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Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder characterised pathologically by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. These neurons project to the striatum, and their loss leads to alterations in the activity of the neural circuits that regulate movement. The striatal output of the circuit related to the control of movement is mediated by two pathways: the direct striatal pathway, which is mediated through facilitation of D1 receptors, and the indirect striatal pathway, mediated through D2 receptors. Positron emission tomography (PET) molecular imaging is a powerful in vivo technique in which using selective dopaminergic radioligands has been employed to investigate the dopaminergic system in humans. In this article we aim to review the role of PET imaging in understanding the postsynaptic dopaminergic mechanisms in PD. PET studies have allowed us to gain important insights into the functions of the dopaminergic system, the mechanisms of drug-induced motor and non-motor complications, and the placebo effect in PD.

Huntington's disease (HD) is a progressive and fatal neurodegenerative disorder caused by an expanded trinucleotide CAG sequence in huntingtin gene (HTT) on chromosome 4. HD manifests with chorea, cognitive and psychiatric symptoms. Although advances in genetics allow identification of individuals carrying the HD gene, much is still unknown about the mechanisms underlying the development of overt clinical symptoms and the transitional period between premanifestation and manifestation of the disease. HD has no cure and patients rely only in symptomatic treatment. There is an urgent need to identify biomarkers that are able to monitor disease progression and assess the development and efficacy of novel disease modifying drugs. Over the past years, neuroimaging techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) have provided important advances in our understanding of HD. MRI provides information about structural and functional organization of the brain, while PET can detect molecular changes in the brain. MRI and PET are able to detect changes in the brains of HD gene carriers years ahead of the manifestation of the disease and have also proved to be powerful in assessing disease progression. However, no single technique has been validated as an optimal biomarker. An integrative multimodal imaging approach, which combines different MRI and PET techniques, could be recommended for monitoring potential neuroprotective and preventive therapies in HD. In this article we review the current neuroimaging literature in HD.

We assessed hand hygiene adherence in 2 infectious disease units. In one unit, adherence declined slightly from year 1 (84.2%) to year 4 (71.0%) after a multimodal intervention but remained much higher than before intervention. Adherence dropped in the second unit after a loss of leadership (from 50.7% to 5.7%). Strong leadership presence may improve hand hygiene adherence.

Objective: Patients often do not eat/drink enough during hospitalization. To enable patients to meet their energy and nutritional requirements, food and catering service quality and staff support are therefore important. We assessed patients' satisfaction with hospital food and investigated aspects influencing it., Design: We conducted a cross-sectional study collecting patients' preferences using a slightly modified version of the Acute Care Hospital Foodservice Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire (ACHFPSQ). Factor analysis was carried out to reduce the number of food-quality and staff-issue variables. Univariate and multivariate ordinal categorical regression models were used to assess the association between food quality, staff issues, patients' characteristics, hospital recovery aspects and overall foodservice satisfaction (OS)., Setting: A university hospital in Florence, Italy, in the period November-December 2009., Subjects: Hospital patients aged 18+ years (n 927)., Results: Of the 1288 questionnaires distributed, 927 were returned completely or partially filled in by patients and 603 were considered eligible for analysis. Four factors (explained variance 64·3 %, Cronbach's alpha α(C) = 0.856), i.e. food quality (FQ; α(C) = 0·74), meal service quality (MSQ; α(C) = 0·73), hunger and quantity (HQ; α(C) = 0·74) and staff/service issues (SI; α(C) = 0·65), were extracted from seventeen items. Items investigating staff/service issues were the most positively rated while certain items investigating food quality were the least positively rated. After ordinal multiple regression analysis, OS was only significantly associated with the four factors: FQ, MSQ, HQ and SI (OR = 17·2, 6·16, 3·09 and 1·75, respectively, P < 0·001), and gender (OR = 1·53, P = 0·024)., Conclusions: The most positively scored aspects of foodservice concerned staff/service, whereas food quality was considered less positive. The aspects that most influenced patients' satisfaction were those related to food quality.

Clinical activities can be seen as results of precise and defined events' succession where every single phase is characterized by a waiting time which includes working duration and possible delay. Technology makes part of this process. For a proper business continuity management, planning the minimum number of devices according to the working load only is not enough. A risk analysis on the whole process should be carried out in order to define which interventions and extra purchase have to be made. Markov models and reliability engineering approaches can be used for evaluating the possible interventions and to protect the whole system from technology failures. The following paper reports a case study on the application of the proposed integrated model, including risk analysis approach and queuing theory model, for defining the proper number of device which are essential to guarantee medical activity and comply the business continuity management requirements in hospitals.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) arises from an immune attack on the central nervous system producing demyelination and axonal loss. Clinically the relapsing-remitting course is characterized by subacute onset of neurological symptoms usually with partial or complete recovery, while the progressive course, predominant in the later stages, is characterized by progressive disability in the absence of relapses. A number of disease-modifying treatments have been developed and are increasingly effective at targeting relapses. Early injectable therapies such as interferon and glatiramer acetate are only partially effective, but have a good safety record. Recently, natalizumab, an intravenous therapy, demonstrated increased effectiveness, but side effects complicate its use. The first oral therapy offering good efficacy and convenience, fingolimod, was approved in USA in 2010 and Europe in 2011. BG-12 is a potential novel oral therapy for MS, which has previously been used as a different formulation for psoriasis. It has anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective actions in vitro, which makes it a promising candidate for future therapies. Phase II studies showed that BG-12 reduced MRI inflammatory activity over placebo, which was confirmed in two Phase III studies indicating immune modulation may be its principal action rather than neuroprotection. In these studies, BG-12 reduced relapse rates consistently with variable effects on progression and few serious adverse events. With its favorable efficacy-tolerability profile, BG-12 could offer a substantial step forward for the care for subjects affected by relapsing MS., Competing Interests: Disclosure The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.

In healthcare the importance of clinical continuity is essential for both patients life and health organization activity. Since technology continuity is having more and more importance for the service continuity, a correct management of medical devices must be guided by criteria that ensure its safe, appropriate and economical use through a well planned purchase, appropriate preventive and corrective maintenance Indeed, the aim of health technology managers is to optimize the integration of external interventions assistance and internal technical service to guarantee an efficient and cost-effective maintenance system. This paper proposes an innovative carefully thought methodology which is aimed to provide technological and procedural actions which offer support to decision makers in technology management regarding the implementation of continuity in medical services and response to technology failures and emergency events.