljne količine hrane, daju tehnološki kvalitetno mleko, smanje utrošak energije u proizvodnji i što duže ostanu u eksploataciji.

Evaluation of conformation and fat cover of beef carcasses has great importance in modern systems of carcass quality evaluation. In this way, adequate price is achieved for every classified carcass side according to market demand. In this paper, the effect of experimental crossing of Domestic Simmental breed with Charolais and Limousine breed (N=96) on conformation and fat cover was investigated. Evaluation was carried out on the whole carcass and partially for certain parts of carcass according to special evaluation pattern/form (1-5). In regard to evaluation of carcass conformation, statistically significant differences (p (lt) 0,01) were established between crosses and Domestic Simmental breed. Crosses with Charolais achieved the highest score for conformation (3,94), the highest score for round conformation (3,77) and shoulder (4,06). Considerably more fat tissue on outside of the carcass was determined in Domestic Simmental breed (3,44) compared to crosses with Charolais (3,27). Presence of fat in pelvic cavity was more expressed in Charolais (3,34) and Limousine crosses (3,28), with better score for covering of kidneys (3,50 and 3,53) compared to Domestic breed (3,17)., Ocena konformacije i prekrivenosti junećih trupova lojem ima veliki značaj u savremenim sistemima ocene kvaliteta trupova. Na ovaj način postiže se odgovarajuća cena za svaku klasiranu polutku prema zahtevima potrošača. U ovom radu ispitivan je uticaj eksperimentalnog ukrštanja domaće simentalske rase sa šarole i limuzin rasom (N=96) na konformaciju i prekrivenost junećih trupova lojem. Ispitivanje je obuhvatilo ocenu pomenutih osobina na celim trupovima kao i parcijalno na određenim delovima trupova a prema odgovarajućoj linearnoj skali ocene (1-5). U odnosu na ocenu konformacije trupova utvrđene su statistički značajne razlike (p (lt) 0,01) između meleza i domaće simentalske rase. Melezi Šarolea postigli su najbolju ocenu konformacije trupova (3,94), konformacije buta (3,77) i plećki (4,06). Značajno više masnog tkiva na spoljašnjem delu trupa utvrđeno je kod domaće simentalske rase.(3,44) u poređenju sa melezima Šarolea (3,27). Prisustvo masti u karličnoj šupljini bilo je izraženije kod Šarole (3,34) i Limuzin meleza (3,28), sa boljom ocenom prekrivenosti bubrega (3,50 and 3,53) u odnosu na domaću simentalsku rasu (3,17).

Objective of this research was to determine the slaughter properties and carcass composition of carcass sides derived from young cattle of Domestic Spotted breed, of pre-slaughter weights of 500 (group A) and 600 kg (group B). Heavier cattle had higher share of kidney fat in carcass, whereas the share of offals showed no significant differences. Statistically significant difference was registered only in share of toungue (P (lt) 0.05), that was higher in cattle of group A. Share of extra/premium (tenderloin), I category (round) and II category (loin, back, shoulder) showed no significant differences between groups of cattle. Statistically significant difference (P (lt) 0.05) was established in the share of III category carcass parts. Share of forearm and chest was significantly higher in lighter cattle (3.55% and 7.95%) compared to heavier animals (2.89% and 6.33%), whereas the share of subshoulder was considerably lower in group A (6.89%) compared to cattle of group B (9.73%). Data obtained by dissection of main carcass side parts differed significantly in regard to the share of muscle tissue in round and belly, that was significantly higher in cattle of group A (P (lt) 0.05). Share of fat tissue (subcutaneous and intermuscular) was higher in cattle of group B in almost all carcass side parts, however, statistically significant difference between groups was determined only in round, back, neck and subshoulder. Also, share of bones in chest differed statistically significantly (P (lt) 0.05) and it was higher in group A (20.09%) compared to cattle of group B (15.52%)., Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je da se utvrde klanične osobine i sastav polutki junadi domaće šarene rase, zaklanih pri dostizanju prosečne težine od 500 (grupa A) i 600 kg (grupa B). Teža junad su imala veći udeo bubrežnog loja u trupu, dok se udeo iznutrica nije značajno razlikovao. Statistički značajna razlika je pronađena samo u udelu jezika (P (lt) 0.05), koji je bio veći kod junadi grupe A. Udeo delova ekstra (biftek), I kategorije (but) i II kategorije (slabine, leđa, plećka) nisu se značajno razlikovali između grupa junadi. Statistički značajna razlika (P (lt) 0.05) je pronađena u udelu delova III kategorije. Udeo podlaktice i grudi bio je značajno veći kod lakših (3.55% i 7.95%) u odnosu na težu junad (2.89% i 6.33%), dok je udeo potplećke bio znatno niži kod junadi grupe A (6.89%) u odnosu na junad grupe B (9.73%). Podaci dobijeni disekcijom osnovnih delova polutke su se statistički značajno razlikovali u udelu mišićnog tkiva u butu i potrbušini, koji je bio značajno veći kod junadi grupe A (P (lt) 0.05). Udeo masnog tkiva (potkožnog i intermuskularnog) je bio veći kod junadi grupe B kod gotovo svih delova polutke, međutim, statistički značajna razlika između grupa je pronađena samo kod buta, leđa, vrata i potplećke. Takođe, udeo kostiju grudi se statistički značajno razlikovao (P (lt) 0.05) i bio je veći kod junadi grupe A (20.09%) u poređenju sa junadima grupe B (15.52%).

The subject of this research was to determine the effect of the housing system on quality of welfare of dairy cattle in Serbia. Study was realized on six farms, capacity of 30 to 900 cows, with loose and tie housing system. Assessment of the welfare quality parameters was done by using the Welfare Quality® Assessment Protocol for Cattle, 2009. Results of the research show that the welfare quality of dairy animals is under the significant effect of housing system, and that loose system has the advantage when it comes to comfort around resting, easy of movements and health condition of cows. Share of not lame cows (81%) and cows with no lesion (86%) was significantly higher (p (lt) 0.01) in loose system. Indicator values: duration of lying down movements (6.53 sec), lying down movements with collisions (18.7%) and lying outside lying area (28.4%) in tie system were significantly higher (p (lt) 0.01) compared to loose system indicating the inadequacy of the housing and lack of comfort. Analysis of indicators associated with cow hygiene (dirty legs and udder) and diseases (dystocia) points to significant gaps in management in both housing systems which represent significant threat to cow welfare quality., Predmet ovog istraživanja bilo je utvrđivanje uticaja sistema držanja na kvalitet dobrobiti mlečnih krava u Srbiji. Ispitivanje je obavljeno na šest farmi, kapaciteta od 30 do 900 krava, sa slobodnim i vezanim sistemom držanja. Ocena parametara kvaliteta dobrobiti obavljena je korišćenjem Welfare Quality® Assesment Protocol for Cattle, 2009. Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju da se kvalitet dobrobiti mlečnih krava nalazi pod značajnim uticajem sistema držanja kao i da slobodni sistem ima prednost kada su u pitanju udobnost/komfor tokom /ležanja, lakoća kretanja i zdravstveno stanje krava. Udeo krava bez znakova šepavosti (81%) i krava bez lezija/povreda (86%) bio je signifikantno veći (p (lt) 0.01) u slobodnom sistemu. Vrednosti indikatora: pokreti krave tokom leganja (6.53 sec), pokreti krave tokom leganja gde dolazi do kolizije sa drugim grlima (18.7%) i ležanje izvan površina za ležanje (28.4%) u vezanom sistemu su signifikantno veće (p (lt) 0.01) u odnosu na slobodni i ukazuju na neadekvatnost smeštaja i nedostatak komfora. Analiza indikatora vezanih za higijenu krava (prljave noge i vime) i bolesti (distocia) ukazuje na značajne propuste menadžmenta u oba sistema držanja, koji ozbiljno ugrožavaju kvalitet dobrobiti krava.

The basis for selection work is knowledge of the quality of bull sires used for conception, as well as how the major traits are passed on to the progeny. BLUP method (Best Linear Unbiased Prediction) is the basis of the most favourable solution for evaluation of additive gene value in cattle production, and it is implemented in various variants depending on the structure of data used. This research included 2.121 Simmental first cavers under control, with lactations completed within one year. All first calvers were located on holdings of individual agricultural producers on the territory of the Republic of Serbia. Evaluation of the bull breeding value for lactation duration, milk production, milk fat yield, yield of 4% FCM and percentage of milk fat, was carried out by using the mixed model (BLUP), the calculation included random effect of bull sire and fixed effect of the region, year and season of calving. In this study, bull sires which had in two or three regions over 20 daughters - first calvers of Simmental breed. Number of first calving heifers ranged from 22 to 215 animals per bull sire. By using BLUP method in evaluation of breeding value of bulls in terms of yield of milk, milk fat, content of milk fat and 4% FCMI and by ranking, results were obtained showing superiority and inferiority of breeding males., Osnovu za svaki selekcijski rad predstavlja poznavanje kvaliteta bikova očeva koji se koriste za oplodnju, kao i način prenošenja važnijih svojstava na potomstvo. U osnovi najpovoljnijeg rešavanja problema ocene aditivne genotipske vrednosti osobina u govedarstvu leži BLUP metod (Best Linear Unbiased Prediction), koji se primenjuje u raznim varijantama zavisno od strukture podataka. Ovim istraživanjem je obuhvaćena 2.121 kontrolisana prvotelka simentalske rase, sa laktacijama zaključenim u toku jedne godine. Sve prvotelke su se nalazile na imanjima individualnih poljoprivrednih proizvođača na području Republike Srbije. Ocena priplodne vrednosti bikova za osobine trajanje laktacije, proizvodnju mleka, mlečne masti, 4% MKM i procenat mlečne masti, izračunata je pomoću mešovitog modela (BLUP), u čiju jednačinu je uključen slučajni uticaj bika-oca i fiksni uticaj regiona, godine i sezone telenja. Ispitani su bikovi-očevi koji u dva ili tri regiona imaju 20 i više kćeri prvotelki simentalske rase. Broj prvotelki je bio od 22 do 215 po biku-ocu. Korišćenjem BLUP metoda za ocenu priplodne vrednosti bikova na prinos mleka, mlečne masti, sadržaja mlečne masti i 4% MKM i formiranjem ranga dobijeni su rezultati koji pokazuju znatnu superiornost ili inferiornost priplodnjaka.

The subject of this research was to determine the effect of the housing system on quality of welfare of dairy cattle in Serbia. Study was realized on six farms, capacity of 30 to 900 cows, with loose and tie housing system. Assessment of the welfare quality parameters was done by using the Welfare Quality® Assessment Protocol for Cattle, 2009. Results of the research show that the welfare quality of dairy animals is under the significant effect of housing system, and that loose system has the advantage when it comes to comfort around resting, easy of movements and health condition of cows. Share of not lame cows (81%) and cows with no lesion (86%) was significantly higher (p lt 0.01) in loose system. Indicator values: duration of lying down movements (6.53 sec), lying down movements with collisions (18.7%) and lying outside lying area (28.4%) in tie system were significantly higher (p lt 0.01) compared to loose system indicating the inadequacy of the housing and lack of comfort. Analysis of indicators associated with cow hygiene (dirty legs and udder) and diseases (dystocia) points to significant gaps in management in both housing systems which represent significant threat to cow welfare quality., Predmet ovog istraživanja bilo je utvrđivanje uticaja sistema držanja na kvalitet dobrobiti mlečnih krava u Srbiji. Ispitivanje je obavljeno na šest farmi, kapaciteta od 30 do 900 krava, sa slobodnim i vezanim sistemom držanja. Ocena parametara kvaliteta dobrobiti obavljena je korišćenjem Welfare Quality® Assesment Protocol for Cattle, 2009. Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju da se kvalitet dobrobiti mlečnih krava nalazi pod značajnim uticajem sistema držanja kao i da slobodni sistem ima prednost kada su u pitanju udobnost/komfor tokom /ležanja, lakoća kretanja i zdravstveno stanje krava. Udeo krava bez znakova šepavosti (81%) i krava bez lezija/povreda (86%) bio je signifikantno veći (p lt 0.01) u slobodnom sistemu. Vrednosti indikatora: pokreti krave tokom leganja (6.53 sec), pokreti krave tokom leganja gde dolazi do kolizije sa drugim grlima (18.7%) i ležanje izvan površina za ležanje (28.4%) u vezanom sistemu su signifikantno veće (p lt 0.01) u odnosu na slobodni i ukazuju na neadekvatnost smeštaja i nedostatak komfora. Analiza indikatora vezanih za higijenu krava (prljave noge i vime) i bolesti (distocia) ukazuje na značajne propuste menadžmenta u oba sistema držanja, koji ozbiljno ugrožavaju kvalitet dobrobiti krava.

Evaluation of conformation and fat cover of beef carcasses has great importance in modern systems of carcass quality evaluation. In this way, adequate price is achieved for every classified carcass side according to market demand. In this paper, the effect of experimental crossing of Domestic Simmental breed with Charolais and Limousine breed (N=96) on conformation and fat cover was investigated. Evaluation was carried out on the whole carcass and partially for certain parts of carcass according to special evaluation pattern/form (1-5). In regard to evaluation of carcass conformation, statistically significant differences (p lt 0,01) were established between crosses and Domestic Simmental breed. Crosses with Charolais achieved the highest score for conformation (3,94), the highest score for round conformation (3,77) and shoulder (4,06). Considerably more fat tissue on outside of the carcass was determined in Domestic Simmental breed (3,44) compared to crosses with Charolais (3,27). Presence of fat in pelvic cavity was more expressed in Charolais (3,34) and Limousine crosses (3,28), with better score for covering of kidneys (3,50 and 3,53) compared to Domestic breed (3,17)., Ocena konformacije i prekrivenosti junećih trupova lojem ima veliki značaj u savremenim sistemima ocene kvaliteta trupova. Na ovaj način postiže se odgovarajuća cena za svaku klasiranu polutku prema zahtevima potrošača. U ovom radu ispitivan je uticaj eksperimentalnog ukrštanja domaće simentalske rase sa šarole i limuzin rasom (N=96) na konformaciju i prekrivenost junećih trupova lojem. Ispitivanje je obuhvatilo ocenu pomenutih osobina na celim trupovima kao i parcijalno na određenim delovima trupova a prema odgovarajućoj linearnoj skali ocene (1-5). U odnosu na ocenu konformacije trupova utvrđene su statistički značajne razlike (p lt 0,01) između meleza i domaće simentalske rase. Melezi Šarolea postigli su najbolju ocenu konformacije trupova (3,94), konformacije buta (3,77) i plećki (4,06). Značajno više masnog tkiva na spoljašnjem delu trupa utvrđeno je kod domaće simentalske rase.(3,44) u poređenju sa melezima Šarolea (3,27). Prisustvo masti u karličnoj šupljini bilo je izraženije kod Šarole (3,34) i Limuzin meleza (3,28), sa boljom ocenom prekrivenosti bubrega (3,50 and 3,53) u odnosu na domaću simentalsku rasu (3,17).

Objective of this research was to determine the slaughter properties and carcass composition of carcass sides derived from young cattle of Domestic Spotted breed, of pre-slaughter weights of 500 (group A) and 600 kg (group B). Heavier cattle had higher share of kidney fat in carcass, whereas the share of offals showed no significant differences. Statistically significant difference was registered only in share of toungue (P lt 0.05), that was higher in cattle of group A. Share of extra/premium (tenderloin), I category (round) and II category (loin, back, shoulder) showed no significant differences between groups of cattle. Statistically significant difference (P lt 0.05) was established in the share of III category carcass parts. Share of forearm and chest was significantly higher in lighter cattle (3.55% and 7.95%) compared to heavier animals (2.89% and 6.33%), whereas the share of subshoulder was considerably lower in group A (6.89%) compared to cattle of group B (9.73%). Data obtained by dissection of main carcass side parts differed significantly in regard to the share of muscle tissue in round and belly, that was significantly higher in cattle of group A (P lt 0.05). Share of fat tissue (subcutaneous and intermuscular) was higher in cattle of group B in almost all carcass side parts, however, statistically significant difference between groups was determined only in round, back, neck and subshoulder. Also, share of bones in chest differed statistically significantly (P lt 0.05) and it was higher in group A (20.09%) compared to cattle of group B (15.52%)., Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je da se utvrde klanične osobine i sastav polutki junadi domaće šarene rase, zaklanih pri dostizanju prosečne težine od 500 (grupa A) i 600 kg (grupa B). Teža junad su imala veći udeo bubrežnog loja u trupu, dok se udeo iznutrica nije značajno razlikovao. Statistički značajna razlika je pronađena samo u udelu jezika (P lt 0.05), koji je bio veći kod junadi grupe A. Udeo delova ekstra (biftek), I kategorije (but) i II kategorije (slabine, leđa, plećka) nisu se značajno razlikovali između grupa junadi. Statistički značajna razlika (P lt 0.05) je pronađena u udelu delova III kategorije. Udeo podlaktice i grudi bio je značajno veći kod lakših (3.55% i 7.95%) u odnosu na težu junad (2.89% i 6.33%), dok je udeo potplećke bio znatno niži kod junadi grupe A (6.89%) u odnosu na junad grupe B (9.73%). Podaci dobijeni disekcijom osnovnih delova polutke su se statistički značajno razlikovali u udelu mišićnog tkiva u butu i potrbušini, koji je bio značajno veći kod junadi grupe A (P lt 0.05). Udeo masnog tkiva (potkožnog i intermuskularnog) je bio veći kod junadi grupe B kod gotovo svih delova polutke, međutim, statistički značajna razlika između grupa je pronađena samo kod buta, leđa, vrata i potplećke. Takođe, udeo kostiju grudi se statistički značajno razlikovao (P lt 0.05) i bio je veći kod junadi grupe A (20.09%) u poređenju sa junadima grupe B (15.52%).

Condition of animals is manifested through level of achieved nourishment. Body condition score (BCS) is a precise method of determination of reserves of deposited energy in form of subcutaneous fat tissue. Adequate body reserves are necessary requirement for maximal increase of milk production in the period of early lactation. Based on BCS we can precisely determine the number of cows which are bellow weight (excessively thin) or over weight (excessively fat). Body condition changes during lactation. Cows in early lactation are in the negative energy balance (NEB). Changes of the body condition should be over at the end of lactation. Objective is to have cows in optimal body condition during all production phases. Object of research was body condition of high yielding cows during production cycle. Realized sample size was 363 cows of Holstein-Friesian breed. Average BCS value of cows in dry period was 3.39 (2.37-4.41), at calving 3.56 (2.55-4.63), at lactation peak 2.30 (1.35-3.16) and in the mid lactation 2.50 (1.35-3.43). In dry period, most of cows (n=100 or 27.55%) ranged in BCS from 3.26 to 3.50. During dry period increase of body condition scores of cows occurred. At calving, most of heads (n=99 or 27.50%) ranged in their BCS from 3.51 to 3.75. During period of early lactation there was a significant decrease of the body condition of cows. At the peak of lactation a slight increase of body condition was recorded. At the peak of lactation, most cows (n=125 or 36.76%) ranged in BCS from 2.26 to 2.50. In the mid-lactation period, slight increase of body condition of cows occurred. During this period, most cows (n=88 or 27.32%) ranged in their BCS from 2.51 to 2.75. In general, realized average BCS results according to production phases deviated statistically significantly from target values., Prikazani rezultati precizno ukazuju na ostvarene prosečne vrednosti, interval varijacije, standardnu devijaciju, koeficijent varijacije i značajnost odstupanja postignutih od ciljnih vrednosti OTK krava po fazama proizvodnog ciklusa. Prosečna vrednost OTK krava iznosila je na zasušenju 3.39 (2.37-4.41), teljenju 3,56 (2,55-4,63), vrhu laktacije 2,30 (1,35-3,16) i sredini laktacije 2,50 (1,35-3,43). Realizovane vrednosti ukazuju da je kod distribucije prosečnih OTK krava za sve tri telesne regije u prvoj fazi proizvodnog ciklusa od ukupnog broja koji čini 363 grla najviše (n=100 ili 27,55%) bilo u intervalu OTK od 3,26 do 3,50. Ispod tog intervala OTK bilo je 131 grlo ili 36,09%, a iznad 132 grla ili 36,36%. U drugoj fazi proizvodnog ciklusa od ukupno 360 ocenjenih krava najviše grla (n=99 ili 27,50%) bilo je u intervalu OTK od 3,51 do 3,75. Ispod tog intervala OTK bilo je 167 grla ili 46,39%, a iznad 84 grlo ili 23,33%. U ovoj fazi proizvodnje u intervalu OTK od 3,26 do 3,75 bilo je 193 krave ili 53,61%. Iznad tog nivoa OTK bilo je 94 grla ili 26,11%, dok je ispod bilo 73 krave ili 20,27%. Tokom perioda zasušenja došlo je do povećanja telesne kondicije krava. U trećoj fazi od 340 ocenjenih krava najviše grla (n=125 ili 36,76%) bilo je u intervalu OTK od 2,26 do 2,50. Ispod navedenog nivoa OTK bilo je 130 grla ili 38,23%, a iznad 85 krava ili 25,00%. Tokom perioda rane laktacije došlo je do značajnog smanjenja telesne kondicije krava.U četvrtoj fazi proizvodnog ciklusa od ukupno 322 ocenjena grla najviše krava (n=88 ili 27,32%) bilo je u intervalu OTK od 2,51 do 2,75. Ispod tog intervala OTK bilo je 161 grlo ili 50,00%, a iznad 73 krave ili 22,67%. U ovoj fazi proizvodnje u širem intervalu OTK od 2,26 do 2,75 bilo je 173 krave ili 53,73%. Iznad tog nivoa OTK bilo je 73 grla ili 22,67%, dok je ispod bilo 76 krava ili 23,60%. U periodu sredine laktacije došlo je do blagog povećanja telesne kondicije krava. U celini posmatrano rezultati su statistički vrlo značajno su

Cows which represent top of the genetic value of the population in regard to their traits are chosen for bull dams. Selection is based on origin, production performance (quantity of milk, milk fat and protein content), milking/dairy traits, reproductive indicators, exterior and linear type scores. This study included 292 cows of Simmental breed selected for bull dams on the territory of Republic of Serbia during one year. Selection of cows for herd of bull dams was done after finalized first and subsequent lactation. In this study, the effect of region and year of calving on milk traits is presented. Applying the method of least squares average value of milk production was obtained - 5.754,49 kg, milk fat content - 3,98% and quantity of milk fat - 230,24 kg. Regions had statistically highly significant effect (P (lt) 0,01) on all investigated milk traits. Year of calving showed no statistically significant effect on milk yield, yield of milk fat and content of milk fat (P>0,05)., Za bikovske majke se odabiraju krave koje prema osobinama predstavljaju vrh genetske vrednosti populacije. Izbor se vrši na osnovu porekla, proizvodnih osobina (količina mleka, sadržaj mlečne masti i proteina), muznih osobina, reproduktivnih pokazatelja, eksterijera i linearnih ocena tipa. Ovim istraživanjem je obuhvaćeno 292 krave simentalske rase odabrane za bikovske majke na području Republike Srbije u toku godine. Odabiranje krava u zapat bikovskih majki izvršeno je posle završene prve, odnosno na osnovu sledećih laktacija. U radu je ispitan uticaj odgajivačkog područja i godine telenja na osobine mlečnosti. Koristeći metod najmanjih kvadrata dobijene su prosečne vrednosti proizvodnje mleka 5.754,49 kg, sadržaja mlečne masti 3,98% i količine mlečne masti 230,24 kg. Regioni su imali statistički visoko značajan uticaj (P (lt) 0,01) na sve ispitivane osobine mlečnosti. Na osobine prinosa mleka, mlečne masti i sadržaja mlečne masti, godina telenja nije ispoljila statistički značajan uticaj (P>0,05).